PSZ 19:16 (Pind.

1/07)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND
COPYRIGHT

Authors full name

RAMSHAFIEZA BINTI RAMLI

Date of birth

22 MARCH 1988

Title

STUDY ON POWER FACTOR AND HARMONICS

CONTENT FOR SEVERAL BRIDGELESS TOPOLOGIES

Academic Session :

2011/2012

I declare that this thesis is classified as :

CONFIDENTIAL

(Contains confidential information under the

Official Secret Act 1972)*

RESTRICTED

(Contains restricted information as specified by

the organization where research was done)*

OPEN ACCESS

I agree that my thesis to be published as online

open access (full text)

I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:

1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies
for the purpose of research only.
3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic
exchange.
Certified by :

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

880322-03-5344
(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)

DR MOHD RODHI BIN SAHID

NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date : 4thJULY 2012

Date :4th JULY 2012

NOTES :

If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the

letter from the organization with period and reasons for
confidentiality or restriction.

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my

opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
(Electrical)

Signature

.....................................................

Name of Supervisor :

DR MOHD RODHI BIN SAHID

Date

4th JULY 2012

STUDY ON POWER FACTOR AND HARMONICS CONTENT

FOR SEVERAL BRIDGELESS PFC TOPOLOGIES

RAMSHAFIEZA BINTI RAMLI

Presented to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power)

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

JULY 2012

ii

I declare that this thesis entitled Study On Power Factor And Harmonics Content
For Several Bridgeless PFC Topologies is the result of my own research except as
cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature

....................................................

Name

RAMSHAFIEZA BINTI RAMLI

Date

4th JULY 2012

iii

Dedicated especially in order to express my appreciation to my truly beloved father

Ramli Bin Muhamad,
my mother Rohaidah Binti Ali,
my beloved fianc Wan Hasan Fadhli Bin Mohd Saufi,
my family and all my friends
For their moral support, encouragement and prayers.

To my supervisor Dr Mohd Rodhi Bin Sahid who helped me a lot in this project

May ALLAH S.W.T bless all of you.

Thank you very much

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I want to express my sincere gratitude to Allah S.W.T and

Alhamdulillah for giving me strength, healthy and ability to finish this thesis until it
done successfully, and smoothly.

Then, I also would like to thank my beloved family for their moral support
and their understanding in whatever I did. I will never forget all their kindness until
the end. Without them, who actually me.

Besides that, I also want to thank to my supervisor, Dr Mohd Rodhi Bin

Sahid who had given a lot of advice, guidance me in finish this project, also for his
support continuously to continue this project. I admit that, for several time I had
some difficulties to understand this projects content, but with his extra knowledge, I
know what I should do for the next step.

Last but not least, to my friends who involve in finishing this project, I
would like to thank to all of you. Thanks for spending and supporting me with your
time, ideas and transportation.

ABSTRACT

The performances between three bridgeless Power Factor Correction (PFC)

topologies are compared and analyzed from three of bridgeless converters. Through
this project, it can be showed that the different bridgeless circuit will give different
result of power factor input current total harmonic distortion. The three bridgeless
converters are bridgeless Boost, bridgeless Totem pole and bridgeless Single Ended
Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC). All this bridgeless will operate in
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) as well. So, to make this study success and
the circuit operate in DCM, several parameters value will be considered through the
important equations that are required.

vi

ABSTRAK

Perbandingan prestasi di antara beberapa topologi penukar factor kuasa

tanpa titi dipilih dan dianalisis dalam pembelajaran ini. Menerusi projek ini, ia dapat
ditunjukkan perbezaan litar tanpa titi akan menghasilkan nilai factor kuasa dan nilai
arus gangguan input yang berlainan.Tiga penukar tanpa titi adalah penukar Boost
tanpa titi , totem pole tanpa titi dan penukar pengaruh primer tamatan tunggal
(SEPIC). Semua penukar ini akan beroperasi dalam mode tidak selanjar. Jadi, bagi
memastikan proses pembelajaran ini berjaya ,beberapa nilai parameter hendaklah
diitikberatkan dan beberapa persamaan formula diperlukan.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

DECLARATION

ii

DEDICATION

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

xi

LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS

xiii

INTRODUCTION
1.1

Project Background

1.2

Problem Statement

1.3

Objectives

1.4

Scope of Project

1.5

Thesis Outline

1.6

Gantt Chart

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1

Introduction

2.2

AC to DC Converter

viii

2.3

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

14

2.4

Filters

18

METHODOLOGY
3.1

Introduction

19

3.2

Study Operation of The Three Bridgeless PFC

19

circuit in DCM
3.3

Design Circuit Parameter

20

3.4

The Open Loop Circuit will be simulated by

20

Using PSpice Software

3.5

Power Factor and Input Current Total

26

Harmonic Distortion will be Measured

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1

Overview

27

4.2

Simulation Result

27

4.3

Discussion

34

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1

Conclusion

36

5.2

Recommendation

37

REFERENCES

38

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

TITLE

PAGE

1.1

Gantt Chart Semester 1

1.2

Gantt Chart Semester 2

2.1

Summary of Three Types of Bridgeless Converters

13

2.3

Comparison Between CCM and DCM

17

2.4

The Waveform Comparison Between CCM and DCM

17

3.1

Formula for Kcritical

20

3.2

Design Parameter for Bridgeless Boost

21

3.3

Design Parameter for Bridgeless Totem Pole

22

3.4

Design Parameter for Bridgeless SEPIC

23

4.1

Comparison of Power Factor and Input Current Total

Harmonic Distortion

34

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

1.1

Power Factor Correction

1.2

Work Breakdown Structure

2.1

Basic block diagram ac to dc conversion

2.2

Bridgeless boost

10

2.3

Bridgeless Totem Pole

11

2.4

Bridgeless SEPIC

12

2.5

Boundary of DCM and CCM operation

15

2.6

Graph both K and K critical versus D

16

3.1

Bridgeless Boost without Filter

24

3.2

Bridgeless Boost with filter

24

3.3

Bridgeless Totem Pole

25

3.4

Bridgeless Totem Pole with filter

25

3.5

Bridgeless SEPIC

26

4.1

I (L1) input current Inductor

28

4.2

Input voltage current

28

4.3

Operate in phase

29

4.4

In DCM mode

29

4.5

Inductor current

30

4.6

Voltage input current

30

xi

4.7

Input Current, Output Voltage, Inductor

Current, Input Voltage

31

4.8

Input Current, Input Voltage, and Output

Voltage Operate in Phase

31

4.9

Inductor and Voltage Current for Filter

Bridgeless Totem Pole

32

4.10

Input Current, Input Voltage, Inductor Current

and Output Voltage

32

4.11

Input Current and Input Voltage for Bridgeless

SEPIC

33

4.12

Operate in DCM

33

4.13

Input Voltage and Output Voltage

34

xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EMI

Electromagnetic interference

DCM

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

CCM

Continuous Conduction Mode

SEPIC -

Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter

PFC

Power Factor Correction

THD

Total Harmonic Distortion

AC

Alternating current

DC

Direct current

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Project Background

Since this world full of people use the technological and modern advances
electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, and laptops without knowing
the numbers producing of this electronic equipments increase rapidly. So, from
increasing these equipments, the result of unnecessary side effect will generate.
Through this generation will effect of high in harmonics input current distortion and
automatically can cause the poor power factor. Improving power factor is very
important to make sure the operation of motor drive system operate well.

The demand for improving power quality of alternating current (AC) system
is become more emphasized lately. This is because the numbers of electronic
equipment increased rapidly. This equipments process involves non-linear and
storage element. Then, the results of undesirable side effect as generation will rich in
harmonics input current distortion. So this situation can cause the power factor
become poor.

2
What actually Power factor? Power factor is defined as the ratio between true
power and the apparent power. Actually power factor is a unit-less measurement and
it measure how efficiently the current is being converted into the real power.
Basically, power factor of 1 is the most efficient loading power supply.

TruePower
ApparentPower
KW
PF =
KVA
PF =

PF =

(I o rms ) cos( )
v
i
(I T rms )

(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)

From the equation 1.3, the power factor can compute where Io (rms) take
from the first fourier component of the harmonics in rms value, while IT (rms) take
from the sum of the first fourier component of the harmonics also in rms value. In
this project, it will be considered only 15 harmonics.

Power converters are required to present themselves as linear resistance to the

supply voltage. If the input voltage is a sine wave, the input current is also in sine
wave. For power converters fundamentals, it composed of inductors and switches as
seen from the common operating with switches turned on and off at a frequency
much higher than 50 Hz. How to make this converter look like a resistive converter?
Actually the converter in the figure 1.1 does not need to be resistive for all type of
frequencies. If a filter is standby in the circuit to remove switching frequency ripples,
the converter needs only be resistive at low frequencies. After all, power factor
correction is a low-frequency requirement.

Figure 1.1: power factor correction

Now go to the harmonic distortion. Harmonic distortion is the wasted signal

that appears in both the voltage and current waveform, reducing harmonics
contamination in power line is very importance to make sure power factor will be
improved as well. The reduction in input current harmonics and improved power
factor operation of motor drive systems and it is very important in switching power
supplies from the energy saving point of view and also to satisfy the forth coming
harmonic standards such as IEC-555[3].

There is a need of improving power factor and decreasing the quantity of

harmonics contents in input line currents as well as voltage regulation during power
line overvoltage and under voltage conditions.

The interrupting of the power

supplies have been widespread used for critical loads which are computers for
controlling important processes.

In figure 1.2 shown the work breakdown structure that consist four element
such are analysis, design, simulate and also the result. This element structure is very
important to make sure this study progress done smoothly.

Figure 1.2: work breakdown structure

1.2

Problem Statement

Nowadays, a lot of electronic devices in industrial increase rapidly

proportional to the modernization of this world. Due to this increasing, the result of
undesirable effect from the non-linear element storage will produce harmonic
distortion which can bother the operation of the electronic devices.

However, there are several problems in this project that must be considered.
The problem is the performance comparison between any bridgeless Power Factor
Correction (PFC) topologies is not known. Besides that, the simulation of several
existing bridgeless PFC topology should be carried out to verify its performance in
terms of efficiency and input current THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

5
1.3

Objectives

The objectives are:-

i.

To determine the steady state parameters for the bridgeless boost, Totem pole
and SEPIC PFC circuit in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)

ii.

To simulate the bridgeless Power Factor Correction(PFC) circuit by using

PSpice software

iii.

To measure the input current Total Harmonic Distortion (THDi) and power
factor (PF).

1.4 Scope of Projects

To achieve this project, it concerned several scopes to make sure the flow of
this project is under control. There are several scopes that will be considered:-

i.

Simulation using PSpice for several bridgeless topologies which are

Bridgeless Boost converter, Totem pole converter and SEPIC PFC circuit.

ii.

Only focused on Single-phase bridgeless PFC topologies.

iii.

Focused on Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)

6
1.5

Thesis Outline

This thesis consists of six main chapters explained in detail. In first chapter, it
starts with an introduction of project, problem statement, project objectives and
scope of this project. Summary of this works shown in the table 1.1 and table 1.2.

For the chapter 2, it content the literature review from previous project,
especially some researches project based on power factor and harmonic distortion
improvement.

While the chapter 3 shows the methods which take part from the beginning
until the end of this project. The discussion on the methodology software
implementation is explained in detail.

Chapter 4 is the explanation based on the result from the simulation using
Pspice software. Then, chapter 5 is the conclusion and several recommendation on
how to improve power factor. Lastly, followed by chapter 6 which is the references
using in finishing this thesis.

7
1.6

Gantt Chart

Table 1.1 and table 1.2 show Gantt chart and the flows of the activities for
this final year projects. This Gantt chart for semester 1 and semester 2.

Table 1.1: Gantt chart for FYP 1

8
Table 1.2: Gantt chart for FYP2

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

Rectifier is one of an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC)

to direct current (DC). From figure 2.1 shown the basic block diagram ac to dc
conversion. It flows only in one direction.

This converting process called

rectification. Rectifiers have many functions. Basically this function often found
serving as components of DC power supply and also the high voltage direct current
power transmission systems. Normally, input can be in single phase or multiphase.
The output also can be made fixed or variable.

Figure 2.1: Basic block diagram ac to dc conversion

10
2.2

AC to DC Converters

Figure 2.2 is one of a converter which is bridgeless boost. Bridgeless Boost

rectifier is popular drive for converting AC to DC. This type of circuit is very simple
to convert AC to DC. Besides that, this drive gives low cost and its performances in
efficiency, power factor and simple. Recovery losses also reduced through this
converter. Besides the bridgeless boost rectifier is very simple and popular, it gives
the same major practical drawbacks as the conventional boost converter. These
drawbacks are the DC output voltage is always higher than the peak input voltage;
input-output isolation cannot be easily implemented, high start-up inrush current, as
well as a lack of current limiting during overload conditions [3].

To design this bridgeless boost converter, several values of the parameter

must be considered such as the value of capacitor (C), resistor (R), inductor (L),
voltage conversion ratio (M) and duty ratio (D). So, equation 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 is
used.

Figure 2.2: Bridgeless boost

4D 2
1+ 1+
K
M=
2
D=

(2.1)

K (2 M 1) 2 1
2

11

I o max(1 K )
Vo f s

Ke =

2L
RTs

Ke =

2L
1
R
fs

(2.2)

(2.3)

2 Lf s
R
K R
L= e
2 fs
Ke =

(2.4)

Figure 2.3 shows a modification of the basic bridgeless PFC boost rectifier
from Figure 2.2. It is obtained by switchover the position of diode and switch.
Because of this position, circuit in Figure 2.3 is called the totem-pole bridgeless PFC
boost rectifier. The totem poles diode is slow-recovery diodes. When positive halfline cycle, the output ground through the diode is connected with the ac source and
during a negative half-line cycle, the ac source is connected to the positive terminal
of the output through diode. This totem-pole arrangement of the switches, made the
bridgeless PFC boost rectifier in 2.3 can only work in DCM and at DCM/CCM
boundary [4].

Figure 2.3: Bridgeless Totem Pole

12
Several advantages can offer while operating in discontinuous current mode
(DCM) through this Boost converter. For example inherent PFC function, very
simple control, soft turn-on of the main switch, and reduced diode reversed-recovery
losses. However, the DCM operation needs a high-quality boost inductor since it
must switch extremely high peak ripple currents and voltages. As a result, a more
robust input filter must be used to cover the high-frequency components of the
pulsating input current, which increases the overall weight and cost of the rectifier.

So, to overcome this situation, new bridgeless PFC circuit based on the
SEPIC PFC topology is introduced like in figure2.3. SEPIC rectifier gives several
advantages in PFC applications, such as easy implementation of transformer
isolation, inherent current limitation during startup and overload conditions, lower
input current ripple, and less electromagnetic interference (EMI) associated with the
DCM topology [3].

Figure 2.4: Bridgeless SEPIC

M =

kecrit =

vo
vin

1
2( M + 2) 2

D = 2k e M

(2.5)

(2.6)

(2.7)

13

Le =
L1 =

ke RLTs
2

Vm D
f s iL

L2 = L3 =

2 L1 Le
L1 Le

Table 2.1: Summary of three types of Bridgeless Converters

Bridgeless
Boost

Bridgeless
Totem
Pole

Bridgeless
SEPIC

(2.8)

(2.9)

(2.10)

14
The table 2.1 is the summary of three types of bridgeless converters. From
table 2.1, it can be analyzed that the difference arrangement of the inductor,
capacitor, resistor and the diodes.

2.3

Discontinuous conduction mode

The switching ripple in inductor current or capacitor voltage causes polarity

of applied switch current or voltage to reverse, for example the current -or voltageunidirectional assumptions in realizing the switch are violated called DCM. The
rectifiers also produced this DCM which occurs in two quadrant switches. The DCM
typically occurs with high value of inductor current ripple in a converter operating at
light load and containing current-unidirectional switches.

DCM is often encountered since it is usually required that converters operate

with their loads removed. Several converters are purposely designed to operate in
DCM for all loads. Advantages using converter operating in DCM are it can be
reduced diode reversed-recovery losses, besides that it can inherent PFC function,
soft turn ON of the main switch and also very simple control because of using in
lighter load only compared to operate in CCM. To fulfill the entering of DCM
condition, it must consider several properties of converters change. Basically, it
changes radically. The consideration include:

M need in load-dependent

Output impedance is improved means that it will be increased

Dynamics are altered

Output voltage may be lost when load is removed

15
Figure 2.4 show how DCM occur, and what condition must be followed to
make the operation operate in DCM. The boundary for CCM and DCM:-

I greater than DiL for CCM (I > DiL)

I less than DiL for DCM (I < DiL )

Figure 2.5: Boundary of DCM and CCM operation.

In this case, the value K must be chose less than the value of K critical.
So the circuit will operate in DCM condition. For example the value of
Kcritical is 0.10. Make sure choose 0.9 and below for value of K. It can be
proved by figure 2.5.

16

Figure 2.6: Graph both K and K critical versus D

Several formulas are used to find the value of Kcritical for bridgeless boost
and totem pole. They used same formula since the bridgeless totem pole is the
switchover from the bridgeless boost. From equation 2.11, the value of sin 90 is
equal to 1. The voltage conversion ratio, M also used to determine this value of
Kcritical.

kcrit =
kcrit

M sin 90

2M 3
M 1
=
2M 3

kcrit (max) =

kcrit (min) =

(2.11)

1
2M 2

M 1
M3

(2.12)

(2.13)

For bridgeless SEPIC, the formula to find the value of Kcritical is quite
different with bridgeless boost and bridgeless totem pole. Equation 2.14 is used to
determine the value of Kcritical. After calculating the value of Kcritical, make sure
value ok K that chose is less than Kcritical.

17

kecrit =

1
2( M + 2) 2

(2.14)

Table 2.3: Comparison between CCM and DCM

CCM

Current in energy transfer

DCM

inductor never goes to

Current goes to zero during

part of the switching cycle

zero between switching

cycles

Light load

Heavy load

lower power rating

Higher power rating

Table 2.3 is the comparison between CCM and DCM and why DCM is used
for low power rating? DCM is used for low power rating because commonly operate
in light load for example in mobile phones.

Table 2.4: The waveform comparison between CCM and DCM

CCM

DCM

18
2.4

Filters

Filter circuit or simply a filter is a circuit which designed to perform this

frequency selection. Basically filter circuits required a common need in highperformance to be amplified for best power efficiency. Lots of electronic devices are
sensitive to the appearance of harmonics in the power supply voltage, and so require
power conditioning for proper operation. If a distorted sine-wave voltage look like a
series of harmonic waveforms added to the fundamental frequency, then it should be
possible to construct a filter.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

The technical and method applied is very important rule to make sure the
project done successfully. Therefore, some steps are included in this chapter. By
using these steps properly, the problem will be detected once when doing the
simulation.

3.2

Study operation of the three bridgeless PFC circuit in DCM

Before starting the simulation of the several bridgeless proposed, the steady
state operation the three bridgeless PFC circuit in DCM was studied from some
articles and references.

20
3.3

Design circuit parameter

Circuit parameters which suit the practical condition of PFC circuit will be
designed. The three circuits which are bridgeless boost, bridgeless totem pole and
bridgeless SEPIC are used to simulate. This three of circuit used in order to compare
their performance of the power factor and the total harmonic distortion.

3.4

The open loop circuit will be simulated by using PSpice software

This open loop circuit will operate in DCM (Discontinuous Conduction

Mode). Then, will be simulated by using Pspice software. This Pspice is one of the
popular software which uses to simulate variety kind of circuit. From this software,
all the important data can be detected and automatically showed from the simulation.
So, this software is proposed to use in order to simulate these circuits. For simulation
these circuits, the design parameters are required. Before that, the value of K was
chosen from calculate using the equation (2.11), (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14). The design
parameters for bridgeless boost, bridgeless totem pole, bridgeless SEPIC are:-

Table 3.1: Formula for Kcritical

K critical (t )

K crit =

M 1
2M 3

K critical (max)

K crit =

1
2M 2

K critical (min)

K crit =

M 1
M3

21
Table 3.2: Design parameter for bridgeless boost
Bridgeless Boost
Parameter

Value

Input Voltage (Vac)

120 Vrms

Output Voltage (Vo)

400 V dc

Output Power (Po)

200 W

Switching frequency (fs)

50kHz

Ripple voltage

0.01 Vo

Ripple current

0.2

Capacitor

735F

Inductor

560H

K (chose)

0.07

Duty Cycle, D

0.5

Voltage conversion ratio, M

2.36

Time Setting

20

Table 3.1 shows the design parameter for bridgeless boost. For this project,
the value of each parameter such as input voltage, output voltages, output power,
switching frequency are fixed. So, from this fixed parameter, calculation for duty
ratio, capacitor, resistor, inductor, voltage conversion ratio can be made. To calculate
the duty ratio, equation (2.2) was used. While equation (2.1) is used to calculate
voltage conversion ratio,M. For capacitors value, use the equation (2.3) as well.

22
Table 3.3: Design parameter for bridgeless totem pole
Bridgeless Totem pole
Parameter

Value

Input Voltage (Vac)

120 Vrms

Output Voltage (Vo)

400 Vdc

Output Power (Po)

200W

Switching frequency (fs)

50kHz

Ripple voltage

0.01

Ripple current

0.2

Capacitor

735F

Inductor

569H

K (chose)

0.07

Duty Cycle, D

0.5

Voltage conversion ratio, M

2.36

Time Setting

20

Same as Bridgeless boost converter, the input voltage, output voltages, output
power, switching frequency are fixed as well. Then equation (2.2), equation (2.1),
equation (2.3) were used to calculate the value of the D, L, C. All the values are in
the table 3.2

23
Table 3.4: Design parameter for bridgeless SEPIC
Bridgeless SEPIC
Parameter

Value

Input Voltage (Vac)

120 Vrms

Output Voltage (Vo)

400 Vdc

Output Power (Po)

200W

Switching frequency (fs)

50kHz

Ripple voltage

0.01

Ripple current

0.2

Capacitor

400F

Inductor, L1

3.6mH

Inductor, L2,L3

377H

K (chose)

0.07

Duty Cycle, D

0.5

Voltage conversion ratio, M

2.36

Time Setting

20

The design parameter for bridgeless SEPIC is shown in table 3.2. The value
of inductor L, capacitor C, resistor R, is calculated by using different equation from
bridgeless boost and totem pole. The equation (2.5) is used to get the value of voltage
conversion ratio M. While equation (2.7) is used to calculate the value of duty ratio
D. To get the value of the inductor parameters Le, L1 and L2, equation (2.8), (2.9)
and (2.10) are used as well.

The circuits for these three bridgeless converters are showed in figure 3.1,
figure 3.2, figure 3.3, figure 3.4, and figure 3.5 which designed from the Pspice
software appropriately.

The simulation made by using Pspice software like Figure 3.1 for bridgeless
boost.

24

D1
Dbreak

D2
Dbreak

L1
C3

560u
I

735u

R1

V1

800

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 169.71
FREQ = 50

M2
M1
D14
Dbreak

IRF150

D13
Dbreak

IRF150

V2

V1 = 0
V2 = 25
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V1 = 25
V2 = 0
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V3

Figure 3.1: Bridgeless Boost without Filter

D1
Dbreak

D2
Dbreak

L1
C3

560u

735u
C1

V1
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 169.71
FREQ = 50

800

0.923u

M2
M1
D14
Dbreak
V1 = 0
V2 = 25
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V2

R1

IRF150

D13
Dbreak

IRF150
V1 = 25
V2 = 0
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V3

Figure 3.2: Bridgeless Boost with filter

25

M1
V1 = 25
V2 = 0
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

D1
Dbreak

V3
IRF150

D3
Dbreak

R1

V+

C1
L1

800

735u

560u

VI

V1
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 169.71
FREQ = 50

M2
D2
Dbreak
V1 = 0
V2 = 25
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V2

D4
Dbreak

IRF150

Figure 3.3: Bridgeless Totem Pole

M1
V1 = 25
V2 = 0
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

D1
Dbreak

V3
IRF150

D3
Dbreak

R1
C1
L1

735u

560u
C2

V1
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 169.71
FREQ = 50

0.923u

M2
D2
Dbreak
V1 = 0
V2 = 25
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V2

D4
Dbreak

IRF150

Figure 3.4: Bridgeless Totem Pole with filter

800

26
D1

C4
1u

Dbreak

D2

C1

L1
3.6m

R1
800

Dbreak

V+

1u

V-

V1
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 169.71
FREQ = 50

M1
V1 = 0
V2 = 25
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

C2
D12
Dbreak

V2

400u
L2

IRF150

C3
400u

L3
377u

377u

M2
IRF150

D11
Dbreak

V1 = 25
V2 = 0
TD = 0
TR = 1n
TF = 1n
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

V3

Figure 3.5 : Bridgeless SEPIC

3.5

Power factor and input current total harmonic distortion will be

measured

Finally, the power factor and input current distortion will be measured by
using the formula from the equation (1.1).

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1

Overview

In this chapter, the result of the simulation and the value of the power factor
and THDi of several bridgeless will be discussed appropriately.

4.2

Simulation results

BRIDGELESS BOOST
Without Filter

28

20. 0A

0A

- 20. 0A

- 28. 5A
I ( L1)

Ti me

Figure 4.1: I (L1) input current Inductor

20. 0A

0A

- 20. 0A

- 28. 5A
I ( V1)

Ti me

Figure 4.2: Input voltage current

29
500V
375V

(a)

SEL>>
200V

V( R1: 1, R1: 2)

(b)

0V
- 200V

V( V1: +, V1: - )

4. 0A

(c)

0A
- 4. 0A

I ( V1)

4. 0A

(d)

0A
- 4. 0A

200. 0ms
I ( L1)

210. 0ms

220. 0ms

240. 0ms

230. 0ms

250. 0ms

260. 0ms

270. 0ms

280. 0ms

Ti me

Figure 4.3: (a) Output voltage

(b)Input voltage
(c) Input current
(d) Inductor current
Make sure all operate in phase

2. 5A

0A

(a)

- 2. 5A

4. 0A

I ( V1)

(b)
0A

SEL>>
- 4. 0A

262. 73ms
I ( L1)

262. 74ms

262. 75ms

262. 76ms

262. 77ms

262. 78ms

262. 79ms

262. 80ms

Ti me

Figure 4.4: (a) Input voltage current

(b) Input inductor current
In DCM mode

262. 81ms

262. 82ms

30
With filter

64. 3A

40. 0A

0A

- 40. 0A

- 66. 5A
80. 2ms
I ( L1)

90. 0ms

110. 0ms

100. 0ms

120. 0ms

130. 0ms

140. 0ms

150. 0ms

160. 0ms

170. 0ms

Ti me

Figure 4.5: Inductor current

64. 3A

40. 0A

0A

- 40. 0A

- 66. 5A
80. 2ms
I ( V1)

90. 0ms

100. 0ms

110. 0ms

120. 0ms

130. 0ms

140. 0ms

150. 0ms

Ti me

Figure 4.6: Voltage input current

160. 0ms

170. 0ms

31

(a)

400V
0V
200V
0V
SEL>>
- 200V
400A

V( R1: 1, R1: 2)

(b)
V( V1: +, V1: - )

(c)

0A
- 400A
400A

I ( V1)

(d)

0A
- 400A
0s

I ( L1)

20ms

40ms

60ms

80ms

100ms

120ms

140ms

160ms

180ms

200ms

Ti me

Figure 4.7: (a) Output voltage

(b)Input voltage
(c) Input current
(d) Inductor current.

BRIDGELESS TOTEM POLE

Without Filter

400V

(a)

300V
200V
200V

V( R1: 1, R1: 2)

(b)

0V
- 200V

V( V1: +, V1: - )

100A

(c)

0A
- 100A
50A
SEL>>
- 50A

- I ( V1)

(d)
140. 0ms
- I ( L1)

145. 0ms

150. 0ms

155. 0ms

160. 0ms

165. 0ms

170. 0ms

175. 0ms

Ti me

Figure 4.8: (a) Output voltage

(b)Input voltage
(c) Input current
(d) Inductor current.

180. 0ms

185. 0ms

190. 0ms

195. 0ms

32
With filter

100A
0A
- 100A
- 200A
I ( V1)
100A

0A

SEL>>
- 100A
130ms
125ms
I ( L1)

135ms

145ms

140ms

150ms

155ms

160ms

170ms

165ms

175ms

180ms

185ms

Ti me

Figure 4.9: Inductor and voltage current for filter bridgeless Totem pole

(a)

400V
0V
200V

V( R1: 1, R1: 2)

0V
- 200V
400A

(b)
V( V1: +, V1: - )

0A
- 400A
400A
0A
SEL>>
- 400A
0s

(c)
I ( V1)

(d)
I ( L1)

20ms

40ms

60ms

80ms

100ms

120ms

140ms

Ti me

Figure 4.10: (a) Output voltage

(b) Input voltage
(c) Input current
(d) Inductor current

160ms

180ms

200ms

33
BRIDGELESS SEPIC

2. 0A
0A
- 2. 0A
SEL>>
10A

I ( V1)

0A

- 10A
105. 2ms 110. 0ms 115. 0ms 120. 0ms
I ( L1)

125. 0ms 130. 0ms 135. 0ms 140. 0ms

145. 0ms 150. 0ms 155. 0ms

160. 0ms 165. 0ms 170. 0ms

Ti me

Figure 4.11: Input current and input voltage for bridgeless SEPIC

9. 41A

5. 00A

0A
- 1. 55A
55. 2462ms
I ( C3)

55. 2800ms

55. 3200ms

55. 3600ms

55. 4000ms

55. 4400ms

Ti me

Figure 4.12: Operate in DCM

55. 4800ms

55. 5200ms

34

500V

(a)

250V

0V

V( R1: 1, R1: 2)

200V

(b)

0V

SEL>>
- 200V
0s

20ms
V( V1: +, V1: - )

40ms

60ms

80ms

100ms

120ms

140ms

160ms

180ms

200ms

Ti me

Figure 4.13: (a) Input voltage

(b) Output voltage

4.3

Discussion

Table 4.1: Comparison of Power Factor and input current total harmonic distortion.
INPUT CURRENT TOTAL
CONVERTER

FILTER

POWER FACTOR(PF)

HARMONiC DISTORTION
(THDi)

BRIDGELESS

Without filter

0.87

6.45%

With filter

0.97

1.33%

Without filter

0.38

90%

With filter

0.85

5.24%

Without filter

0.99

2.45%

BOOST

BRIDGELESS
TOTEM POLE

BRIDGELESS SEPIC

35
From the table 4.1 showed that the comparison of three bridgeless converter
which compare between performance of the power factor and input current Total
harmonic distortion (THDi). From the simulation above, all operate in DCM because
of using the value of 0.07 which is lower than the value of Kcritical, 0.09

The power factor can be improved by adding the filter in each three
bridgeless converters. As can see for bridgeless boost, the performance of power
factor increase from 0.87 (without filter) to 0.97 (with filter). For the totem pole,
before using the filter the power factor and its total harmonic distortion is very bad
which is 0.38, 90%(THDi). So, to improve this totem poles performance, the filter
is added through this circuit. By adding this filter it can be proved that, what is the
function of the filter which allows the fundamental waveform frequency to pass
through, blocking all (higher-frequency) harmonics. Then, the power factor sharply
increased to 0.85 which follow the standard of power factor and the THDi is 5.24%.

For bridgeless SEPIC , we can see that although not use the filter, its power
factor is the best among three of the converters which is 0.99 and the THD is 2.45%.
This is because bridgeless SEPIC gives a lower input ripple, it easy implement of
transformer isolation, and also inherent in rush current limitation during overload
condition. So, thats why bridgeless SEPIC is proposed.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

Conclusion

In general, this project is quite success since the results of the comparison
between all the three circuits above showed the differences value of power factor and
total harmonic distortion with the same design parameters. The improvement of the
power factor also clearly showed after adding the filter. This is because the function
of the filter which can remove the unwanted signal and directly can improve power
factor.

Since the power factor is important to the performance of the components, so

improving power factor is needed in every designing.

37
5.2

Recommendation

In improving power factor and reduce the total harmonic distortion is like it
depends on each other because when the THDi decrease, the power factor will
increase and vice versa. So, there is a need of improved power factor and reduced
harmonic contents in input line currents so that the voltage regulation during power
line overvoltage and under voltage conditions.

Besides that, always know that the DCM will conduct the lower power rating.
For example the power rating is below 300W and in open loop circuit. So, make sure
the design parameter is correct before simulating the circuits.

38

REFERENCES

[1]

Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous

Conduction Mode (DCM) [online] Available:
http://www.smpstech.com.continuous_ccm_dicontinuous_cond
uction_mode_dcm

[2]

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

[online]Available:
http://www.ecee.colorado.edu/copec/book/slide/ch5.pdf

[3]

Esam H. Ismail, Senior Member, IEEE (2009) Bridgeless

SEPIC rectifier with unity power factor and reduced conduction
losses.

[4]

Laszlo Huber , Member, IEEE, Yungtaek Jang, Senior member

IEEE,

and

Millan

M.Jovanovic,

Fellow,IEEE

(2008)-

Performance Evaluation of bridgeless PFC Boost Rectifier.

[5]

M.GOPINATH1

, Research Scholar, Bharath University,

Chennai, India.1 (mgopinanth_10@yahoo.com)

[6]

Roberto Martinez, Member, Member, IEEE, and Prasad

N.Enjeti, Senior Member , IEEE (1996) A high Performance
Single-Phase rectifier with input Power factor correction

[7]

Robert Warren Erickson, Dragon maksimovic Fundamentals

of Electronic Power Second Edition.

39
[8]

V.Joseph

Thottuvelil,

Member

IEEE,

and

George

C.

Verghese,Fellow,IEEE(2001)- Modelling and simulation of

power electronics converters

[9]

Wen-Inne Tsai, York-Yih Sun, and Wue-Shyong Shieh,-IECON

(1991) Modelling and control of single Phase Switching Mode
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[10]

Yung Taek Jang, Milan M. Jovanovic, and David L.Dillman,

UtilizationPower

electronics

laboratory,

Delta

products

Corporation Bridgeless PFC Boost Rectifier with optimized

Magnetic

[11]

http://www.opamp-electronics.com/tutorials/ac_theory.htm