CHAPTER 1

EXERCISES 1.1, page 10

1. The statement is false because -3 is greater than -20. (See the number line that
follows).

2. The statement is true because -5 is equal to -5.

3. The statement is false because 2/3 [which is equal to (4/6)] is less than 5/6.


4. The statement is false because -5/6 (which is -10/12) is greater than -11/12.

5. The interval (3,6) is shown on the number line that follows. Note that this is an
open interval indicated by ( and ) .

6. The interval (-2,5] is shown on the number line that follows.


7. The interval [-1,4) is shown on the number line that follows. Note that this is a
half-open interval indicated by [ (closed) and ) (open).

8. The closed interval [-6/5, -1/2] is shown on the number line that follows.


1 Preliminaries
1


9. The infinite interval (0,) is shown on the number line that follows.


10. The infinite interval (-,5] is shown in the number line that follows.

11. First, 2x + 4 < 8 (Add -4 to each side of the inequality.)
Next, 2x < 4 (Multiply each side of the inequality by 1/2)
and x < 2.
We write this in interval notation as ( , ). 2

12. -6 > 4 + 5x -6 - 4 > 5x -10 > 5x -2 > x or x < -2.
We write this in interval notation as (-,-2).

13. We are given the inequality -4x > 20.
Then x < -5. (Multiply both sides of the inequality by -1/4
and reverse the sign of the inequality.)
We write this in interval notation as (-,-5].

14. -12 < -3x 4 > x, or x < 4. We write this in interval notation as (-,4].

15. We are given the inequality -6 < x - 2 < 4.
First -6 + 2 < x < 4 + 2 (Add +2 to each member of the inequality.)
and -4 < x < 6,
so the solution set is the open interval (-4,6).

16. We add -1 to each member of the given double inequality 0 < x + 1 < 4 to obtain
-1 < x < 3,
and the solution set is [-1,3].



1 Preliminaries 2
17. We want to find the values of x that satisfy the inequalities
x + 1 > 4 or x + 2 < -1.
Adding -1 to both sides of the first inequality, we obtain
x + 1 - 1 > 4 - 1,
or x > 3.
Similarly, adding -2 to both sides of the second inequality, we obtain
x + 2 - 2 < -1 - 2,
or x < -3.
Therefore, the solution set is (-,-3) (3,).

18. We want to find the values of x that satisfy the inequalities
x + 1 > 2 or x - 1 < -2.
Solving these inequalities, we find that
x > 1 or x < -1,
and the solution set is (-,-1) (1,).

19. We want to find the values of x that satisfy the inequalities
x + 3 > 1 and x - 2 < 1.
Adding -3 to both sides of the first inequality, we obtain
x + 3 - 3 > 1 - 3,
or x > -2.
Similarly, adding 2 to each side of the second inequality, we obtain
x < 3,
and the solution set is (-2,3).

20. We want to find the values of x that satisfy the inequalities
x - 4 < 1 and x + 3 > 2.
Solving these inequalities, we find that
x < 5 and x > -1, and the solution set is (-1,5].

21. + = 6 2 4. 22. 4 4 4 4 8 + = + = .

23.
+

=

=
12 4
16 12
8
4
2.
24.
0 2

14
16 2 4
12
08
15
. .
. .
.
.
. .

=

25. 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 5 3 + = + = ( ) . 26. + . = + 1 2 2 1 2 2



1 Preliminaries
3
27. + = + = + 1 2 1 2 1. 28. = = 6 3 6 3 3 .

29. 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 + = + = .

30. 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 7 = = ( ) .

31. False. If a > b, then -a < - b, -a + b < -b + b, and b - a < 0.

32. False. Let a = -2 and b = -3. Then a/b = -2/-3 < 1.

33. False. Let a = -2 and b = -3. Then a
2
= 4 and b
2
= 9, and 4 < 9. Note that we only
need to provide a counterexample to show that the statement is not always true.

34. False. Let a = -2 and b = -3. Then 1/a = -1/2 and 1/b = -1/3 and -1/2 < -1/3.

35. True. There are three possible cases.

Case 1 If a > 0, b > 0, then a
3
> b
3
, since a
3
- b
3
= (a - b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) > 0.

Case 2 If a > 0, b < 0, then a
3
> 0 and b
3
< 0 and it follows that a
3
> b
3
.

Case 3 If a < 0 and b < 0, then a
3
- b
3
= (a - b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) > 0, and we see
that a
3
> b
3
. (Note that (a - b) > 0 and ab > 0.)

36. True. If a > b, then it follows that -a < -b because an inequality symbol is reversed
when both sides of the inequality are multiplied by a negative number.

37. False. Take a = -2, then = = = a a ( ) 2 2 2 .

38. True. If b < 0, then b
2
> 0, and b b
2 2
= .

39. True. If a - 4 < 0, then a a a = = 4 4 4 . If a - 4 > 0, then
4 4 = 4 = a a a .

40. False. Let a = -2, then a + = + = = + = 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3.


1 Preliminaries 4
41. False. Take a = 3, b = -1. Then a b a b + = = + = + = 3 1 2 3 1 4.

42. False. Take a = 3, b = -1. Then a b a b = = = 4 3 1 ( ) . 2

43. 27
2/3
= (3
3
)
2/3
= 3
2
= 9.

44. 8
1
8
1
2
1
16
4 3
4 3 4

=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
/
/
.
45.
1
3
1
0
F
H
G
I
K
J
= . Recall that any number raised to the zero power is 1.

46. (7
1/2
)
4
= 7
4/2
= 7
2
= 49.

47.
1
8
1
2
2 4
1 3
2
2
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =

/
( ) .

48.
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =

1
3
1
9
9 729
2
3
3
3
( ) .

49.
7 7
7
7 7 7
5 2
2
1
5 2 2 1 1 1 1

+ +

7
F
H
G
I
K
J
= = = ( ) ( ) = .

50.
9
16
16
9
4
3
1 2 1 2
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
/ /
.

51. (125
2/3
)
-1/2
= 125
(2/3)(-1/2)
= 125
-1/3
=
1
125
1
5
1 3 /
. =

52. 2 2 2 2
6 3 6 1 3 6 1 3 2
= = = = ( ) .
/ ( / )
4 53.
32

8
32
8
4 2 = = = .
54.

=

=
8
27
8
27
2
3
3
3
3



1 Preliminaries
5

55.
16 16
16
16 16 2
5 8 1 2
7 8
5 8 1 2 7 8 1 4
/ /
/
( / / / ) /
. = =
+
=


56.
9 9
9
9 9
1
81
3 5
2
1 2
3 5 2 1 2 4 1 2

+ +
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
/
( )( / ) ( )( / )
. =
57. 16 8 2
1
8
2
1
2
1
1 4 1 3
1 3
/ /
/
. =
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =

58. (
6
2.5
6
-1.9

) = 6
2.5-1.9-(-1.4)
= 6
2.5-1.9+1.4
= 6
2
= 36.
6
-1.4

59. True. 60. True. 3
2
2
2
= (32)
2
= 6
2
= 36.

61. False. x
3
2x
2
= 2x
3+2
= 2x
5
2x
6
. 62. False. 3
3
+ 3 = 27 + 3 = 30 3
4
.

63. False.
2

1
2
1
2
4
3
4
4
x
x
x
x
= = .

64. True. (2
2
3
2
)
2
= (4 9)
2
= (36)
2
= (6
2
)
2
= 6
4
.

65. False.
1
4
4 64
3
3

= = . 66. True.
4

2
8
16
1
2
3 2
4
/
. = =

67. False. (1.2
1/2
)
-1/2
= (1.2)
-1/4
1.

68. True. 5
2/3
(25)
2/3
= 5
2/3
(5
2
)
2/3
= 5
2/3
5
4/3
= 5
2
= 25.

69. ( )
( )
xy
xy

=
2
2
1
.
70. 3 3 3 3
3
1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 6 3 2
2
s s s s s
s
/ / ( / ) ( / ) /
. = = = =


71.
x
x
x x
x

= = =
1 3
1 2
1 3 1 2 5 6
5 6
1
/
/
( / ) ( / ) /
/
.

72. x x x x x x
x
+
= = = =
1 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2
2
9 3 3 3
3
/ / ( / ) ( / )
.


1 Preliminaries 6
73. 12 1
1 1
0 3
3 3
( )
( ) ( )
. s t
s t s t
+ =
+
=
+

74. ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
. x y x y x y
x y
x y
y x
xy
x y x y
xy
x y
xy
+ = +
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
=
+
=

1 1
2 2
1 1

75.
x
x
x x x
7 3
2
7 3 2 7 3 6 3 13 3
/
( / ) ( / ) ( / ) /
.

+ +
= = =
76. ( ) ( )
/ / ( )( / )
49 49
1
7
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
x x

= = . x
77. ( )( ) ( ) x y x y x y x y x
x
2 3 5 3 2 5 3 3 3 0 3
3
1
+
= = = . =
78.
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
6 3
2 7
6 2 3 7 4 4
4
4
x y
x y
x y x y
x
y
= = =

. 79.
x
x
x x
3 4
1 4
3 4 1 4 4 4
/
/
( / ) ( / ) /
.

= = x =


80.
x y
z
x y
z
x y
z
3 2
2
2
3 2 2 2
2 2
6 4
4
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
( ) ( )
( )
.

81.
x
y
x y x y
x y
3
6
2 3
3 2 3
2 3
6 2 3 2
2
4
2 4
27
1
27
1
3
9

F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

/
( / )
/
( / )
.

82.
e
e
e e
e
x
x
x x

F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
2
1 2
2 1 2 1
1
/
[ ( )]( / )
. =

83.
x
y
y
x
x y
y x
y
x
y
x

+
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
= =
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
3
2
2
4
3 2 4
2 2 4
4 4
4 6
8
10
( )
( )
.


84.
( )
.
( )
r
r
r r r
n
n
n n n n n
4
5 2
4 5 2 4 2 5 6 5

+
= = =

85. x x x x x x
+
= = =
2 3 5 2 3 1 2 5 2 2 3 5 2 11
4 4 2 2
/ / / ( / ) ( / ) /
.
6


86. 81
9
6 4 1 2 6 2 4 2
3
2
x y x y
x
y

= = (81) .
/ / /


1 Preliminaries

7
87. = = 16 16 2
4 8
4
1 4 4 4 8 4 2
x y x y xy ( )
/ / /
.

88. x x x
a b a b a b 3 3 3 1 3 3 + + +
= =
( )( / ) ( / )


89. 64 64 2
8 3
6
1 6 8 6 3 6 4 3 1 2
x y x y x y = = ( )
/ / / / /
.

90. 27 27 3
6 3 2 4 1 3 6 1 3 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 2
r s t r s t r st = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
/ / / /
.

91. 2
3/2
= (2)(2
1/2
) = 2(1.414) = 2.828. 92. 8
1/2
= (2
3
)
1/2
= 2
3/2
= 2.828.

93. 9
3/4
= (3
2
)
3/4
= 3
6/4
= 3
3/2
= 3 3
1/2
= 3(1.732) = 5.196.

94. 6
1/2
= (2 3)
1/2
= 2
1/2
3
1/2
= (1.414)(1.732) = 2.449.

95. 10
3/2
= 10
1/2
10 = (3.162)(10) = 31.62.

96. 1000
3/2
= (10
3
)
3/2
= 10
9/2
= 10
4
10
1/2
= (10000)(3.162) = 31,620.

97. 10
2.5
= 10
2
10
1/2
= 100(3.162) = 316.2.

98. (0.0001)
-1/3
= (10
-4
)
-1/3
= 10
4/3
= 10 10
1/3
= 10(2.154) = 21.54.

99.
3
2
3
2 x
x
x
x
x
= . 100.
3

3
xy
xy
xy
xy
xy
= .

101.
2
3
3
3
2 3
3
2
3
3
y
y
y
y
y y
y
y = = .

102.
5
3
3
3
5 3
3
5
3
3
2 2
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x = = . 103.
1
3

2 3
2 3
2 3
3 3
2 3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
= = .

104.
2 2 2 x
y
x
y
y
y
xy
y
= = 105.
2 x x

3
2
3 x
x
x
= .


1 Preliminaries
8
106.
x x
x
x
x
3 2 3
2 3 2 3
24
24
= 107.
2

2 2
2
2
2
y
x
y
x
y
y
y
xy
= = .

108.
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
12
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
x
y
x
y
x
x
x
x y
= =
( )
( )
. 3

109.
x z
y
xz
xz
x z
y xz
xz
y xz
2 3 2 3
2 3
3 3 3
2 3 2 3
= = . 110.
x y
x
xy
xy
xy
x xy
y
xy
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2 2
= = .

111. If the car is driven in the city, then it can be expected to cover
(18.1)(20) = 362 (miles/gal gal)
or 362 miles on a full tank. If the car is driven on the highway, then it can be
expected to cover
(18.1)(27) = 488.7 (miles/gal gal)
or 488.7 miles on a full tank. Thus, the driving range of the car may be described
by the interval [362, 488.7].

112. 5(C - 25) > 1.75 + 2.5C 5C - 125 > 1.75 + 2.5C5C - 2.5C > 1.75 + 125
2.5C > 126.75 C > 50.7. Therefore, the minimum cost is $50.70.

113. 6(P - 2500) < 4(P + 2400)
6P - 15000 < 4P + 9600
2P < 24600, or P < 12300.
Therefore, the maximum profit is $12,300.

114. a. We want to find a formula for converting Centigrade temperatures to Fahrenheit
temperatures. Thus,
C F F = =
5
9
5
9
160
9
32 ( ) .
Therefore,

5
9
160
9
F C = + .
5F = 9C + 160
or F C = +
9
5
32.

Calculations for lower temperature range:
F = + =
9
5
15 32 5 ( ) , or 5 degrees.
Calculations for upper temperature range:

1 Preliminaries

9
F = + =
9
5
5 32 2 ( ) 3, or 23 degrees.
Therefore, the temperature range is 5

< F

< 23

.
b. Calculations for lower temperature range:
C = = =
5
9
155
9
63 32 17 2 ( ) . , or 17.2 degrees.
Calculations for upper temperature range:
C = = =
5
9
5
9
32 48 26 7 (80 ) ( ) . , or 26.7 degrees.
Therefore, the temperature range is 17.2

< C

< 26.7

.

115. Let x represent the salesman's monthly sales in dollars. Then
0.15(x - 12000) > 3000
15(x - 12000) > 300000
15x - 180000 > 300000
15x > 480000
x > 32000.
We conclude that the salesman must earn at least $32,000 to reach his goal.

116. Let x represent the wholesale price of the car. Then
5600
1 0.30
x
( )
Selling price
Wholesale price
Markup 1

5600
1.30
1.3 5600
4307.69.
x
x
x

We conclude that the maximum wholesale price was $4307.69.

117. The rod is acceptable if 0.49 < x < 0.51 or -0.01 < x - 0.5 < 0.01. This gives the
required inequality 0.5 0.01. x <

118. x 01 0 01 . . is equivalent to 0 01 01 0 01 . . . x or 0 09 011 . . x . Therefore,
the smallest diameter a ball bearing in the batch can have is 0.09 inch. The largest
diameter is 0.11 inch.

119. We want to solve the inequality
-6x
2
+ 30x - 10 > 14. (Remember x is expressed in thousands.)
Adding -14 to both sides of this inequality, we have
-6x
2
+ 30x - 10 - 14 > 14 - 14,
or - 6x
2
+ 30x - 24 > 0.

1 Preliminaries
10
Dividing both sides of the inequality by -6 (which reverses the sign of the
inequality), we have
x
2
- 5x + 4 < 0.

Factoring this last expression, we have
(x - 4)(x - 1) < 0.
From the following sign diagram,

we see that x must lie between 1 and 4. (The inequality is only satisfied when the
two factors have opposite signs.) Since x is expressed in thousands of units, we see
that the manufacturer must produce between 1000 and 4000 units of the
commodity.

120. a. f (30000) = (2.8 x 10
11
)(30000)
-1.5
= 53,886 or 53,886 families.
b. f (60000) = (2.8 x 10
11
)(60000)
-1.5
= 19,052 or 19,052 families.
c. f (150,000) = (2.8 x 10
11
)(150000)
-1.5
= 4820 or 4820 families.

121. False. Take and c = 3. Then 1, 2, a b = = a b < , but
. 1 3 2 2 3 1 a c b c = = > = =
/

122. True. ( 1)( ) 1 . b a a b a b a b = = =

123. True. ( ) a b a b a b a b = + + = + .

124. False. Take and 3 a = 1. b = Then
2 2
9 1 8 2 2. a b = = = But
3 1 2. = = a b



1 Preliminaries

11