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Ailerons are the primary control surfaces are located near the
wing tips and hinged to the aileron spar to become part of the
trailing edge of the wing.
Ailerons usually have differential movement. i.e., when the
aileron on one wing goes up, the aileron on the other wing
goes down.
Ailerons are connected by cables, bell cranks, pulleys or pushpull tubes to each other and to the control wheel.
Stick to the right, roll to the right, Stick to the left, roll to
the left.
Moving the control wheel to the right causes the right aileron
to deflect upward and the left aileron to deflect downward.
The upward deflection of the right aileron decreases the
camber resulting in decreased lift on the right wing.
The corresponding downward deflection of the left aileron
increases the camber resulting in increased lift on the left
wing.
Thus, the increased lift on the left wing and the decreased lift
on the right wing cause the airplane to roll to the right.
Movement of the ailerons gives lateral control (roll control) of
the aircraft about longitudinal axis.
Ailerons span perhaps the outer 35% of each wing and occupy
perhaps the aft 20% of the wing chord at that location.
However, many large transport aircraft have two sets of
ailerons: one in the conventional outboard location, and one
inboard.
For low speed flight, both sets of ailerons operate to provide
the needed lateral control.
For high speed flight, only the inboard ailerons are active.
During the high speed flight, if both the sets of ailerons are
active, the aerodynamic effectiveness of the outboard ailerons
would be too great, possibly causing too rapid movement,
thereby inducing over-control.
Ailerons may be organized to droop for take-off.
Sometimes the ailerons are interconnected with spoilers
(asymmetric operation) to improve roll control.
DIFFERENTIAL AILERONS
DROOP AILERONS
AILERON DRAG
AILERON REVERSAL
At low speeds, an aircraft has a relatively high angle of attack
This can cause the position of the chord line to alter so that
the result is the opposite of what would be expected.
That is, a downward deflection of the aileron causes the wing
to drop and an upward deflection causes the wing to rise.
Under these circumstances we say that the aircraft has
suffered a high speed aileron reversal.
On modern large transport aircraft, those fly at relatively high
speed, and high speed military aircraft this becomes a serious
problem.
SOLUTIONS TO THIS PROBLEM INCLUDE
AILERON EFFECTIVENESS