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Ultra micro
<1 mg
Classification of Analytes
o Major constituents
o Minor constituents
o Trace constituents
o Ultratrace constituents
Steps in Quantitative Analysis
1. Selection of a method
Cost, efficiency, and sensibility; sample and
inference
2. Acquiring the sample
Sampling process of acquiring a small amount
of material whose composition accurately
represents the whole material
3. Processing the sample
Sample preparation and replication
4. Eliminating interference
Interference - species that affect the
measurement of the analyte
Matrix Species that does not affect the
measurement of the analyte
Masking to convert into non-interfering form
5. Measurement of the physical/ chemical property of
the analyte
6. Calculation of the data
7. Estimation of reliability of results
Volumetric Method
o Types of titrimetric analysis
a. Volumetric
b. Gravimetric
c. Coulometric
o Volumetric analysis refers to any procedure in
which the volume of reagent needed to react with
the analyte is measured
Titration
o Process in which standard solution (titrant) is added
to a solution of an analyte until the reaction is
judged to be complete
o Analyte the component of the sample that is to be
determined
o Titrant added to the analyte until reaction is
complete; quantity of analyte based on quantity of
titrant
o Equivalence point when amount of added titrant is
chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in
the sample
o End point marked by a sudden change in the
physical property of the solution
o Indicator added to the analyte solution to give an
observable physical change