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=
N
i
. V .i V P
Lf
Load Load Load Load
(1)
From the experimental results in Figure 8 (a) it can be
seen that there is some distortion in the load voltage
waveform at the zero crossing point. This is due to
hardware dead-time used to provide a small time delay
between the turning off of one switch and turning on of
the other switch in the same full-bridge leg.
This prevents the DC bus being shorted resulting in
current shoot-through. This dead-time was not
implemented in the Matlab Simulink inverter model and
therefore is not present in the simulation waveforms. It
can be seen in Figure 8 that all voltage and current
waveforms have a similar shape and RMS values.
4.1.2. NON-LINEAR LOAD OPEN-LOOP CONTROL
Shown in Figure 9 (a) and (b) are experimental and
simulation results respectively for the VCVSI with the
non-linear load. From Figure 9 it can be seen that the
load voltages from the experimental and simulation
results have reduced from 240V to 200V (83%) and that
the load voltage waveform is distorted. The distortion in
the filter inductor voltage (V
Lf
) can also be clearly seen
in both experimental and simulation results. From the
simulation results, the load voltage THD has increased
from 2.69% to 8.89% while the load current THD has
increased significantly from 2.69% to 60.4% due to the
non-linear load. The results in Figure 8 and Figure 9
show the accuracy of the Matlab Simulink inverter
model developed with the power system blockset for
both linear and non-linear analysis. They also confirm
the accuracy of the inverter model developed.
VLoad = 199VRMS
(49.82Hz)
iLf = 127ARMS
ibatt = 65.5ARMS
VLf
Dead-time
Distortion
PLoad = 1404W
(a)
VLoad = 201VRMS
iLf = 125ARMS ibatt = 69ARMS
iLoad = 6.95ARMS
VLoad THD = 2.69%
iLoad THD = 2.69%
PLoad = 1397W
(b)
Figure 8. Single-phase VCVSI with
open-loop control and 2kW linear load
(a) experimental (b) simulation
4.2. LOAD VOLTAGE RMS FEEDBACK CONTROL
As load voltage RMS feedback control is a standard
control method used for inverters, simulation and
experimental results were compared using this type of
controller with the linear and non-linear loads. These
results can then be compared with those obtained using
open-loop control to show the effect of the load voltage
RMS feedback control on inverter performance. While
the Matlab Simulink RMS controller in Figure 6 is an
analogue version of the digital RMS controller
implemented in the prototype 2kVA inverter in Figure 2,
it is shown to be an accurate model for both linear and
non-linear loads.
4.2.1. LINEAR LOAD RMS CONTROL
Shown in Figure 10 (a) and (b) are experimental and
simulation results respectively for the VCVSI with load
voltage RMS feedback control and a 2kW linear load
(R
L
=28.8). For both results it can be seen that the load
voltage RMS value has reduced from 240V to around
235V (98%) resulting in a reduced load power of around
1917W (P
Load
=V
Load
2
/R
L
=235
2
/28.8).
Comparing the results in Figure 8 and Figure 10 with the
linear load for open-loop and RMS control respectively,
it can be seen that the shape of the waveforms are almost
identical. The main differences are in the magnitudes of
the waveforms (due to open-loop and RMS control) and
the slight load voltage distortion caused by the RMS
controller. This distortion can also be seen in Figure 7,
which is due to the slow response of RMS control.
4.2.2. NON-LINEAR LOAD RMS CONTROL
Shown in Figure 11 (a) and (b) are experimental and
simulation results respectively for the VCVSI with RMS
feedback control and the non-linear load. For both
results it can be seen that the load voltage RMS value
has increased from 240V to around 245V (102%). This
is due to the distortion in the load voltage waveform
causing the rectified DC value for the RMS feedback
control to reduce and therefore for the modulation index
to increase. The set-point used to set the load voltage is
generally performed using a linear load and therefore the
regulation for a non-linear load can be expected to be
worse as is the case in Figure 11.
Comparing the results in Figure 9 with those in Figure 11
with the non-linear load, it can be seen that the shape of
all waveforms are almost identical with the only main
difference being their RMS values. These results show
that the RMS controller is only capable improving the
regulation of the load voltage but is incapable of
improving the shape of the waveform, especially when a
non-linear load is present
Comparing the experimental and simulation results for
open-loop and load voltage RMS feedback control with
the linear and non-linear loads, it can be seen that the
Matlab Simulink inverter model developed in Figure 5 is
an accurate model of the 2kVA prototype inverter
VLoad = 199VRMS
(49.98Hz)
iLf = 168ARMS
ibatt = 68.4ARMS
VLf
PLoad = 1.35kW
QLoad = 1.19Var
SLoad = 1.80kVA
PF = 0.75
(a)
V
Load
= 204V
RMS
i
Lf
= 149A
RMS i
batt
= 75A
RMS
i
Load
= 8.30A
RMS
VLoad THD = 8.89%
iLoad THD = 60.4%
(b)
Figure 9. Single-phase VCVSI with
open-loop control and non-linear load
(a) experimental (b) simulation
VLoad = 235VRMS
(50.15Hz)
iLf = 149ARMS
ibatt = 93.8ARMS
PLoad = 2.00kW
QLoad = 0VAr
SLoad = 2kVA
VLf
PF = 1
(a)
VLoad = 234VRMS
iLf = 145ARMS ibatt = 96ARMS
iLoad = 8.05ARMS
VLoad THD = 6.34%
iLoad THD = 6.34%
PLoad = 1884W
(b)
Figure 10. Single-phase VCVSI with
RMS feedback control and 2kW linear load
(a) experimental (b) simulation
presented in Figure 2. The development of this model
enables the prototype 2kVA inverter to be analysed and
optimized as well as providing a solid platform for the
development of more advanced controllers.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented a Matlab Simulink model of a
single-phase 2kVA Voltage Controlled Voltage Source
Inverter with load voltage RMS feedback control. The
inverter model was developed with the Matlab power
systems blockset while the load voltage RMS feedback
controller was developed with the standard Simulink
blockset.
Open-loop control was used to show the accuracy of the
model developed without the closed loop RMS
feedback. The RMS feedback was then used to show the
accuracy of the complete inverter system (inverter and
controller). Linear and non-linear loads were used for the
open-loop and RMS controllers to compare the accuracy
of the model for two distinct load conditions.
The inverter and RMS controller models developed with
Matlab Simulink was shown to provide accurate results
and provided valuable insight into inverter performance.
Matlab Simulink was shown to be a powerful tool for the
development of a single-phase VCVSI and load voltage
RMS feedback controller.
REFERENCES
[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins,
Power Electronics - Converters, Applications,
and Design, 2nd ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1995.
[2] "Matlab 6, Release 12.1." Natick,
Massachusetts: The MathWorks
(www.mathworks.com), 2006.
[3] "PSIM Version 7.0." Woburn, MA: Powersim
Inc. (www.powersimtech.com), 2006.
[4] M. Trigg, "Digital Sinusoidal PWM Generation
using a Low-cost Micro-controller Based
Single-Phase Inverter," presented at ETFA
2005, Catania, Italy, 2005.
[5] M. C. Trigg, H. Dehbonei, and C. V. Nayar,
"Digital Sinusoidal PWMs for a Micro-
controller based Single-Phase Inverter. Part 1:
Principles of digital sinusoidal PWM
generation," IJE Power electronics and
instrumentation hardware, 2005.
[6] M. C. Trigg, H. Dehbonei, and C. V. Nayar,
"Digital Sinusoidal PWMs for a Micro-
controller based Single-Phase Inverter. Part 2:
Performance assessment - experimental," IJE
Power electronics and instrumentation
hardware, 2005.
[7] H. Dehbonei, M. Trigg, and C. Nayar, "A
Novel Sinewave Inverter for Harsh
Environment," presented at AUPEC 2005,
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2005.
V
Load
= 246V
RMS
(49.97Hz)
i
Lf
= 210A
RMS
i
batt
= 125A
RMS
PF = 0.75
Q = 1.96kVAr
P = 2.25kW
S = 3kVA
V
Lf
(a)
V
Load
= 245V
RMS
i
Lf
= 202A
RMS
i
batt
= 130A
RMS
(b)
Figure 11. Single-phase VCVSI with
RMS feedback control and non-linear load
(a) experimental (b) simulation