7365153517512710072393251292363

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4128230928346328734879320832863
2532673263203286352398028324723
8238328743874743379349743863457
2345237349348634753487936577957
2748696079574636728484849846587
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8890987654310104221085017341453
THE STUDIES OF CALCULUS
Pioneer : Gottfried Leibniz
9014724514501769641530123416707
0133945698013369569801229245040
1422455920333737850016340814001
2669106497918106376970706385182
5324891645729748198127468128437
0127485631983209597275819736235
6362165846581984658461986543619
6537258482754782954398763228742
SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN BUKIT SENTOSA 2,
JALAN ANGGERIK 4, SEKSYEN BS 7,
48300 RAWANG, SELANGOR

30th May 2014

ADDITIONAL MATHEATICS PROJECT WORK 2014

NAME: NUR IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAHIM

CLASS: 5 IKHLAS

I/C NUMBER: 970511 - 14 - 5402

INTRODUCTION.
Calculus
Calculus is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of
shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has
two major branches, differential calculus (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves),
and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between
curves); these two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite
sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Generally considered to have been
founded in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, today calculus has
widespread uses in science, engineering and economics and can solve many problems
that algebra alone cannot.
Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to
other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits,
broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called "the calculus
of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimal calculus". The word "calculus" comes
from Latin (calculus) and refers to a small stone used for counting. More
generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by
the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi
are propositional calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus.

Internet :
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried Leibniz

Leibnizs
discoveries of
Boolean algebra
symbolic logic,
also relevant to
mathematics are
discussed in the
preceding
section

Leibniz was the first to see that the

coefficients of a system of linear
equations could be arranged into an
array, now called amatrix which can be
manipulated to find the solution of the
system, if any.

Achievement of
Gottfried Leibniz
in mathematics
especially calculus

The best
overview of
Leibnizs
writings on the
calculus may be
found in Bos
(1974).

In 1692 and 1694, Leibniz was first to

employ it explicitly, to denote any of several
geometric concepts derived from a curve.
Exp: - abscissa
- ordinate
- tangent
- chord
- perpendicular

PART 2.
A car travels along a road and its velocity-time function is illustrated in Diagram 1. The
straight line PQ is parallel to the straight line RS.
v (km/h)
P
v = 60t + 20
v = -160t+320

1.0

1.5

R
2.5

2.0

3.0

S
Diagram 1
(a)

From the graph, find

(i)

the acceleration of the car in the first hour.

v = 60t + 20
When t = 1,
v = 60(1) + 20
= 80
When t = 0,
v = 60(0) + 20
= 20

a=

= 60t + 20

= 60 ms-2

3.5

4.0

t (h)

(ii)

the average speed of the car in the first two hours.

Average speed =
Total distance = Area under the graph

(1.0 , 80)

(1.5 , 80)

B
C

(0 , 20)
D
0

Area of A =

1.0

(2.0 , 0)
2.0

1.5

Area of BC =

= 30

= 60

Area of D = 1.0
= 20
Total distance = 30 + 60 + 20
=110

The average speed of the car in the first two hour =

= 55 km/h.

(b)

What is the significance of the position of the graph

(i) above the t-axis
The car move to a destination.
(ii) below the t-axis
The car move opposite ways the destination.

(c)

Using two different methods, find the total distance travelled by the car.
Method 1

(1.0 , 80)

(1.5 , 80)

A
(0 , 20)
(2.0 , 0) (2.5 , 0)

(4.0 , 0)
B

(3.0 , -80)

(3.5 , -80)

Based on calculation at 1(a)(ii), the total distance at region A is 110 km.

Total distance travelled at region B = Area of trapezium
=

(1.5 + 0.5)

= 80 km

Total distance travelled by the car = 110 + 80

= 190 km.

80

Method 2

v = 80 P
v = 60t +20
v = -160t +320
A

1.0

1.5

Q
2.0

R2.5

3.0
D

S
At region A, v = 60t + 20
a = 60
s=
= 50
Thus, area = 50 km
At region B, v = 80
s=
= 40
Thus, area = 40 km
At region C, v = -160t + 320
a = -160
s=
= 20
Thus, area = 20 km

3.5

4.0
F

v = -80

At region D, equation PQ = v = -160t + 320

mPQ = -160

mRS = -160
y y1 = m(x x1)
v 0 = -160(t 2.5)
v = -160t + 400
s=
= -20
Thus, area = 20 km

At region E, when t = 3.0,

v = -160t + 400
= -160(3.0) + 400
= -80
s=
= -40
Thus, area = 40 km

At region F, gradient = m =
= 160

y y1 = m(x x1)
v 0 = 160(t 4.0)
v = 160t 640
s=
= -20
Thus, area = 20 km
Total distance travelled = Sum of all areas
= 50 + 40 + 20 + 20 + 40 + 20
= 190 km

(d)

Based on the above graph, write an interesting story of the journey in not more
than 100 words.

Soo was in his journey to join a convoy from Selangor to Terengganu. On that day,
Soo was late and drove his car accelerating from 20 km/h to 80 km/h. After the first hour,
Soo found his convoys members that are moving together on the highway. He then followed
them with a constant velocity, 80 km/h for half an hour. The group then decided to take a rest
at any rest stop, so they reduced their velocity for 30 minutes before they reached there. At
that moment, Soo received a phone call saying that his mother was admitted to a hospital. He
then asked permission from his group leader to leave the convoy.
He took the opposite way and drove directly to the hospital with increasing
acceleration from 0 km/h to 80 km/h. Unfortunately, there was a traffic jam that forces him to
drive at a constant velocity, 80 km/h for 30 minutes. He arrived to the hospital half and hour
later with a reduced velocity from 80 km/h to 0 km/h.

PART 3.
Diagram 2 shows a parabolic satellite disc which is symmetrical at the y axis. Given that
the diameter of the disc is 8 m and the depth is 1 m.

8m

1m
y = f(x)
4

0
Diagram 2
(a)

Find the equation of the curve y = f(x).

y = a(x - p)2 + q
Minimum point = (0 , 4)
y = a(x - 0)2 + 4
y = ax2 + 4
x axis,

y axis, 4 + 1 = 5

=4

At point = (4 ,5)
5 = a(4)2 + 4
5 4 = 16a

=a
f(x) =

x2 + 4

(b)

To find the approximate area under a curve, we can divide the region into
several vertical strips, and then we add up the areas of all the strips. Using a
scientific calculator or any suitable computer software, estimate the area
bounded by the curve y = f(x) at (a), the x axis, x = 0 and x= 4.
y = f(x)

(i)

4
A B
0

C D

(0)2 + 4

)]
(2)2 + 4

= 4.25

(0.5)(0.02)

= 2.00

= 2.17
Area of region F, y =

(0.5)2 + 4

(2.5)2 + 4

= 4.39

= 4.02

Thus, area = (0.5)(4.39) + (0.5)(0.17)

Thus, area = (0.5)(4.02) + (0.5)(0.04)

= 2.02

= 2.24
Area of region G, y =

(1)2 + 4

(3)2 + 4

= 4.56

= 4.06

Thus, area = (0.5)(4.56) + (0.5)(0.21)

Thus, area = (0.5)(4.06) + (0.5)(0.08)

= 2.05
Area of region D, y =

Thus, area = (0.5)(4.25) + (0.5)(0.14)

Thus, area = (0.5)(4) +

Area of region C, y =

Area of region E, y =

=4

Area of region B, y =

value of y) + [

x2 + 4

Area of region A, y =

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Diagram 3 (i)

Area of region = (value of x

= 2.33
Area of region H, y =

(1.5)2 + 4

= 4.77

= 4.14
Thus, area = (0.5)(4.14) +

(3.5)2 + 4

Thus, area = (0.5)(4.77) + (0.5)(0.23)

(0.5)(0.11)

= 2.46

= 2.10
Total area under the curve = Sum of all areas
= 2.00 + 2.02 + 2.05 + 2.10 + 2.17 + 2.24 + 2.33 + 2.46
= 17.37 m2

(ii)
y = f(x)

Diagram 3 (ii)

Area of region = (value of x

value of y) [ (

)]

Based on the values of y obtained in the calculations at Diagram 3 (i),

Area of region A, = 0.5

=2
Area of region B, = (

4
)[

)(

)]

)[

)(

)]

)[

)(

)]

) [

)(

)]

=2
Area of region C, = (
= 2.01
Area of region D, = (
= 2.04
Area of region E, = (
= 2.09
Area of region F, = (

)[

)(

)]

)[

)(

)]

)[

)(

)]

= 2.16
Area of region G, = (
= 2.23
Area of region H, = (
= 2.34
Total area under the curve = Sum of all areas
= 2 + 2 + 2.01 + 2.04 + 2.09 + 2.16 + 2.23 + 2.34
= 16.87 m2

(iii)

y
y = f(x)

A B C D E F G H
0

0.5

1
1.5
Diagram 3(iii)

Area of region = (

)+[

2.5

)]

Based on the values of y obtained in the calculations at Diagram 3 (i),

Area of region A = 0.5
=2
Area of region B, = (

4
)+[

)(

)]

)[

)(

)]

)+[

)(

)]

) [

)(

)]

= 2.02
Area of region C, = (
= 2.01
Area of region D, = (
= 2.10

Area of region E, = (
= 2.09
Area of region F, = (

)+[

)(

)]

)[

)(

)]

)+[

)(

)]

= 2.24
Area of region G, = (
= 2.23
Area of region H, = (
= 2.34
Total area under the curve = Sum of all areas
= 2 + 2.02 + 2.01 + 2.10 + 2.09 + 2.24 + 2.23 + 2.46
= 17.15 m2

(c) (i) Calculate the area under the curve using integration.
Area =

= 17 x2
(c) (ii) Compare your answer in c (i) with the values obtained in (b). Hence, discuss
which diagram gives the best approximate area.
Based on question (b) Diagram 3 (i), the values obtained is 17.37, in Diagram
3 (ii) is 16.87 while in Diagram 3 (iii) is 17.15. However, when we calculate using
integration method, the values obtained is 17.33.
In a conclusion, the best approximate area among the three diagrams is
Diagram 3 (i) with the values obtained 17.37 which are almost same with the
calculation using integration method.

(iii) Explain how you can improve the value in (c) (ii).
The closer the stripes are located and the more the stripes are, the more
approximate value will be obtained.

(d)

Calculate the volume of the disc.

y=

x2 + 4

16y = x2 + 64
16y 64 = x2

v=

]
]
m3

FURTHER EXPLORATION.
A gold ring in Diagram 4 (a) has the same volume as the solid of revolution obtained when
the shaded region in Diagram 4 (b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.
y

y
f(x) = 1.2 5x2

Diagram 4 (a)

-0.2

0.2

Diagram 4 (b)

Find
(a) the volume of gold needed.
y = 1.2 5x2
y2 = (1.2 5x2)2
= 1.44 + 25x4 12x2
Volume =

= 1.619
(b) the cost of gold needed for the ring.
(Gold density is 19.3 gcm-3. The price of gold can be obtained from the goldsmith)

Density =
19.3 =
mass = 19.3 1.1619
= 31.25g
On 29th May 2014, 1g of gold costs RM 155.00
The cost of gold needed for the ring = mass of gold RM 155
= 31.25 RM 155
= RM 4843.75

REFLECTION.
What have you learnt while conducting the project? What moral values did you practice?
Express your feelings and opinions creatively through the usage of symbols, drawing, lyrics
of a song or a poem.

During this whole project, we as a team members cooperate with our beloved
additional mathematics teacher, Mrs. Jaya Jothi to finish up this challenging task. At first, we
found that this task was hard because we did not learn this topic yet. However, as the time
goes by, we are exposed to the concepts of the topic is Integration and Motion Along the
Straight Line. Throughout this project also we learned to be punctual, make a good use of
technology such as the scientific calculator and the internet. In our project, we had studied
about the life of a model in calculus which is Gottfried Leibniz. From him, we had learned to
trust our imagination and have curiosity in our life to learn about new things. Leibniz also
taught us to always have an ultimate goal in our life to make sure that our future will be
bright someday. As an addition, We would like to thank Mrs. Jaya for the time she had spent
for us and all the useful tips given to complete this task. Thanks also to our group members,
Shahirah, Afifah, Izzati, Fatimah and Farhana who had given full commitment to complete
this task. This gratitude also will be given to our parents who willing to spent some time
sending us to school for our projects discussion.
Lyrics: Dream High.
*I dream high
I dreaming so high
When it get tough
Im closing my eyes
Thinking all the memories now I can see
This is no fantasy
Its reality

#I can fly high

I know it someday
I can soar high like clouds in the sky
I will spread my wings and fly above
Like no one else can be
Higher than me before

Im on the edge of fear today

Feeling I cant go on
Im like a bird thats doubting of leaping up
Because Im afraid to fall
Can I make it through it?
I keep asking this on my mind
For each step I take
My fear keeps on coming back
How would I deal with these all

I need the strength

To pull me up
And get me back on my feet
Courage I need to shake off all my fears
And jump back to the beat
Need to have faith in destiny
And heat it up one more time
Im risking it all
Im giving it all
Ive got just to jump above this wall

Repeat *

Repeat* and # ( 2x )

7365153517512710072393251292363
6412923236132038634412792396923
4128230928346328734879320832863
2532673263203286352398028324723
8238328743874743379349743863457
2345237349348634753487936577957
2748696079574636728484849846587
9735262645795800908765123445677
8890987654310104221085017341453
9014724514501769641530123416707
0133945698013369569801229245040
1422455920333737850016340814001
2669106497918106376970706385182
5324891645729748198127468128437
0127485631983209597275819736235
6362165846581984658461986543619
6537258482754782954398763228742