Muawiyah I

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Muawiya I)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improe it or discuss these issues
on the talk pa!e.
It needs additional citations for eri"cation. Ta!!ed since #anuary $%&%.
Its neutrality is disputed. Ta!!ed since #anuary $%&%.
Muawiyah I
Rei!n ''& ( ')%
Full name Mu*awiya i+n *,+i -ufyan
.orn '%$
/ied May ' ')% (,!ed 0))
-uccessor 1a2id I
/ynasty 3mayyad
Father ,+u -ufyan i+n 4ar+
Mother 4ind +int 3t+ah
Muawiyah I (,ra+ic5 ****** *** *** ****** Mu*awiyah i+n *,+i -ufyan6 '%$ ( '
May ')%) was the "rst 7aliph of the 3mayyad /ynasty. ,fter the con8uest of
Mecca +y the Muslims, Muawiyah9s family conerted to Islam. Muawiyah is
+rother:in:law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah +int ,+i:-ufyan
in &,4. Muawiyah +ecame a scri+e for Muhammad, and durin! the "rst and
second caliphates of ,+u .akr and 3mar, fou!ht with the Muslims a!ainst the
.y2antines in -yria.
When 3thman i+n ,;an, a cousin of Muawiyah, +ecame the third caliph, he
appointed Muawiyah <oernor of -yria. 4oweer when ,li was appointed the
fourth and "nal Rashidun 7aliph, he e=pelled Muawiyah from the
<oernorship. Muawiyah refused to o+ey ,li, and had some leel of support
from the -yrians in his re+elliousness, amon!st whom he was a popular
leader.>&? ,li called for military action a!ainst Muawiyah, +ut the reaction of
the political classes in Medina was not encoura!in!, and thus ,li deferred.
@entually ,li marched on /amascus and fou!ht Muawiyah9s supporters at
the inconclusie .attle of -iAn ('B0 7@).
,li9s son 4asan i+n ,li si!ned a truce and retired to priate life in Medina.
Muawiyah thus esta+lished the 3mayyad 7aliphate, which was to +e a
hereditary dynasty,>$?>C?>D?>B? and !oerned from /amascus in -yria instead
of Medina in ,ra+ia.
Muawiyah I is a reiled "!ure in -hia Islam for seeral reasons. Firstly,
+ecause of his inolement in the .attle of -iAn a!ainst ,li, whom the -hia
Muslims +eliee was Muhammad9s true successor (see -uccession to
Muhammad)6 secondly, for the alle!ed +reakin! of the treaty he made with
4asan i+n ,li, after the death of 4assan i+n ,li, +y appointin! his son 1a2id as
his successor6 thirdly, on account of his responsi+ility for the killin! of 4asan
i+n ,li +y allurin! his wife #a9dah +inte ,sh9as to poison him6>'?>0?>)?>E?>&%?
>&&?>&$?>&C? and fourthly, for the deaths of arious 7ompanions of
Muhammad.
7ontents >hide?
& @arly life
$ <oernor of -yria
C 7onFict with ,li
D Rule
B Muawiyah and Mawalis
' ,ppearance and ha+its
0 Ge!acy
) -unni iew
E -hi9a iew
&% -ee also
&& References
&$ @=ternal links
>edit?@arly life
3mayyad Mos8ue, esta+lished durin! Muawiyah9s era.
Muawiyah +in ,+i:-ufyan was +orn in 4eHa2 ('%$ 7@) into the .anu 3mayya
su+:clan of the .anu ,+d:-hams clan of the Iuraysh tri+e. The Iuraysh
controlled the city of Mecca (in the west of present:day -audi ,ra+ia) and the
.anu ,+d:-hams were amon! the most inFuential of its citi2ens. Muawiyah
and the rest of his family were staunch opponents of the Muslims +efore the
ascendancy of Muhammad.
In 'C%, Muhammad and his followers con8uered Mecca, and most of the
Meccans, includin! the ,+d:-hams clan, formally su+mitted to Muhammad
and accepted Islam. Muawiyah, alon! with his father ,+u -ufyan, +ecame
Muslims at the con8uest of Mecca when further resistance to Muslims
+ecame an impossi+ility.>&D?>&B? -ome scholars hold the iew that Muawiyah
was the second of the two to conert, with ,+u -ufyan conincin! him to do
it.
Muhammad welcomed his former opponents, enrolled them in his army and
!ae them important posts in what was to +ecome the 7aliphate. ,fter the
Prophet Muhammad9s death ('C$) Muawiyah sered in the Islamic army sent
a!ainst the .y2antine forces in -yria. 4e held a hi!h rank in the army led +y
his +rother 1a2id i+n ,+u -ufyan.
>edit?<oernor of -yria
7aliph 3mar (3mar i+n al:Jhatta+) had appointed Muawiyah I+n ,+u -ufyan
as !oernor of -yria. In the year 'D%, 3mar appointed Muawiyah as !oernor
of -yria when his +rother died in an out+reak of pla!ue. Muawiyah !radually
!ained mastery oer the other areas of -yria, instillin! remarka+le personal
loyalty amon! his troops and the people of the re!ion. .y 'D0, Muawiyah had
+uilt a -yrian army stron! enou!h to repel a .y2antine attack and, in
su+se8uent years, to take the o;ensie a!ainst the .y2antines in campai!ns
that resulted in the capture of 7yprus ('DE) and Rhodes ('BD) and a
deastatin! defeat of the .y2antine nay o; the coast of Gycia ('BB). ,t the
same time, Muawiyah periodically dispatched land e=peditions into ,natolia.
,ccordin! to the chronicler Theophanes the 7onfessor, Muawiyah I, after
capturin! Rhodes sold the remains of the 7olossus of Rhodes to a traelin!
salesman from @dessa. The +uyer had the statue +roken down, and
transported the +ron2e scrap on the +acks of E%% camels to his home. Pieces
continued to turn up for sale for years, after +ein! found alon! the caraan
route.
,ll these campai!ns came to a halt with the accession of ,li to the caliphate,
when a new and decisie phase of Muawiyah9s career +e!an.
>edit?7onFict with ,li
Muawiyah fou!ht a protracted campai!n a!ainst ,li, alle!edly seekin! Hustice
for the assassinated caliph 3thman I+n ,;an. ,isha (,isha +int ,+u .akr)
(Muhammad9s widow), Talhah (Talha i+n 3+ayd:,llah) and ,l:Ku+ayr (,+u
L,+d ,llah Ku+ayr i+n al:,wwam) were all in a!reement with Muawiyah that
those who assassinated 3thman should +e +rou!ht to Hustice. 4oweer, ,li
claimed that he was not a+le to apprehend and punish 3thman9s murderers
fearin! re+el in"ltration of the Muslim ranks. This resulted in Muawiyah
refusin! to acknowled!e ,li9s caliphate.
Muawiyah did not participate in the campai!n +y ,isha, Talhah and ,l:Ku+ayr
a!ainst ,li that ended in the .attle of the 7amel.>&'? The city of .asrah went
oer to them +ut they were defeated in +attle +y ,li. Talhah and ,l:Ku+ayr
were killed. ,li pardoned ,isha and had her escorted +ack to Medina.
,li then turned towards -yria, where Muawiyah was in open opposition. 4e
marched to the @uphrates and en!a!ed Muawiyah9s troops at the famous
.attle of -iAn ('B0). ,ccounts of the clash ary ( howeer, it would seem
that neither side had won a ictory, since the -yrians called for ar+itration to
settle the matter, ar!uin! that continuin! ciil war would em+olden the
.y2antines.>&0? There are seeral conFictin! accounts of the ar+itrations.
Mne account su!!ests that MuawiyyahNs army were ordered to adorn the tips
of their swords with pa!es from the Iuran in an attempt to confused the
army of ,li and preent them from winnin! the +attle. ,s a result, the army of
,li ceased "!htin! so as not to +rin! harm to the Iuran. Muawiyah proposed
a cease:"re which ,li a!reed to and it was decided to end the conFict throu!h
peaceful talks.>&)?
In the meantime, dissension +roke out in ,li9s camp where some of his former
supporters, later known as JhariHites, felt that ,li had +etrayed them +y
enterin! into ne!otiations. ,li set out to 8uell the JhariHites. ,t a+out the
same time, unrest was +rewin! in @!ypt. The !oernor of @!ypt, Iais, was
recalled, and ,li had him replaced with Muhammad i+n ,+u .akr (the +rother
of ,isha and the son of Islam9s "rst caliph ,+u .akr). Muhammad i+n ,+i
.akr9s rule resulted in widespread re+ellion in @!ypt. Muawiyah ordered 9,mr
i+n al:9,s to inade @!ypt and 9,mr did so successfully.
When ,li was assassinated in ''&, Muawiyah, as commander of the lar!est
force in the Muslim @mpire, had the stron!est claim to the 7aliphate. ,li9s son
4asan i+n ,li si!ned a truce and retired to priate life in Medina.
Muawiyah said later5 OI neer fou!ht a!ainst ,li, only a+out 3thman9s deathO.
>&E? That was attested +y ,l:-harif al:Radi in his +ook , he said5
In the war... When we met people of ,l:-ham, it seemed that our !od is one,
our prophet is the same, our callin! is the same, and no one is more of a
+elieer than the other a+out +eliein! in ,llah, or the prophet. The
misunderstandin!s were a+out 3thman9s +lood, and we hae nothin! to do
with it.
P,l:-harif al:Radi, >$%?
>edit?Rule
In the year ''&, Muawiyah was crowned as caliph at a ceremony in
#erusalem.>$&? Muawiyah !oerned the !eo!raphically and politically
disparate 7aliphate, which now spread from @!ypt in the west to Iran in the
east, +y stren!thenin! the power of his allies in the newly con8uered
territories. Prominent positions in the emer!in! !oernmental structures were
held +y 7hristians, some of whom +elon!ed to families that had sered in
.y2antine !oernments. The employment of 7hristians was part of a +roader
policy of reli!ious tolerance that was necessitated +y the presence of lar!e
7hristian populations in the con8uered proinces, especially in -yria itself.
This policy also +oosted his popularity and solidi"ed -yria as his power +ase.
In a manner similar to .y2antine administratie practices, Muawiyah
instituted seeral +ureaucracies, called dians, to aid him in the !oernance
and the centrali2ation of the 7aliphate and the empire. @arly ,ra+ic sources
credit two diwans in particular to Muawiyah 5 the /iwan al:Jhatam
(7hancellery) and the .arid (Postal -erice), +oth of which !reatly improed
communications within the empire.
,ccordin! to ,ra+ historian I+n Jathir>$$?
,t the hei!ht of tension when "!htin! was a+out to erupt at -iAn +etween
Imam ,li and Muawiyah, Muawiyah was informed that the .y2antine @mperor
raised a ery lar!e army and was drawin! ery close to the +orders of the
Muslim state. 4e wrote to him, !iin! him a ery clear warnin!, 9.y <od, if
you do not stop your desi!ns and !o +ack to your place, I will end my dispute
with my cousin and will drie you out of the entire land you rule, until I make
the earth too ti!ht for you.9 The .y2antine @mperor was scared o; and
a+andoned his plans
4oweer, other scholars contend that he simply placated the .y2antine
emperor with o;ers of land, !old, and slaes.>$C?
Muawiyah died on May ', ')%, alle!edly from a stroke +rou!ht on +y his
wei!ht. 4e was succeeded +y his son 1a2id I. Muawiyah had held the
e=pandin! empire to!ether +y force of his personality, throu!h personal
alle!iances, in the style of a traditional ,ra+ sheikh. 4oweer Muawiyah9s
attempt to start a dynasty failed +ecause +oth 1a2id and then his !randson
Muawiya II died prematurely. The caliphate eentually went to Marwan I a
descendant of another +ranch of Muawiyah9s clan.
>edit?Muawiyah and Mawalis
In accordance with the ways of @mpire, Muawiyah faoured his ,ra+ su+Hects
oer non:,ra+ Muslims (the Mawalis) : the discriminatory treatment of non:
,ra+ Muslims +y the ictorious 3mayyad forces are documented +y +oth
-unni and -hia sources as in the e=ample +elow concernin! Muawiyah9s
commands to his !oernor Kiyad i+n ,+ih.>$D?>$B?>$'?
>edit?,ppearance and ha+its
There are conFictin! reports re!ardin! his appearance. ,ccordin! to certain
sources, he was short with a lar!e stomach. (The followin! is unclear as no
speci"c hadith is mentioned). 4oweer, the two pre:eminent Masters of -unni
4adith, Imam .ukhari and Imam Muslim, hae reHected a+solutely the later
apolo!y for Muawiyah, and Imam Muslim indeed places the 4adith:e:Muawiya
in the 7hapter of those 7ursed +y Muhammad.>$0? Further, the Imam Qisa9i
was murdered when he recited this 4adith in the presence of pro:Muawiya
,ra+:speakin! -yrians as it was perceied as a curse of Muawiyah, which
de+ates the unreferenced su!!estion that the term was a form of praise and
not condemnation.>$)? -hias often 8uestion why there are no relia+le precise
accounts of Muawiyah actually participatin! in any +attles after his
conersion to Islam
>edit?Ge!acy
Muawiyah !reatly +eauti"ed /amascus, and deeloped a court to rial that of
7onstantinople. 4e e=panded the frontiers of the empire, reachin! the ery
!ates of 7onstantinople at one point, thou!h the .y2antines droe him +ack
and he was una+le to hold any territory in ,natolia. -unni Muslims credit him
with sain! the Fed!lin! Muslim nation from post ciil war anarchy. 4oweer,
-hia Muslims char!e that if anythin!, he was the insti!ator of the ciil war,
and weakened the Muslim nation and diided the 3mmah, fa+ricatin! self:
a!!randi2in! heresies>$E? and slander a!ainst the Prophet9s family>C%? and
een sellin! his Muslim critics into slaery in the .y2antine empire.>$C?
Mne of Muawiyah9s most controersial and endurin! le!acies was his decision
to desi!nate his son 1a2id as his successor. ,ccordin! to -hi9a doctrine, this
was a clear iolation of the treaty he made with 4asan i+n ,li, in which
Muawiyah said he would not make his son his successor.
>edit?-unni iew
Many -unni Muslim historians iew Muawiyah as a companion of Muhammad,
and hence worthy of respect for this reason, and a few -unni Muslims take
!reat issue with the -hi9a criticism and ili"cation of him.>C&? 4oweer,
mainstream -unni Muslims while refusin! to adopt the ne!atie -hi9a
sentiment towards Muawiyah neertheless 8uietly withhold accordin! him
reli!ious status owin! to his re+ellions a!ainst ,li and al:4asan, who are
re!arded as pious rulers, with Muawiyah +ein! re!arded as a worldly kin! of
du+ious sincerity. Finally, Muawiyah transformed the caliphate from a
consensus system with some emphasis on reli!ious 8uali"cation into a
hereditary and monarchical one with no such strin!ent re8uirement, +y
desi!natin! his son 1a2id as his successor.
, -unni hadith says5
...Muawiyah who was really the +est of the two men said to him, OM 9,mrR If
these killed those and those killed these, who would +e left with me for the
Ho+s of the pu+lic, who would +e left with me for their women, who would +e
left with me for their children*O Then Muawiya sent two Iuraishi men from
the tri+e of 9,+d:i:-hams called 9,+dur Rahman +in -umura and ,+dullah +in
9,mir +in Jurai2 to ,l:4asan sayin! to them, O<o to this man (i.e. ,l:4asan)
and ne!otiate peace with him and talk and appeal to him.O -o, they went to
,l:4asan and talked and appealed to him to accept peace...>C$?
The !reatest of -unni Imams,Imam a+u 4anifa,supported ,li and his stand
a!ainst ,mir Muawiyah...
-ome -unni scholars interpret al:4asan9s willin!ness to a+andon his claims to
the caliphate in faor of Muawiyah as proof that al:4asan, Muhammad9s
eldest and +eloed !randson, did not !o so far as to iew Muawiyah an
apostate, rene!ade or hypocrite.
>edit?-hi9a iew
The -hi9a iew Muawiyah as a tyrant, usurper and murderer. 4is supposed
conersion to Islam +efore the con8uest of Mecca is dismissed as a fa+le, or
mere hypocrisy. 4e is also descri+ed as a manipulator and liar who usurped
Islam purely for political and material !ain of his father9s loss. 4e was also
widely re!arded as a tyrant and usurper +y +oth -hia ,ra+s and Persians,
who despite +ein! ruled +y -unni ,ra+s and their assals for centuries,
ultimately found the e!alitarian -hia creed more palata+le than the
oppressie, ,ra+:supremacist tri+al rule of Muawiyah. ,li was noted for
upholdin! the ri!hts of non:,ra+ Muslims, whereas the 3mayyads are
remem+ered in Persian history for s8uashin! them. The 3mayyads
suppressed Persian culture and lan!ua!e, and a num+er of Iran9s !reatest
contri+utors to Persian literature : +oth -hias like Ferdowsi and -unnis like
-a9di : took the side of ,li, not Muawiyah.
,ccordin! to -hi9a iew, Muawiyah opposed ,li, out of sheer !reed for power
and wealth. 4is rei!n opened the door to unparalleled disaster, marked +y
the persecution of ,li, slau!hterin! of his followers,>CC? and unlawful
imprisonment of his supporters,>CD? which only worsened when 1a2id come
into power and the .attle of Jar+ala ensued. Muawiyah is alle!ed to hae
killed many of Muhammad9s companions (-aha+a), either in +attle or +y
poison, due to his lust for power. Muawiyah killed seeral historical "!ures,
includin! the -aha+a ,mr +in al:4ami8, Muhammad i+n ,+u .akr>CB? Malik
al:,shtar,>C'? 4uHr i+n ,di>C0? (to which the families of ,+u .akr and 3mar
condemned Muawiyah for,>C)? and the -aha+a deemed his killer to +e
cursed>CE?) and ,+d al:Rahman +in 4asaan (+uried alie for his support of
,li).>D%?
Muawiyah was also responsi+le for insti!atin! the .attle of -iAn, the
+loodiest +attle in Islam9s history, in which oer 0%,%%% people (amon! them
many of the last suriin! companions of the Prophet Muhammad) were
killed. Qota+le amon! the 7ompanions who were killed +y Muawiyah9s forces
was ,mmar +in 1asir, a frail old man of EB at the time of his murder. -hi9i
Muslims see his +ein! killed at the hands of Muawiyah9s army as si!ni"cant
+ecause of a well:known hadith,present in +oth the -hia and -unni +ooks of
hadith, narrated +y ,+u 4urayrah and others, in which the Prophet is
recorded to hae said5 OReHoice ,mmarR The trans!ressin! party shall kill
you.O.>D&? -ahih Muslim.ook D&:Qo.'E')S'ES0% T -ahih .ukhari:Jita+ ,l #ihad
When the tide of the +attle was turnin! in ,li9s faor, Muawiyah stalled ,li9s
troops +y raisin! the Iur9an on the tip of a +loody spear as a sort of Oholy
+ook shieldO a!ainst attack +y Muslims.>D$? This sort of act is widely re!arded
as +lasphemy and desecration of <od9s word, and -hia scholars condemn
Muawiyah for it, ar!uin! such a practice would today +e condemned +y -unni
Muslims Hust as much as -hia Muslims.
The killin! of the two children of 3+aydullah i+n ,++as can also +e found in
-unni and -hi9a te=ts.>DC?
>...? Then he >i.e. Muawiyah? was informed that 3+aidullah had two infant
sons. -o he set out to reach them, and when he found them : they had two
(tender) forelocks like pearls : >and? he ordered to kill them.>DD?
From the -hia point of iew and that of many -unnis : as has +een recorded
in -ahih .ukhari and -ahih Muslim, in a hadith narrated +y ,+dullah i+n 3mar
: Imam 4asan i+n ,li did not si!n the treaty with Muawiyah +ecause he liked
him6 rather, he did so to preent een worse +loodshed than had already
happened at -iAn. 4asan9s intention was to presere the Muslim 3mmah and
eentually restore the 7aliphate to its ri!htful heirs, the Prophet9s family (as
per the terms of the treaty). 4e died +efore he was a+le to do this, alle!edly
poisoned +y his wife on Muawiyah9s orders.>citation needed?
>edit?-ee also
-econd Fitna
-unni iew of the -aha+a
>edit?References
U -hahid ,shraf, @ncyclopaedia of 4oly Prophet and 7ompanions, ,nmol,
$%%D. (p.&)%)
U Marshall 7aendish, OWorld and Its Peoples5 The Middle @ast, Western ,sia,
and Qorthern ,fricaO, $%%'. (p.&)')
U #ohn G. Ga Monte, The world of the Middle ,!es5 a reorientation of medieal
history, ,ppleton:7entury:7rofts, &EDE. (p. &%B)
U .ernard F. Reilly, The medieal -pain, 7am+rid!e 3niersity Press, &EEC.
(p. BB)
U <rolier, ,cademic ,merican encyclopedia, Volume &%, &EED (p. C)$)
U Mas9oodi, Vol $5 Pa!e D0
U Tarikh : ,+ul Fida Vol &5 Pa!e &)$
U I8dul Farid : I+n ,+d Ra++ah Vol $, Pa!e &&
U Raw2atul Mana2ir : I+ne -hahnah Vol $, Pa!e &CC
U Tarikhul Jhamis, 4usayn /ayar+akri Vol$, Pa!e $C)
U ,k+arut Tiwal : /inawari P! D%%
U Mawatilat Tali+eyeen : ,+ul FaraH Isfahani
U Isti9a+ : I+ne ,+dul .irr
U The 4istory of al:Ta+ari, Volume IW, The Gast 1ears of the Prophet, pC$,
-3Q1 Press
U Gife of Muhammad, I+n 4isham, Volume $, pBE0 (3rdu)
U The @arly 7aliphate, Maulana Muhammad ,li, ,l:#adda Printers, p!. &'E:
$%', &E)C
U ,isha .ewley, Mu9awiyah5 Restorer of the Muslim Faith, p!. $$. /ar al
Ta8wa Gtd. $%%$.
U http5SSwww.ahlel+ayt.comSarticlesShistorySsiAn
U (,ra+ic) >&?
U QahH al:.ala!ha (CS'D)), +y ,l:-harif al:Radi
U 4istory of Israel and the 4oly Gand .y Michael ,i:1onah, -himon Peres
U ,l:.idayah wal:Qihayah
U a + X Musharriful Mah+u+in +y 4a2rat JhuwaHa Meh+oo+ Iasim 7hishti
Mushrra" Iadri ra.!if Pa!es $&':$&)
Joka+ wa Ri" Fa2al:e:,li Jaram ,llah WaHhu, Pa!e D)D, .y -yed Mohammed
-u+h:e:Jashaf ,lTirmidhi, 3rdu translation +y -yed -harif 4ussein -herwani
-a+2awari, Pu+lished +y ,loom ,lMuhammed, num+er .&$ -had+a!h,
Gahore, & #anuary &E'C.
4a+i+ ,lseer Ra+iyah ,l,+rar, Volume &, ,lama #arul,llah Kamik (BC% 4iHri),
4adoi8a -anai, +y 4akim -anai (/ied B$B 4iHri, at <ha2ni), Pa!e 'B:'0,
Qamoos Islam, +y ,!ha 4ashim -ialkoti, Pu+lished Gahore, &ECE : Pa!es '':
'0
Ta2karah Tul:,ikram Tarikh:e:Jhulafa ,ra+:Wa:Islam +y -yed -hah Mohamed
Ja+ir ,+u ,lalaiyi /ana Puri, Pu+lished Ge Jishwar Press, Gakhnow, ,pril
&E$DS &CD' 4
U O,nsa+ al ,shrafO or OFutuh al:.uldanO +y .aladhuri. p.D&0.
U OTarikh:i -istanO. p)$
U OTarikh e IumO. p$BD:'.
U -ahih Muslim, .ook of those 7ursed +y Muhammad +ut were not deserin!
U I.n Jhallikan, ,l Wafat ,l ,yan Imam, under the +io!raphy of Qisa9i, section
dealin! with his murder
U http5SSwww.answerin!:ansar.or!SanswersSmuawiyaSenSchap).php
U http5SSwww.answerin!:ansar.or!SanswersSmuawiyaSenSchap0.php
U Geader of the #undallah Moemement, ,+d ,l:Malek ,l:Ri!i5 We Train
Fi!hters in the Mountains and -end Them into Iran. Mcto+er &0, $%%)
U Muhammad Muhsin Jhan OThe Translation of the Meanin!s of -alih al:
.ukhari, olume CO &E)D I-.Q )&:0&B&:%&':0, item )'0
U Tarikh Ta+ri Volume &) pa!e $%& 6 al Istia+, Volume & pa!e DE, 7hapter5
.usar6 al Isa+a Volume, & pa!e $)E, Translation Qo. 'D$, .usar +in Irtat6
,sadul <ha+a, Volume & pa!e &&C, Topic5 .usar +in Irtat6 Tarikh I+n ,sakir,
Volume C pa!e $$B 6 Tarikh ,sim Ju", pa!e C%).
U al .idaya wa al Qihaya, Volume ) pa!e B$ 6 ,sad9ul <ha+a Volume, & pa!e
)D', /hikr 3mro +in 4ami86 Tarikh 1a8u+i, olume $ pa!e $%%, B% 46 ,l
.idayah wal Qihayah, Volume ) pa!e B$, death of ,mro +in al:4ami8 al:
Jha2ai.
U al .idaya wa al Qihaya, Volume ) pa!e D), /hikr B% 4iHri6 al Istia+, Volume
& pa!e C'C 6 al Isa+a, Volume D pa!e '$C, Translation Qo. B)$$ 6 ,sadul
<ha+a, Volume & pa!e )D', ,mr +in al:4ami8 al:Jha2ai6 Ta+a8at al Ju+ra,
Volume ' pa!e $B 6 Tarikh Jamil, Volume C pa!e $D% /hikr B& 4iHri6 Risala
,+u .akr Jhawar2mi, pa!e &$$ 6 Tarikh i+n Jhaldun, Volume C pa!e &$ 6 al
Maarif, pa!e &$06 4istory of Ta+ari, Volume &) pa!e &C0
U Tadhirathul Jhawwas, pa!e 'D 6 MuruH al /haha+, Volume C pa!e D$% 6
Tarikh i+n Jhaldun, Volume $ pa!e &E&6 Tarikh Jamil, Volume C pa!e &0E 6
Tarikh Ta+ari, @n!lish translation Volume &) pa!es &DD:&D' 6 4a+i+ al -ayyar,
Volume & pa!e 0$ 6 Ta+a8at al Ju+ra, Volume ' pa!e $&C
U al .idaya wa al Qihaya, Volume ) pa!e BC /hikr B& 4iHri6 Tarikh Jamil,
Volume C pa!e $DE /hikr B& 4iHri6 Tarikh i+n ,sakir, Volume &$ pa!e $$0
/hikr 4uHr i+n ,di6 Tarikh i+n Jhaldun, Volume C pa!e &C /hikr B& 4iHri6 al
Isa+a, Volume & pa!e C&C /hikr 4uHr i+n ,di6 ,sad9ul <ha+a, Volume & pa!e
$DD /hikr 4uHr i+n ,di6 -hadharat ul /haha+, Volume & pa!e B0 /hikr B&
4iHri6 Ta+a8at al Ju+ra, Volume ' pa!e $&0 /hikr 4uHr i+n ,di6 Mustadrak al
4akim, Volume C pa!e D'):D0% /hikr 4uHr i+n ,di6 ,kh+ar al Tawaal, pa!e
&)' /hikr 4uHr i+n ,di6 Tarikh ,+u9l Fida, pa!e &'' /hikr B& 4iHri6 MuruH al
/haha+, Volume C pa!e &$ /hikr BC 4iHri6 Tarikh 1a8u+i, Volume $ pa!e $&E
U al:.idaya wa al:Qihaya, Volume ) pa!e BB 6 Jan2 al 3mmal, Volume C pa!e
)) 6 Tarikh al Islam +y /haha+i Volume $ pa!e $&0 6 Tarikh i+n Jhaldun,
Volume C pa!e &$ 6 al Isa+a, pa!e CBB /hikr 4uHr6 al:Istia+, Volume & pa!e
E0.
U Iadhi ,+i .akar al:,ra+i. 9,wasim min al Iawasim9 p.CD& 6 ,llamah
Muhi+uddin al:Jhatee+
U .idayah wal Qihayah, Volume ) pa!e B$6 Tarikh Jamil, Volume C pa!e $DB 6
4istory of Ta+ari, Volume &) pa!e &B&.
U -unan Tirmidhi, 4adith YC)%%
U http5SSwww.e2softech.comSislamicSsiAn.asp
U -unni5 Tarikh Jamil, Volume C pa!e &ED /hikr D% 4iHri6 -hadharath al
/haha+, pa!e 'D /hikr B) 4iHri6 Tarikh Taa+ari (@n!lish translation) Volume &)
pa!es $%0:$%)6 MuruHh al /haha+, Volume C pa!e C% 6 al Istia+, Volume &
pa!e DE, 7hapter5 .usar6 Tarikh i+n ,sakir, Volume &% pa!e &D'6 ,sad9ul
<ha+a Volume & pa!e $&C /hikr .usar6 Tarikh Islam +y /haha+i, Volume $
pa!e &)0. -hia5 $&5' -ecrets of Muawiyah from ,l:,mali5 The /ictations of
-heikh al:Mu"d
U -hia5 $&5' -ecrets of Muawiyah from ,l:,mali5 The /ictations of -heikh al:
Mu"d