Jonathan Aguiar (Part 2 of Chapter 14)

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800

Continuation of Notebook for Chapter 14
Focus Questions:
-Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and
expansion at the end of the 15th c.?
Europeans decided to embark on these voyages for God, glory and
gold. gold for economic and monetary reasons while God in order to
spread their faith to areas of the world.

-How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how
did their empires differ?
Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at
several ports controlled by Muslim merchants, then arrived at the port of
Calicut which was a major entrepot from the Spice Islands to the
Mediterranean Sea; When Da Game returned, Portuguese set out again to
gain control of the spice trade led by Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque;
raided Arab shipper; ended up seizing Malacca; Successful because of
guns and seamanship; Had light ships to maintain their distance while
bombarding the enemy with their powerful cannons
-How did the arrival of the Dutch, British, and French on the world
scene in the 17th and 18th C. affect Africa, India, Southeast Asia,
China, and Japan?
It affected the economy in negative ways as the the expansion of
these european nations grew larger and large piercing the economies of
these south east asian nations for their own personal gain and prot.

-What were the main features of the African slave trade, and what
effects did it have on Africa?
All the way from Africa to the making of a nation all the way on
another continent. They had to go through real bad times to do it and are
just beginning. I think their mark will be more important in the future for this
country. I don't think any point is less important than the other in the
making of our future.
-What was mercantilism, and what was its relationship to colonial
empires?
Mercantilism was an economic theory that held that a nation's
prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total
volume of trade is unchangeable; its adherents therefore advocated that
the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports
and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.
-How was European expansion into the rest of the world both a
positive and a negative experience for Europeans and non-
Europeans?
It was positive because it opened up this new market, goods were
being exchanged all over the world that normally non-European countries
would not have access to. It opened the door for cultures to be shared. It
was negative because goods were not the only things being shared. A lot
of diseases that were native to the continent of Europe were now attacking
any territory that Europe had explored. Leaving death in its tracks. Also
Europe took advantage of a lot of the conquered territories. They would
enslave many, and threaten others into giving them the goods that were
wanted. They ripped off many, and stole, it ushered in a whole new way to
steal, and cheat. But most of all it did connect the world, many whom did
not know about Europe, now knew, and many whom Europe did not know
about, Europe now knew. It set up a scene in which the world would be
interlinked.
Notes After Spain:
III. New Rivals on the World Stage
A. Portuguese and Dutch sought to prot in Africa
Both nations were a great inuence in the atlantic slave trade and
were highly involved in transporting African Slaves to the New World
All included: England Spain Portugal and the Dutch Republic \
^^Approximately 275,000 enslaved Africans transported to other
countries in the 16th century
B. Slave trade grew dramatically from 1518-1700 ^^^^^^
-As many as 10 million slaves transported to America between the
16th and 19th century
C. Slave trade had social and political effects
-Most of these effects were devastating

-Need to increase and maintain a constant supply of slaves
led to warfare in African nations.

Despite numerous humanitarian sentiments, slave trade still
remained widely acceptable throughout the majority of Europe/
D. Europe tried to dominate Southeast Asia
Portuguese lacked the numbers and the wealth to overcome local
resistance and colonize the Asian region.
*Portugal was to small and had too large of an empire to
maintain it

Spain was able to successfully establish themselves in the
Philippines
-Served as a pacic trading spot to and from Mexico for the
Spanish
E. Portuguese, British, and Dutch competed in India
-Portuguese eet arrives in Calicut in the spring of 1948, the Indian
subcontinent was divided into a number of Hindu and Muslim
kingdoms.
A new era of unity would be brought on by the Mughals
England and India acted as a center and periphery system in which
England drained India for cotton and spice resources.
F. Britain becomes the dominant Eur. force in China
-Portuguese were the rst to arrive into China in 1514
-The rst sovereignty conicts with China were brought upon by the
Russians and fur traders to the north.
England operated through the East India Company for trade in Asia
At rst the British were hgihly restricted in their trade
*British tried to improve their trade but the Emperor had no
interest in British products; China would later pay for this
decline.
G. Japan tried to limit Eur. trade
-At the end of the 15th century Japan was in anarchy, but in the 16th
century they became organized
H. The West Indies was center of early slave trade
-Portuguese were the rst to arrive there and were welcomed
Spain and Portugal had prominant colonies in the americas
-They faced more probs once the british and french arrived
*Brit. and Fr. had rivalries in N. America
-Plantations in the west indies for France and England were primarily
used as sugar plantations
France
Treatment of natives: we'll join you
Controlled: Haiti, Saint Domingue, Martinique, and Guadeloupe
England
A. British East India Companyi. Brits gain control of India, America
-Colonies included: Barbados, Jamaica, and Bermuda
B. treatment of natives: Get out of the way.
global economic changes
-widespread ination in 1590s (dene ination)
-Price revolution caused by rising costs and increasing population
all while wages stay the same

IV. Toward a World Economy
A. The price revolution of the 16th c.
-The discovery of the New World led to even greater economic boom
-Price Rev. was a European revolution but it happened at different
times
-Prices for many things increased (esp food) and wages could not
keep up with the price increase
*Growth of Capitalism
B. Trade was made easier by growth of commercial capitalism
C. Mercantilism focused on the role of the state
D. Movement toward global economy came early!
*Mercantilism government wants a strong economy
There is only so much trade can't increase or decrease
a) an increase in one country's trade required the decrease of another
country's trade
b) requires one nation to take from others usually through colonies
Governments manipulated markets
a) especially aimed at keeping trade imbalance in their own favor
End of guild system
- because jobs move to the countryside (search for cheap spots)

V. The Main Impacts of European Expansion

A. Native American civilizations were destroyed

B. Catholic missionaries particularly important in Americas

C. Many conquerors sought wealth

D. European lifestyle affected by new products

VI. Vocabulary Terms
1) Portolani - charts of landmasses and coastlines made by navigators
and mathematicians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
2) Conquistadors - "conquerors", Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the
Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century
3) encomienda - in Spanish America, a form of economic and social
organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that enabled
the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians and use them
as laborers.
4) viceroy - the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and
Peru in the Americas.
5) audiencias - advisory groups to viceroys in Spanish America.
6) triangular trade - a pattern of trade in early modern Europe that
connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy.
7) Middle Passage - the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as
the middle leg of the triangular trade.
8) Columbian Exchange - the reciprocal importation and exportation of
plants and animals between Europe and the Americas.
9) Price revolution - the dramatic rise in prices (ination) that occurred
throughout Europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
10)joint-stock company - a company or association that raises capital by
selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment
while a board of directors runs the company.
11)mercantilism - an economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity
depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of
trade is unchangeable; its adherents therefore advocated that the
government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports
and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.