EIA Kaigah Hydropower Project

KAIGAH HYDROPOWER PROJECT
FEBRUARY 2014
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
REPORT
ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES (PVT) LIMITED

142-D MODEL TOWN LAHORE
545MW Kaigah Hydropower Project
Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table of Contents
Sr. No.
Description
Page No.
1.
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................
1.1.
General ................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.
Objective of Study .............................................................................................. 9
1.2.1.
Scope of Work ..................................................................................................... 9
1.3.
Project Location ................................................................................................ 10
1.4.
Accessibility ...................................................................................................... 10
1.4.1.
Air Route ............................................................................................................ 11
1.4.2.
Communication Services ................................................................................. 11
1.5.
Post Flood Site Conditions .............................................................................. 11
1.6.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ....................................................... 12
1.7.
Project Categorization ...................................................................................... 13
1.8.
Scope and Limitations of the EIA .................................................................... 17
1.8.1.
The Scope .......................................................................................................... 17
1.8.2.
Limitations ......................................................................................................... 18
1.9.
Approach and Methodology............................................................................. 18
1.9.1.
Review of Previous Studies ............................................................................. 18
1.9.2.
Acquisition of Secondary Data ........................................................................ 19
1.9.3.
Collection of Primary Data ............................................................................... 19
2.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................. 23
2.1.
Salient Features ................................................................................................ 23
2.2.
Project Components ......................................................................................... 25
2.2.1.
Dam .................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.2.
Diversion Tunnels ............................................................................................. 25
2.2.3.
Cofferdams ........................................................................................................ 25
2.2.4.
Reservoir ........................................................................................................... 25
2.2.5.
Spillways ............................................................................................................ 26
Page|i
2.2.6.
Headrace Tunnel ............................................................................................... 26
2.2.7.
Powerhouse ....................................................................................................... 27
2.2.8.
Tailrace Tunnel .................................................................................................. 27
2.2.9.
Access Roads ................................................................................................... 27
2.2.10.
Auxiliary Facilities Areas ................................................................................. 28
2.3.
Project Alternatives Analysis .......................................................................... 28
2.3.1.
General ............................................................................................................... 28
2.3.2.
No Project Option ............................................................................................. 28
2.3.3.
With Project Option .......................................................................................... 29
2.3.4.
Alternatives for Project Site ............................................................................. 29
2.4.
Layout of Feasibility Report ............................................................................. 30
2.4.1.
Composition of EIA Report .............................................................................. 30
3.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.................................................. 32
3.1.
General ............................................................................................................... 32
3.2.
Environment Regulatory Authorities .............................................................. 32
3.2.1.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Council .................................................. 32
3.2.2.
Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development ........ 36
3.2.3.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)........................................................ 36
3.2.4.
Provincial Level Institutions ............................................................................ 36
3.3.
National Conservation Strategy (NCS)............................................................ 36
3.4.
Environmental Legislation ............................................................................... 37
3.4.1.
Environmental Protection Act, 1997................................................................ 37
3.4.2.
EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 ................................................................ 38
3.4.3.
National Environmental Quality Standards 2000 ........................................... 39
3.4.4.
Land Acquisition Act 1894 ............................................................................... 39
3.4.5.
Project Implementation and Resettlement of Affected Persons Ordinance

2000 .................................................................................................................... 40
3.4.6.
Antiquities Act 1975 .......................................................................................... 40
3.4.7.
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority Act 1958 ....................... 40
3.4.8.
The Telegraphy Act 1910 .................................................................................. 41
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3.4.9.
Labour Laws ...................................................................................................... 41
3.4.10.
Penal Code 1860 ............................................................................................... 41
3.4.11.
Local Government Ordinance 2001 ................................................................. 41
3.4.12.
Regulations of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948 .. 42
3.4.13.
Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965 ......................................................................... 42
3.4.14.
Factories Act, 1934 ........................................................................................... 42
3.4.15.
Highways Safety Ordinance 2000 .................................................................... 42
3.4.16.
Explosive Act, 1884 .......................................................................................... 42
3.4.17.
Wild Life Act 1975 ............................................................................................. 42
3.4.18.
The Forest Act, 1927 and Later Amendments ................................................ 42
3.4.19.
Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949 .............................................. 43
3.4.20.
The Local Government Ordinance, 2001 ........................................................ 43
3.4.21.
Draft National Forest Policy 2001 .................................................................... 43
3.5.
Environmental Assessment Procedures ........................................................ 43
3.5.1.
Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental

Assessments ..................................................................................................... 43
3.5.2.
Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports ....... 43
3.5.3.
Guidelines for Public Consultation ................................................................. 44
3.5.4.
Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas.................................................... 44
3.5.5.
Sectoral Guidelines: Major Sewerage Schemes ............................................ 44
3.5.6.
Solid Waste Management Policy ..................................................................... 44
3.5.7.
KPK Province .................................................................................................... 44
3.6.
Major Items of Pakistan Environmental Legislation ...................................... 45
3.7.
International Policies and Guidelines for Project Financing ........................ 47
3.7.1.
Operational Policies of the World Bank .......................................................... 47
3.7.2.
The World Bank Guidelines for Project Financing ........................................ 49
3.7.3.
Asian Development Banks Guidelines........................................................... 49
3.7.4.
Equator Principles 2006 ................................................................................... 49
3.7.5.
IFC Performance Standards ............................................................................. 51
3.7.6.
World Commission on Dams ........................................................................... 52
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3.8.
International Treaties and Conventions.......................................................... 52
3.9.
International and National Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ........ 54
4.
BASELINE CONDITIONS .................................................................................. 56
4.1.
Physical Environment ...................................................................................... 56
4.1.1.
Physiography .................................................................................................... 56
4.1.2.
Climate ............................................................................................................... 56
4.1.3.
Precipitation ...................................................................................................... 57
4.1.4.
Temperature ...................................................................................................... 59
4.1.5.
Geology .............................................................................................................. 66
4.1.6.
Seismology ........................................................................................................ 67
4.1.7.
Landslides, Erosion and Sedimentation ......................................................... 67
4.1.8.
Land Use ............................................................................................................ 68
4.1.9.
Soils ................................................................................................................... 68
4.1.10.
Soil Pollution and Contamination.................................................................... 69
4.1.11.
Agriculture ......................................................................................................... 69
4.1.12.
Livestock ........................................................................................................... 70
4.1.13.
Historic Flows and Flooding in Kandiah River............................................... 71
4.1.14.
Surface Water .................................................................................................... 72
4.1.15.
Air Quality .......................................................................................................... 72
4.2.
Biological Environment .................................................................................... 74
4.2.1.
Flora ................................................................................................................... 74
4.2.1.1.
Pastures and Grazing Lands............................................................................ 79
4.2.1.2.
Endangered, Threatened or Vulnerable Species of Flora ............................. 79
4.2.2.
Fauna ................................................................................................................. 79
4.2.2.1.
Birds ................................................................................................................... 80
4.2.2.2.
Insects ................................................................................................................ 81
4.2.2.3.
Protected Areas ................................................................................................ 81
4.2.3.
Aquatic Ecology ................................................................................................ 81
4.3.
Social and Economic Environment ................................................................. 81
4.3.1.
Population ......................................................................................................... 81
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4.3.2.
Health Facilities ................................................................................................. 82
4.3.3.
Educational Infrastructure ............................................................................... 82
5.
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

MEASURES ........................................................................................................ 83
5.1.
General ............................................................................................................... 83
5.2.
Impact Assessment Procedure........................................................................ 84
5.2.1.
Sensitivity .......................................................................................................... 84
5.2.2.
Magnitude .......................................................................................................... 84
5.3.
Impacts During Construction Phase ............................................................... 85
5.3.1.
Impacts on Topography ................................................................................... 86
5.3.2.
Impact of Seismicity ......................................................................................... 86
5.3.3.
Impact on Geology ............................................................................................ 86
5.3.4.
Impacts on Landslides ..................................................................................... 87
5.3.5.
Impacts on Land Use ........................................................................................ 87
5.3.6.
Impacts of Excavated Material ......................................................................... 87
5.3.7.
Impacts on Infrastructure ................................................................................. 88
5.3.8.
Impacts on Climate ........................................................................................... 89
5.3.9.
Impacts on Hydrology ...................................................................................... 89
5.3.10.
Impacts on Surface Water ................................................................................ 89
5.3.11.
Impacts on Sedimentation ............................................................................... 90
5.3.12.
Impacts on Flooding ......................................................................................... 90
5.3.13.
Impacts on Groundwater .................................................................................. 90
5.3.14.
Impacts on Air Quality ...................................................................................... 90
5.3.15.
Impacts on Agriculture and Vegetation .......................................................... 91
5.3.16.
Impacts on Terrestrial Flora ............................................................................. 91
5.3.17.
Impact on Terrestrial Fauna ............................................................................. 92
5.3.18.
Impacts on Aquatic Life ................................................................................... 93
5.3.19.
Involuntary Resettlement ................................................................................. 93
5.3.20.
Impacts on Employment Opportunities .......................................................... 94
5.3.21.
Impacts on Regional Safety and Health .......................................................... 94
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5.3.22.
Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety .................................................. 94
5.3.23.
Impacts on Resources ...................................................................................... 95
5.3.24.
Impact of Roads Traffic .................................................................................... 95
5.3.25.
Impacts on Communication ............................................................................. 96
5.3.26.
Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology ............................................. 96
5.3.27.
Impacts on Women and Indigenous Peoples ................................................. 96
5.3.28.
Summary of Construction Stage impacts....................................................... 97
5.4.
Impacts during Operation Phase ..................................................................... 98
5.4.1.
Impact of Seismicity ......................................................................................... 98
5.4.2.
Impacts on Geology .......................................................................................... 98
5.4.3.
Impacts on Landslides ..................................................................................... 98
5.4.4.
Impacts on Land Use ........................................................................................ 99
5.4.5.
Impacts of Dismantling Material ...................................................................... 99
5.4.6.
Impacts on Infrastructure ............................................................................... 100
5.4.7.
Impacts on Climate ......................................................................................... 100
5.4.8.
Impacts on Hydrology .................................................................................... 100
5.4.9.
Impacts on Surface Water .............................................................................. 101
5.4.10.
Impacts on Sedimentation ............................................................................. 101
5.4.11.
Impacts on Flooding ....................................................................................... 102
5.4.12.
Impacts on Groundwater ................................................................................ 102
5.4.13.
Impacts on Air Quality .................................................................................... 103
5.4.14.
Impacts on Agriculture and Terrestrial Vegetation...................................... 103
5.4.15.
Impacts on Flora and Fauna .......................................................................... 103
5.4.16.
Aquatic Life and Fish Stocks ......................................................................... 103
5.4.17.
Impacts on Power ........................................................................................... 104
5.4.18.
Impacts on Employment Opportunities ........................................................ 105
5.4.19.
Impacts on Social Services ............................................................................ 105
5.4.20.
Impact on Women ........................................................................................... 105
5.4.21.
Summary of Impacts during Operation Stage .............................................. 105
6.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP).......................................... 107
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6.1.
Mitigations Management Plan (MMP) ............................................................ 107
6.2.
Management of Mitigation Measures ............................................................ 107
6.3.
Inclusion of Environmental Management in Contract Documents ............ 107
6.4.
Institutional Requirements ............................................................................. 108
6.4.1.
Establishment of Project Environment Management Committee .............. 108
6.4.2.
Establishment of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit .... 108
6.4.3.
Provision of Grievance Resolution Framework ........................................... 109
6.5.
Construction Stage MMP ............................................................................... 110
6.6.
Operation Stage MMP ..................................................................................... 111
7.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN........................................................ 119
7.1.
General ............................................................................................................. 119
7.2.
Monitoring During Design Stage ................................................................... 120
7.3.
Monitoring during Construction Stage ......................................................... 120
7.4.
Monitoring during Operation Stage............................................................... 121
7.5.
Reporting of Monitoring Results ................................................................... 121
7.5.1.
Internal Monitoring ......................................................................................... 121
7.5.2.
External Monitoring ........................................................................................ 121
7.6.
Institutional Requirements ............................................................................. 122
7.6.1.
Institutional Responsibilities ......................................................................... 122
7.6.2.
Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................ 122
7.6.3.
Clearances from EPA and other Agencies ................................................... 122
7.6.4.
Land Acquisition and Compensation Tasks ................................................ 123
7.7.
Environmental Audit ....................................................................................... 123
8.
POTENTIAL ADDITIONAL REVENUE UNDER CLEAN DEVELOPMENT

MECHANISM .................................................................................................... 130
8.1.
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 130
8.2.
Kyoto Protocol ................................................................................................ 130
8.3.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)......................................................... 131
8.4.
Pakistan National CDM Operational Strategy............................................... 131
8.5.
Eligibility of the Kaigah HPP for CDM ........................................................... 132
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8.6.
Carbon Credits ................................................................................................ 134
8.7.
Baseline and Monitoring Methodologies ...................................................... 134
8.7.1.
Baseline Emissions Calculation for Kaigah HPP ......................................... 135
8.8.
Quantity and Value of Carbon Benefits ........................................................ 136
8.9.
Durban Conference 2011 ................................................................................ 136
8.10.
Anticipated Revenue ...................................................................................... 138
8.11.
Conclusions .................................................................................................... 138
9.
PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ................... 139
9.1.
General ............................................................................................................. 139
9.2.
Stages of Public Consultation ....................................................................... 139
9.3.
Techniques and Tools used for Public Consultation .................................. 139
9.4.
The Consultation Process .............................................................................. 140
9.4.1.
Visits to Government Offices, Line Agencies and NGOs ............................ 140
9.4.2.
Interviews with Well-Informed Persons ........................................................ 140
9.4.3.
Interviews with Affected People in the Project Area ................................... 141
9.4.4.
Scoping Sessions in Affected villages ......................................................... 141
9.4.5.
Women Survey ................................................................................................ 141
9.5.
Outcome of the Consultations ....................................................................... 141
10.
LAND ACQUISITION, RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION ................. 144
10.1.
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 144
10.2.
Project Affectees ............................................................................................. 144
10.3.
Need for a Resettlement Plan ........................................................................ 144
10.4.
Land Acquisition ............................................................................................. 145
10.4.1.
Area for Auxiliary Services and other Project Requirements ..................... 145
10.4.2.
Area under the Reservoir ............................................................................... 145
10.4.3.
Area Required for Resettlement .................................................................... 145
10.5.
Tentative Compensation Process for Lost Assets ...................................... 145
10.5.1.
Compensation for Agricultural Crops ........................................................... 146
10.5.2.
Compensation for the Orchard and other Trees .......................................... 146
10.5.3.
Compensation for Buildings and Infrastructure .......................................... 146
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10.6.
Tentative Compensation Procedure.............................................................. 146
10.6.1.
Compensation under the Land Acquisition Act ........................................... 146
10.6.2.
Compensation under WAPDA Procedures ................................................... 147
10.7.
Tentative Compensation Eligibility ............................................................... 147
10.7.1.
Eligibility under Government of Pakistan Policy ......................................... 147
10.7.2.
Eligibility under World Bank Policy............................................................... 149
10.8.
Cut-off Date ..................................................................................................... 149
11.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT COST ............................. 150
11.1.
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 150
12.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................... 152
12.1.
General ............................................................................................................. 152
12.2.
Findings ........................................................................................................... 152
12.2.1.
Physical Environmental Impacts ................................................................... 152
12.2.2.
Biological Impacts .......................................................................................... 152
12.2.3.
Socio-Economic Impacts ............................................................................... 153
12.3.
Environmental and Social Costs ................................................................... 153
12.4.
Recommendations .......................................................................................... 153
12.5.
Conclusions .................................................................................................... 154
13.
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 156
ANNEXURES ........................................................................................................................ 157
Page|ix
LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No.
Description
Page No.
Table 1:
Pakistan National EIA Categorization of Proposed Projects ........................ 14
Table 2:
Salient Features of the Project ........................................................................ 23
Table 3:
National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)....................................... 33
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Major International Conventions and Treaties Signed By Pakistan............. 53
Table 7:
Long Term Climatic Stations in the Region.................................................... 57
Table 8:
Floods at Kandiah River in Different Return Periods .................................... 72
Table 9:
Ambient Air Quality of the Area ....................................................................... 73
Table 10:
Traffic Countin the Project Area (Average of 24 Hours)................................ 73
Table 11:
Noise Level observed in the Project Area ...................................................... 74
Table 12:
Vegetation in Project Area ............................................................................... 75
Table 13:
Population in Affected Villages ....................................................................... 82
Table 14:
Environmental Checklist .................................................................................. 83
Table 15:
Summary of Construction Stage Impacts....................................................... 97
Table 16:
Environmental Impact Matrix for Operation Stage ..................................... 105
Table 17:
Constitution of Project Environment Management Committee .................. 108
Table 18:
Constitution of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit ....... 109
Table 19:
Proposed Project Grievance Resolution Committee ................................... 110
Table 20:
Environmental Management Plan for Construction Stage.......................... 112
Table 21:
Environmental Management Plan for Operation Stage ............................... 116
Table 22:
Environmental Monitoring Tasks for Construction Phase.......................... 124
Table 23:
Environmental Monitoring Tasks for Operational Phase ............................ 127
Table 24:
Carbon Emission Factor (CEF) of different Fuels ........................................ 135
Table 25:
Mass of CO2 Released per GWh of Energy Generated for Various Types of
Thermal Generation ........................................................................................ 135
Table 26:
Summary of Feedback Received through Public Consultation.................. 141
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LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No.
Description
Page No.
Figure 1:
Regional Geological Map .............................................................................. 67
Figure 2:
Landslide in Project Area .............................................................................. 68
Figure 3:
Agricultural Fields.......................................................................................... 69
Figure 4:
Livestock of Kandiah Valley.......................................................................... 70
Figure 5:
Livestock of Kandiah Valley.......................................................................... 70
Figure 6:
Common Plant Species Growing in the Project Area ................................. 79
Page|xi
Feasibility Study of 545 MW

Kaigah Hydropower Project
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report
ABBREVIATIONS
A
AAR
AAUs
AC
ACSR
ADB
AF
ASR
ASTM
ATL
B/C
BCR
CCGT
CDM
CEF
CERs
CFRD
CFC
Ch
CIDA
CITES
CM
CNG
COP
CPM
CPP
CPT
Cusec
CVC
CW
DBE
DC
DNA
DEM
Deg
d/s
DSL
EARI
EB
EHV
EIA
EIRR
El
E&M
EMS
EMP
EPA
ESDD
EU
EU ETS
FDI
FIRR
Amperes
Alkali aggregate reaction
Assigned Amount Units
Alternating current
Aluminum core steel reinforced
Asian Development Bank
Acre-feet
Alkali silica reaction
American Society of Testing Materials
Associated Technologies (Pvt) Limited
Benefit/cost
Benefit cost ratio
Combined cycle gas turbine
Clean Development Mechanism
Carbon Emission Factor
Certified Emission Reductions
Concrete faced rock fill dam
Chlorofluoro Carbon
Chainage (distance measured along a construction work)
Canadian International Development Agency
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora
Combined Margin
Combined Margin
Conference of the Parties
Critical path method
Capacity cost
Cone Penetration Test
Cubic foot per second
Conventionally vibrated concrete
Cooling water
Design basis earthquake
Direct current
Designated National Authority
Digital elevation model
Degree
Downstream
Detailed scan line survey
Economic accounting rate of interest
Executive Board EHS Extra high strength
Extra high voltage
Environmental impact assessment
Economic internal rate of return
Elevation above mean sea level
Electrical and mechanical
Environmental Management System
Environmental management plan
Environmental Protection Agency of Pakistan
Equivalent salt deposit density
European Union
European Union Emission Trading Scheme
Federal Development Investment
Financial internal rate of return
Page|1
FRC
FSL
FSD
Ft
FWO
G
GCB
GDP
GERCC
GEVR
GHG
GIB
GIL
GIS
GLOF
GOP
Gpa
GPS
GSI
GTZ
GWh
GWh/a
GWP
Ha
HEPO
Hr
HRT
HV
HVAC
HVAC
HVDC
Hz
ICIMOD
ID
IDC
IET
IDC
IET
IEE
IFC
InSAR
IP
IPB
IRR
ISRIP
ISO
IUCN
JI
KKH
KHP
K
Kg
kg/m3
kJ
Fibre reinforced shotcrete

Full supply level
Food Supply Department
Feet
Frontier Works Organization
Acceleration due to gravity
Generator circuit breaker
Gross domestic product
Grout enriched roller compacted concrete
Grout enriched vibrated concrete
Green House Gas
Gas insulated busbars
Gas insulated line
Geographical information system
Glacial lake outfall flood
Government of Pakistan
Gigapascal
Global Positioning System
Geological Strength Index
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germen Agency for
Technical Development)
Gigawatt hours
Gigawatt hours per annum
Global Warming Potential
Hectare = 10,000 m2
Hydro Electric Planning Organization
Hour
Headrace Tunnel
High Voltage
Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
High Voltage Alternating Current
High Voltage Direct Current
Hertz
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Internal diameter
Interest during construction
International Emission Trading
Interest during construction
International Emission Trading
Initial Environmental Examination
International Finance Corporation
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
Intersection point
Isolated Phase Busbars
Internal Rate of Return
Innovation and Science Research Investments Program
International Standard Organization
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
Joint Implementation
Karakoram Highway
Ratio of horizontal: vertical in-situ rock stresses
Kilogramme
Kilogramme per cubic metre
Kilojoule
Page|2
Km
km
km/h
KP
KPK
Kt
kV
KVF
kW
kWh
L
Lb
lb/ft3
LAA
LCDP
LLO
LRMC
LV
M
M
m/s
m2
m3
m3/s
Max
Mbtu
MCE
Min
MIV
MKT
MLO
MOL
MONENCO
MMP
MMT
Mpa
MP
MSA
Mt
MUV
MV
MVA
MW
MWh
NEPRA
NEQS
NESC
NGO
NHA
No
NPCC
NPV
NTDC
NWFP
OCGT
Kilometre
Square kilometers
Kilometres per hour
Kyoto Protocol
Khyber Pakhtun Khwah
Knots (nautical miles per hour)
Kilovolt
Kandiah Valley Fault
Kilowatt
Kilowatt hour
Litre
Pound
Pounds per cubic foot
Land Acquisition Act
Least cost development plan
Low level outlet
Long run marginal cost
Low voltage
Million
Metre
Metres per second
Square metres
Cubic metres
Cubic metres per second (cumecs)
Maximum
Million British thermal units
Maximum credible earthquake
Minimum
Main inlet valve
Main Karakoram Thrust
Mid-level outlet
Minimum operating level
Montreal Engineering Company
Mitigation Management Plan
Main Mantle Thrust
Megapascal
Monitoring Plan
Maximum size of aggregate
Million tonnes (megatonnes)
Manufacturing unit value (World Bank)
Medium voltage
Megavolt ampere
Megawatt
Megawatt hours
National Electric Power Regulatory Authority
National Environmental Quality Standards
National Electric Safety Code
Non-governmental organization
National Highways Authority
Number
National Power Control Centre
Net present value
National Transmission and Dispatch Company
North-West Frontier Province
Open cycle gas turbine
Page|3
ODA
OD
OD
OP
OM
O&M
PARC
PAP
PC
PDD
PEPA
PEPO
PEPC
PEPCO
PESMU
PF
PFA
PGRC
PKR
PLC
PM
PMD
POE
POT
PPE
PPIB
ppm
PSS
PTDC
PWD
Q
RAP
RCC
RCNLIP
RMC
RMR
ROW
RQD
SC
SCOM S
SCADA
SCF
SCPA
SCR
SFRS
SHYDO
SIL
SOP
SPT
SRSP
SRTM
SSR
SVC
SW&DO
SWHP
Official Development Assistance

Outside diameter
Operational Directive
Operational Policy
Operating Margin
Operation and maintenance
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
Project Affected Persons
Project Consultants
Project Design Document
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance
Pakistan Environmental Protection Council
Pakistan Electric Power Company (Pvt) Limited
Project environment and social management unit
Power factor
Pakistan Forest Act
Project Grievance Resolution Committee
Pakistani rupees
Power Line Carrier
Project Management
Pakistan Meteorological Department
Panel of Experts
Peak over threshold
Personal protective equipment
Private Power and Infrastructure Board
Parts per million
Power system stabilizers
Pakistan Tourist Development Corporation
Pakistan Works Department
Rock mass quality
Resettlement action plan
Roller compacted concrete
Regional centre of the Northern Light Infantry of Pakistan
Regional Meteorological Centres
Rock mass rating
Right of way
Rock quality designation
Series compensation
pecial Communication Organization
Supervisory control and data acquisition
Standard conversion factor
Signal Corps of Pakistan Army
Solid core recovery
Steel fibre reinforced concrete
Sarhad Hydel Development Organization
Surge impedance loading
Survey of Pakistan
Standard penetration test
Sarhad Rural Support Programme
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Sub-synchronous resonance
Static var compensation
Soldier Welfare and Development Organization
Surface Water Hydrology Project
Page|4
T
T/km
TBM
TCR
TCSC
TDS
T/L
TOR
TVI
UCS
UK
UPS
u/s
UHVDC
UNCED
UNFCC
UPFC
US
USBR
USD
USGS
Var
Vs
VERs
VSC
VT
WAPDA
WB
WCD
WHO
WPPO
WWF
Yr
Tonnes
Tonnes per square kilometre
Tunnel boring machine
Total core recovery
Thyristor controlled series compensation
Total dissolved solids
Transmission line
Terms of Reference
Television interference
Unconfined compressive strength
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Uninterruptible power supply
Upstream
Ultra-high voltage direct current
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Unified power flow controller
United States cent
United States Bureau of Reclamation
United States Dollar
United States Geological Survey
Volt Ampere Reactive
Versus
Voluntary Emission Reductions
Voltage source converter
Voltage transformer
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority
World Bank
World Commission on Dams
World Health Organization
WAPDA Power Privatization Organization
World Wildlife Fund
Year
Page|5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kaigah Hydropower Project is a proposed on River Kandiah as a run of river hydropower
project located in Kandiah valley, District Kohistan in the province of KPK. This project will
have an installed capacity of 545 MW. This project forms part of WAPDAs strategic vision
program to the year 2025. The aim of Vision 2025 is to improve hydropower generation
capacity in the country to meet the ever growing electricity demands and expansion of
economic activities. An accelerated power production especially hydroelectric generation
is under focus through medium term power generation projects. Private sector is being
encouraged to make investment to develop and produce hydropower wherever such
potential exist in the country.
Kaigah Hydropower Project scheme was taken over by Private Power Infrastructure Board
(PPIB) to be offered as an Investment Power Project (IPP) to the private sector on Public
Private Partnership basis.
Access to the Project site is through Dasu town which is located about 340 kilometers
from Islamabad. The main accessibility to Dasu town from down country is through the
Karakoram Highway. Kaigah power house site is located near Thauti village about 8
kilometers upstream from confluence of Kandiah and Indus Rivers. Dam site is accessible
from Dasu town by a jeepable road. Karrang village is located on Kandiah Kalam Road
about 26 kilometers from Kandiah Bridge and connected to the latter through a jeepable
road which has been badly damaged by flashy floods of 2010.
The major Project feature consists of the construction of an asphalt faced rockfill dam on
River Kandiah about 200 meters downstream of the Karrang Village. This will be a 90
meters high Dam from the river bed and will create a reservoir extending up to 3-4 km
upstream of the Dam Site at the level of 1500 masl. The reservoir is planned to be
contained within the narrow river canyon which will submerge neither substantial natural
vegetation nor any productive land significantly. But it will affect the population in Karrang,
Birti and Dong villages in the Project area,
The power intake structure will be constructed on the left bank of the river immediately
upstream of the Dam Site. This power intake structure will be largely submerged and
located at the left bank of the proposed reservoir and divert river water into headrace
tunnel. From the 17.2 Km long headrace tunnel the water is dropped through an
underground vertical shaft, connected to a horizontal tunnel entering into a cavern
powerhouse accommodating all the electricity generating equipment. After passing
through the turbines, the water will be discharged back to the Kandiah River through 4.2
Km long tailrace tunnel located at the left bank of the River Kandiah.
According to Pakistan Environment Protection Act (1997) hydroelectric projects with a
generation capacity of over 50 MW and power transmission lines with a capacity more
than 11 kV fall into Schedule-II, i.e. projects requiring EIA. Similarly, in accordance with
the guidelines of the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Japan Bank for
International Cooperation Environmental guidelines, the Kaigah Hydropower Project (with
a planned generating capacity of over 545 MW and 500 kV power transmission lines)
Page|6
would fall within the category A projects having significant impacts on the environment
and requiring a full scale EIA.
The EIA seeks to identify the environmental, ecological and socio-cultural changes arising
from the development of the project. These may have a positive or negative outcome and
include:
Direct and indirect effects on the local population
Undesirable changes such as increased pollution, loss of natural resources and

loss of habitats for native flora and fauna
Direct and indirect effects on the socio-economic and cultural system as well as on
environmental components such as soil, water and air.
The institutions associated with environmental matters in Pakistan include government

bodies such as the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development,
the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, and Federal/Provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs). The legislation of Pakistan contains many laws in the form of
Acts, and Ordinances which have direct or indirect relevance and implications in the
layout, design, construction and operation of the Kaigah Hydropower Project, including:
the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), the Environmental Protection Act,
1997, the EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 and the National Environmental Quality
Standards 2000. The guidelines of the international funding institutions also define
procedures for Environmental Assessments. All relevant national and international
guidelines and procedures have been followed for preparation of this EIA.
Following methodology was followed in the preparation of this report:
Review of previous reports
Acquisition of secondary data from different organizations
Collection of primary data with reference to physical features, environmental and

social issues.
Study of flora and fauna
Investigations of aquatic ecology
Social Surveys to obtain comprehensive and detailed information on the present

conditions of the people living in the project area and to assess the project impacts
on their life, subsistence systems, and social and cultural conditions. For the
survey, a stratified proportionate random sampling technique was applied to select
adequate and representative samples.
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Baseline conditions in the project area were identified for physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters, both quantitative and qualitative, based on collected data, field
visits and desk studies.
Impacts of the proposed Project on the baseline conditions are identified and mitigation
measures have been proposed accordingly in addition to the environmental management
and monitoring plan.
The potential benefit to the project of carbon credits under CDM is currently difficult to
estimate and our estimate ranges from zero to around USD 60 million per year. Until the
post Kyoto international agreements are in place, it is very difficult to know how the
projects like Kaigah HPP will be treated under CDM.
About 900 people will be displaced because of the proposed Project and land acquisition
and resettlement of PAP constitutes the major chunk of the environmental management
cost of the Project which is estimated to be around USD 15 Million.
Following can be safely concluded as the result of this EIA report:
The study of the environmental and social setting of the Kaigah Hydropower
Project, and the implications of the proposed interventions, i.e. construction of a
dam, excavation of tunnels, creation of the reservoir, and construction of
underground powerhouse and so on, do not indicate any significant negative
impact of such nature or magnitude that would suggest the project is
environmentally unfriendly.
The study has identified some potential impacts, which are not of serious nature
and can be ameliorated or mitigated within normally acceptable levels through
practicable control and management measures.
The overall findings of the EIA studies show that the Kaigah Hydropower Project is
environmentally and socially viable subject to the development and implementation
of a full Environmental Management Plan.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
General
The identification of Hydropower Potential was started during 1980s when Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA) provided financial assistance and engaged a
Canadian engineering consulting firm, Montreal Engineering Company Limited
(MONENCO), to undertake the preparation of an inventory of potential hydropower
generation sites, and their ranking on the three Rivers.
MONENCO conducted a study in the upper reaches of River Indus, Jhelum above
Mangla, and in Swat and Chitral Basins, identifying twenty-five (25) promising potential
sites for hydropower generation including their ranking.
Later on, during eighties and nineties, identification and ranking studies for hydropower
schemes on the Rivers and tributaries of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Khyber
Pakhtun Khwah (KPK) and Northern Areas were also carried out by WAPDA and Sarhad
Hydel Development Organization (SHYDO) (now PHYDO) in collaboration with the
German Agency for Technical Co-Operation (GTZ). A number of sites for development of
small and medium size hydropower projects, including Kaigah Hydropower Project in the
Kohistan Valley, with power potential of 545 MW were identified.
The main objective of the Project is to provide cheap hydro-electric power to the national
grid system and to lessen the prevailing high cost of power supply mainly through the
thermal powerhouses as base load stations. The proposed Project will eventually become
a part of low cost power generation system.
The scope of the consultancy services for the Kaigah Hydropower Project involves
preparation of a Bankable Feasibility Study Report in sufficient details.
1.2.
Objective of Study
The objective of the present study is to prepare a comprehensive EIA study report
encompassing the probable impacts of the selected Project layout and the appropriate
measures to mitigate them effectively.
1.2.1.
Scope of Work
The scope of services as stated has been briefly stated below:
i.
Collection of existing available data through secondary sources and information

including satellite images, relevant policies and legal framework, population census,
statistical data of various department etc.
ii. Collection of data through primary sources like field surveys, inventories including site
investigations through structured questionnaires for the following:
Building inventory survey
Business loss survey

Page|9
Land and related inventory survey
Vulnerable persons survey
Public community facilities survey
Community participation survey
Stakeholders consultation
Perception survey on relocation and resettlement
Physical environment statistics of Project area including topography, geology, climate,

hydrology, temperature, wind speed, water quality, air quality and noise levels.
Biological environment data including terrestrial ecology, flora and fauna, forests and
fruit trees, mammals, birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles and fisheries
Protected areas and socio-economic data

Establishment of baseline conditions for the Project area
Screening and scoping of the Projects potential impacts
Devising applicable mitigation measures for the potential impacts
Formulating environmental monitoring and management plan
Preliminary cost estimation of the environmental procedures to be implemented
1.3.
Project Location
The proposed Kaigah Hydropower Project was identified along Kandiah River with dam
near Karrang village and powerhouse site is on left bank of Kandiah River neat Thauti
village (Annexure- A1). Kandiah River has its confluence with the Indus River near
Kandiah Bridge, about 20 kilometers upstream of Dasu town.
The dam site identified near Karrang village has reservoir spread over 4 km in upstream
valley. The dam axis was proposed downstream of confluence of Bangroan Khwar on the
right bank and of Dadli Khwar on the left bank where the Kandiah valley becomes narrow
and the valley slopes become steep and form the entrance of a ravine.
The river bed elevation at dam site has been observed as 1420 m a.s.l and reservoir level
was proposed as 1500 m.a.s.l. The headrace tunnel crosses the mountains on the left
river bank and follows a nearly straight line to the powerhouse cavern, which is situated on
the left bank of Kandiah River near Thauti village.
1.4.
Accessibility
Dasu town is located about 340 kilometers from Islamabad. The main accessibility to Dasu
town from down country is through the Karakoram Highway. Kaigah power house site is
located near Thauti village about 8 kilometers upstream from confluence of Kandiah and
Indus Rivers. Dam site is accessible from Dasu town by a jeepable road. Karrang village is
located on Kandiah Kalam Road about 28 kilometers from Kandiah Bridge and connected
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to the latter through a jeepable road which has been badly damaged by flashy floods of
2010.
A jeepable road exists in Kandiah valley on its right bank between KKH upto a few
kilometers upstream of Karrang village. The scheme is recommended to be constructed
before upstream identified project Karrang is developed, therefore the improvement of
existing roads and construction of new access roads between KKH and Karrang are
necessary. The access road must be designed truckable for heavy loads.
The construction of an Indus bridge is necessary to connect the next access road system
in Kandiah valley with the KKH on the left bank of Indus. It is estimated that around 25 Km
of upgraded truckable road is essentially needed, alongwith number of bridges in order to
provide accessibility to various locations of the Project. Post flood 2010 conditions
necessitate to rebuild the damaged portion of road within Kandiah valley.
The terrain is characterized by steep embankments in narrow valleys. The roads and mule
paths are subject to landslides, rockfall and avalanches. Therefore, a good quality of
design and construction of the roads is essential.
It has to be mentioned, that the design of the roads is to be carried out to prevent
blockage of the road by rockfall, landslides or avalanches as far as possible considering a
justifiable expenditure, but it cannot be excluded totally.
1.4.1.
Air Route
PIA operates daily flights from Islamabad to Gilgit. Landing in Gilgit depends upon the
weather conditions at Gilgit valley. Sometimes, the passengers are stranded at the two
terminal stations for several days, waiting for weather to clear for flights.
1.4.2.
Communication Services
Dasu Town has postal services, telephone and a receiving TV booster.
The
communication system is not as good as desired. However, it is possible to communicate
with Peshawar and other cities. Also, mobile phones service is available. Mobile telephone
service is available at Dasu town and near adjoining area but no other communication
service is available at two sites.
1.5.
Post Flood Site Conditions

As a result of high flashy flood in Kandiah River in 2010, the project site was badly
affected. Almost all bridges on Kandiah River have been washed. Agriculture land and
houses adjacent to River banks have been damaged. The rise in the flow of River
damaged the entire infrastructure on the both banks of the Kandiah River. Several small
bridges on nullahs were also damaged in Kandiah valley, which were connected with the
villages from the main road. Due to flash flow of water, the right bank of the river has been
totally destroyed. At certain places the valley width has been enlarged to over 1km from
original 300m to 400m.
Page|11
The road linking to the Project Site from bridge over Indus River, which was constructed
by FWO, has been totally washed away and therefore, jeepable road access to the Project
Site remains possible for hardly 6 to 7 months per year. The entire locality at Project Site
including Thauti village, Chappar, Cool and Aleel villages have been badly damaged.
During recent floods, the Chappar nullah having significant flow has deposited a fan of
boulders/gravel in sufficient height at confluence of Kandiah River where huge landslides
have also occurred at right bank.
Landslides and other types of slope movements along with the Kandiah River particularly
at right bank have occurred which has destroyed almost the whole right bank area of the
valley.
It has been observed that the left bank of the Kandiah River is more stable and rocks are
in good condition. Now the Powerhouse site has been proposed on the left bank near
Thauti Nullah as shown in Annexure- A.2. Additional site investigations have been
conducted to demonstrate the actual geological conditions of the proposed Powerhouse
site to evaluate both the merits and demerits of the location.
1.6.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

The EIA is the planning tool developed in recent years to foresee the environmental
impacts of human intervention in nature arising from development projects. Major
hydropower projects invariably result in many far-reaching environmental, ecological and
socio-cultural changes. Some of these changes benefit human population, while others
threaten the natural resource based on a short or long term basis.
The undesirable changes are not solely restricted to increasing pollution or loss of natural
resources and habitats for native flora and fauna, but they cover the entire range of
environmental components, such as soil, water, air, and socio-economic and cultural
system. It is now accepted fact that for sustainable economic development, strategies
must be compatible with environmental goals. This requires the incorporation of
environmental consideration into the process of development. It is important to make
choices and decisions that will eventually promote sound development by understanding
the environmental functions.
In accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 and the Pakistan
Environment Protection Agencys (EPA) Environmental Assessment Procedures 2000, an
EIA is required for hydroelectric power projects exceeding a generation capacity of 50 MW
and with transmission lines with a capacity of more than 11 kV. It is estimated that the
Kaigah Project will generate 545 MW of electricity and transmission lines will be of 500
kVAC capacities. Therefore, preparation of an EIA for this project is mandatory.
The negative environmental and social impacts of a development project are avoided or
minimized through the EIA and where adverse impacts cannot be avoided, the mitigation
measures and resettlement activities are conceived and executed as part of the project.
Page|12
The overall objectives of an Environmental Impact Assessment in accordance with the

Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA 1997), and the World Bank guidelines (OP
4.0) include the following:
1.7.
Help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of projects
Support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision
making process
Promote
environmentally
sustainable
development
by
supporting
the
protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their
functions
Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and if not feasible, to assist displaced

persons in improving or at least restoring their livelihoods and standards of living in
real terms relative to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the
beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher
Design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for indigenous
peoples dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness and so that they: (a) receive
culturally compatible social and economic benefits; and (b) do not suffer adverse
effects during the development process
Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or

damage
Assure quality, health and safety in the design and construction of new dams and the
rehabilitation of existing dams, and in carrying out activities that may be affected by an
existing dam
Enable vulnerable and disadvantaged stakeholder groups to participate in an informed

manner.
Project Categorization
According to Pakistan Environment Protection Agency regulations for review of IEE and
EIA, hydroelectric projects with a generation capacity of over 50 MW and power
transmission lines with a capacity more than 11 kV fall into Schedule-II, i.e. projects
requiring EIA. Similarly, in accordance with the guidelines of the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation Environmental
guidelines, the Kaigah Hydropower Project (with a planned generating capacity of 545
MW) would fall within the category A projects having significant impacts on the
environment and requiring a full scale EIA.
Page|13
Table 1: Pakistan National EIA Categorization of Proposed Projects

SCHEDULE A
LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING AN EIA
The Projects in Schedule A are generally major projects and have the potential to affect a
large number of people. They also include projects in environmentally sensitive areas. The
impact of such projects may be irreversible and could lead to significant changes in land
use and the social, physical and biological environment.
Agriculture and Livestock
No EIAs required unless a specific proposal is designated by the Responsible Authority,

which could be the result of significant impacts being discovered at the IEE stage.
Energy
Thermal Power Generation over 200MW
Hydroelectric Power Generation over 50 MW
Petroleum Refineries
Major Power transmission lines (above 11kV) including Grid Stations
Nuclear Power Plants
Manufacturing and Processing
Major manufacturing of chemicals, pesticides or fertilizer
Petrochemical complexes
Major tanning and leather finishing
Man-made fibers and resin projects greater than10 crore (100 million) rupees in
value
Industrial Estates (including export processing zones)
Large scale food processing such as sugar mills, refineries, breweries, distilleries,
soft drinks, milk and dairy products greater than 10 crore rupees in value
Large scale industrial plants such as: synthetic resins, plastics and manmade fibers,
paper and paperboard containers and boxes, plastic products, textiles except
apparel, printing and publishing, paints and dyes, oils and fats greater than1 crore
rupees in value
Cement plants
Mining and Mineral Processing
Major mineral development including; mining and processing of coal, gold, copper,
Page|14
iron, and precious stones
Major smelting plants
Major non-ferrous metals, iron and steel rolling
Transport
Major Ports and Harbours development
Major Airports
Federal or Provincial Highways or major roads greater than 5 crore rupees in value.
Maintenance (rebuilding or reconstruction of existing roads is exempted from the
requirement of an EIA).
Major railway works
Water Management; Dams, Irrigation and Flood Protection
Dams and reservoirs with a maximum storage volume greater than 50 million cubic
meters or a surface area greater than 8 square kilometers
Irrigation and drainage serving more than 15,000 hectares
Water Supply and Treatment
Major urban water supply infrastructure, including major head works and treatment
plants.
Waste Disposal
Waste disposal and/or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (including landfill sites,
incineration of hospital toxic waste)
Waste disposal facilities for domestic or industrial wastes, where more than 10,000
cubic meters of waste will handled annually
Urban Development and Tourism
Land use studies and urban plans (large cities)
Large scale tourism developments
Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Any project which will be situated in an environmentally sensitive or critical area

should be carefully investigated, and the results communicated to the Responsible
Authority, who will advise whether an EIA is necessary (see "Guidelines for sensitive
and critical areas").
SCHEDULE B
LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING AN IEE
These projects include those where the range of environmental issues is comparatively
Page|15
narrow and the issues can be understood and managed through less extensive analysis.
These are projects not generally located in environmentally sensitive areas or smaller
proposals in sensitive areas.
Agricultural and Livestock
Agro-industrial installation: large poultry farms and beef cattle lots
Repacking, formulation or warehousing of agricultural produce
Energy
Thermal Power Generation less than 200 MW
Hydroelectric power generation less than 50 MW
Electrical transmission lines (11kV or smaller), and large distribution projects
Major waste to energy generation projects
Oil and gas transmission systems
Oil and gas extraction including exploration, production, gathering systems,

separation and storage
Manufacturing and Processing
Man-made fibers and resin projects less than 10 crore (100 million) rupees in value
Food processing such as sugar mills, refineries, breweries, distilleries, soft drinks,
milk and dairy products less than than10 crore rupees in value
Sizable ceramics and glass manufacturing
Sizable apparel manufacturing including dying and printing
Manufacturing wood products on a sizable scale.
Mining and Mineral Processing
Commercial extraction of sand, gravel, limestone, clay and other minerals not
included in Schedule A.
Crushing, grinding and separating processes
Minor smelting Plants
Transport
Ports and Harbours Development for ships less than 500 gross tons
Federal or Provincial Highways (except maintenance, rebuilding or reconstruction of

existing metalled roads) less than 5 crore rupees in value.
Water Management; Dams, Irrigation and Flood Protection
Dams and Reservoirs with a storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters or a
Page|16
surface area less than 8 square kilometres
Irrigation and Drainage serving less than 15,000 hectares
Small-scale irrigation systems
Water Supply and Treatment
Minor head works and small systems
Waste Disposal
Waste disposal facility for domestic or industrial wastes, where less than 10,000
cubic meters of waste will handled annually
Urban Development and Tourism
Urban development projects, including large rural hotels, schools and universities
Public facilities which have significant off-site impacts (i.e. hospital wastes)
Housing Estates
SCHEDULE C
LIST OF PROJECTS NOT REQUIRING IEE OR EIA
Essentially Schedule C" combines everything not in Schedules A and B. As is the case
for A and B projects, Schedule C projects are also subject to review if they are situated
in an environmentally sensitive or critical area. No attempt is made here to detail these
projects, however some illustrative examples are provided below:
construction of homes, offices and small commercial buildings, subject to compliance

with existing zoning laws;
reconstruction/rehabilitation of roads including sealing;
on-farm dams;
projects promoting energy efficiency; and
lining of existing canals and/or watercourses.
Source: Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, Policy and procedure
for the filing, review and approval of environmental assessments
1.8.
Scope and Limitations of the EIA
1.8.1.
The Scope
The scope of the proposed study for the preparation of bankable feasibility study includes
this EIA which only covers the dam site, downstream area, reservoir and powerhouse
areas. The EIA for the transmission line will be prepared separately. Displacement of
about 900 persons belonging to Karrang, Birti and Thuati village will be involved due to the
execution of the project in addition to acquisition of land for project execution. A
Page|17
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will also be prepared to provide sufficient compensation
and assistance to Project Affected Persons (PAP) for their loss of economic assets and
livelihood. The RAP will be prepared as a separate document containing all details for
compensation that would assist PAP to improve or at least restore their living standard,
income earning or production capacity to the pre-project level.
Main activities carried out for the preparation of the EIA report are as follows:
1.8.2.
Collection of baseline information on physical, biological and socio-economic

conditions prevailing in the project area
Impact assessment, mitigation and enhancement measures
Development of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP)
Cost estimate for environmental setup
Public consultation and disclosure
Estimation of carbon credit under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Limitations
The baseline information documented in the present report reflects the prevailing physical,
biological and socio-economic conditions of the project area. The project is at feasibility
stage and the detailed design and tender documents preparation stages will follow. If the
project is implemented after two years of completion of the design stage then certain
variables such as development of infrastructure, population growth, increase or decrease
in the forest, land use, cropping patterns and economic conditions could be changed
significantly.
1.9.
Approach and Methodology
1.9.1.
Review of Previous Studies

The Environmental Impact Assessment for the Kaigah Hydropower Projecthas not been
carried out at pre-feasibility or identification stage.
Similar studies carried out for other national hydropower projects in the same region or
similar in nature were reviewed to make the current study more comprehensive e.g. the
Basha Diamer HydropowerProject, Dasu Hydropower Project and the Neelum-Jhelum
Hydropower Project.
The following earlier project reports have been reviewed to assess their applicability in the
prevailing environmental conditions of the project impact areas and also to propose the
activities to be carried out prior to execution during construction and operation of the
project:
Hydroelectric Inventory Ranking and Feasibility Studies for Pakistan (Phase-A), Canadian
International Development Agency, WAPDA (November 1984), Montreal Engineering
Company (MONENCO)
Page|18
1.9.2.
Acquisition of Secondary Data

The secondary data was collected from various offices and published reports of different
organizations. These organizations included Forest, Agriculture, Fisheries, Wildlife,
Revenue, Industry Departments, Environmental Protection Agency, and International
Union for the Conservation of Nature, District Administration, Tehsil Offices, Food Supply
Department, World Wildlife Fund, Agricultural Research Council andothers.
1.9.3.
Collection of Primary Data

The primary data were collected and assessed with reference to different project
components, i.e. dam site, reservoir area, powerhouse, construction camps etc. The data
regarding climate, hydrology, geology, seismology, and other physical features of the
project area were also obtained as part of the preparation of this feasibility study.
a) Vegetation Studies
The assessment area for terrestrial flora and fauna encompasses the terrestrial
environments upstream and downstream of the dam and adjacent areas that may be
affected by the project activities, specifically from the dam to the upper end of the
reservoir impoundment and from the dam to the powerhouse.
The vegetation in the study area is scarce so it was studied by preparation of a floristic
list on visual observation basis. The floristic list is an important tool as it provides a
clue to the species diversity in a community, and indicates the conditionsof the
habitatas each species has its own range of ecological amplitude. The species were
recorded with reference to their existence in the reservoir area, at dam site, auxiliary
works areas and powerhouse site. The growth forms, i.e. trees, shrubs, herbs and
grasses etc., were recorded separately. In preparing such a list, care was taken to
include the rare species and special emphasis was given to the economic species
such as medicinal plants.
b) Wildlife Fauna Studies
Information on wildlife fauna species (mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds etc.) in the
assessment area was compiled based on opportunistic observation, gathering the
existing information and consultation with local experts, community members and
government and non-government organizations.
c) Aquatic Ecology
Investigation of the aquatic ecology of the Kandiah River and its tributaries entering in
the project area was also made thoroughly. The macro-invertebrates, bottom dwelling
animals and fish were sampled from the river and major streams joining the river in the
project area. The samples were taken using methods such as gill nets and cast nets.
Page|19
d) Environmental Flow Study

An environmental flow study was carried out to determine the optimum environmental
flow downstream of the proposed dam for sustainability of the aquatic ecosystem.
e) Social Surveys
The purpose of social survey was to record the present conditions of the people living
in the project area and to assess the expected project impacts on their life,
subsistence systems, and social and cultural conditions. Prior to conducting the field
surveys, the following steps were taken:
Geographic boundaries of the project area were identified and existing villages and
settlements were listed
Decided the sampling procedure in order to draw a representative sample size of

the target population and households
Developed the tools for data collection i.e. questionnaires for household sample
survey, village profile, women sample survey, community participation and water
use.
In order to obtain comprehensive and detailed information, the following techniques

and tools of data collection were used:
i.
Sampling Design
A stratified proportionate random sampling technique was applied to select
adequate and representative samples to generalize survey findings at the project
level. The stratification variables were taken into consideration for enhancing the
representation level for adopting appropriate sampling design.
ii. Stratification Variables

The major objective of the study was to establish baseline socio-economic
conditions for the inhabitants in the proposed reservoir, powerhouse and adjacent
areas of the project. The following factors were taken into consideration for
enhancing the probability of every household being selected in the sample size:
Each village was included in the sampling frame because of the heterogeneity of
socio-economic characteristics between villages and relatively homogeneity within
a village. Four villages of the project influence area (Karrang, Birti, Dong and
Thauti) were assigned proportionate representation in sample size. About 7% of
sample households of each village were randomly selected from the list of
households prepared by the field investigators.
Page|20
f) Sampling Unit
The primary sampling unit for the socio-economic survey was the head (male or
female) of the household falling within the four sample villages of proposed Kaigah
Project area.
g) Basic Unit of Study
The basic unit of study and analysis for the purpose of socio-economic investigation of
four villages of project influence was a household falling within any possible influence
of the proposed Kaigah Hydropower Project, i.e. Karrang, Birti, Dong and Thauti.
h) Questionnaires
In order to test the validity and reliability of the proposed questionnaires, interviewing
guides were pre-tested in the area and then the questionnaires were reviewed to
assess whether questions needed to be clarified, changed or re-sequenced and then a
final editing of questionnaires was conducted prior to their subsequent application in
the real sample areas.
The questionnaires used for the social survey and women survey are included in
Annexure C1& C3 respectively.
i)
Field Investigators
Field investigators were given a one week course on the job orientation and training on
the objectives of the studies, operational definitions for the concepts and variables,
which are included in the questionnaires as well as role playing exercises to enhance
their interviewing in skills at the field level. The role playing exercises provided the field
investigators with the ability and confidence to establish a rapport with the respondents
as well as other interviewing skills in order to minimize the non- sampling error,
wrongly asked or interpreted or recorded answers. The services of a local qualified
female were hired for the data collection on the subjects of gender and development.
j)
Interviewing Guide for Community Participation

Well informed persons in the village were interviewed by using a questionnaire to
obtain information about village and their perceptions about the project.
k) Water Use Study

Special emphasis was given to a water use study downstream of the dam site to the
confluence of Indus River.
l)
Household Sample Survey

Household heads of total sample size from each sample village of the project area
were interviewed by using structured questionnaires. Detailed information about the
Page|21
socio-economic status of the family and household was obtained from the
respondents.
m) Village Profile
A comprehensive village profile was prepared to document the socio-economic and
demographic data of each sample village in project area.
n) Gender Survey
The consultants developed a separate questionnaire covering various aspects and
issues of women in the area. The services of a qualified local female were hired for
this survey. In total, 31 women were interviewed. Respondent women were selected
by applying the same technique as used for socio- economic survey.
o) Data Editing
The filled-in questionnaires and interviewing guides were edited by the same field
investigators, who were involved in the data collection. This was done immediately
after completing the field investigations.
p) Data Analysis
Data sets were processed after the completion of the field survey and editing of socioeconomic information. Analysis of this diversified data and preparation of conclusions
in the minimum possibletime was achieved using statistical techniques of data
analysis.
Page|22
2.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1.
Salient Features
Salient features of the project are given in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Salient Features of the Project
Hydrology (Design flows)
Design discharge
125
m3/s
Mean Annual Flow
68.0
m3/s
Design flood (10,000 Year Flood)
2113
m3/s
Reservoir length
3500
Reservoir area
74300
m2
Max. reservoir operating level
1500
m.a.s.l
Min. reservoir operating level
1480
m.a.s.l
Reservoir capacity at 1500 m.a.s.l
40.39
MCM
Reservoir capacity at 1480 m.a.s.l
19.65
MCM
Dam height
100
m.a.s.l
Dam crest level
1510
m.a.s.l
Dam crest length
400
m.a.s.l
Reservoir
Dam Structure
Spillways
No. of Bays
Number of gates
Ungated
Gate Type
N/A
Width of gate
Height of gate
Discharge capacity
2150
m3/s
No. of outlets
Nos.
Gate type
Radial
Gate size (WxH)
3x6
Discharge capacity
407.5
m3/s
Low Level Outlets
Page|23
Power Waterways
Power Intake
Type
Deep Frontal
No. of gates
Gate size (WxH)
5.3 x 6.7
Deck elevation
1511.0
m.a.s.l
Intake sill level
1464.0
m.a.s.l
Diameter
7.7
Length
17058
Diameter
10.5
Height
260
Gross head (HWL-Turbine centre line)
527.5
Max. Net head
523.9
Min. Net head
480
Plant Design discharge
125
m3/s
Installed plant capacity
545
MW
Turbine Type
Pelton vertical
No. of units
Turbine centerline level
972.65
Generator
Design Annual Energy
2112.0
Power house type
Cavern
Size of powerhouse (LxWxH)
105.5x27.1x47.9
m.
Transmission line
500
KV
Size of tunnel
Length of tailrace tunnel
3383.4
Low Pressure Headrace Tunnel
Surge Tank
Power Generation
m.a.s.l
GWh
Tailrace Tunnel
Page|24
2.2.
Project Components
The main components of the project include the construction of a dam and a powerhouse.
The dam includes a asphalt faced rock-fill dam (AFRD), spillways, diversion tunnels,
headrace tunnels and tailrace tunnels. The powerhouse includes caverns for the
generating units, transformers and a gate gallery and switchyard.
2.2.1.
Dam
The selected dam axis is located 400 m downstream of confluence of two Bangroan
Khwar with Kandiah River. The dam structures includes: a 100 m high (including
foundations) Asphalt Face Rockfill Dam (AFRD) with overflow spillway, flushing low level
outlets and intake structures for headrace tunnel. The water way leads from the left bank
of the dam site to a powerhouse cavern placed on the left bank of the Kandiah River near
Thauti Nullah.
The Kaigah dam site is located some 28 km upstream of the Kaigah confluence with the
Indus River and 0.40 km downstream of Karrang village. The valley at the dam axis is
about 300 to 400 m wide with moderate to steep slopes (40~60) having slope height in
access of 500 m. An upstream looking of the Dam site is shown in Photo-log attached as
Annexure-B
2.2.2.
Diversion Tunnels
During the construction of the dam the river Kaigah is by-passed in a diversion tunnel
through the right bank of the dam site. The tunnel has a length of about 730 m, a gradient
of some 4 % and a horseshoe shape in cross section.
2.2.3.
Cofferdams
Two cofferdams, one upstream of the main dam and other downstream of the main dam,
will be constructed to divert the river through the diversion tunnels water prior to and
during the construction of the main dam.
2.2.4.
Reservoir
The calculation of the reservoir areas and volumes are based on the topographical survey
in scale 1:1,000. The storage volume elevation curve was computed by using the frustum
formula. The reservoir area curve for the head pond of Kaigah dam site is shown in the
figure below.
Page|25
The total storage volume at full supply level (FSL) 1500 m a.s.l. is given to 40.39 mi. m3.
At minimum operating level (MOL) 1480 m a.s.l. The storage volume accounts about
19.65 mi. m3 and the dead storage of the Kaigah reservoir is 20.74 million m3.
2.2.5.
Spillways
For the spilling of floods a side overfall with inclined chute is intended. Floods with an
amount of more than 2113.0 m/s flow are spilled. Three bays each of 10 m width and 12
m high are proposed. The uncontrolled ogee-shaped side overfall, which leads into a
steeply inclined chute with a plunge pool, is situated on the right side of the dam and is
able to spill the design flood at a water elevation in the reservoir of 1500 m a.s.l. The
overfall edge is set at elevation 1510 m a.s.l.
2.2.6.
Headrace Tunnel
The headrace tunnel would be a low pressure tunnel proposed on the left bank of Kandiah
River. From intake to surge tank area, there will be 5 adits on the way where the tunnel
cross nallahs underneath.
Page|26
2.2.7.
Length:
17.058 km
Inner diameter:
7.7 m
Lining:
Concrete
Roughness kst (Strickler):
125 m1/3/s
Flow velocity at design discharge of 125 m/s:
3.1 m/s
Powerhouse
The suggested powerhouse is planned in the left bank of the Kandian Valley near Thauti
village. The power house location has been chosen on the basis of geological data, so
that the cavern can be founded on solid rock and away from potential landslide zones to
the south. In addition, it has been tried to keep the excavation volume minimal. The
proposed powerhouse area is shown in the figure below.
River Kandiah near Powerhouse Site
2.2.8.
Tailrace Tunnel
Restitution of the turbined water to the Kandiah River will be through the tailwater tunnel.
General technical data:
Length:
3.39 km
Size of tunnel:
8m
Slope:
0.1 %
Height difference:
0.5 m
Lining:
Concrete
Roughness kst (Strickler):
60 m1/3/s
The downstream manifold collects the free surface flow from the 3 Pelton turbines and
merges into the tailrace tunnel, which conveys it to Kandiah River. At design discharge the
flow velocity in the tailrace tunnel will be about 3.6 m/s
2.2.9.
Access Roads
The dam site is accessible by a jeepable road which can be used in low flow season only
and the powerhouse is accessible from the same route, which is connected to the KKH by
a suspension bridge over Indus River (Japan Bridge). However, the whole road
Page|27
infrastructure within the valley is to be established in order to materialize the Kaigah

Hydropower Project.
2.2.10. Auxiliary Facilities Areas

The plain area for construction of auxiliary facilities has been identified near the
powerhouse site (Annexure- F3 & F4) For the dam site relatively small areas is available
near the dam site on upstream of both left and right abutments. These areas will be used
principally for batching, processing and stockpiling of materials for the construction.
Auxiliary services will be required for following purposes:
Client and Engineers offices and residences
Contractor camps
Batching plant
Workshops
Spoil disposal
Quarries
Aggregate stockpiling, batching and processing
Borrow pits
Turbine factory
Water Treatment Plant.
2.3.
Project Alternatives Analysis
2.3.1.
General
The main purpose of the Analysis of Alternatives is to compare feasible alternatives to the
proposed project and its components (site, technology, design and operation etc.)
including a without project scenario. The potential environmental impacts of each
alternative and the feasibility of mitigation of any impacts along with their suitability under
local conditions are also compared.
2.3.2.
No Project Option
Electricity has become a basic need of human beings and is one of the most important
ingredients of economic development. There exists a strong correlation between energy
utilization and rate of economic expansion of any country. In Pakistan per capita energy
consumption is very low.
Pakistan is endowed with a large hydro potential of more than 40,000 MW but
unfortunately only approximately 7,000 MW has been exploited so far. Despite the large
hydropower potential, Pakistans grid is predominantly hydrocarbon intensive (64%
thermal, 33% hydro and 3% nuclear). Due to an acute power shortage in the country (up
to 3,500 MW in some months of the year) the Government of Pakistan is forced to turn to
thermal generation to mitigate the significant power shortage. Thermal power generation
Page|28
is more expensive, being dependent on the imported oil, and is less environmental friendly
due to high emission rate of GHGs. The power shortfall situation is being tackled through
load management by shedding and supplying the power to various areas and sectors
alternatively. The economy of the country is at stake as number of industrial/commercial
units are either closed or are run far less than the optimum period of time.
Hydropower generation is very attractive for sustainable development of the country as it
reduces the need for imports and can abate substantial amount of GHG emission by
substituting for largely gas and oil based power generation. The no project option would
therefore require the installation of more thermal units which will further aggravate the
economy and will become a major source of environmental degradation.
2.3.3.
With Project Option

The Kaigah HPP is designed to generate electricity from a renewable energy source
having almost zero emissions and the power generated will be supplied to the national
grid. The project would therefore be displacing fossil fuelled generation.The expected
power generation from Kaigah HPP (545 MW) will boost the countrys economy with
relatively cheap source of renewable power.
Studies are undertaken during the feasibility stage of the project considered alternatives
for each project component i.e. project site, dam site and powerhouse site. Each
alternative was assessed on technical, economic and environmental basis to determine
the best option.
2.3.4.
Alternatives for Project Site

The Government of Pakistan (GoP) launched a project in 1981 with financial assistance
from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), to identify and study
potential sites to maximize water storage and hydropower generation. The GoP engaged
Montreal Engineering Company (MONENCO) to prepare an inventory and to undertake a
ranking study of the potential water storage and hydropower generation sites along the
upper reaches of the Indus and its tributaries. MONENCO submitted its report in
November 1984 in which Kaigah Hydropower Project was first identified.
The MONENCO study envisaged the development of large portions of the Indus Valley
and therefore changing the impact of particular scheme might have limited a net impact as
there would be a corresponding change with the adjacent project. Furthermore
hydropower projects are always site specific and the selection of a particular site can be
controlled by geological making the use of alternatives quite difficult. Although the overall
location of the Kaigah site was already identified by MOENCO, the scheme design has
been changed significantly during the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies. These changes
have generally enhanced the benefits but the environmental and social impacts have not
been significantly affected.
Page|29
2.4.
Layout of Feasibility Report

The Feasibility Report is being prepared in fourteen (14) volumes, which are:
2.4.1.
a) Volume 1
Main Report
b) Volume 2
Topographic Survey Study Report
c) Volume 3
Hydrology and Sedimentation Study Report
d) Volume 4
Geological and Geotechnical Study Report
e) Volume 5
Neo-tectonic and Seismic Hazard Analysis
f)
Hydropower Planning Study Report
Volume 6
g) Volume 7
Dam & Generation Works Study Report
h) Volume 8
Mechanical Equipment & Hydraulic Steel Structures
i)
Volume 9
Electrical Equipment Study Report
j)
Volume 10
Transportation Study Report
k) Volume 11
Transmission Line Study Report
l)
Environmental & Social Impacts Assessment Study Report
Volume 12
m) Volume 13
Cost Estimates & Financial Analysis
n) Volume 14
Project Drawings
Composition of EIA Report

This EIA Report is aimed to form the basis for planning and implementing of the Kaigah
Hydropower Project with respect to environmental management. The EIA outlines the
environmental baseline conditions, the anticipated environmental impacts, proposed
mitigation measures, anticipated land acquisition and relocation measures, environmental
monitoring parameters and associated costs. After obtaining the necessary clearance from
the relevant agencies, the EIA Report is intended for use in guiding the future activities
related to project impact mitigation, monitoring, and relocation measures.
The EIA Report will comprise of sections as follows:
Introduction
Legal & Institutional Framework
Comparison & Evaluation of Alternatives
Description of Selected Development Activity
Page|30
Description of Existing Environmental Settings
Description of Anticipated Potential impacts
Proposed Mitigatory Measures
Proposed Monitoring Programme
Conclusion & Recommendations
Page|31
3.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.1.
General
The legislation of Pakistan contains many laws in the form of Acts, and ordinances which
have direct or indirect relevance and implications in the layout, design, construction and
operation of the Kaigah Hydropower Project.The main national and international
instruments of environmental legislation, which have bearing on the project, are discussed
in this chapter. The prevailing operational manuals and guidelines of the World Bank,
the Asian Development Bank and other donors and financial institutions are also
considered. Pakistan is signatory to various international conventions for pollution control
and biodiversity, which are also mentioned.
3.2.
Environment Regulatory Authorities

The development of statutory and other instruments for environmental protection has
steadily gained priority in Pakistan since late 1970s. The Pakistan Environmental
Protection Ordinance (PEPO 1983) was the first legislation designed specifically for the
protection of the environment. The promulgation of this ordinance was followed in 1984 by
the creation of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) headed by the Chief
Executive of the country as the highest inter-ministerial and multi- stakeholders decision
making body and establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), the federal level government institution dealing with environmental issues.The
Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development is responsible for
policy making and planning in respect of environmental aspects at national level.
3.2.1.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Council

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) is the highest inter-ministerial
statutory body in the country headed by the Chief Executive for formulation of national
environmental policy, enforcement of PEPA 1997, approval of the National Environmental
Quality Standards (NEQS), incorporation of environmental considerations into national
development plans and policies and to provide guidelines for the protection and
conservation of biodiversity in general and for the conservation of renewable and nonrenewable resources.
Page|32
Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

For Municipal and Liquid Industrial Effluents
(Mg/l, unless otherwise defined)
Revised Standards
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Parameter
Temperature/ Temperature increase*
pH value
5-days Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) at 20oC. (1)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
(1)
Total Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Grease and Oil
Phenolic Compounds (as phenol)
Chloride (as CI)
Fluoride (as F)
Cyanide (as QN) total
An-lonic Detergents (as MBAS) (2)
Sulphate (SO4)
Sulphide (S)
Ammonia (NH3)
Pesticides, Herbicides, Fungicides
and Insecticides (3)
Cadmium (4)
Chromium (trivalent & hexavalent)
(4)
Copper (4)
Lead (4)
Mercury (4)
Selenium (4)
Nickel (4)
Silver (4)
Total Toxic Metals
Zinc
Arsenic (4)
Barium (4)
Iron
Manganese
Boron (4)
Chlorine
Existing
Standards
Into Sewage
Treatment
Into Sea
40o C
6 - 10
80
Into
Inland
Waters
3o C
6-9
80
3o C
6-9
250
3o C
69
80**
150
150
400
150
150
3500
10
0.1
1000
20
2
20
600
1.0
40
0.15
200
3500
10
0.1
1000
10
1
20
600
1
40
0.15
400
3500
10
0.3
1000
10
1
20
1000
1
40
0.15
200
3500
10
0.3
SC
10
1
20
SC
1
40
0.15
0.1
1.0
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
1.0
0.5
0.01
0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
6.0
1.0
1
0.5
0.01
0.5
1
1
2
5
1
1.5
8
1.5
6
1
1
0.5
0.01
0.5
1
1
2
5
1
1.5
8
1.5
6
1
1
0.5
0.01
0.5
1
1
2
5
1
1.5
8
1.5
6
1
Page|33
1. Summing minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge, lower ratio would attract progressively stringent
standards to be determined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution
means for example, that for each one cubic meter of treated effluent the recipient water body
should have 10 cubic meter of water for dilution of this effluent.
2. Modified Benzene Alkyl Sulphate; assuming surfactant as bio-degradable.
3. Pesticides. Herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.
4. Subject to total toxic metals discharge.
5. Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80 mg/l is
achieved by the sewer treatment system.
6. Provided discharge is not at shore and not within 10 miles of mangrove or other important
estuaries.
SC Discharge concentration at or below Sea concentration.
*
The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 3C at the edge of the
zone where initial mixing and dilution take place. In case zone is not defined, use 100 meters from
the point of discharge.
Note: Dilution of gaseous emissions and liquid effluents to bring them to the NEQS limiting value
is not permissible through excess air mixing/blowing into the gaseous emissions or through fresh
water mixing with the effluent before discharge into environment.
**
The value of BOD and COD is 200 and 400 respectively

For Industrial Gaseous Emission
(Mg / NM3, unless otherwise defined)
Sr.
No.
Parameter
Source of Emission
Smoke (1)
Smoke opacity not to exceed
Particulate Matter (2)
Boilers and furnaces:

(i)
Oil fired.
(ii) Coal fired.
(iii) Cement Kilns.
Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers
and related processes,
metallurgical processes, converter
blast furnaces and cupolas
3
4
5
6
7
Hydrogen
Chloride (3)
Chlorine (3)
Hydrogen fluoride (3)
Hydrogen Sulphide (3)
Sulphur Oxides
Existing
Standards
40% or 2
(Ringleman
n scale)
300
500
200
500
Revised
Standards
40%
300
500
200
500
Any.
400
400
Any.
150
150
Any.
150
150
Any.
10
10
Sulphuric acid plant

Others.
400
5000
1700
Page|34
Carbon monoxide
(3)
Any.
800
Lead (3)
Any.
50
10
Mercury (3)
Any.
11
Cadmium (3)
Any.
20
12
Arsenic (3)
Any.
20
13
Cooper (3)
Any.
50
14
Antimony (3)
Any.
20
15
Zinc (3)
16
1.
2.
800
50
10
10
20
20
50
20
Any
200
200
Nitric acid manufacturing Unit
3000
400
Gas fired.
400
Oxides of Nitrogens
Oil fired
600
400
Coal fired
1200
Based on the assumption that the size of the particulates is 10 micron or more.
In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants
operating on oil or coal as fuel shall, in addition to national Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standard.

Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Ambient Air Requirements (NEQS)
A. SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Sulphur Dioxide Background Levels (g/m3)
Standards
Background Air
Annual
Average
(g/m3)
Max. In 24 Hour
Interval
(g/m3)
Criterion I
Criterion II
Max. SO2 Emission

(Tons/day/Plant)
< 50
< 200
500
Max. Allowable
Ground Level
Increment To
Ambient (One year
average, g/m3)
50
Low
50
200
500
50
High
100
400
100
10
> 100
> 400
100
10
Quality (SO2
Basic)
Unpolluted
Moderately
Polluted*
Very Polluted**
* For intermediate values between 50 and 100 g/m3) liner interpolations should be used
** No project with sulphur dioxide emissions will be recommended
Page|35
3.2.2.
Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development

The Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development is the main
federal level government organization responsible for protection of the environment and
resource conservation and is headed by a federal minister. The Ministry works in
collaboration with the PEPC and the federaland provincial Environment Protection
Agencies (EPA).
3.2.3.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The EPA is headed by a Director General and has wide ranging functions as given in
PEPA 1997. These include preparation and co-ordination of national environmental policy
for approval by PEPC, administering and implementing PEPA 1997 and preparation,
revision or establishment of NEQS. The EPA issued regulations regarding the
environmental assessment procedures known as Review of IEE and EIA Regulations,
2000 in order to give a firm legal status to the IEE and EIA. The jurisdiction of the EPA is
applicable to the following projects:
3.2.4.
On federal land
Military projects
Involving trans-country impacts, and
Bearing trans-province impacts.
Provincial Level Institutions

Each provincial government has its own provincial EPAs and EPDs, which are the
provincial level counterparts of the EPA. The provincial EPAs are formed by the respective
provincial governments headed by a Director General who exercises powers delegated to
him by the concerned provincial government. A separate EPA for the Northern Areas at
Gilgit has also been established. The IEE and EIA reports pertaining to projects falling
within the different provincial boundaries and the Northern Areas are submitted to the
relevant provincial EPA and Northern Areas EPA for approval.
3.3.
National Conservation Strategy (NCS)

The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) is the principal policy
document for environmental issues in the country which was developed and approved
by the Government of Pakistan on 1st March 1992. The NCS works on a ten-year
planning and implementation cycle. It deals with fourteen core areas, as follows:
maintaining soils in cropland
increasing irrigation efficiency
protecting watersheds
supporting forestry and plantations
restoring rangelands and improving livestock
protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries

Page|36
conserving biodiversity
increasing energy efficiency
developing and deploying material and energy renewables
preventing and abating pollution
managing urban wastes
supporting institutions for common resources
integrating population and environmental programmes
preserving the cultural heritage
3.4.
Environmental Legislation
3.4.1.
Environmental Protection Act, 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 is the basic legislative tool empowering
the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The act is
applicable to almost all environmental parameters such as air, water, soil, and noise
pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous wastes. The Act provides the framework
for protection and conservation of species, wildlife habitats and biodiversity, conservation
of renewable resources, establishment of standards for the quality of the ambient air,
water and land, establishment of Environmental Tribunals, appointment of Environmental
Magistrates, IEE and EIA approval. Penalties have been prescribed for those contravene
the Act.The key features of the Act have a direct bearing on the proposed project
requirement for an Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact
Assessment for development projects.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
delegated the power of review and approval of environmental assessments to the
provincial environmental protection agencies. The proposed Kaigah Hydropower Project
is located in the KPK province under the jurisdiction of the EPA KPK.
The following are the key features of the Act that have a direct bearing on the project area:
Section 11 (Prohibition of Certain Discharges or Emissions) states that Subject to the

provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made thereunder, no person shall
discharge or emit, or allow the discharge or emission of, any effluent or waste or air
pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the
National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS).
Section 12-I (Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact

Assessment) requires that No proponent of a project shall commence construction or
operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an IEE or, where the project is
likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an EIA, and has obtained from
the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof.
Section 12-2b (Review of IEE and EIA): The Federal Agency shall review the
Environmental Impact Assessment report and accord its approval subject to such
conditions as it may deem fit to impose, or require that the Environmental Impact
Page|37
Assessment be re-submitted after such modifications as may be stipulated or rejected,

the project as being contrary to environmental objectives.
3.4.2.
Section 14 (Handling of Hazardous Substances) requires that Subject to the

provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat,
dispose-off, store, handle, or import any hazardous substance except (a) under a
license issued by the Federal Agency and in such manner as may be prescribed; or (b)
in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any
international treaty, convention, protocol, code, standard, agreement, or other
Instrument to which Pakistan is a party. Enforcement of this clause requires the EPA
to issue regulations regarding licensing procedures and to define hazardous
substance.
Section 15 (Regulation of Motor Vehicles): Subject to provision of this clause of the Act
and the rules and regulations made thereunder, no person shall operate a motor
vehicle from which air pollutants or noise are being emitted in an amount,
concentration or level which is in excess of the NEQS, or where the applicable
standards established under clause (g) of subsection (1) of Section-6 of the Act.
Section 17 (Penalties): Whoever contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of

section 11, 12, 13, or section 16 or any order issued there under shall be punishable
with fine which may extend to one million rupees, and in the case of a
continuing contravention or failure, with an additional fine which may extend to one
hundred thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention or failure
continues: Provided that if contravention of the provisions of section 11 also
constitutes contravention of the provisions of section 15, such contravention shall be
punishable under sub-section (2) only.
Section 18 (Offences by Bodies Corporate): Where any contravention of this Act has
been committed by a body corporate, and it is proved that such offence has been
committed with the consent or connivance or, is attributed to any negligence on the
part of, any director, partner, manager, secretary or other officer of the body corporate,
such director, partner, manager, secretary or other officer of the body corporate, shall
be deemed guilty of such contravention along with the body corporate and shall be
punished accordingly.
EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000

The EPA prepared the regulations during 2000 for Review of IEE and EIA under the
powers conferred upon it by the PEPA.These regulations categorize development projects
for IEE and EIA into three schedules: Schedules I and II and III. Projects are classified on
the basis of expected degree and magnitude of environmental impacts and are included in
different schedules. The projects listed in Schedule-I include those where the range of
environmental issues is comparatively narrow and the issues can be understood and
managed through less extensive analysis. Schedule-I projects require an IEE to be
conducted, rather than a full-fledged EIA, provided that the project is not located in an
environmentally sensitive area.
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The projects listed in Schedule-II are generally major projects and have the potential to
affect a large number of people in addition to significant adverse environmental impacts.
The impacts of projects included in Schedule-II may be irreversible and could lead to
significant changes in land use and the social, physical and biological environment. Dams
and reservoirs with a maximum storage volume greater than 50 Mm3 or a surface area
greater than 8 km fall under Schedule-II of the IEE-EIA Regulations, 2000.
3.4.3.
National Environmental Quality Standards 2000

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and
have been amended in 1995 and 2000. The following standards are specified therein:
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid

industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities, and the
sea (three separate sets of numbers)
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous emissions

from industrial sources
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (2 parameters) in gaseous emissions

from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles.
The standards apply to liquid effluents from the construction sites, dam area, powerhouse
site and residential areas and to wastewater discharges from workers and other
construction camps, and to project vehicles, especially heavy construction vehicles.
The prevailing NEQS for liquid effluents discharged to inland surface waters and gaseous
emission from industrial sources are provided in Annexure D1. These standards will be
applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment
from the project.
3.4.4.
Land Acquisition Act 1894

This Act is the primary law for acquisition of land and built-up properties for public interest
in Pakistan and also sets out the procedure and rules for acquisition and compensating
the owners, as well as for compensating owners for damage caused to their properties,
crops and trees by a project but it lacks the mechanism to address the complex issues of
resettlement. It comprises 55 sections dealing with area notifications, surveys, acquisition,
compensation, appointment awards, disputes resolution, penalties and exemptions. The
latest revisions and amendments including Land Acquisition Rules were made in 1983.
Presently, the Land Acquisition Act 1894 is applicable throughout Pakistan. The valuation
of land for compensation is governed by sections 23 and 24 of the Act, which include the
following provisions:
Market value of the land at the time of notification of Section 6
Damage sustained by the person interested by taking of any standing crops or trees
Damage sustained by the person at the time of Collector's taking possession of land
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Damage sustained by the person at the time of acquisition of land injuriously affecting
his other property, movable or immovable.
For the Kaigah Hydropower Project compensation for acquisition of land for project
operations and hearing of complaints will be carried out primarily in the light of this Act,
supported by other measures (to be decided in the particular circumstances to suit the
requirements). However, in case a need arises, this Act will be used for this purpose,
supported by other measures as warranted, to fulfil requirements of the World Bank
Guidelines. In the project area mostly land ownership belongs to the community, people
living in valleys have ownership rights on the local rangelands.The community has
unwritten traditional laws for possession, distribution and transfer of assets or the income
of the assets to the original inhabitants of these valleys.
3.4.5.
Project Implementation and Resettlement of Affected Persons Ordinance

2000
The Government has proclaimed an ordinance entitled "Project Implementation and
Resettlement of the Affected Persons Ordinance 2001", later referred to as the
Resettlement Ordinance".This ordinance will be used to safeguard the interests of
persons and groups involuntarily displaced from the existing places to new resettlement
areas.This ordinance establishes that the resettlement of the involuntarily displaced
persons is done as a matter of right and not by way of charity or any such sentiment, also
the PAP will be accepted as special groups, who in the interest of the project
haveaccepted and undergone involuntary displacement.
3.4.6.
Antiquities Act 1975

The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of the cultural resources of Pakistan.
All the archaeological sites, artefacts, historical carvings, historical monuments, temples,
shrines, old graveyards etc. come under the cultural property.The Act is designed to
protect "antiquities" from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and
export.The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and
empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavationin any area which is of
archaeological significance. Under this Act, it is understood that all project proponents are
obliged to:
3.4.7.
Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected areas without

permission of the competent authority
In case any antiquities have been found or reported in any project area it will be the
responsibility of the proponent to report to the department of Archaeology,
Government of Pakistan.
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority Act 1958

The Act provides for the unified and coordinated development of the water and power
resources of Pakistan.This Act authorizes WAPDA to develop water and power resources
in the country through construction and operation of water storages and power houses,
and erecting electrical transmission lines with powers and obligations of a licensee under
the Telegraphy Act of 1910.This act also establishes policy for land acquisition and
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compensation, as well as the degree of liability of WAPDA for damages sustained by

landowners or others.
3.4.8.
The Telegraphy Act 1910

This act was promulgated for the installation of telegraph poles and lines.This Act makes
provision of installing poles and towers without acquiring any land.However, provision is
also made for temporary acquisition of land during the construction period. As such,
compensation is made for the loss of crops for a specific period.
3.4.9.
Labour Laws
Labour laws in Pakistan are governed by several legislative tools. However, the principal
labour rights are provided by the constitution of Pakistan.The following articles enforce key
labour rights:
Article 11 of the constitution prohibits all forms of slavery, forced labour and child
labour
Article 17 provides for a fundamental right to exercise the freedom of association and
the right to form union
Article 18 prescribes the right of its citizen to enter upon any lawful profession or
occupation and to conduct any lawful trade or business
Article 25 lays down the right to equality before the law and prohibition of
discrimination on the grounds of sex alone
Article 37 (e) makes provisions for securing just and human conditions of work,
ensuring that children and women are not employed in vacations unsuited to their age
or sex, and for maternity benefits for women employment.
In addition to constitutional rights, Act and Ordinances have been enforced for limiting
working hours, minimum working age, and conditions of employment.
3.4.10. Penal Code 1860

The Pakistan Penal Code deals with offences where public or private property and/or
human lives are affected due to the intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or
body of people. In the context of the environment, the Penal Code empowers local
authorities to control noise, toxic emissions and disposal of effluents (NEQS enforced
by EPAs supersede the application of this legislation to industries and municipalities).
3.4.11. Local Government Ordinance 2001

This Act empowers the Government of Pakistan and provincial governments to enforce
laws for land use; conservation of natural vegetation; air, water, and land pollution;
disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents; and public health and safety, including
some provisions for environmental protection.
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3.4.12. Regulations of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948
This Act provides regulatory procedures for the quarrying and mining of construction
material on public as well as private lands.
3.4.13. Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965

The Motor Vehicles Ordinance of 1965 of Punjab was extended to the whole of Pakistan in
1978. The ordinance deals with the powers of the Motor Vehicle Licensing Authorities and
empowers other related agencies to regulate traffic rules, vehicle speed and weight limits,
and vehicle use, to erect traffic signs, and to prescribe special duties of drivers in case of
accidents. It also prescribes powers of police officers to check and penalize traffic
offenders. At the same time, the ordinance also empowers the regional transport authority
to operate as a quasi-judicial body at district level to monitor road transport, licensing
requirements, and compensations for deaths or injuries to passengers on public carriers.
3.4.14. Factories Act, 1934

The clauses relevant to the project are those which concern health, safety and welfare of
workers, disposal of solid wastes and effluents, and damage to private and public
property. The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and disposal of toxic
and hazardous materials. As construction activity is classified as industry, these
regulations will be applicable to the project construction contractor.
3.4.15. Highways Safety Ordinance 2000

This ordinance includes provisions for licensing and registration of vehicles and
construction equipment; maintenance of road vehicles; traffic control offences, penalties
and procedures; and the establishment of a police force for motorways and national
highways to regulate and control the traffic as well as keep the highways clear of
encroachments.
3.4.16. Explosive Act, 1884

Under the Explosives Act, the project contractors are bound by regulations on licensing,
handling, transportation, storage and using explosives during quarrying, blasting, and
other purposes.
3.4.17. Wild Life Act 1975

The Wild Life Act is an Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to protection,
preservation, conservation and management of wildlife in the country.
3.4.18. The Forest Act, 1927 and Later Amendments

This Act establishes the right of the Government to designate areas for reserved forest,
village forest and protected forest, and may acquire such areas for prohibiting or restricting
the public use of the resources or other activities. There are a few orchards and other
trees, but no forests in the primary or secondary impact zone of the Kaigah Hydropower
Project area.
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3.4.19. Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949

This Act prohibits cutting or lopping of trees along roads and canals planted by the Forest
Department, without permission of the Forest Department.
3.4.20. The Local Government Ordinance, 2001

Section 93 of this Ordinance pertains to environmental pollution, under which the local
councils are authorized to restrict causing pollution to air, water or land. They may also
initiate schemes for improving the environment. The Local Councils of the project area
have been consulted for their views on the project interventions, and mitigation being
proposed for the likely impacts.
3.4.21. Draft National Forest Policy 2001

A draft of the National Forest Policy was prepared in 2001 which is also applicable to the
KPK. It emphasizes the sustainable use of natural resources with community participation
and recommends that timber harvesting be used for poverty alleviation.It also aims to
rehabilitate the environment.
3.5.
Environmental Assessment Procedures

The EPA has published a set of environmental procedures and guidelines for carrying out
environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of
development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the Kaigah Hydropower Project
are listed below, followed by commentson their relevance to the proposed project.
3.5.1.
Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental

Assessments
These guidelines define the policy context and the administrative procedures that will
govern the environmental assessment process, from the project pre-feasibility stage to the
approval of the environmental report.
3.5.2.
Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports

These guidelines on preparation of environmental reports address project proponents, and
specify:
The nature of the information to be included in environmental reports
The minimum qualifications of the EIA consultant
The need to incorporate suitable mitigation measures into every stage of project
implementation
The need to specify monitoring procedures
The terms of reference for the reports are to be prepared by the project proponents
themselves. The reports must contain baseline data on the project area, a detailed
assessment thereof, and mitigation measures.
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3.5.3.
Guidelines for Public Consultation

The guidelines deal with possible approaches to public consultation and techniques for
designing an effective programme of consultation that reaches out to all major
stakeholders and ensures the incorporation of their concerns in impact assessment.
3.5.4.
Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas

The guidelines identify officially notified protected areas in Pakistan, including critical
ecosystems, archaeological sites, etc., and present checklists for environmental
assessment procedures to be carried out inside or near such sites. Environmentally
sensitive areas include, among others, archaeological sites, biosphere reserves and
natural parks, and wildlife sanctuaries and preserves.
The guidelines state that the approach recommended in the document should extend to
areas near such sensitive and critical sites, although the term vicinity is not explicitly
defined. Since there are no other sensitive areas within or near the project area, these
guidelines will not apply.
3.5.5.
Sectoral Guidelines: Major Sewerage Schemes

This guideline identifies and explains issues that should be addressed for a sewage
collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal system. The guidelines primarily
address the issues associated with domestic sewage but are applicable to the Kaigah
Hydropower Project. The guidelines should be consulted during planning and designing
the disposal of sewage from the contractors camps, offices and colonies at the dam and
powerhouse sites.
3.5.6.
Solid Waste Management Policy

This policy was promulgated by PEPA in collaboration with JICA in 2000, which aims to
facilitate control on waste by providing the principles of good waste management and
reducing waste at source. The guidelines should be consulted during planning and
designing the disposal of solid waste from contractors camps, offices and colonies.
3.5.7.
KPK Province
As the dam site and all of the reservoir area falls into the province of Khyber Pakhtun
Khwah (KPK). At the Provincial level, the KPK holds all the required administrative powers
regarding land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced people of any
development project. For the Kaigah Hydropower Project various government
departments at Federal, Provincial and District level will interact and collaborate for
implementation of the project. One of the prerequisites which will require immediate action
relates to the handling of environmental issues. The construction of the Kaigah
Hydropower Project will require that all land and immovable assets located upstream of
the dam axis and lying below reservoir level will need to be acquired. The project area is
mainly covered within the administrative jurisdiction of District Administration of District
Kohistan, in the Khyber Pakhtun Khwah(KPK) province.
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The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 with its amendments will need to be applied for
acquisition of the land. Other land based assets will be acquired according to the rules and
regulations applicable for acquiring such assets.
The Government of the Khyber Pakhtun Khwah functions under the provisions of the
Constitution of Pakistan (1973). The Province has a Provincial Assembly with 124 elected
members, constituent of 99 Regular seats, 22 seats reserved for Women and 3 seats for
Non-Muslims. The Provincial Assembly elects the Chief Minister of the Province who
forms a Cabinet of Ministers to look after various Departments. The Chief Minister is the
Chief Executive of the Province. The Federal Government appoints a Governor for the
Province.
The bureaucratic machinery of the Province is headed by a Chief Secretary who
coordinates and supervises functions of various Departments headed by Departmental
Secretaries. In the KPK the person in charge of the Planning & Development Department
is the Additional Chief Secretary who reports to the Chief Secretary. All the Secretaries of
different Departments are assisted by Additional Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Section
Officers and other staff. The Departments may have attached Departments and
autonomous or semi-autonomous bodies to look after various functions.
Since 2001, a system of elected District Governments has been introduced in the KPK.
The Province is divided into 24 districts. The Districts are headed by a Zilla Nazim (District
Nazim) assisted by a District Coordination Officer (DCO), who is in charge of the District
bureaucracy. In a District the functions are devolved further to the Tehsil, Town and Union
Council Governments as a part of the local Government system. Each District has an
elected Zilla Council, elected Tehsil, Town and Union Councils who look after various
activities at their respective levels. At District level a District Police Officer looks after the
Law and Order and he reports to the Zilla Nazim. Each District has a Public Safety
Commission which addresses public complaints against the Police. There is a Provincial
Police Officer who is in charge of the police system at the provincial level.
3.6.
Major Items of Pakistan Environmental Legislation

(Source: Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures, Pakistan EPA, Islamabad)
SECTOR
Environmental
Protection
Land Use
LEGISLATION
The Pakistan Penal Code (1860)

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, No. XXXIV of 1997
The Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act (1952)
The Punjab Soil Reclamation Act (1852)
The West Pakistan Agricultural Pests Ordinance (1959) and Rules
(1960)
The Islamabad (Prevention of Landscape) Ordinance (1966)
The Punjab Development Cities Act (1976)
The Balochistan, NWFP, Punjab and Sindh Local Government
Ordinance(s) (1979/80)
The NWFP Salinity Control and Reclamation Act (1988)
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The Canal and Drainage Act (1873)
On Farm Water Management and Water Users Associations
Ordinance (1981)
Indus River Water Apportionment Accord (1991)
Statutory Notification S.R.R. 742 (1993)

The Motor Vehicles Ordinance (1965) and Rules (1969)
Noise
The Motor Vehicles Ordinance (1965) and Rules (1969)
Toxic or Hazardous

The Explosives Act (1884)
The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance (1971) and Rules (1973)
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, No. XXXIV of 1997
The West Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance (1961)

The NWFP Fisheries Rules (1976)
The Punjab Forest (sale of timber) Act (1913)

The Forests Act (1927).
The NWFP Hazara Forest Act (1936)
The West Pakistan Firewood and Charcoal (Restrictions) Act 1964
The Punjab Plantation and Maintenance of Trees Act (1974)
The Cutting of Trees (Prohibition) Act (1975)
The NWFP Management of Protected Forests Rules (1975)
The NWFP (Conservation and Exploitation of Certain Forests in
Hazara Division) Ordinance (1980)
The NWFP Forest Development Corporation Ordinance (1980)
The Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act of 1949
Water Quality and

Resources
Air Quality
Substances
Solid Waste and
Effluents
Marine and
Fisheries
Forest Conservation
Parks and Wildlife

Conservation
Protection
The West Pakistan Ordinance (1959)

The Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and
Management) Act (1974) and Rules (1974)
The NWFP Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and
Management) Act (1975) and Rules (1976)
Northern Areas Wildlife Preservation Act (1975)
The Pakistan Plant Quarantine Act (1976)
Islamabad Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and
Management) Ordinance (1979/80)
Export and Control Order (1982)
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Mineral
Development
The Regulation of Mines and Oil-Fields and Mineral Development

(Government Control) Act (1948)
Cultural
Environment
Livestock
The Antiquities Act (1975)

The Punjab Special Premises (Prevention) Ordinance (1985)
West Pakistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance (1959)
The Grazing of Cattle in Protected Forests (Range Lands) Rules
(1978)
Pakistan Animal Quarantine (Import and Export of Animals and
Animal Products) Ordinance (1979/80)
Resettlement
Public Health and

Safety
Land Acquisition Act 1894

Project Implementation and Resettlement Ordinance
The Telegraphy Act (1910)
The West Pakistan Water & Power Act (1958)
The Electricity Act IX (1910)

The Public Health (Emergency Provisions) Ordinance (1944)
The West Pakistan Epidemic Diseases Act (1979/80)
3.7.
International Policies and Guidelines for Project Financing

Due consideration has been given to current and future compliance of the Project with
applicable environmental and social guidelines and safeguard policies that reflect
international good practice. International funding agencies, such as the World Bank and its
private sector investment arm, the International Finance Corporation, have well developed
guidelines for conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). International
guidance and regulations considered relevant to this project include:
3.7.1.
World Bank OP 4.00 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies.
International Finance Corporation Policy and Performance Standards on Social and

Environmental Sustainability, 2006
Equator Principles, 2006
International Finance Corporation: OP 3.37 Safety of Dams 1996
International Standards Organization (ISO), ISO 14001
Environmental Management Systems Specification with guidance for use, 1996
International Treaties.
Operational Policies of the World Bank

The World Bank relevant Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) which have
been consulted are briefly discussed below:
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Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 (Environmental Assessment): Operational Policy (OP)

4.01 lays down the procedure and guidelines for conducting Environmental
Assessment (EA) including the aspects to be considered in the EA, public consultation
and information disclosure procedures. It also provides environmental screening
guidelines for placing projects into various categories such as A, B, C & Fl
Annex-A (Definitions): This Annex defines some terms that are frequently used in
Environmental Assessment (EA) reports
Annex-B (Content of an Environmental Assessment for a Category-A Project): This

Annex provides the contents of an Environmental Assessment Report for a Category-A
project. It is also stated that the order of items in a report may differ from the given
format. The present report is prepared in accordance with Annex B
Annex-C (Environmental Management Plan): This document describes the contents of

an Environmental Management Plan, and also discusses its main components such as
mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures including capacity development and
training, as well as the implementation schedule and costing of the suggested
measures. The present report has attempted to fulfil recommendations of this Annex.
Operational Policy (OP) 4.04 (Natural Habitats): This OP explains the Banks
precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for
environmentally sustainable development, and supports the protection, maintenance,
and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions. Since there are no habitats of
wildlife in natural or semi-natural state within or near the project area, this OP will not
apply
Operational Policy (OP) 4.10 (Indigenous Peoples): This OP describes the Banks
policy of ensuring that any development project must fully respect the dignity, human
rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples.There are no distinct,
vulnerable, social and cultural groups in the project area which could qualify as
indigenous according to this Policy, so no Social Assessment, or preparation of an
Indigenous Peoples Plan is required
Operational Policy Plan (OPN) 11.03 (Management of Cultural Property in Bank

Financed Projects): This OPN deals with the Banks policy on cultural properties
including site structures and remains of archaeological, historical, religious and
aesthetic values. There are no cultural or archaeological resources in the vicinity of the
Project, hence this OPN is not triggered
Operational Policy (OP) 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement): This document provides the
Banks guidelines relating to involuntary resettlement of population dislocated by the
Project.The Bank recommends that involuntary resettlement should be avoided.
Where resettlement is unavoidable, it should be handled as a sustainable development
project. The affected persons should be engaged in meaningful consultation,
properly compensated and resettled.The document also identifies the need for a
Resettlement Plan, an abbreviated Resettlement Plan or otherwise.
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A Resettlement Action Plan will be prepared as a separate document, describing various

categories of people affected, their entitlement framework for compensation, to address
cases of loss of income, and relocation of shelters.
3.7.2.
The World Bank Guidelines for Project Financing

The principal World Bank publications which contain environmental guidelines and are
relevant to the project are listed below:
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production (World

Bank, 1997)
Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and CrossSectoral Issues (World Bank, 1991)
Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume II: Sectoral Guidelines. Technical

Paper140. (World Bank, 1991)
Operational Directive (OD) 4.01: Environmental Assessment (World Bank, 1991).
The World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebook" covers environmental issues

relating to development in most sectors.It contains special sections on dams and
reservoirs and on irrigation and drainage. Apart from providing information on the Bank's
policies and procedures it gives general information on potential environmental impacts.
Updates are issued from time to time. The Sourcebook is particularly useful if financial
support is required from the World Bank. The World Bank Operational Directive (OD 4.01)
on Environmental Assessment describes the Bank's policy and procedures in respect of
EIA at regional, sectoral and project levels.
In addition to these documents there are several other World Bank operational policies
and directives, such as those on environmental assessment, natural habitat,
involuntary settlement and cultural property that provide guidelines for environmental
assessment.
3.7.3.
Asian Development Banks Guidelines

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) could be a potential funding institution for the
proposed project. The environmental assessment requirements of the ADB are clearly
laid out in their Environmental Assessment Guidelines of 2003 and available on the ADB
website. Under the ADB classification system any dam or reservoir is classified as a
Category A, as is any project requiring relocation of people. Category A requires a full EIA
to be carried out and the formats for reporting are clearly given in Appendix 2 of the 2003
ADB Guideline. The section headings for an EIA report are given and for a
Summary EIA report maximum page lengths for each section are prescribed. The ADB
also produce sector guidelines for environmental assessment and rapid environmental
assessment checklists, including one for hydropower.
3.7.4.
Equator Principles 2006

The Equator Principles are a voluntary set of guidelines for managing environmental and
social issues in project finance lending, developed by leading financial institutions. The
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Equator Principles apply globally to development projects in all industry sectors with a
capital cost of USD 10 M or more; most apply to projects in non-OECD or OECD countries
not designated as high-income.
The Equator Principles, developed in close consultation with IFC, are a series of ten
principles relating to the environmental and social assessment and management of
development projects under consideration for finance. They require commercial banks to
categorize the risk of a project in accordance with the environmental and social screening
criteria of the IFC which determine the type of environmental assessment required. Both
Category A and B projects require a Social and Environmental Assessment to determine
the social and environmental impacts and risks of a proposed project in its area of
influence. The Equator Principles established a list of issues to be addressed as part of
the EIA and require consideration of IFC Safeguard Policies for projects located in low to
middle income countries. Host country laws and regulations must be applied, in addition
to the guidelines established in the World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement
Handbook, and IFC environmental, health and safety guidelines.
As part of the environmental and social assessment process, a project is required to
consult in a structured and culturally appropriate way with project affected groups,
including indigenous peoples and local NGOs, or projects with significant adverse
impacts on affected communities, the consultation process must ensure free, prior and
informed consultation for the entire project process. The concerns of communities need to
be adequately incorporated into the project. Appropriate procedures to receive and
address concerns or grievances must be established.
Action Plans are required which draw on the conclusions of the assessment describe and
prioritize measures for managing impacts and risks. An independent expert review is
required for Category A projects and as appropriate for Category B projects.The Equator
Principles incorporate covenants to comply with relevant legislation, comply with the
Action Plans, provide regular reporting, and decommission facilities according to an
agreed upon plan. Independent environmental or social advisors may be appointed for
monitoring and reporting.
The Equator Principles require the Social and Environmental Action report to address:
Assessment of the baseline environmental and social conditions
Requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international

treaties and agreements
Sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources
Protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered

species and sensitive ecosystems
Use of dangerous substances
Major hazards
Occupational health and safety and other labour-related issues

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Fire prevention and life safety
Socio-economic impacts
Land acquisition and land use
Involuntary resettlement
Impacts on affected communities, indigenous peoples and communities
Cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future
projects
Consultation and participation of affected parties in the design, review and

implementation of the project
Consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives
Efficient production, delivery and use of energy
Pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air
emissions) and solid and chemical waste management.
The Equator Principles are based on the environmental and social standards of the IFC
and reflect inBank Safeguard Policies and Operative Procedures.
3.7.5.
IFC Performance Standards

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) in its project review processes integrates
environmental and social components, e.g. in assessment and action plan development.
IFC broadens the definition of social impact assessment from identification and mitigation
of adverse impacts to include a sustainable development component. Thus, impacts and
opportunities that enhance the well-being of people living and working in the direct area of
influence are encouraged. The IFCs 2003 Good Practice Note for Addressing the Social
Dimensions of Private Sector Project provides guidance for identifying and assessing
project-related social issues. The socio-economic chapter will reflect this guidance.
In April 2006, IFC published its Policy and Performance Standards on Social and
Environmental Sustainability. There are eight performance standards addressing:
Social and environmental assessment and management systems
Labour and working conditions
Pollution prevention and abatement
Community health, safety and security
Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement
Biodiversity conservation and sustainable nature resource management
Indigenous peoples
Cultural heritage.
Page|51
3.7.6.

The World Commission on Dams (WCD) was set up in 1998 by the World Bank and the
World Conservation Union (IUCN).
The mandate of the commission is to conduct an independent review of the development
effectiveness of large dams, to assess alternatives and to develop practical guidelines for
decision-making.
The key recommendations of WCD include:
3.8.
Before a decision is taken to build a new dam, outstanding social and environmental
issues from existing dams should be addressed, and the benefits from existing
projects should be maximized
All stakeholders should have the opportunity for informed participation in decisionmaking processes related to large dams through stakeholder forums. Public
acceptance of all key decisions should be demonstrated. Decisions affecting
indigenous peoples should be taken with their free, prior and informed consent
The project should provide entitlements to affected people to improve their livelihoods
and ensure that they receive the priority share of project benefits (beyond
compensation for their losses).
Affected people include communities living
downstream of dams and those affected by dam-related infrastructure such as
transmission lines and irrigation canals
Affected people should be able to negotiate mutually agreed and legally enforceable
agreements to ensure the implementation of mitigation, resettlement and development
entitlements
The project should be selected based on a basin-wide assessment of the river

ecosystem and an attempt to avoid significant impacts on threatened and endangered
species
The project should provide for the release of environmental flows to help maintain
downstream ecosystems.
International Treaties and Conventions

Pakistan is a signatory to a number of international environment related treaties,
conventions, declarations and protocols, such as the Rio Declaration 1992, the
Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the Ramsar
Convention 1971, etc., which have to be checked for their relevance to a project.In view of
the low sensitivity of the project area with no habitats of wildlife, and the limited
interventions of the project, no international convention or treaty is likely to be violated.
The following are the relevant international treaties and conventions to which Pakistan isa
party:
Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 1979
International Plant Protection Convention, 1951

Page|52
Convention on Wetlands of International importance especially as Water fowl Habitat,

Ramsar, 1971 and its amending protocol, Paris, 1982
Convention concerning the Protection of World Culture and Natural Heritage (World
Heritage Convention), 1972
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora(CITES), Washington, 1973
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Montreal, 1987
Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, 1992
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
Table 6: Major International Conventions and Treaties Signed By Pakistan

Sr.
No.
Treaty /
Convention
The Convention on
Biological Diversity
Brief Description
Pakistan signed this convention in 1992. The objective of this
convention is the conservation of biological diversity, the
sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources, including those by appropriate access to genetic
resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies,
taking into account all rights over those resources and to
technologies and by appropriate funding.
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of

Wild Animals (CMS), 1979, requires countries to take action to
avoid endangering migratory species. The term "migratory
The Convention on
species" refers to the species of wild animals, a significant
Conservation of
Migratory Species of proportion of whose members cyclically and predictably cross
Wild Animals 1979 one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are
also required to promote or co-operate with other countries in
matters of research on migratory species.
Pakistan is a signatory to the said Convention. The principal
obligations of contracting parties to the Convention are:
The Convention on
Wetlands of
International
Importance, Ramsar
1971
To designate wetlands for the List of Wetlands of

International Importance.
To formulate and implement planning so as to promote
wise use of wetlands, to carry out EIA before
transformations of wetlands, and to make national wetland
inventories.
To establish nature reserves on wetlands and provide
adequately for their wardening and through management
to increase waterfowl populations on appropriate wetlands.
To train personnel competent in wetland research,
management and wardening.
To promote conservation of wetlands by combining farPage|53
sighted national policies with coordinated international

action, to consult with other contracting parties about
implementing obligations arising from the Convention,
especially about shared wetlands and water system.
To promote wetland conservation concerns with
development aid agencies.
To encourage research and exchange of data.
So far 9 sites in Pakistan have been declared as wetlands of

International Importance or Ramsar Sites (WWF Pak 2000).
None of these wetlands is located within or in close vicinity of
the project area.
Convention on
International Trade
of Endangered
Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora
(CITES) 1973
This convention came into effect in March 1973 at Washington.

In all 130 countries are signatory to this convention with
Pakistan signing the convention in 1976.
The convention requires the signatories to impose strict
regulation (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen
etc.) regarding trade of all species threatened with extinction or
that may become so, in order not to endanger further their
survival.
The red list is published by IUCN and includes those species
that are under potential threat of extinction. These species have
been categorized as:
IUCN Red List 2000
3.9.
Endangered: species that are seen to be facing a very

high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future,
reduction of 50% or more either in the last 10 years or
over the last three generations, survive only in small
numbers, or have very small populations.
Vulnerable in Decline: species that are seen to be facing
a risk of extinction in the wild, having apparent reductions
of 20% or more in the last 10 years or three generations.
Vulnerable: species that are seen to be facing a high risk
of extinction in the wild, but not necessarily experiencing
recent reductions in population size.
Lower Risk: species that are seen to be facing a risk of
extinction that is lesser in extent that for any of the above
categories.
Data Deficient: species that may be at risk of extinction in
the wild but at the present time there is insufficient
information available to make a firm decision about its
status.
International and National Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

International environmental and conservation organizations, such as the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF),
have been active in Pakistan for some time. Both these organizations have worked closely
with the government and have played an advisory role with regard to the formulation of
environmental and conservation policies. In the eight years since the Rio Summit, a
number of national environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have also
Page|54
been formed, and have been engaged in advocacy and, in some cases, research. The
most prominent national environmental NGOs, such as the Sustainable Development
Policy Institute (SDPI) and Shirkatgah, are members of the Pakistan National Committee
of IUCN. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has also been active
for some time.
As mentioned earlier, environmental NGOs have been particularly active in advocacy and
promoting sustainable development approaches. Much of the governments environmental
and conservation policy has been formulated in consultation with leading NGOs, who have
also been involved in drafting new legislation on conservation.
Page|55
4.
BASELINE CONDITIONS
This section provides baseline data (physical, biological and socio-economic parameters)
related to the project area. Information provided is both quantitative and qualitative and is
based on secondary and primary data collected, site field visits and desk studies.
A baseline consists of the existing environmental and socio-economic and cultural status
of the project area. The baseline information and indigenous knowledge is required for
scoping potential environmental issues associated with the implementation of the project.
On the basis of baseline information, the project interventions are assessed and mitigation
measures are proposed. The baseline information also helps to indicate the specific
issues to be monitored during project execution as well as during operational phase.
The anticipated environmentally impacted area would consist of following:
Karrang and Birti villages near dam axis
Thauti village near powerhouse location
Reservoir area containing Karrang, Birti and Dong
Catchment are as of major perennial streams and nallah sentering the Kandiah river
upstream and downstream from the damsite (from the upstream end of the reservoir
and down stream to the confluence of the TWL with the Kandiah river).
4.1.
Physical Environment
4.1.1.
Physiography
The project area is located in Kohistan District of Pakistan in province of KPK.
Geologically, the project site is located in the Kohistan Island Arc which lies between
Indian crustal plate to the south and the Asian plate to the north. These mountain ranges
belong to the Karakoram-Himalayan region in which the project is located, comprising the
Karakoram Range, the Kailas range, and the Hinduraj range. The area generally consists
of rugged and precipitous terrain classified as alpine scrub zone and is characterized by
substantial snowfall at higher altitudes (near dam axis) in winter.
The dam site is not a site of settlement as it has developed in relatively steep alluvial and
debris flow fan deposits
4.1.2.
Climate
The climate of the catchment is characterized by cold snowy winter and relatively pleasant
summer. The high areas of the catchment are permanently clad with snow and glaciers.
The climate data in Kandiah valley is very scarce. One station in Indus valley with limited
climatologically record is located at Chilas. The nearest station to project area with long
term climatic data record is located at Besham.
The project area is generally affected by two large-scale meteorological phenomena: The
influence of the westerlies mainly during the winter period causing a precipitation
maximum in March and monsoon effects, leading to a second precipitation maximum in
Page|56
July/August. Mean annual precipitation at the stations south of the project area range from
1100 mm to 1600 mm. As the monsoon influence is declining northwards, summer
precipitation on the leeward side of the Karakorum and Himalaya foothills is less
pronounced. In the upper Indus valley, north of the project area, no monsoon rainfalls
occur and summer is extremely dry (mean annual precipitation 300-400 mm)
The two types of precipitation climate are illustrated by the long-term average of monthly
precipitation observed at Shinkiari and Naran. Both stations are located close to the
project area with a distance of less than 100 km between them. Besham Qila west of
Palas shows influences of both climate types.
Air temperature and snow conditions very much depend on the elevation of the considered
sub area. In the lowest parts of the catchments mean monthly temperatures vary between
approximately 5C in February and 25C in June, with daily maxima up to 40C. In the
highest parts above 5000 m average temperature is always below zero.
Due to the high elevation most of the catchment is snow covered from December to May.
Snowmelt is also the governing factor for runoff, which reaches a maximum in May and
June. Runoff peaks due to monsoon rainfalls typically occur in July and August.
Table 7: Long Term Climatic Stations in the Region
Station
4.1.3.
Period
of
Record
Elevation
(m.a.s.l)
Latitude
345530
352810
725255
723540
Longitude
Mean Annual
Rainfall(mm)
Besham
1971-2003
Kalam
1966-2003
610
2744
Shahpur
1964-2004
2012
345500
724000
73
113
Chilas
1954-2006
1070
345415
733840
19
Astore
1954-2004
2363
345415
733840
51
Bunji
1954-2004
1340
345415
733840
14
105
Precipitation
Kandiah River descends from the mountains peak at 4917.9 masl and 4999 masl. The
average gradient of Kandiah River in the project area is about 1.8%. The elevation at its
confluence with Indus River is 826 masl.
Along the river, the valley supports clustered and scattered population centers on both the
banks.
There are a number of tributaries that joins the main stream to form Kandiah River. These
streams include: Sami Khwar (584 km2), Maidain Khwar (419 km2), Bangroan Khwar (284
km2), Soyal Khwar (98 km2) and Seri dara (327 km2). Kandiah River is joined by a few
tributaries from either bank.
Page|57
The catchment area of the nullah at its confluence with Indus River is about 2408 km2 and
up to dam site, it is 1800 km2. The catchment area of Kandiah River is illustrated in Figure
above.
Mean Annual rain fall varies from 666mm in 2001 to 1503mm in 1992. The average of
mean annual rain fallis 1000mm over a period from 1970 to 2004. The monthly rain fall
varies from 39.6mm in November to 327.5mm in July.
From November to May, during the winter period the precipitation is mainly brought by the
western disturbances. The precipitation during this part of the year is approximately 690
mm. During summer period, i.e., from June to October, the precipitation in the catchment
is induced by the monsoon rainfall and averages to about 844 mm.
Page|58
4.1.4.
Temperature
One meteorological station with long record of temperature is located at Besham at a
distance of about 100 km from the project area.The data has been collected from the
SWHP WAPDA for the period 1971 to 2003 in order to get the maximum and minimum
temperatures on monthly and yearly basis.
Page|59
22.2
23.3
30
27.8
28.0
35
33.3
36.7
37.2
39.4
40.0
33.3
40
Temperature ( C)
42.0
Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Besham

45
20.6
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Besham
The elevation at Besham is about 530 m.a.s.l and upto Dam site in Kandiah valley, the
elevation is 1500 m.a.s.l. The Kandiah valley near Karrang village would have cooler
temperature than Besham by 6 to 8 C. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures are
graphically indicated in Figure - 3.2. The minimum monthly temperature at Besham varies
from 5 C in January to 22.5 C in July and maximum monthly temperature varies from 2042 degrees from winter-summer.
Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Chilas
35.1
28.4
30.9
25.7
Mean Minimum
19.8
20.7
25
15
13.8
14.5
20
12.0
Temperature ( C)
30
Mean Maximum
38.7
37.1
40
35
39.5
45
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Chilas
For Chilas town, climate data was collected from of Pakistan Meteorological Services for
the period from 1953 to 2004.
The variation in temperature pattern is similar to Besham except that Chilas is cooler place
than that of Besham due to higher elevation. Chilas is at El. 1050 m.a.s.l which is closer to
project area elevation. January is the coldest month at the project site, when the
Page|60
temperature drops to several degrees below zero.

experienced in the month of June.
The highest temperatures are
Also, the brief of satellite data obtained from interpolation using the software Meteonorm
7 is presented below and details are attached as Annexure- D2:
Page|61
Page|62
Page|63
However, the interpolated results of this software are best illustrated when compared with
the reference measurements obtained from a nearby meteorological station. Also, the data
obtained from NASA is tabulated as follows:
Page|64
NASA Surface meteorology and Solar

Energy: RETScreen Data
Latitude 35.5 / Longitude 72.9 was chosen

Unit
Climate data
location
Latitude
35.5
Longitude
72.9
Elevation
3005
Heating design temperature
-13.48
Cooling design temperature
20.87
Earth temperature amplitude
25.71
Frost days at site
day
179
Air
temperature
Relative
humidity
Daily solar
radiation horizontal
Atmospheri
c pressure
Wind
speed
Earth
temperature
Heating
degreedays
Cooling
degreedays
kWh/m2/d
kPa
m/s
C-d
C-d
January
-9.1
76.1%
2.58
70.8
5.3
-9.8
835
February
-7.4
78.2%
3.13
70.7
5.2
-7.8
721
March
-2.6
75.4%
4.05
70.8
5.4
-2.5
643
April
2.6
65.7%
5.13
71.0
5.9
3.2
471
May
7.8
53.0%
6.23
71.0
5.4
9.9
325
16
June
13.6
41.9%
7.08
70.8
4.7
17.1
143
102
July
16.3
42.6%
6.96
70.8
4.5
20.6
70
180
August
15.5
45.9%
6.23
70.9
4.6
19.3
86
161
September
11.7
44.2%
5.56
71.1
5.4
14.6
191
60
October
5.5
49.0%
4.41
71.2
6.6
7.0
380
November
-0.2
56.5%
3.27
71.2
6.2
0.1
535
December
-6.0
69.8%
2.44
71.0
5.3
-6.6
732
Annual
4.0
58.2%
4.76
71.0
5.4
5.4
5132
520
Month
Page|65
4.1.5.
Geology
The project site is located in the Kohistan Island Arc. The area lies between Indian crustal
plate to the south and the Asian plate to the north. These mountain ranges belong to the
Karakoram-Himalayan region in which the project is located, comprising the Karakoram
Range, the Kailas range, and the Hinduraj range.
The Kohistan sequence is believed to be the remnants of an island arc formed during the
collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates from Cretaceous time through Palaeogene. This
process resulted in the accumulation of a 40-km-thick sequence of mafic, ultramafic,
intermediate calc-alkaline layered plutonic and volcanic rocks, and some metasedimentary and sedimentary rocks. This sequence is considered as the only complete
vertical section of an intra-oceanic island arc presently exposed anywhere in the world.
Figure 4.1 shows the Kohistan Island Arc bounded by the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT)
in the north and west (Northern Suture) and by the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) to the south
and east (Southern Suture). The regional geology of the Karakoram-Himalayan region in
northern Pakistan is divided into three different tectonic units:
The Eurasian Plate;
The Kohistan Sequence;
The Indian Plate.
These three tectonic provinces have distinctly different lithologies and tectonic settings
and are separated by two major branches of the Indus suture (Tahir kheli, et al. 1979;
Treloar, et al. 1996; Khan, et al. 2000). Both branches are marked by the occurrence of a
melange that includes ultramafic rocks and the southern branch also incorporates a
wedge of garnet granulites considered to have re-crystallized at a depth of more than 40
km.
Regional Geological Map is presented in Figure-1.
Page|66
Figure 1: Regional Geological Map
4.1.6.
Seismology
The region (Karakoram-Hindukush and Himalaya), as a whole, has already been under
study for seismic and neotectonic studies for various projects (e.g. Dasu Hydropower
Project, Basha Hydropower Project, Bunji Hydropower Project, etc) and many national and
international researchers. In view of these studies, a lot of literature is already available
that provides the basis for the understanding of the regional tectonic setting and as
guideline for further neotectonic studies and seismic risk analysis.
For the neotectonic studies of Kaigah Hydropower Project, a good basis is provided by the
Geological Map produced by Searle and Asif (1995) and Geological Map of the Jijal- Dasu
Region, Indus Kohistan, NW Pakistan produced by Gerold Zeilinger (2001) which indicate
the various lithological units and faults of the area identified on the basis of geological
mapping conducted along the Karakoram Highway (KKH) and up several tributary valleys,
further supported by satellite image interpretation.
4.1.7.
Landslides, Erosion and Sedimentation

Landslides are very common features in the project area because of the high steep terrain
as shown in Figure-2. Erosion and sediment input to the river is a function of landslides
and riparian erosion processes. There are frequent talus accumulations along the side
slopes of the river. These are typically in a state of stable equilibrium at their current slope
angle and environment, but become unstable when the equilibrium is disturbed. Excess
water and earthquake shakings often triggers landslides.
Page|67
The reservoir will saturate the base of several talus slopes and could increase the risks of
landslides and sedimentation. Some of the talus will require removal, at least above
reservoir level.
Figure 2: Landslide in Project Area
4.1.8.
Land Use
A few human settlements exist on alluvial fans and terraces on either side of the Kandiah
River and its tributaries where water is available for human consumption and agriculture.
The mountains on both sides of the river have steep slopes and many streams and
nallahs join the river in this length. The alluvial fans contain clay silt layer with an
undulated topography over hard bedrock.The available flat land is used for residential
purposes as well as for agriculture and grazing for cattle, goats and sheep etc.
4.1.9.
Soils
Soils provide moisture, nutrients and a foothold to plants. The soils of the project area are
the most unstable and subject to active water erosion. The intensity, however, depends
upon the vegetation cover and the slope gradient. The mountains on both sides of the
river have steep slopes and hold very little vegetation. Alluvial fan deposits are created as
a result of glaciated materials carried by stream flows or where these streams create
space due to meandering within the valley.
The fertile lands in the project area are located in the fans and the terraces close to
streams and nallahs. All the farmlands and orchards are irrigated by streams as rainfall in
the area is very meagre.
Page|68
4.1.10. Soil Pollution and Contamination

There is no industry, commercial area, poultry farm, vehicular washing lines or any other
source of contaminants in the project area which could cause soil pollution or
contamination through liquid and solid waste generation. The agriculture is practiced on a
limited area and limited farm yard manure is used for crop production. Use of chemical
fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides is also limited. There is no trend of constructing
house toilets with flushing system and therefore no soaking pits exist that could contribute
to soil contamination in the area.
4.1.11. Agriculture
The project area is mountainous with steep slopes, rainfall is low. Irrigation and
agricultural is practiced on very limited scale. The landholding is very small (average 2
acres) and 85% of the farmers obtain only a single crop in a year. Cultivation is done using
the traditional techniques of farming with ploughs pulled by bullocks.
However, the ownership of the land is based on tribal family distributions only. As a whole,
more than 1000 kanal is possessed by Shahbaz Khels of Birti and similarly about 1500
kanal is owned by the tribe of Mula Khel in Karrang.
In the winter season almost all farmers grow maize on a major part of their land. However
some farmers have recently started wheat cultivation (Figure-3). Fodder is also cultivated
to feed the domestic animals. Other crops include tomatoes, peas, beans, cabbage and
capsicum on very limited scale.
Figure 3: Agricultural Fields
Page|69
4.1.12. Livestock
Livestock is one of the major contributors to the local economy of the project area and
comprises native cattle, goats, buffalos, sheep, poultry and donkeys. People of the area
are practice vertical seasonal livestock movement (transhumance) for centuries. The
livestock owners move to higher altitude at the beginning of summer where pastures are
available for their livestock and return to their houses at the start of winter.The main
reasons for moving is limited land and fodder resources in the valley as grazing land and
fuel wood on slopes is limited and does not meet their requirement. Local livestock
products are used for home consumption and also for income generation.
Figure 4: Livestock of Kandiah Valley
Figure 5: Livestock of Kandiah Valley

Page|70
4.1.13. Historic Flows and Flooding in Kandiah River

Daily flow data of Kandiah River at Thauti Bridge is available for the period 1993 to 2001.
Thauti Bridge is located 22 km downstream of proposed dam site for Kaigah Hydropower
Project. The catchment area of Kandiah River at dam and Thuati Bridge is 2040 km2 and
2370 km2. Thauti Bridge varies from 16.77 to 192.96 m3/s for the period from 1993 to
2001. The mean annual flows vary from 52.69 to 78.97 m3/s with mean value as 70.33
m3/s. The mean monthly and mean annual flows of Kandiah River at Thauti Bridge are
presented in following figures.
As sufficient flood data was not available for Kandiah River, therefore long term data of
Kalam has been used to estimate floods of different return periods at Kandiah River,
Annual peak discharges of Kalam hydrological station were obtained and Gumble, Log
pear-III and long normal distribution frequency analysis were applied.
Page|71
The floods obtained in different return periods at Kalam were used to achieve floods at
Kandiah. The results are presented below:
Table 8: Floods at Kandiah River in Different Return Periods
Return Period
(Years)
Floods(m3/s)
407.5
Log PearsonTypeIII
358
Log
Normal
377
554.2
457
465
10
655.1
537
529
25
752.6
656
598
50
879.2
759
648
100
974.2
874
696
200
1073.3
1004
743
1000
1288.6
1432
851
Gumbels
4.1.14. Surface Water

All the settlements are on the banks of Kandiah River or perennial streams (nallahs) and
on both sides of the river. The people use the water of these nallahs for drinking,
household and agriculture purposes. Generally there is shortage of potable water in the
project area as it is very difficult to fetch the river water due to the very steep slopes.
People generally use water from streams and nallahs for drinking, washing and other
domestic purposes.
Results of Water Quality Analysis of Kandiah River are attached as Annexure D3
4.1.15. Air Quality

a) Air
Air quality in the area is good, but there is no permanent environmental monitoring
station in the whole region including the project area. Kaigah HPP Consultants
conducted environmental assessment of Kaigah Hydropower Project Area. The scope
of work includes monitoring of ambient air quality, weather conditions and noise level
monitoring at following locations.
Japan Bridge near KKH
Power House Site near Thuati Village
Dam Site near Karrang & Birti Village.
The ambient air quality was monitored at these locations continuously for a period of
24 hours at each sampling point. The monitoring was conducted from May 21 to May
28, 2013. During the monitoring of ambient air quality, priority pollutants i.e. carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were monitored.
Page|72
The weather data collected comprises of Temperature, Humidity, Wind direction and
wind velocity. The results obtained are given in Table-9. It is evident from the table that
concentration of all ambient air quality parameters are within the limit of NEQS.
During the site visits, it was also observed that ambient air in the area is clean at
present as no heavy industry or other source of air pollution exists in the project area.
Smoke is generated through domestic activities, particularly cooking and heating as
wood is a main source of fuel but the smoke emissions are not high as the project area
is not densely populated. However, sometimes there are increased concentrations of
dust and smoke in the project area due to high speed winds. The vehicular movement
data collected through the traffic count survey at three locations in the project area
during February-March 2013 is given in Table-10. This Table shows that presently the
number of vehicles moving in the project area is not high enough to cause a threat to
the air quality.
Table 9: Ambient Air Quality of the Area
Sampling
Points
Nitrogen
dioxide NO2
(mg/m3)
Sulphur
dioxide(SO2)
ug/m
24
24
NEQS
NEQS
hravg
hravg
Thauti
Village
Karrang
Village
Carbon
monoxide
(CO)mg/m
Particulate
matter
(PM10)ug/m
24
hravg
NEQS
24
hravg
NEQS
19
80
20.5
120
1.22
92
250
17.5
80
18
120
1.08
81
250
The potential air quality issues within the project area are associated with the natural
emission of dust. The reservoir area is tectonically active, landslides happens
occasionally and the road becomes blocked. The entire project area is barren and
mountainous and covered with very thin vegetation. Moreover, the catastrophic floods
of 2010 and the earthquake of 2005 have contributed to the destabilization of slopes,
which are subject to frequent landslides resulting in dust emissions.
Table 10: Traffic Countin the Project Area (Average of 24 Hours)
Dates
25-Feb-13
26-Feb-13
27-Feb-13
Loader/
Passenger
Heavy
Tractor
Jeeps
Trucks
Car
Loaders
Trolleys
Pick up
16
1
8
0
0
0
12
0
4
0
0
0
11
0
7
0
0
0
Total
25
16
18
28-Feb-13
16
1-Mar-13
17
24
2-Mar-13
Average/day
15
13
1
0.67
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
19.67
Percentage
66.09
3.41
30.50
100
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b) Noise
The sound level was monitored at same locations where the ambient air quality was
monitored with the help of portable Digital sound meter. The monitoring results are
given in Table-11. The noise levels at different locations were found in range of 43.774.2 dB, which is within the range of NEQS.
Presently there is no industry and any other source of noise pollution in the project
area and only source of noise is associated with vehicular traffic. Traffic vehicles plying
in the area are also very low. Noise level exceeding 85 dB is harmful to the human
health. Excessive noise level damages the eardrum and very high levels damage
human lungs. Continuous exposure to excessive noise causes depression and can
damage the nervous system.
Table 11: Noise Level observed in the Project Area
Sampling Point
Range of Noise (dB)
NEQS (dB)
Thauti Village
37.7 39.2
85
Karrang Village
34.5 37.6
85
c) Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases are those gases (CO2, CH4, O3, CFCs and NO) which contribute to
global warming. The main sources of these gases are industries and vehicles using
fossil fuel as fuel. At present there is no industry in the project area that emits
greenhouse gas (GHG) and vehicles intensity is also very low. The main sources of
carbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are the automobiles being operated in the project
area. The traffic count data (Table 4-3) shows very less number of vehicles running in
the area and thus GHG emissions from these vehicles may not be in a quantity to have
a significant contribution to global warming. Similarly, there is no large volume of
stagnant water body in the project area which could trap significant amounts of organic
matter that could cause emissions of methane or other greenhouse gases.
4.2.
Biological Environment
4.2.1.
Flora
Most of the project area consists of bare rocky mountain and vegetation cover is very
limited and is confined only to settlement areas, agricultural fields, along stream banks,
road sides, and on mountain tops in patches. The mountain and hill slopes bear sparse
vegetation only at joints where soil and moisture are available. The common project flora
is classified into different ecological zones as shown in Table-12. The vegetation of the
area has also been grouped as trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses and fruit trees, whereas,
some common species are shown as pictures in Figure-6.
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Table 12: Vegetation in Project Area

Ecological Unit
Local Name
Scientific Name
Vegetation in settlements
Kikar
Robinia pseudo acacia
Beyu
Salix babylonica
Beyu
Salix tetrasperma
Kikar
Ailanthus altissima
Gunair
Elaeagnusm angustifolia
Kau
Olea ferruginea
Khakie
Juglans regia
Phagwara
Ficus palmata
Wheat
Triticum sp.
Maize
Zeamayz
Barley
Triticum aestivum
Potato
Solanum tuberosum
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum
Tori
Luffa cylindrica
Kikar
Ailanthus altissima
Vegetation in agriculture fields
Vegetation along streams and nallahs Gunair
Vegetation along roadsides
Elaeagnusm angustifolia
Kau
Olea ferruginea
Phagwara
Ficus palmate
Zoon
Artemisia sieversiana
Ispundar
Peganum harmala
Kabair
Capparis spinosa
Kau
Olea ferruginea
Hookaro
Tamarix aphylla
Kabair
Capparis spinosa
Ispundar
Peganum harmala
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Figure 6: Common Plant Species Growing in the Project Area
4.2.1.1. Pastures and Grazing Lands

The project area is generally mountainous and rainfall is meagre. Therefore, pastures and
grazing lands are very limited and are scattered in small patches where the area is
relatively flat. Some pasture is available on top of the mountains adjacent to the project
area. Some people of the project area move to these pastures along with their livestock
during the summer and in the winter they come back again to their original places. The
average number of livestock per household is about 05 to 09 which is relatively lower than
other villages of the region.
4.2.1.2. Endangered, Threatened or Vulnerable Species of Flora

No endangered, threatened or vulnerable species have been recorded in the project area.
4.2.2.
Fauna
Wildlife in the Project area include the marcopolo sheep, ibex, musk deer, wolf, fox, monal
pheasant, snow partridge, chukor, eagles, vultures and falcons. No national park, reserved
area or protected area is located in the project vicinity.
The project area is not very rich in natural fauna because of hilly, bare, dry and hard
climatic conditions but some very special type of wildlife is found on the tops of the hills.
Wildlife and other fauna generally consists of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects,
butterflies, vectors, livestock and poultry, freshwater fish, birds and fowls.
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Biodiversity of is also at lower side except for insects as compared to the surrounding
regions because of the above said reasons.
4.2.2.1. Birds
Birds are not common in the project area due to the specific terrain
characteristics, scattered population and limited agricultural activities. A list of birds
generally found in the area is given in Table 4-6. The project area falls within the Indus
Flyway which is used by a variety of migrating birds, especially duck travelling from
Siberia to Pakistan and India. On their return in spring to Europe, these birds also follow
the Indus north before turning to the west and heading north over Afghanistan to avoid the
high Himalayan mountains. The main migration times are around December when the
southwards migration commences and in April when the flocks again return to the north.
Main migratory birds reported in the project area are Buteorutinus (pintail) Garrulous sp.
(common teal) Nucefragacaryocatactes (coot) Corvusmacrorhynchos (gray heron) and
Troglodytes trogloglodytes (sand piper)
Common bird species are tabulated as follows:
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4.2.2.2. Insects
The Kohistan district is rich in biodiversity of insects including butterflies found in the
project area, particularly during the humid months of July and August. In addition,
caterpillars, bugs, beetles, black bees, weevils, mosquitoes, ants, green aphids, codling
moths, leaf miners, mitts, fruit flies, woody aphids, stray grass hoppers, leaf hoppers,
mealy and woolly bugs, peach leaf curling aphids, scale insects, walnut weevils, blister
mites, and dusky veined aphides are all found in the Kohistan region including the Project
site in Kandiah valley.
There are no endangered, threatened or vulnerable species of fauna present in the Project
area.
4.2.2.3. Protected Areas

A protected area is an area of land dedicated to the protection and maintenance of
biological diversity of natural and associated cultural resources managed through legal or
other effective means. Under Pakistans current provincial and territorial legislation, three
categories of protected areas have been established: Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks,
and Game Reserves, but no such land exists in the project area.
4.2.3.
Aquatic Ecology
The aquatic ecology of the Kandaih River and its tributaries (Birti, Thauti and Karrang)
within the project area has been studied to assess the prevailing aquatic ecology.The
survey has shown that the diversity and composition of aquatic life vary throughout the
system. The prominent aquatic life includes fish, phyto-planktons (spirogyra) and zooplanktons (Paramecium), benthic insects, larvae of mayfly, caddis flies, mosquito larvae,
stone fly and water mite.
The fish species collected included Schizothorax, plagiostomus, Schizopygeesocinus,
Racomalabiata (all of these belonging to Family Cyprinidae), Glyptosternumreticulatum
(Family Sisoridae), and Triplophysa spp. (Family Noemacheilidae).The first three are
commercial species, whereas the remaining two are not. No exotic fish like trout, Chinese
carps etc. were caught.
4.3.
Social and Economic Environment
4.3.1.
Population
The Kaigah Hydropower Project is located in Kohistan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
province. There are four villages (Karrang, Birti, Thauti and Dong) in the project area
which are expected to be affected directly or indirectly by the implementation of the
project. The actual population of these settlements alongwith houses are tabulated as
follows (Table-13):
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Table 13: Population in Affected Villages

Village
Karrang
Birti
Thauti
Dong
No. of Houses
112
58
25
18
Population
520
257
101
58
Karrang, Birti and Dong villages will be directly affected by proposed dam and reservoir of
Kaigah Hydropower Project. The location of proposed powerhouse and ancillary structures
will affect Thauti village.
Complete list of villages and respective population in Kandiah valley is attached as
Annexure- E.
All villages in the project area have a mixture of pacca and kacha houses. Average area of
the housing unit is 15 Marla to 1 Kanal. The area reported included both covered and
uncovered areas. It is pertinent to note that information on housing area may not be
precise as the revenue records were not available to verify the responses.
4.3.2.
Health Facilities
The health facilities are not adequate in the project area. There are Basic Health Units
(BHU) in Karrang, Joshoi and Thauti but due to shortage of qualified staff and medicine
these are not working effectively. The people of Kandiah valley have to travel to Dasu and
Besham for serious illnesses. The civil hospital at Dasu is unable to function properly due
to insufficient power supply, X-ray machine and clinical laboratory.
Lack of adequate medical facilities is the main cause of illness, mortality and infertility. The
common diseases reported from the project area are diarrhea, dysentery, and skin
problems. The main reasons for such diseases are poverty, poor diet and unhygienic living
conditions
4.3.3.
Educational Infrastructure
There are about 20 schools in Kandiah valley out of which 5 schools are middle level, only
one high school and 14 are providing education upto primary level. Also there are 9
religious institutions i.e. Madrassah which are somehow contributing to the educational
requirements of the local children.
There is no school available for girls education at all and above-mentioned boys schools
are also highly under-staffed and lack the basic infrastructure like propoer buildings and
furniture.
A very few number of students move to other towns and cities to acquire college education
or higher as thers is no such facility available in Kandiah valley.
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5.
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

MEASURES
5.1.
General
Determining the significance of impacts identified is one of the main purposes of an EIA
and it enables the identification of necessary mitigation and a determination of
environmental and social costs associated with the Project. Environmental and social
impacts of any project are identified taking into account all phases of the project cycle,
including planning, construction, operation and decommissioning. The environmental
issues and impacts of a project depend upon the nature of the project activities, and the
types and extent of interventions involved. It is not easy to predict the future and assign a
relative value or overall significance to an impact, since every impact has a different and
multi-dimensional nature, and also because it involves personal and subjective judgment
for many attributes. An environmental or social impact can be either beneficial or adverse
and is assessed by comparing the quality of the existing environment with the predicted
quality of the environment once the project is in place.
This EIA identifies the impacts likely to arise as a result of construction and operational
activities and assesses the likely magnitude of the impact in order to provide some
indication as to which impacts are likely to be most significant. A full determination of the
significance of the identified impacts, based on an assessment of the magnitude in relation
to the sensitivity of the receiving environment has been formed part of the EIA. The impact
assessment has been based on that environmental checklist developed in the light of the
guidelines of World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as given in
following Table-14.
Table 14: Environmental Checklist
Component
Water
Land
Climate
Atmosphere
Social
Environmental Issues
Water availability
Water quality
Erosion sedimentation
Floods river bed morphology
Land submergence
Geology and seismology
Land severance due to Reservoir
Climate change
Micro-climate
Dust
Noise
Air quality
Population
Demography
Land ownership
Social cohesion
Social attitude
Gender and age
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Economic
Human use
Cultural
Fauna
Flora
5.2.
Income
Employment
Land value
Resettlements
Livestock
Fisheries
Cultivation
Transport and communication
Recreation
Lifestyle
Historical and archaeological
Sites
Aesthetics
Wildlife
Fish
Bird
Reptiles
Forests and trees
Other terrestrial Vegetation
Aquatic vegetation
Impact Assessment Procedure

In order to describe the significance of an impact it is important to distinguish between two
concepts: sensitivity and magnitude. As far as possible the sensitivity and magnitude of
the impact are described with reference to legal requirements, accepted scientific
standards or accepted impact assessment practice, and/or social acceptability. Where no
known published standard criteria exist for determining the magnitude of effects,
established professional criteria and best practice techniques are used and clearly
described
5.2.1.
Sensitivity
Sensitivity is generally site specific and criteria are developed from baseline information
gathered. The sensitivity of a receptor is determined based on review of the population
(proximity/numbers/vulnerability), presence of biological features of the site or the
surrounding area, soil, agricultural suitability, geology and geomorphology, existing air
quality, presence of any architectural and historic heritage, landscape etc. Sensitivity,
relates to the value, importance and tolerance of an environmental resource or receptor
and should take into account where possible stakeholders views and public acceptability.
Sensitivity can be categorized as high, medium, low, and negligible to the assessment of
receptor sensitivity.
5.2.2.
Magnitude
The assessment of magnitude is undertaken in two steps. Firstly the key issues
associated with the project are categorized as being either adverse or beneficial.
Secondly, beneficial and adverse impacts are then further subdivided into major,
moderate, minor or negligible based on consideration of the parameters listed below:
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duration of the impact
spatial extent of the impact
reversibility
likelihood, and
Legal standards and established professional criteria.
In order to make the report as meaningful and useful as possible, an attempt has been
made to describe each impact in the following terms: positive impacts refer to beneficial
effects and negative impacts refer to harmful effects on e.g. natural resources, human
beings and economy. In addition, it is the aim of the EIA to categorize the magnitude of
impacts identified according to the categories outlined in Table 5-2
5.3.
Impacts During Construction Phase

During the construction phase of the project most of the impacts identified are of a
negative nature but some of them will be temporary and will vanish with the completion of
the Project.
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5.3.1.
Impacts on Topography
The project area consists mainly of hilly terrain with steep slopes having some patches
and strips of flat land being used for settlements and agriculture. Some residents have
converted the gentle slopes into terraces, where crops are grown and orchards are raised.
The interventions of the proposed Kaigah Hydropower Project are not likely to impact the
topography of the area on a large scale except for those areas which will be submerged in
the reservoir and where the physical activities of excavation, digging and movement of
heavy machinery will take place. Similarly, areas where excavated material from tunnels
will be disposed, dumped or stored will be negatively affected. This impact can be
considered as a negative impact with moderate magnitude.
Mitigation
The impact on land to be submerged in the reservoir is unavoidable and irreversible and
cannot be mitigated, but mitigation for the nuisance expected to be created by excavated
material is given in detail under Section 5.3.6.
5.3.2.
Impact of Seismicity
The project area lies near the edges of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Therefore
it is considered part of an active seismic zone having high seismic potential. In past the
epicenters of a large number of earthquakes were located in this region. In October 2005
an earthquake of very high intensity (7.8 Richter scale) hit the area and disturbed the area
to a significant extent. No change (+/-) in the impact of seismology risk of the area is
expected during the project construction phase as none of the project activities is
expected to be of such a powerful extent to influence the tectonic risk. However, the high
seismic potential of the region can disrupt the project construction activities at any time
during construction phase of the project.
Mitigation
All structures to be built must be designed giving maximum allowance to seismic factors.
A very careful analysis of the situation will be required during the design stage of the
project by specialist consultants.
5.3.3.
Impact on Geology
Almost all project interventions involve extensive excavation of natural rocks, cutting of
formations, moving and dumping of spoil. During tunnels excavation and some other
operations, extensive blasting of the formation will be required. All these activities will
disturb the existing stable geological formations and consequently physical features of the
local geological formations of the project area will be damaged at some places, which is a
negative impact of minor magnitude.
Mitigation
All these activities are an integral part of the project interventions and cannot be avoided.
Blasting should be minimized where possible (near the surface) and, if unavoidable, low
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power explosive should be used and a greater number of blasts with low power material
may be preferred instead of high intensity single blasting.
In case of implementing TBM procedures for excavation of tunnels, special care must be
taken in order to assess the gravity of the impacts generated or foreseen.
5.3.4.
Impacts on Landslides
Landslides are common in the project area due to the high steepness, common seismic
activities and unstable geological formations on both sides of the river. Due to the project
activities, especially blasting of rocks in some areas, the formation will become loose and
the risk of landslides will increase in the immediate vicinity of the construction sites, which
may be considered as a minor negative impact of the project.
Mitigation
Minimize blasting of formations and, if unavoidable, then use low intensity explosive if
possible.
5.3.5.
Impacts on Land Use

GIS maps have been prepared using satellite data of 0.6 m resolution which has identified
and quantified agricultural land, infrastructure and building units existing in the potential
area under the reservoir and other working places. In general, the present land use of the
area is expected to change considerably during the construction phase of the project. The
total area expected to be submerged between the upper limit of the reservoir and the dam
is estimated to be 125 ha. On both sides of the reservoir, there are steep and bare
mountains. Almost the whole area to be submerged is presently uninhabitable having no
human settlements and is not even suitable for agriculture except for a very small part of
the village Karrang and Birti.
Mitigation
The significant negative impact in the form of the area to be submerged under the
reservoir is unavoidable and resettlement of the inhabitants will be done on a well-defined
pattern illustrated in this document.
5.3.6.
Impacts of Excavated Material

It is estimated by the Kaigah Hydropower Project Engineers that during construction of the
project a very large quantity of excavated material is expected to be generated from the
project activities. It is planned to excavate a 7.4 m diameter headrace tunnel 17.2 km
long from the dam to the powerhouse, one main access tunnel, diversion tunnel, one 4.2
km long tailrace tunnel and channel and an underground powerhouse and other
structures. As these tunnels will be driven from both sides (dam and powerhouse)
excavated spoil material will require dumping at both ends of the tunnels near the dam
and near the powerhouse. Unplanned disposal may create environmental degradation of
the area and environmental issues of significant adverse impacts can emerge during
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construction of the project. The nuisance created by excavated material will be a major
negative impact of the project.
Mitigation
To reduce the negative impacts of excavated material: firstly, the emphasis should be to
reduce the volume of material requiring disposal and, secondly, to dispose it in
environmentally friendly way. The following measures are proposed in this respect:
5.3.7.
As far as disposal on the dam site are aisconcerned, some of the spoil can beused for
construction of upper and lower coffer dams and other project related structures. To
reduce the volume of spoil requiring disposal, one option could be to increase the
width of the cofferdams
To make the dam site easily accessible form ovement of heavy machinery and for
large number of vehicles (per hour/per day), it will be necessary to improve, upgrade
and widen the existing road from Kandiah Bridge to the dam site (28km). Some of the
spoil can beused for widening of this road.
The spoil can be dumped at various places along the river between the dam and
powerhouse sites. There are many places along this length along the river where spoil
can be dumped without narrowing the river section. A special purpose survey to
identify the exact points can be conducted during the design stage of the project.
Part of the excavated material on the powerhouse site can be used for making
aggregate required for project construction and for the development of infrastructure
such as roads and filling of natural depressions
At the powerhouse site, within the colony area, the material can be dumped as a manmade hill(s) at any suitable place(s) to be identified during construction phase,
levelled and covered with a mixture of sand easily available from the river for
improving the vegetation in the area. Initially, native bushes and grasses can be
planted and, with the passage of time, some natural vegetation will grow and cover the
whole spoil dumps, which will increase the greenery and enhance the aesthetic
scenery of the project colony area.
Impacts on Infrastructure
The maximum reservoir level of the reservoir has been fixed at El 1500 masl and details of
the infrastructure to be affected require moving or need compensation due to the
implementation of the project is shown in Annexure F1 & F2. Most of the damage is
centred on the village of Karrang and part of the village Birti in addition to Dong which also
falls within the reservoir limit in addition to Thauti village which is located near to proposed
powerhouse site. The remaining part of the Karrang and Birti village which will not be
directly submerged into the reservoir, is located very near to the periphery of the reservoir
and on a highly unstable formation, and will require relocation from the present place. The
displacement of these villages will be the major negative impact of the project.
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Mitigation
Damage to infrastructure will be compensated at market rate. The PAP of the village of
Karrang, Birti, Dong and Thauti will be given the option to obtain full compensation at
market rates for all sorts of damage or to get the land plus construction cost to build the
house at any proper place near the project area. The potential sites for relocating PAP
have been identified and are shown on AnnexureF5. The PAP will be offered a special
package(s) in the light of prevailing government policy. The detail of the compensation
package(s) will be provided in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to be prepared
separately at design stage of the project.
5.3.8.
Impacts on Climate
The interventions planned during the construction of the Kaigah Hydropower Project are
given in Chapter 2. No impact on climate of the whole project area is expected, either
positive or negative, during the construction phase. Project construction involves large
scale activities including the movement of different types of light and heavy traffic, working
of heavy machinery, blasting of rocks, operation of batching and mixing plants and the
presence of large numbers of people in the area. Due to all these activities, it is expected
that the microclimate of the project area (surrounding the dam site and powerhouse site)
will deteriorate significantly.
Mitigation
The deterioration in the local climate during the construction phase will be of a temporary
nature and will disappear with the completion of the project. However, some measures to
minimize the impacts on air quality mentioned under Section 5.3.14 will also be helpful to
mitigate the impacts on micro climate of the area.
5.3.9.
Impacts on Hydrology
During the construction stage, there will be only minor changes in the hydrology of the
river except in the area between upper and lower cofferdams. The flow from upper side of
cofferdam will be diverted to downstream of the lower cofferdam through diversion tunnels
and thereafter flow in the river will flow in the historic pattern. The adverse impact may be
considered as of negligible magnitude.
Mitigation
No mitigation is required as impact is unavoidable and very minor in nature.
5.3.10. Impacts on Surface Water

During the construction stage, no impact on quantity and quality of the surface water is
envisaged as the entire water supplies available in the river will be diverted from the upper
cofferdam to the river from the diversion tunnels and the reafter, water in the river will flow
in the normal water course.
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Mitigation
No mitigation is required as impact is unavoidable and very minor in nature.
5.3.11. Impacts on Sedimentation

During the construction stage, the overall sedimentation rate will remain almost the same
up to the dam site, but it will change significantly below the dam site due to physical
disturbance in the upper surface, geology and disorder of the top layer because of
movement of heavy traffic, dumping of the excavated material (excavated material will
range from dust to big stone size material) and other project related activities.The impact
is considered as negative but of short duration and of minor magnitude.
Mitigation
This impact is unavoidable due to the nature associated with project activities, which will
disappear with the completion of the project and no mitigation is required.
5.3.12. Impacts on Flooding

Flooding of the river at the dam site is not a common feature although some floods of high
intensity are recorded in the past e.g. the unprecedented outburst floods of 2010. As river
water from the upper cofferdam will be passed through diversion channels, there is
chance that these tunnels could not accommodate the flows in any abnormal year. In such
cases, flood-water can overtop or breach the cofferdam and damage the partially
constructed civil works and lower cofferdam.
Mitigation
The diversion tunnels must be designed to pass maximum historic flow of the river at the
dam site and the height of the upper cofferdam should be fixed keeping in view the historic
flood height at dam site.
5.3.13. Impacts on Groundwater

During construction stage, no impact on groundwater is envisaged as the flow of water will
continue as such without any storage.
5.3.14. Impacts on Air Quality

The project activities during construction at both dam and powerhouse sites will involve
large movements of heavy diesel operated machinery and vehicles which produce more
noise and generally emit more smoke. Similarly, various levels of noise and air pollution
are expected to be generated from construction machinery and equipment, working of
heavy earth moving machinery, drilling, blasting operations, concrete mixing, pouring
equipment and stone crushers etc. All these activities will become major sources of noise,
smoke and dust pollution. High noise and air pollution level if not mitigated will cause
major adverse health impacts on workers on the project site and on local communities
living in surrounding areas. The pollution in the air in the form of dust, vehicle exhaust,
particulate matter, aerosols, smoke and gases will increase besides an increase in noise
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pollution. The impact on air quality is considered as short duration negative impact of
moderate magnitude.
Mitigation
All sources of air quality deterioration will be for short duration, temporary in nature and
associated with project construction activities, which will end with the completion of the
project. The contractors and sub-contractors must be held responsible through special
clauses in the tender documents to strictly follow the following measures:
Use of new and good condition old vehicles which emitless quantity of smoke
Regular tuning and maintenance of vehicles and other machinery
Avoid blasting to the maximum level but where necessary make the moderate intensity
blasting instead of heavy intensity and blasting must be during day time.
5.3.15. Impacts on Agriculture and Vegetation

Agriculture in the project area is practiced on a very limited scale on scattered flat patches
and on contour strips developed by the farmers with their own efforts and resources. The
main source of irrigation in the area is the snow melt water diverted from streams towards
crops, orchards and fields. No irrigation is practiced from river water in any part of the
project and no impact on agriculture is expected during the construction phase of the
project.
5.3.16. Impacts on Terrestrial Flora

The project area has very thin vegetation cover due to the special features of the terrain
i.e. poor rainfall and steep mountains with very little soil cover. There are few plant
communities in the reservoir area and natural forests are located at high altitude.
Construction workers have the potential to greatly increase pressures on resources used
within the project area if allowed to cut trees for fuel consumption. During construction
stage, the impacts on flora and their habitat will be of two types:
Damage to flora during construction activities by vehicles and machinery,

establishment of camps and permanent structures etc
The clearance of the reservoir from all types of vegetation is necessary to reduce the
emission of large quantities of methane (CH4) which is a greenhouse gas. Clearance
of the reservoir area from all types of vegetation before filling with water will be
required. Methane gas is produced due to the decomposition of organic matter in the
water in anaerobic conditions. Almost all existing trees and other vegetation within the
reservoir limit (below El 1500 masl) will be required to be felled before filling of the
reservoir at the end of construction phase. It is estimated that approximately 300 trees
will have to be felled. Some shrubs, bushes and grasses in addition to trees identified
will also be submerged by the reservoir. No endangered, threatened or vulnerable flora
species exist in the reservoir area. The medicinal plants grow at higher elevations.
There is scanty growth of bushes on both the left and right banks of the river in the
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project area. The felling of a large number of trees is a major negative impact of the
project.
Mitigation
Cutting of trees falling within the reservoir limit is unavoidable and the following measures
are proposed to reduce the negative impact of tree felling:
Dumping of construction materials should be avoided where large number of terrestrial

trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses and fruit trees are found
The dumping must be focused on points where there is no vegetation
For mitigating the impact of trees felling from the reservoir area, the project proponent
will be responsible for planting twice the number of native species of plants in the area
along the periphery of the reservoir, on flat lands where available, along the river and
streams from the dam site to powerhouse site. Plants will be removed before filling of
reservoir but replanting of new plants can be started from the time of the beginning of
the construction period so that new plants can be come almost the same size at the
time of cutting of trees.
5.3.17. Impact on Terrestrial Fauna

The impacts on fauna will result from the physical clearance of the reservoir and
disturbance and degradation of habitats around the main construction sites resulting from
increased worker population and improved access. Construction activities will generate
moderate to major impacts to Fauna within the project area in particular at the
powerhouse, dam site, tunnel route and quarrying areas.Blasting and tunneling in
particular will cause loud shocks and vibrations that are likely to affect habitats and wildlife
in surrounding of the project area.The ability of wildlife species to move out of construction
areas will depend on the availability of suitable alternative habitats, access to those
habitats, and rapid mobility required to avoid construction clearance activities.
Most of the faunal species identified during the baseline study are restricted along the
higher altitudes along the Project area and, during the winter, only few mammal species
have been reported in the proposed reservoir area. Sometimes some mammals come
down from the uplands in search of food. Construction activities will disturb the migratory
route of mammalspecies. However, this will be a minor impact as the construction area of
the reservoir is limited; animals could adopt alternate routes located upstream or
downstream of the dam and reservoir sites.The increased human population in the area
may exert stress on the animal population through activities such as hunting and
poaching.
Birds are not present in large numbers in the project area. During the construction phase,
it is expected that some birds will leave the area due to blasting, noise of vehicles and
machinery and enhanced human movement. All these measures have the potential to
affect sensitive species. During the breeding period, damage to nests and eggs could also
occur.
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There will be significant impacts on insects during construction phase, as large number of
insects in the construction areas will be killed due to the project activities. It is assumed
that some insects would move to similar habitats in the neighborhood. In the temporary
labour camps, the numbers of insects would grow due to the availability of water, sewage
water and solid waste disposal areas.
During construction works, it is possible that amphibians and reptiles would escape and
find new habitats. On the other hand, growth of reptiles in and around labour camps is
expected to increase due to the availability of water (fresh water and sewage) and nutrition
(insects and garbage). In particular those amphibians and reptiles will be adversely
affected who are more sensitive to noise, vibration, and light during night. Reptiles along
roads and near settlements are killed frequently even under present traffic conditions.
This may be expected to increase due to increased traffic during the construction period.
Overall, the construction activities will generate impacts of negative nature on all types of
fauna but of moderate magnitude.
Mitigation
Almost all impacts will be of a temporary nature, which will end with completion of the
project. Dumping of construction materials should be avoided in areas where mammals,
amphibians, reptiles and birds settle. Contractors will have to select suitable dumping
areas by considering only those locations which have less chances of faunal habitation.
5.3.18. Impacts on Aquatic Life

During the construction phase, very nominal impact on aquatic life is expected as there
will be no change in flow patterns in the river (except of the river section between upper
and lower cofferdams). The impact can be taken as of negligible magnitude.
5.3.19. Involuntary Resettlement

Involuntary resettlement means physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and
economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income
sources or means of livelihood) as a result of any project. No large scale displacement is
involved in the Kaigah Hydropower Project as the area is not densely populated and only
Karrang, part of Birti, Dong and Thauti villages with an approximate population of 900 to
1000 persons will have to be relocated. The impact of dislocation of population of these
four villages is one of the major negative impacts of the project.
Mitigation
In real sense the mitigation to displacement of people from the native places is not
possible. It is a big social issue associated with the implementation of the project.
However, in recognition of the sacrifice accepted by the PAP, the said population will be
relocated to a safe place where a model village will be established for them or they will be
given the choice of obtaining compensation at the market rate and then relocate to a place
of their choice. Potential sites for resettlement have been identified and are shown on
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Annexure- F5. A Resettlement Action Plan to safeguard the rights of PAP and to ensure
their complete and comprehensive rehabilitation and to restore their livelihoods and living
standard will be prepared at the design stage of the project.
5.3.20. Impacts on Employment Opportunities

At present employment opportunities in the project area are very limited.There are no
industries in the area and people are obliged to travel far away to other parts of the
country for work. It is estimated that thousands of skilled and unskilled workers will be
required once the construction period is started which will last for a few years depending
on the construction schedule of the project. Most of the skilled manpower will be from
other parts of the country, but the majority of local employees will be engaged in the
unskilled and semi-skilled sectors. Employment generation impacts during the
construction period are to be considered as major positive impact of the project.
Enhancement
The contractors of the project components will be bound legally through contract
agreements to engage 80% unskilled labour from Kandiah valley or Kohistan. Preference
should also be given to any local skilled and semi-skilled manpower if available.
5.3.21. Impacts on Regional Safety and Health

Whenever there is sudden influx and congestion of people at any place from other areas,
it may contribute to adverse effects on the community health, safety and security due to
the interactions of people and their behaviour.There is always potential for such social
impacts as incidences of accidents, social conflicts, theft and spread of communicable
diseases.
Mitigation
The contractors must be bound to establish workers camps sufficiently away from the
settlements of local people. During construction, the project areas need to be bordered by
a fence to safeguard life and property. The fence needs to ensure that community
members are completely aware of the Project as an entity, and any unidentified passage
by a community member into the area could not be only unsafe, but also considered
trespassing. As appropriate, any warning signs related to safety and security should be
produced in local languages. An appropriate security system must be in place to control all
access routes to the site.
5.3.22. Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety

There is a tendency for the construction sector to be unregulated with respect to
occupational health and safety. Additionally, unskilled and even some skilled construction
workers may be illiterate and not necessarily informed or familiar with the protective
measures to be adopted during work. Due to poor or insufficient occupational health and
safety measures and facilities, there are risks of the outbreak of diseases and risk of
accidents in workers camps as well as at work places.
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Mitigation
The proposed Project Environmental and Social Management Unit (PESMU) will be
required to take care of occupational health and safety requirements of the project.
PESMU can employ a part time qualified occupational safety officer during the
construction phase.The contractors will need to carry out risk assessments and then
develop site and project specific Health and Safety Management Plans to prevent
accidents, injuries and work-related diseases.
The main measures include carrying health screening of workers, identifying potential
hazards to workers, particularly those that are life-threatening, providing preventive and
protective measures for hazardous conditions or substances; training and equipping
workers with information and personal protective equipment (PPE) with the aim of
preventing accidents, injuries or diseases and of minimizing hazards, documenting
and reporting occupational accidents, diseases and incidents and to develop emergency
prevention, preparedness and response arrangements.
It is recognized that poor labour management practices, for instance frequent and long
overtime and lack of legally required minimum wages, combined with a lack of adequate
occupational health and safety focus can lead to accidents. Providing satisfactory and safe
working conditions will promote the ability of the labour force to achieve tasks without
undue delays and discontentment, which can have financial ramification.
5.3.23. Impacts on Resources

Construction workers will need their daily supplies in the project area. This could
potentially negatively affect the existing resource base and cost for firewood, food, goods,
water and fish as well as create considerable amounts of waste. Both community
members and construction workers will be affected by resource constraints and changing
prices and are considered sensitive socio-economic receptors, because of their limited
purchasing power and state of poverty which could be affected by these impacts. These
impacts are considered to be negative and of minor magnitude.
Mitigation
Mitigation measures will be needed to ensure that the project site is managed in a manner
that is socially responsible and reflect sound environmental management practices. With
respect to resource use, the Contractors will be expected to develop a plan and budget for
providing workers with fuel for cooking and heating, water for cooking and cleaning, food
supplies, and hygienic sanitation facilities for collecting and disposing rubbish, including
construction waste.
5.3.24. Impact of Roads Traffic

In July 2010, devastating torrential floods have caused a significant loss on existing road
on right bank of Kandiah River. The road from Kaigah Bridge to Dam site washed away
leaving small patches. The proposed Dasu reservoir will extend from Dasu dam site,
located about 7 km north of Dasu Bridge to the toe of Diamer Basha Dam proposed about
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74 km further on the north. The portion of existing path from Kandiah Bridge to dam site
will be submerged in Dasu reservoir requiring its construction on the higher level.
Moreover, the road from Kandiah Bridge to dam site will have to be constructed in order to
materialize the project.
Mitigation
The upgrading of the KKH is already under consideration by the government. It is hoped
that the upgraded KKH will be available by the time the project is started. It includes the
connection of Kandiah valley with KKH on the right bank of River Indus. Road within the
Kandiah valley (28 km) will be constructed to implement the project.
Care must be exercised for the safe transport of raw materials and the transport and
disposal of waste. The contractors should not be allowed to use products that fall under
hazard classified by the WHO as pesticides. Project vehicles and equipment will be
maintained properly and project related traffic will be required, as a minimum, to travel at
not more than the speed limit.
5.3.25. Impacts on Communication

The existing local roads network of the area is very poor. During construction, a number of
additional local access roads and bridges will be required to facilitate construction works.
The proposed locations for the headrace tunnel and main access tunnels are currently
inaccessible at the dam site on left side of the river and will require new bridges and
roads. Potential impacts at localized construction sites could include competition for
access routes, where possible existing access routes such as bridges should be
maintained and used solely for local traffic. Impacts of the enhanced road network and
improved communication facilities in the project area are considered to be a major positive
impact of the project as local inhabitants will also use the same infrastructure.
Mitigation
No mitigation is required as impacts are of positive nature.
5.3.26. Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology

No site of archaeological and historical importance has been identified in the project area.
So no mitigation measure is required.
5.3.27. Impacts on Women and Indigenous Peoples

Construction of the project may affect access of local people to their traditional migratory
routes, and may reduce safe passage not only for the nomadic people but also for their
animal herds. During the construction phase, changes in their routes may disturb grazing
patterns and pastures for their herds and migratory routes and trade activities.
Construction of the Kaigah Hydropower Project is likely to encourage inward migration of
unskilled and skilled workers during the construction phase. While some of the shepherd
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communities may try to benefit from the employment opportunities, the increase in
localized population density is likely to increase interaction among the migrant and
sedentary population which may create some psychological disturbances, for instance
feelings of insecurity about sustaining each the cultural identity of each group.
Mitigation
The impacts described above will occur during the construction period and are reversible
once the project is complete. Efforts will be made by the PESMU to inform and consult the
leaders and elders of the community about the project, especially regarding mobility and
access through the construction areas. Their access and mobility requirements will be
accommodated by providing rights of way and access through the construction zone in
such a way that women and girls feel comfortable. Efforts will be made to ensure, and
where necessary improve, water availability in the dry season for shepherds, human and
livestock consumption.
5.3.28. Summary of Construction Stage impacts

Summary of construction stage impacts are given in Table -15.
Table 15: Summary of Construction Stage Impacts
Category
Positive
Topography
Seismicity
Geology
Land sliding
Land use
Excavated material
Physical infrastructure
Climate
Hydrology
Surface water
Sedimentation
Flood
Ground water
Air quality
Agriculture
Terrestrial flora
Terrestrial fauna
Aquatic life
Involuntarily resettlement
Employment opportunities
Regional health
Occupational health
Resources
Increased road risk
Impact
Negative
No
Intensity
Major
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Minor
Moderate
Minor
Moderate
Moderate
Minor
Minor
Major
Minor
Minor
Moderate
Minor
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Communication
Heritage and archaeology
Tourism
Women and indigenous people
5.4.
Moderate
Impacts during Operation Phase

During the operation phase, most of the impacts of the project on the environment of the
area will be of a positive nature and negative impacts will be much less as compared to
the construction phase.
5.4.1.
Impact of Seismicity
The project area lies near the edges of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates and is
considered as part of a seismically active zone. In the past, the epicenters of a large
number of earthquakes were located in this region. In October 2005 an earthquake of very
high intensity (7.8 Richter scale) hit the area and disturbed the area to a significant extent.
The construction of very large structures such as the dam and reservoir may enhance
seismic activity in the area which can adversely affect the dam structure, headrace
tunnels, main access tunnel, diversion tunnels and other structures as well as public and
private property besides the loss of human life.
Mitigation
As the project is situated in an active seismic zone, continuous monitoring of the
behaviour of faults will be required during the operation stage and contingency plans to
deal with such a situation must be part of the project management. Instruments to monitor
seismic activity must be installed at the time of construction.
5.4.2.
Impacts on Geology
During operation of the project the seepage from the reservoir will significantly impact the
geology of the area. The seepage water will saturate the formation below and along the
reservoir and soluble minerals from the rocks will dissolve in the water. Some solution
channels may develop in the formation making the formation more pervious.
Mitigation
It is difficult to check or reduce the seepage from the reservoir, but seepage rates will
reduce with the passage of time when most of the pores and openings in the bed and
along the surface of the reservoir will be blocked with silt. A continuous monitoring system
will be required during operation of the project to monitor the changes in groundwater level
and chemistry of ground water.
5.4.3.
Impacts on Landslides
It is expected that landslides will increase substantially along the reservoir due to seepage
of water in the beginning when the reservoir is first filled with water. The seepage of water
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will make the formation loose and unstable and the chances of sliding due to rainfall,
abnormally high and low temperatures and due to seismic activities will increase. The
phenomenon will become less common with the passage of time as formations more
prone to sliding will wear out. The major impact of these landslides will be a reduction in
the storage capacity of the reservoir. However, as compared to the total volume of the
reservoir, reduction in storage will be very nominal and also part of this sliding matter will
pass from the reservoir during annual flushing. This impact may be considered as a minor
negative impact.
Another significant impact of the project due to landslides will be the risk of sliding of the
formation on which the village of Karrang is located. This impact will be a major negative
impact of the project.
Mitigation
As no mitigation is possible to check either the seepage or any resulting landslide,
Karrang village will be relocated to any suitable place before completion of the
construction phase. Some potential sites have been identified and are shown on
Annexure- F5, where sufficient space is available for resettlement of PAP who will be
given the choice to get cash compensation for the assets lost and to move to any other
place of their own choice. More details on rehabilitation aspect will be provided in the RAP
to be prepared separately as standalone document at the design stage.The impact of
sliding will reduce with the passage of time, as after a few years of project operation most
of the rocks along the periphery of the reservoir will become stable.
5.4.4.
Impacts on Land Use

After construction and during the operation phase, some positive changes in land use are
expected as areas under construction camps and other auxiliary services will revert to
their pre-project use.
5.4.5.
Impacts of Dismantling Material

After completion of the project construction but before operation of the project, both
cofferdams, other temporary structures, batching and mixing plants and labour camps etc.
will require dismantling and a large quantity of spoil material will become available for
proper disposal, which will be a moderate level negative impact of the project. The debris
produced will require proper dumping or disposal to avoid any environmental degradation.
Mitigation
Most of the spoil for disposal will be on the dam site produced by the dismantling of the
cofferdams. This spoil will pose a major negative threat as space for disposal of such a
quantity of spoil on that site is very limited.
The spoil can be tipped at various places along the river between the dam and
powerhouse sites. There are places in this length along the river where spoil can be
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dumped without narrowing the river section. A special purpose survey to identify the exact
points is proposed to be conducted during design stage of the project.
5.4.6.
Impacts on Infrastructure
There is no such infrastructure like bridges or cable crossings which will be eliminated by
the reservoir or any other project component. Besides, the road on top of the dam at crest
level can be declared as a thoroughfare for people of the area which will be a more
reliable crossing point for them to cross the river. So, in general, it can be taken as a
positive impact.
5.4.7.
Impacts on Climate
The Kaigah Hydropower Project will create a 3.5 km long reservoir with surface area of
74300 m2 when full at El 500 masl.This large water body will be a major hydrological
change that is likely to impact the climate of the area.The moisture contents in the
atmosphere, especially during summer, will increase substantially. The present climate of
the project area is dry and temperate and induced evaporation will increase relative
humidity and decrease the mean maximum and minimum temperature of the area.
Dew formation will take place during the night when temperatures will drop and
atmosphere will become super-saturated with high humidity. There is a possibility of fog
formation in the winter months along the periphery of the lake.This change in climate will
have a major positive impact in the project area as, because of the higher humidity, there
will be less evaporation from the bare land and transpiration from the vegetative cover of
the area resulting in increase of vegetation and greenery. The area relatively closer to the
reservoir is expected to have drastic positive impacts because of more moisture in the
plant root zone as well as in the air.
5.4.8.
Impacts on Hydrology
The hydrology of the river Kandiah starting from upper limit of reservoir to the end of the
tailrace channel near Thauti village is expected to change significantly during operation of
the project. A water body in the form of the reservoir will emerge in the area and the water
flow pattern will change as significant volumes of water will be diverted towards headrace
tunnels to generate power. The worst affected area will be the river bed from dam site to
Thauti village. The flow in this part of the river will reduce drastically below historic flows.
However, as there is minimum human population on this section of the river getting any
sort of benefit, no negative impacts on human population are anticipated due to changes
in the hydrology. However, changes in river flow patterns from the dam site to Thauti
village will have impacts on the aquatic life of the river, although presently there is very
little vegetation on the banks and in the bed of the river.The reduction in river flow will
adversely affect the aquatic life specially fish which will be negative impact of the project.
Mitigation
To conserve the aquatic life (flora and fauna) of the river downstream of the dam to Thauti
village, minimum flow of 2 m3/s has been estimated as the environmental flow. It will be
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obligatory for project operating agency to release 2 m3/s in the river throughout the year as
environmental flow.
5.4.9.
Impacts on Surface Water

The capacity of the reservoir at El 1500 masl is calculated as 40.39 MCM, which is very
small compared to total discharge. As Kaigah HPP is a run-of-river power project, with the
implementation of the project there is no chance of reduction of discharge in the river
except in the section between dam and end of tailrace (21 km). Presently, in this section of
the river, water is not being used for any purposes either for human consumption or for
agriculture. The population gets water for consumption from small creeks and nallahs like
Chappar, Joshoi, and Thauti falling in the river Kandiah.Therefore, it is anticipated that
there will be no impact on human population due to the reduction in discharge. The impact
envisaged will be on aquatic life and mitigation will be the same as discussed above under
Section 5.4.8.
There is a very small quantity of soluble salts in the river and no significant change in
quality of river water is expected due to the disposal of waste water into river from
residential and office buildings and transport areas of the project.
Mitigation
Waste water must be treated before discharging into river. For this purpose two waste
water treatment plants are proposed to be built, one for dam area and the other for the
powerhouse site area. Waste water effluent is expected to be generated from residential
areas, offices and vehicle workshops and service areas during project construction as well
as during operation of the project. Secondly, waste water to be disposed of in the river will
be of lesser quantity as compared to the total volume of water available in the river
therefore due to dilution effects, the adverse impacts are expected to be reduced.
5.4.10. Impacts on Sedimentation

Sediment sampling and flow measurements are being carried out at Thauti on Kandiah
River. By applying the above calculated relationship the ppm against measured discharge,
the sediment load can be estimated. However, the previous observations at Thauti are
useful available from 1993 to 2001 and from 2006 to 2010.
Sediment load at the dam site on Kandiah River has been estimated from the available
sediment data and the detail is as under.
Average flow (1993-2010) at Kandiah = 74.0 m3/s
Average ppm (1993-2010) at Kandiah = 145
Suspended Sediment Load at Kalam = 145*74*35.3*0.0027 = 1023 Tons/day
Suspended Annual Sediment Load at Kandiah = 1023*365 = 0.3734 MST
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By damming the river, the river velocity is reduced which also reduce the transport
capacity of the flow, as a result deposition will take place all over the reservoir area. The
capacity at over sections of the reservoir is reduced.
The sediment concentration during the year will reduce below the dam as some part of the
sediments will settle in the reservoir bed but at the time of flushing of the reservoir a large
quantity of sediments will be released in the river bed in a very short time. It is expected
that abrupt release of sediments in large quantity will change the morphology of the river
below the dam. However, as sediments will be released with very high velocity of water
and the river in this section has a high natural gradient, it is expected that sediment will
move far away from the dam.
Complete flushing of the reservoir from sediments deposition is not possible, which will
reduce the storage capacity of reservoir considered to be negative impact of the
sedimentation on reservoir.The sediments released in large quantity during flushing will
create some alluvial fans in the riverbed, which will serve as habitat of flora and fauna and
will become source of food for fish and other aquatic life.This will be a minor positive
impact of the project.
Mitigation
The silt clearance mechanism will be provided through sluices and flushing of the silt from
the reservoir must be completed at reasonable intervals.
5.4.11. Impacts on Flooding

Flooding of the river Kandiah at the dam site is not a very common feature although some
devastating floods of high intensity have been recorded in the past e.g. the most recently
the floods of 2010. As river water will pass through the headrace tunnels and spillways,
there is a chance that these tunnels and spillways could not accommodate the flows in
abnormal years, which may pose a threat to the main dam structures and this impact can
be treated as moderately negative.
Mitigation
The diversion tunnels constructed during construction stage can be considered for
passing the abnormal flow in the event of very high flood. The design of the dam must
consider the overtopping of water over the dam crest.
5.4.12. Impacts on Groundwater

After filling of the reservoir, it is expected that water will enter the rocks on both sides of
the reservoir through fractures, holes and other geologically weak spots. The groundwater
table will rise in the areas adjacent to reservoir. It is expected that water from the
reservoir will seep and move horizontally as well as vertically.The seepage water will
saturate the formation below and along the reservoir and soluble minerals will dissolve in
the water. Some solution channels may develop in the formation, thus making the
formation more porous.
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Mitigation
The mitigation of this impact is difficult as there is no way to check or reduce the seepage
from reservoir, although seepage rates are likely to reduce with the passage of time when
most of the pores and opening in the bed and along the reservoir will be blocked with silt.
To monitor the changes in groundwater level and chemistry, a continuous monitoring
system will be required along the periphery of the reservoir.
5.4.13. Impacts on Air Quality

During operation of the project, the air quality of the area will improve significantly as
compared to the air quality of construction phase.There will be less road vehicles in the
area, humidity in the air will increase because of more evaporation from the reservoir and
vegetation cover in the area will also increase in general. All these factors will improve the
air quality of the area, which will be a positive impact of the Project.
5.4.14. Impacts on Agriculture and Terrestrial Vegetation

Agriculture in the project area is practiced on a limited scale on scattered flat patches and
on contour strips developed by the farmers with their own efforts and resources. The main
source of irrigation in the area is the snow melt water diverted from streams towards crops
and orchards and no irrigation is practiced from river water in any part of the project, and
no major impact on agriculture is expected in the project area with the implementation of
the project.
The climatic changes are foreseen in the form of decreases in the maximum and minimum
temperatures, increase in humidity, dew formation and fog formation in winter in and
around the project area.This change in climate will have a positive impact on the
agriculture and other plantation in the area, as the higher humidity will result in less
evaporation from the bare land and transpiration from the vegetative cover of the area
resulting in increase of vegetation and greenery. The area relatively closer to the reservoir
is expected to have stronger positive impacts.
5.4.15. Impacts on Flora and Fauna

During operation of the project, flora and fauna of the area are expected to flourish and
consequently will improve the microclimate of the area with the increase in humidity,
reduction in mean maximum temperature and increase in mean minimum temperature.
The construction of the dam and reservoir will provide moisture to the atmosphere. The
habitat of both flora and fauna will improve significantly.The growth of bushes will increase
and vegetation cover on the margins of the reservoir will develop.This will be major
positive impact of the project.
5.4.16. Aquatic Life and Fish Stocks

Fishing in project area is not common as the river bed is steep, water velocity is high and
the river flows in a deep gorge which is not easily assessable. There are no places where
pond can be created to use as a fish habitat. As water in the river is always from snow
melt with low temperature, fish found in the area is generally cold water fish. Although
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there are no exotic cold water fish species currently found in the Kandiah valley of
Kohistan but there is a strong possibility to induce and increase their controlled
productivity in the reservoir of Kaigah HPP.
Although the project is a run-of-river type, it is expected that due to the induced low
gradient and resultant low water velocity in the reservoir (because of the impounding of
the reservoir) some species of fish can be cultured. It is a valid assumption that due to the
creation of this water body, reduced velocity and turbulence and availability of spawning
grounds in reservoir would generally favour enhancement of fish stocks. That would have
a positive impact on fish production and fishery.
In addition, trash racks or fish screens might have to be established in order to
control entry particularly into the intakes (power tunnels, turbines, sluices, spillways).
Fishing by the staff of the contractors will be prohibited through appropriate provisions in
the tender documents.The PESMU will have to control any form of poaching.This will
include performing regular unannounced inspections and checks at suitable locations
within the project area. Some enhancement of prescribed penalties will have also to be
enforced.
Enhancement Measures
During design stage of the project a special study may be conducted to find the
fisheries potential of the project
Dumping of spoil material in the Kandiah River and adjacent nallahs to be avoided
Sewage water treatment discharged from all labour camps and toilet facilities must be
treated before disposal into the river
Tanks of fuel,oil and other liquids to be placed quite distant from any water body
Washing of vehicles or other machinery in Kandiah River or nallahs to be strictly

prohibited
Oil changes for engines and other machinery to be only allowed in workshops
All vehicle and machinery to be maintained properly in order to avoid any leakages
5.4.17. Impacts on Power

The most important and significant impact of the project will be the power generation as
Pakistan is presently facing acute shortage of power.The power generating capacity of the
project is estimated as 545 MW. The power generated will be supplied to the national grid
for further transmission to various load centers.The power generated will help to establish
new industries, to boost commercial activities and to enhance job opportunities in the
country. It is expected that returns from electricity generated will recover the total cost of
the project in a few years. Electricity generation impacts are considered to be most
significant positive impact of the project.
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5.4.18. Impacts on Employment Opportunities

During operation, as compared to the construction stage, a small number of people will
benefit from employment opportunities. However, even during this stage, a large number
of both skilled and semi- skilled manpower will be required, who will be recruited from the
local area. Employees are considered to be a socio-economic receptor of medium
sensitivity because they will have long term contracts that provide fair remuneration on a
regular basis. Employment generation during the operation phase is considered to be of a
moderate positive nature.
5.4.19. Impacts on Social Services

Access roads, bridges, schools and shopping centers will be built as part of the project
and will facilitate the access for people to goods and services. After completion of the
project, these facilities and infrastructure will be available to the general public. Local
community members, considered to be medium sensitive socio-economic receptors
because of their probable dependence on natural resources and lack of economic capital,
will benefit from these facilities. Moreover health facilities created during the construction
phase will be available to local communities.The impact of better communication and
other social services is considered to be a moderate positive impact of the project.
5.4.20. Impact on Women

Contrary to the construction phase, there will be much less movement of vehicles as well
as people in the area during the operation phase. In addition, women of the project area
will be able to avail the facilities created during construction stage of the project such as
better communication, schools and hospitals. Thus during this phase no negative impacts
on women are expected but rather positive impacts are foreseen.
5.4.21. Summary of Impacts during Operation Stage

A summary of the assessed environmental and social impacts during the operation stage
of the project is given in Table-16
Table 16: Environmental Impact Matrix for Operation Stage
Impact
Category
Positive
Negative
Seismicity
Geology
Landslides
Land use
No
Dismantling material
Physical infrastructure
Climate
Hydrology
Kaigah river
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Surface water
Sedimentation
Flood
Ground water
Air quality
Agriculture and vegetation
Flora and fauna
Aquatic life and fish stocks
Power
Employment opportunities
Social services
Landscaping and visual amenity
Women
Page|106
6.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
6.1.
Mitigations Management Plan (MMP)

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared to ensure that the
recommendations made in the EIA to mitigate the negative impacts and to enhance the
positive impacts are implemented at the time of implementation of the project. An EMP
contains two parts: first covering the Mitigations Management Plan (MMP) and second
covering the Monitoring Plan (MP). The Mitigations Management Plan is discussed in this
section of the report; the Monitoring Plan is presented in Chapter 7.
The ideal MMP should include amongst other things a set of institutional measures to be
taken during planning, implementation and operation of the project.The MMP also
identifies feasible and cost- effective measures that may reduce potentially significant
environmental impacts.The mechanism to ensure the implementation of proposed
mitigation measures during and after implementation of the project will also be discussed.
The proposed MMP for the Kaigah Hydropower Project consists of a combination of
operational policies, procedures, practices, actions to address identified impacts and risks.
It will favour the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation, or
compensation, wherever technically and financially feasible.Where risks and impacts
cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be identified so that
the project operates in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The MMP for the
construction and operation phases will define desired outcomes as measurable events to
the extent possible, with elements such as performance indicators, targets, or acceptance
criteria that can be tracked over defined time periods, and with estimates of the resources
and responsibilities for implementation.
6.2.
Management of Mitigation Measures

The MMP is designed to take into account the impacts identified in Chapter 5 and the
result of consultation with stakeholders including affected communities.The MMP will be
managed through a number of tasks and activities and site specific management plans.
One purpose of the MMP is to record the procedure and methodology for management of
mitigation identified for each negative impact of the project. The MMP will clearly delineate
the responsibility of various participants involved in planning, implementation and
operation of the project.
6.3.
Inclusion of Environmental Management in Contract Documents

Experience suggests that some contractors may not be familiar with environment related
issues and will be reluctant to carry out mitigation measures as proposed in this chapter of
the EIA. In order that the contractors are fully aware of the implications of the MMP and to
ensure compliance, it is recommended that environmental measures be treated separately
in the tender documentation and that payment milestones are linked to environmental
performance, measured by execution of the prescribed environmental mitigation
measures.
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The contractors must be made aware through contract documents of the importance of the
environmental and social components of the project.They should be prepared to cooperate with the executing agency, project management, supervising consultants and
local population for the mitigation of impacts. Furthermore, the contractor must be legally
bound through the contract to implement the Environmental Management Plan in full and
be ready to engage trained environmental management staff to monitor the
implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures as the project proceeds.
6.4.
Institutional Requirements
It will be the responsibility of Project Proponent to implement and monitor the mitigation
measures proposed in this chapter.The following institutional arrangements will be
necessary to implement the MMP and to deal with other environment related issues.
6.4.1.
Establishment of Project Environment Management Committee

It is proposed to establish a Project Environmental Management Committee (PEMC) as
the senior environmental body of the project to take care of environmental issues of the
project and to take policy decisions at project level.The constitution of the proposed
committee is given in Table-17.
Table 17: Constitution of Project Environment Management Committee
Agency
Project Sponsor
Representative
Status
Project director
Chairman
Head of PESMU
Secretary
Government
District Coordination Officer: K o h i s t a n
Member
Consultant
Resident Engineer
Member
Main Contractor
Designated Engineer
Member
EPA
District Environmental Officers: Kohistan
Member
Local Government
Chairman District Council: Kohistan
Member
NGO
Representative of two of the principal NGOs

in the region
Member
6.4.2.
Establishment of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit

Developer must set up its own Project Environmental and Social Management Unit
(PESMU) exclusively for the Kaigah Hydropower Project, to ensure implementation of the
measures needed to be taken during various phases of the project. In order to implement
the decisions of PEMC and to monitor and evaluate mitigation measures and
implementation process and to take care of all environment related day to day issues, the
establishment of a well-structured and well equipped PESMU within the project overall
organization will be essential. The composition of the PESMU is given in Table-18. The
PESMU will also be responsible for compliance with the PEPA regulations both during
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construction as well as post-construction.The following is the tentative lists of the actions

to be performed by the PESMU:
Overall supervision, facilitation, and coordination with all partner institutions
To prepare the final procedures of damage assessment, compensation and their

implementation during project execution
Ensuring that all contractors follow the PEPA regulations and other requirements
stipulated in the construction contracts concerning dust suppression, solid waste
disposal, municipal waste water disposal, air pollution, noise and vibration, biodiversity
and safety, transport,storage and use of flammable and explosive materials
Avoiding deforestation by the contractors in the vicinity of the project area
Liaison with the neighboring communities for their concerns about the construction
activities
Monitoring wildlife in the Project area
Ensuring proper disposal of all the construction spoil (excavated material and
construction materials)
Ensuring proper,timely and transparent compensation to affected persons.
Table 18: Constitution of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit

Post
No
Remarks
Environmental Expert
Engineer or scientist having sufficient experience of

dealing with environment related issues
Social/resettlement
Expert
Having sufficient experience of dealing with

compensation and resettlement issues
Administrative and
supporting staff
One computer operator, one clerk, one driver and one

attendant
6.4.3.
Provision of Grievance Resolution Framework

A committee for grievance resolution is proposed at project level for reconciliation and
arbitration within the project comprising members from the project management,
contractors, consultants, Local Government and representative of community.The
grievances will mainly relate to assessment of damages and compensation. Affected
people may have some objections or observations such as disputes on ownership,
relocation of infrastructure, inadequate compensation, type and number of trees to be
removed, and their compensation, nuisance, risk or damage to health or property arising
from project operations such as dust, noise, safety, or pollution problems.It is proposed
that the Project Grievance Resolution Committee (PGRC) should be established to
provide support to the PAP.
Page|109
Table 19: Proposed Project Grievance Resolution Committee

Agency
Sponsor
Representative
Director or Executive Engineer
Head of Land acquisition
Status
Chairman
Coordination
Head of PESMU
Secretary
Contractor
Resident Engineer
Member
Line agencies
Representative Revenue Department
Member
Representative Forest Department
Member
Representative Agriculture Department
Member
Representative of Buildings Department
Member
Local Government
Nazim of Relevant Union Council
Member
NGO
Representative of one of the Principal NGOs in the

region
Member
Any influential person of concerned village or

community
Member
Community
The implementation of the project will imply the assessment of damages, calculation and
payment of compensations, and attention to day-to-day complaints of the community
members as and when they are affected by project operations. Developers should
consider withholding 10% of the interim payments of the contractors until it is satisfied that
the Contractor has fulfilled the environmental and social obligations provided in the
contract.
The cost of properties likely to be damaged, removed or relocated will be assessed by
PESMU. An inventory of the properties will be maintained in the compensation registers.
Where needed, the relevant Revenue Record will also be consulted to verify land
ownerships. All the payments will be made in the presence of local representatives,
through crossed cheques. PAP will be informed of their rights, and of the procedures for
addressing complaints whether verbally or in writing during consultation, survey, and at
the time of compensation.
The project management should adopt a policy of preventing grievances rather than going
through a redressal process.This can be achieved through careful development of the
compensation procedure and its implementation, by ensuring full participation and
consultation with the PAP, and by maintaining effective communication and coordination
between the community, project management, contractors and local government.
6.5.
Construction Stage MMP

The identified environmental and social impacts of the project along with proposed
mitigation measures are provided in Chapter 5. Most of the adverse impacts relate to the
construction phase of the project and mitigation measures requiring strict compliance will
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be implemented during this phase. The management of the proposed mitigation measures
will cater following categories:
6.6.
Health, safety and environment
Assessment of damages, payment of compensation and maintaining of necessary

records
Damages to flora and fauna
Pollution of water, soil and air
Noise nuisance and risks to the community
Proper management and maintenance of vehicles and creation of traffic awareness in

drivers
Maintenance of vehicle routes, speed limits and controlling accidents
Resolve conflicts with community through the Project Conflict Resolution Committee
Ensure employment of local persons on project works.
Operation Stage MMP

Most of the mitigation management pertains to the construction phase of the project but
some will continue during the operational phase as well and other exclusively relate to
operational phase. Developers must be prepared for the effective implementation of the
MMP by environmental auditing as part of any loan conditions. In this regard, the client
must be prepared to guide the engineers and contractors on the environmental aspects.
The environmental audit will continue during the operational phases of the project.
Mitigation measures for the impacts identified for the operational phase will cover the
following:
Geology & Seismicity (including Landslides)
Hydrology & Sedimentation
Floods & Groundwater
Excavated Material
Page|111

Table 20: Environmental Management Plan for Construction Stage
COMPONENT
NATURE OF IMPACT, CONCERN OR

CONFLICT
RECOMMENDED MITIGATION
MEASURE
IMPLEMENTATION
RESPONSIBILITY
Topography and land

use
Damage to topography of the area where

excavated material from tunnels will be
disposed, dumped or stored
Maximum quantity of spoil material

should be used for construction of upper
and lower cofferdams and other project
related structures. For remaining spoil
proper areas must be identified preferably
along Kandiah River
PM, ,PC, C,
PESMU
Geology
Almost all project interventions involve

extensive excavation of natural rocks, cutting of
formation, moving and dumping of spoil.
During tunnel excavation blasting of the
formation will be required. All these activities
will disturb the existing stable geological
formations and as a result the geology of the
project area in some places will be damaged.
As all these activities are part of the

project and cannot be avoided,
consideration of this impact during the
design stage can mitigate the impact to
certain extent.
PM, PC
Landslides
Landslides in the project area are a common

phenomenon due to the steepness and unstable
geological formations on both sides of the river.
Due to project activities, especially blasting of
rocks, in some areas the formation will become
loose and landslides will relatively increase in
the immediate vicinity of the construction sites
Minimum blasting of formation and if

unavoidable then blasting with relatively
low intensity blasting material.
PC, C
Climate
The project construction involves significant

activities including movement of different types
The deterioration in the local climate

during construction phase will be of
C, PESMU
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of traffic, blasting of rocks, operation of

batching and mixing plants and the presence of
large number of people in the area. Due to all
these activities, it is expected that microclimate
of the project area will deteriorate. The
pollution in air in the form of dust, vehicles
exhaust, particulate matter, aerosols, smoke and
gases will increase in addition to an increase in
noise pollution
temporary nature and will end with the

completion of the project. PESMU will
take measures to minimise the impact.
Sedimentation
During the construction stage the overall

sedimentation rate will remain almost the same
up to the dam site. However, it will change
significantly below the dam site due to the
physical disturbance of the top layer because of
heavy traffic movement, dumping of the
excavation material and other project related
activities.
This impact will be purely of temporary

nature associated with project activities
which will end with the completion of the
project. PESMU will take measures to
minimise the impact
Air quality (air and

noise)
Emissions of dust, smoke and noise from

project vehicles and machinery.
All sources of air quality deterioration

PM, PC, C, PESMU
will be for short duration and temporary in
nature associated with project
construction activities, which will end
with the completion of the project. The
main contractors and sub-contractors will
be held responsible through special
clauses in the contract documents to
strictly follow the following measures:
Use of those vehicles which emit less
quantity of smoke. Regular tuning and
maintenance of vehicles and other
Machinery
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PC, C, PESMU
Avoid blasting to the maximum level but

where necessary make the moderate
intensity blasting instead of heavy
intensity blasting and blasting must be
during day time
Agriculture and
vegetation
Incidental damage to crops, trees and vegetation Replanting of almost double the number
during project works. Loss of trees within the
of trees of native species along the
dam site, reservoir area and powerhouse sites
periphery of the reservoir where relatively
flat land is available. Assess value of lost
trees and arrange payment of
Felling of trees from the reservoir
compensation
C, PESU, PGRC
Occupational health and

safety
Outbreak of epidemics and risk of accidents in

workers camps as well as at work places
PESMU can employ a part time qualified

occupational safety officer during the
construction phase. The Contractors will
need to carry out a risk assessment and
then develop a site and project specific
health and safety management plans to
prevent accidents, injuries and workrelated diseases.
C, PESMU
Resources
Construction workers will need their daily

supplies available in the project area. This could
negatively affect the existing resource base and
cost of firewood, food, goods, water and fish as
well as create considerable amounts of waste.
Both community members and construction
Mitigation measures will be needed to

ensure that the project site is managed in a
manner that is socially responsible and
reflects sound environmental management
practices.
C, PESMU
Page|114
workers will be affected

by resource constraints and changing prices
With regards to resource use, the

Contractor will be expected to develop a
plan and budget for providing workers
with fuel for cooking and heating, water
for cooking and cleaning, food supplies,
and hygienic sanitation facilities for
collecting and disposing rubbish,
including construction waste.
Cultural heritage and

archaeology
The inhabitants of the project area have their

specific cultural heritage, which may be
affected due to heavy influx of people into the
area from different cultural backgrounds and
ethnic affiliations. It is expected that due to
mixing of different cultures the local heritage
will be negatively affected.
Appropriate community relations have to

C, PESMU
be maintained for social cohesion between
the local people and labour coming from
other parts of the country. The PESMU of
the project will prepare and ensure the
implementation of measures.
Indigenous people
Construction of the project may affect access of

local people to their traditional migratory
routes, and may reduce safe passage not only
for the nomadic people but also their animal
herds. During the construction phase, changes
in their routes may disturb grazing patterns and
pastures for their herds and migratory routes
and trade activities
The impacts described above will occur

during the construction period and are
reversible once the dam and reservoir are
complete. Efforts will be made by the
PESMU to inform and consult the leaders
and elders of the community about the
project, especially regarding mobility and
access through the construction areas.
C, PESMU
Women
Possible nuisance to women movement; impact

on privacy from presence of workers
Make the contractor responsible for

making all necessary measures
C, PESMU
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Table 21: Environmental Management Plan for Operation Stage

COMPONENT
NATURE OF IMPACT, CONCERN OR CONFLICT
RECOMMENDED MITIGATION
MEASURE
IMPLEMENTATION
RESPONSIBILITY
Seismicity
The project area lies near the edges of Indian and

Eurasian tectonic plates and is considered part of
seismically active zone. The construction of very
large structures and water reservoir may increase
seismic activity in the area.
As the project is situated in an active

seismic zone, continuous monitoring of
the behaviour of faults will be required
during the operation stage. Monitoring
equipment installed during the
construction phase are necessary to
observe tectonic behaviour.
PM, PC, PESMU
Geology
During operation of the project, the seepage from

the reservoir will significantly impact the geology of
the area. The seepage water will saturate the
formation below and along the reservoir and soluble
minerals will dissolve in the water some solution
channels may develop in the formation making the
formation more porous.
The seepage will reduce with the passage

of time when most of the pores and
opening in the bed and along the reservoir
will be blocked with silt. To monitor the
changes in groundwater level and
chemistry, continuous monitoring system
will be required during operation of the
project.
PM, PC, PESMU
Landslides
It is expected that landslides will increase

substantially along the reservoir in the beginning
when the reservoir will be filled with water due to
seepage of water. The seepage of water will make
the formation loose and unstable and chances of
sliding due to rainfall, abnormal high and low
temperature and due to seismic activities will also
Impacts will reduce with the passage of

time as, after few years of project
operation, most of the rocks along
periphery of the reservoir will become
stable.
PC, PESMU
Page|116
increase. The phenomenon will become less

common with the passage of time.
Excavated
Material
After completion of the project construction but

before operation of the project both cofferdams,
other temporary structures, batching and mixing
plants and labour camps etc. will require dismantling
and huge quantities of spoil material will become
available for proper disposal. The debris produced
will require proper dumping or disposal to avoid any
environmental degradation.
The spoil must be dumped at various

places along the river downstream of the
dam to Thauti bridge. A special purpose
survey of the area will be conducted
during the design stage of the Project.
Surface Water
As the Kaigah project is a run-of-river power

Mitigation is discussed under hydrology
project, with the implementation of the project there
is no chance of reduction of discharge in the river
except in the section between the dam and the end of
the tailrace (21 km). Currently, in this section of the
river water from the river is not being used for any
purposes either for human consumption or for
agricultural purposes. Therefore, it is anticipated that
there will be no impact on human population due
reduction in discharge. The only impact envisaged
will be on aquatic life.
Sedimentation
The sediment concentration will reduce below the

dam as some part of the sediment will settle in the
reservoir bed but at the time of flushing of the
reservoir a large quantity of sediments will be
released in the river bed in very short time. It is
expected that abrupt release of sediments in large
quantity will change the morphology of the river
PM, PC, C, PESMU
PM, PESMU
The silt clearance mechanism provided for PM,PC, PESMU

flushing of silt from the reservoir should
be operated at reasonable intervals.
Page|117
below the dam site.

Groundwater
After filling of the reservoir, it is expected that water

will enter the rocks on both sides of the reservoir
through fractures, holes and other geologically weak
spots. The groundwater table will rise in the areas
adjacent to reservoir. It is expected that water from
the reservoir will seep and move horizontally as well
as vertically. The seepage water will saturate the
formations below and along the reservoir and
soluble minerals will dissolve in the water. Some
solution channels may develop in the formation
making the formation more porous
The mitigation of this impact is difficult

as there is no way to check or reduce the
seepage from reservoir, although seepage
will reduce with the passage of time when
most of the pores and opening in the bed
and along the reservoir will be blocked
with silting. To monitor the changes in
groundwater level and chemistry, a
continuous monitoring system will be
required along the periphery of the
reservoir
Page|118
PC, PESMU

7.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
7.1.
General
Mitigation measures for environmental degradation and social impacts assessment

especially relating to air quality, contamination of water resources, land acquisition and
payment of various kinds of compensations, will need to be monitored both internally and
externally. Internal monitoring will be conducted by the project consultants and the
PESMU of the client assisted by the environmental staff of the contractor. External
monitoring should be conducted by an independent agency or Panel of Experts engaged
in due course of time. Terms of Reference for such a review panel could be approved by
the donor. Monitoring tasks will vary over the pre-construction, construction, and operation
stages of the project.
Physical, biological and socio-cultural parameters will be measured to determine
compliance with standards established by the management plans. Monitoring during the
construction phase will largely consist of compliance monitoring but may also include
baseline monitoring for some parameters where existing information has not been
identified in the EIA. Monitoring programmes will be detailed in terms of the following
requirements:
Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of measurements
Provisions are proposed to ensure that all construction phase monitoring is integrated into
the standard operating procedures of construction, to ensure that all monitoring outcomes
can be responded to promptly. In addition to recording information to track performance
and establishing relevant operational controls, mechanisms will be employed, such as
inspections and audits, where relevant, to verify compliance and progress toward the
requirements of the EMP. The extent of monitoring will be commensurate with the risks
and impacts of the project and compliance with the project requirements and include
procedures for documentation, reporting and feedback of the outcomes of corrective and
preventive actions.
In general, the objectives of the monitoring will be to:
Record the inputs provided by various participants in the environmental and social
management process (i.e. client, consultants, contractors, etc.)
Record the number of persons affected, and the values and assessments of their
damage
Progress in payment of the compensations, and to assess whether compensation and

rehabilitation measures are sufficient to restore or improve the losses to incomes of
affected households
Check whether the prescribed guidelines and plans are being followed
Ensure that the required mitigation measures and activities are being accomplished in
time
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7.2.
To identify problems or potential problems
To identify solutions to rectify such problems.
Monitoring During Design Stage

During the design stage the monitoring activities will focus on:
Ensuring that the PESMU is in place, staffed and equipped well before start of
constructionwork
Conducting additional base line environmental and social studies for gaps identified
from any source after issue of the EIA
Selection of sites on the river which could be affected by project activities e.g. labour
camps, spoil material dumps
Observation of the ambient air quality at and around sites which could be affected by
vehicles if not already done
Checking and reconsideration of mitigation measured developed during the

preparation of the EIA
Checking the incorporation of environmental and social clauses in tender documents
Checking the contractors tender submissions, particularly to ensure that all necessary
environmental requirements have been included
Checking that the references in the contract document to environmental

mitigation measures and requirements have been incorporated as part of the
contractors assignment and making sure that any advance works (selection of sites
for worker camps etc.) are carried out in good time
Checking that guidelines on topics such as health, safety and environment, route
plans, and waste disposal plans are available for the contractors
Survey of affected households and PAP and community meetings, as needed

for preparation of Resettlement Action Plan
Checking that different contingency plans are available before start of the construction
works.
The main responsibility for design stage monitoring will rest with the Project Consultant
and the PESMU. They should have regular meetings with the local community groups, to
discuss and obtain their views on the activities of the project, and use this communication
as a channel of monitoring. The consultant could also collect required necessary
information through direct measurements, consultation and informal interviews with
affected households.
7.3.
Monitoring during Construction Stage

During the construction period, the monitoring activities will focus on ensuring that
the MMP (Chapter 6) is implemented, and performance indicators will be monitored to
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record the environmental performance of the project and to guide any remedial action to
address unexpected impacts.
7.4.
Monitoring during Operation Stage

Monitoring activities during project operation will focus on monitoring and recording of
impacts of various interventions and their performance, and proposing remedial actions to
address unexpected impacts, including any outstanding or unresolved disputes or
grievances of the affected people.
7.5.
Reporting of Monitoring Results
7.5.1.
Internal Monitoring
It is important that the senior management within both the Kaigah Hydropower Project and
donor(s) receive periodic assessments of the effectiveness of the environmental
management programme, based on systematic data collection and analysis. The scope
and frequency of such reporting will depend upon the nature and scope of the activities
identified and undertaken in accordance with environmental management programme and
other applicable project requirements.
Results of the internal monitoring carried out by the different participants will be reported in
their periodic reports for information on indicators for implementation of the measures, as
well as the achievements and results.This information will be collected directly from the
field and reported monthly to the project management to assess the progress and results
of implementation of the mitigation and management measures and to provide any
necessary feedback and actions.The monthly reports will be summarized in the quarterly
reports and will be sent to donors and other concerned quarters to be determined by the
project management.
7.5.2.
External Monitoring
The objectives of external monitoring will be: firstly, to verify that environmental
and social mitigation measures are implemented as presented in the EIA and other
environmental reports; and secondly, to ensure that compensation is paid promptly to PAP
and organizations, and interruptions to their incomes and lifestyles are restored at least to
previous levels.
Indicators for external monitoring, in addition to those required during internal monitoring,
will include:
Review and verification of the internal monitoring reports
Impact assessment through formal and informal surveys with the PAP
Assess the efficacy of the mitigation measures, especially the resettlement frame-work
and grievance resolution mechanism, and draw lessons for future resettlement policy
formulation and planning
Assess post-project socio-economic conditions and level of satisfaction of PAP and

other stakeholders.
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An external monitoring agency will carry out a post-implementation evaluation of the

project about a year after completion of its implementation, to determine whether the
objectives of the EIA and RAP have been attained or not.
7.6.
Institutional Requirements
7.6.1.
Institutional Responsibilities
Project developers have the overall responsibility for preparation, implementation,
monitoring and financing of environmental and social safeguards.This is a large task,
which will demand execution of many kinds of office and field activities, at several levels to
address project requirements at the various stages of the project i.e. planning,
construction and operation.
7.6.2.
Institutional Arrangements
The Mitigation Management and Environmental Management Plans reported in Chapters
6 and 7 respectively, include a set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to
be taken during implementation and operation of the project, to eliminate adverse
environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable limits.The
staff allocated to monitoring the MMP and EMP must have the capability to handle the
complexities and size of the Kaigah Hydropower Project.They must have been trained to
accomplish the jobs related to resettlement and monitoring in addition to academic
qualifications.
This can be achieved through a series of short awareness raising and training sessions on
the related topics, at regular intervals especially during the construction phase and
throughout the project life to cover all stages.The contents of the courses should be
designed for the needs of each target group.
Some of the training workshops could be conducted twice in each year, for the first two
years and yearly thereafter to share the monitoring data on the implementation of the
EMP, to share lessons learned in the implementation and to decide on remedial actions, if
unexpected environmental impacts occur. Most of the courses and workshops could be of
one or two days.
7.6.3.
Clearances from EPA and other Agencies

Prior to implementation of the Project, Developers needs to comply with several
environmental requirements, such as obtaining clearance or No Objection Certificate from
EPA. Some informal clearances from the forestry department and wildlife department may
also need to be confirm that contractors and their suppliers have complied with all
statutory requirements and have appropriate and valid licenses and permits for all
mechanical equipment, permissions for use of local water supplies and to construct and
operate plants such as hot mix plants and concrete batching and rock crushing facilities in
line with environmental requirements. Permission from the relevant agency for importing,
handling, storage and use of blasting and other hazardous materials may also be required.
Page|122
7.6.4. Land Acquisition and Compensation Tasks

The Project Management will need to coordinate with the parties such as the land
acquisition collector, local government offices, and revenue department to implement land
acquisition and compensation tasks, as these departments have jurisdiction over land
administration and valuation.The PESMU of the project will coordinate with staff of these
departments such as the Patwari (land records keeper) for identification and verification of
titles required for compensation for land and houses.
7.7.
Environmental Audit
It is proposed to arrange environmental audits of the project: one in middle of the
construction phase and secondly at the end of construction activities.The objective of the
environmental audit is to have an evaluation of the execution of the environmental
obligations of the project authority proposed in EIA. Environmental auditing is generally
done by an unbiased independent organization or a person having full command on the
subject. The terms of reference for environmental audits will be designed by the project
consultant with the collaboration of donors. The findings of the environmental audits will be
circulated to project management, environmental authorities and donors and other
interested parties.
Page|123

Table 22: Environmental Monitoring Tasks for Construction Phase
COMPONENT NATURE OF IMPACT
MONITORING TASKS
TIMING
LOCATIONS
INDICATORS
RESPONSIBILITY
Land
topography,
land use,
disposal of
excavated
material
Disposal of spoil
material in violation of
MMP
Monitoring of
excavated material
disposal sites
Weekly
Areas near dam and

powerhouse site
identified for disposal
Location and size

of spoil dumps
PC, C, PESMU
Landslides
Instability of geological
formations identified
during feasibility stage
Inspection of sensitive
points prone to
landslides identified
during feasibility
Quarterly
Near construction sites
Appearance of
cracks,
indications of
sliding and
movement of
formation
PC, PESMU
stage
Sedimentation
Sedimentation in river
water
Monitoring of
concentration of
sediments in river
water
Quarterly
Downstream of dam
Sediments
site at any suitable
concentration in
point (quarterly
ppm or mg/l
collection of water
samples from the same
site)
PESMU
Surface water
Deterioration of river
Monitoring of changes
Quarterly
Downstream of dam
Sample collection
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Nature and
quality
water quality
in dissolved soluble
salts and presence of

point (collection of
water samples from
the same site)
E. coli bacteria
concentration of
individual salts.
Total
concentration
by PESMU and
analysis from a
reliable laboratory
of salts and
presence of E.
coli bacteria with
respect to NEQS
Air quality
Emissions, dust and

noise from project
vehicles and machinery
Check conditions of
vehicle running in the
project
Qualitative
through
visual
Check use of routes

and speed limits
observations
at weekly
intervals
Check water sprays on

gravel routes
All sites of works, and

routes of vehicle
movement
Quantitative
at yearly
basis
Visual
observations of
emissions, dust
and noise, etc.;
number of
complaints.
Visual
observations.
No of violations
during sleep
hours;
complaints.
Check compliance by
drivers and operators
Visual
observations of
faulty vehicles
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PESMU
For quantitative
survey by hiring
services of a
suitable laboratory
Damage
compensation
Compensation to
PAP
Inventory and
valuation of assets and
infrastructure damaged
Continuously Location of assets to

be damaged
% of damages
paid as compared
to total damages
PC, PESMU,
PGRC
Land
acquisition
Land required for

resettlement
To acquire land for

resettlement
3 years
To be selected in
before
consultation of PAP
completion
of the project
Selection,
arrangement of
payment and
possession of
land
PC, PESMU,
PGRC
Agriculture
and planting
Loss of crops and trees

(fruit and non-fruit)
To record data and

arrange compensation
Throughout
the
construction
period
Whole project area in

general and reservoir
area in particular
Health and
safety
Occupational health and To monitor

safety of workers
occupational health
hazard
Monthly
Working places,
labour camps,
residential areas and
offices etc.
No. of cases
reported per
month
PESMU
Women
Any nuisance to women

working in fields;
impact on privacy from
workers presence
Check compliance
with agreed procedure;
number of complaints
if any
During all
construction
activities
All over project area
No. of complaints
observed or
recorded
C, PESMU
Employment
Scope of job
opportunities for local
communities on project
sites
Compliance with
agreed procedure for
hiring of local labour
Monthly
No. of
opportunities
available
C, PESMU
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PC, PESMU
Table 23: Environmental Monitoring Tasks for Operational Phase
COMPONENT NATURE OF IMPACT
MONITORING TASKS
TIMING
LOCATIONS
INDICATORS
RESPONSIBILITY
Land
topography,
land use,
disposal of
excavated
material
Disposal of spoil
material in violation of
MMP
Monitoring of
excavated material
disposal sites
Monthly
Areas near dam and

powerhouse site
identified for disposal
Location of spoil
dumps
PC, C, PESMU
Landslides
Instability of geological
formations identified
during feasibility stage
Inspection of sensitive
points prone to
landslides identified
during feasibility
Monthly in
first year and
quarterly
thereafter
Periphery of reservoir
Symptoms of
land sliding
PC, PESMU
stage
Sedimentation
Sedimentation in river
water
Monitoring of
Monthly
concentration of
sediments in and out of
reservoir
At start of the
Sediments
reservoir and
concentration in
downstream of dam
ppm or mg/l
point (monthly
collection of water
samples from the same
site)
PESMU
Surface water
Deterioration of river
Monitoring of changes
in dissolved soluble
Downstream of dam
Sample collection
by PESMU and
Quarterly
Page|127
Nature and
concentration of
quality
water quality
salts and presence of
point (collection of
water samples from
the same site)
E. coli bacteria
individual salts.
Total
concentration
analysis from a
reliable laboratory
of salts and
presence of E.
coli bacteria with
respect to
NEQS
Air quality
Emissions, dust and

noise from project
vehicles and machinery
Check conditions of
vehicle running in the
project
Qualitative
through
visual
Check use of routes

and speed limits
observations
at weekly
intervals
Check water sprays on

gravel routes
All sites of works, and

routes of vehicle
movement
Quantitative
at yearly
basis
Visual
observations of
emissions, dust
and noise, etc.;
number of
complaints.
Visual
observations.
No of violations
during sleep
hours;
complaints.
Check compliance by
drivers and operators
Visual
observations of
faulty vehicles
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PESMU
For quantitative
survey by hiring
services of a
suitable laboratory
Compensation
Balance (leftover)
compensation of
damages to PAP
To save the rights of
Health and
safety
Occupational health
and safety of workers
To monitor
occupational health
hazard
Monthly
Working places,
labour camps,
residential areas and
offices etc.
No. of cases
reported per
month
Women
Any nuisance to women

working in fields;
impact on privacy from
workers presence
Check compliance
with agreed procedure;
number of complaints
if any
During all
construction
activities
No. of complaints C, PESMU

observed or
recorded
Indigenous
people,
cultural
heritage and
archaeology
Damage to culture and

heritage
To save the local

community from
damage to culture and
heritage
Continuous
No. of cases
reported
PAP
Regularly till Location of assets to

there is no
be damaged
case of
compensation
left
Page|129
PC, PESMU
PESMU
PESMU

8.
POTENTIAL ADDITIONAL
MECHANISM
8.1.
Introduction
REVENUE
UNDER
CLEAN
DEVELOPMENT
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was one of the
key outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The stated objective of the UNFCCC was to stabilize
greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous human interference with the global climate.The convention divided countries of
the world into two groups: Annex-1, the industrialized countries (38 in number) which have
historically contributed the most to anthropogenic climate change, and non-Annex-1
countries which include primarily the developing countries. The principal of equity and
common but differential responsibilities contained in the convention requires Annex -1
countries to take the lead in reducing their GHG emissions.
8.2.
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 at the third conference of the
parties (COP) to the UNFCCC. At this historic meeting the COP negotiated a set of
binding quantitative targets for Annex-1 countries to reduce their GHG emissions (the
protocol did not become legally binding until February 2005).These targets are to be
achieved separately by each Annex-1 country as a percentage reduction below 1990
emission levels. During the first five-year commitment period from 2008 to 2012, the total
reduction adds up to 5%. A target beyond 2012 has not yet been agreed.
The Kyoto Protocol legally binds all Annex-1 countries to limit their national emissions to
the specified target level. Based on the principle that the effect of GHG on the global
environment is the same regardless of where emission occurs geographically, the Kyoto
Protocol establishes three Flexibility Mechanisms to help the Annex-1 countries to
reduce the costs of meeting their emissions targets by allowing them to realize emission
reductions at lower costs in other countries. These three mechanisms are:
Joint Implementation JI
Clean Development Mechanism CDM
International Emission Trading IET.
JI and CDM are project based mechanisms which involve developing and implementing
projects that reduce GHG emissions, thereby generating carbon credits known as
Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) or Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that can be
sold in the carbon market. JI allows the generation of ERUs from projects within Annex-1
countries, whereas CDM allows the generation of CERs from projects within non Annex-1
countries. IET allows trading of Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) directly between Annex 1
countries to meet their respective emission reduction targets.
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8.3.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the flexible mechanisms introduced
under the Kyoto Protocol. It helps the Annex-1 countries to achieve their GHG reduction
targets in a cost- effective way, by allowing investment in emission reduction opportunities
in developing countries. The main advantage for developing countries to host CDM
projects is the attraction of foreign investment, the transfer of technology and contribution
to the countrys sustainable development.
A CDM project reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and in return receives carbon
credits, called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).The Kyoto Protocol recognizes six
main greenhouse gases, each gas having different Global Warming Potential (GWP). The
names of these gases and their GWP are as given as follows.
8.4.
GHG
GWP
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs)
Per-fluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphurhexa fluoride (SF6)
1
21
310
15011,700
6,5009,200
23,900
Pakistan National CDM Operational Strategy

Pakistan ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 11th January 2005 and thus became eligible to
benefit from the CDM. For this purpose the Ministry of Environment has been declared as
the Designated National Authority (DNA). A CDM Cell has been established in the ministry
for providing technical and policy support.
The Pakistan National CDM Operational Strategy was approved by the Prime Minister of
Pakistan in February 2006.The Strategy provides policy guidance for implementation of
the CDM in Pakistan in line with national sustainable development goals.It is an incentive
based Strategy which ensures efficiency and transparency.The Strategy defines
institutional arrangements for implementation of the CDM in Pakistan, tax and credit
sharing policy and the criteria that projects must meet in order to receive DNA approval.
In accordance with the National CDM Operational Strategy, any area or sector that
reduces any GHG recognized by the Kyoto Protocol is eligible for CDM projects. Pakistan
allows unilateral, bilateral and multilateral CDM projects in the following areas:
Energy (including renewable/ alternative energy, energy efficiency, conservation, fuel

switching and fossil-fuelled cogeneration)
Land use, Land use Change and Forestry (forestation and re-forestation)
Agricultural and livestock practices
Waste Management (e.g. landfill, solid waste management, recycling, animal and
livestock waste)
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Transportation (e.g. alternative fuel

engines, compressed natural gas)
Industrial processes (cogeneration, waste heat recovery, boiler/ kiln/ furnace

efficiency, generator change, alternative processes etc.)
vehicles,
mass
transit
systems,
cleaner
CDM projects provide opportunities for accessing "additional" financing for local
sustainable development priorities in the country and as such have the potential of
"catalyzing" large Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows because:
CDM projects are being used as instruments for "appropriate" and "environmentally
friendly" technology transfer
CDM projects help in addressing local environmental issues -(air/water pollution, solid
waste management,enhancement management, etc.)
CDM projects are effective instruments for environmentally friendly alternative energy
production
CDM projects help by creating jobs and building local capacities, and contributing to
other sustainable development aspects of the national economy
CDM projects help to make investments financially viable by increasing a projects

Internal Rate of Return (IRR).
In order for a project to generate Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) it must undergo a
rigorous process of documentation and approval by a variety of local and international
stakeholders.The key stages in the CDM project cycle are:
Initial feasibility assessment (independent of project technical feasibility report)
Development of Project Design Document (PDD)
Host country approval, project validation, registration and credit issuance.
The process is being continuously updated by the CDM Executive Board (EB) and various
conditions and limitations are being incorporated in the process.Once the project is
registered with UNFCCC- EB the CERs may be issued at any time following verification
and other formalities.
8.5.
Eligibility of the Kaigah HPP for CDM

As per UNFCCC CDM policy and procedure, a project must satisfy the following
requirements for eligibility under the CDM:
It must provide real, measurable and long term benefits related to mitigation of climate
change using a baseline and monitoring methodology approved by the UNFCCC
It must deliver reductions in emissions that are additional to the emission reductions
that would occur in the absence of the project activity
It must not result in significant environmental negative impacts and must have
undertaken public consultation
Page|132
It must not result in the diversion of official development assistance (ODA) from a
developed country to developing country.
Hydropower projects have conventionally been considered clean technology from a

climate perspective although in more recent years the problems of large reservoirs have
made some agencies consider that larger hydropower projects are not acceptable which is
not the case with Kaigah HPP. Since ratification of Kyoto Protocol in 2005, a number of
hydropower projects (mostly small projects) situated in various developing countries
have been registered by the UNFCCC as CDM projects.
Despite the large hydropower potential, Pakistans grid is predominantly hydrocarbon
based. Due to an acute power shortage in the country (up to 3,500 MW in some months of
the year) the Government of Pakistan is forced to turn to thermal generation to mitigate
the significant power shortage. The situation is being tackled through load management by
supplying the power to various areas and sectors alternately. The economy of the country
is at stake as a number of industrial/commercial units are either closed or are run for less
than the optimum period of time. Reservoir based hydropower generation (being the
cheapest source) is very important for sustainable development of the country.The Kaigah
HPP can abate substantial GHG emissions by substituting for largely gas and oil based
power generation. The Project will replace the thermal power generation and contribute to
GHG emission reductions by displacing the electricity production requirement of fossil fuelfired plants to the extent of its generation.
The Kaigah HPP is designed to generate electricity from a renewable energy source
having almost zero emissions and the power generated will be supplied to the fossil
intensive national grid. Heavily subsidized gas has virtually run out and is not available for
power generation, forcing all forthcoming projects to be based on oil.The project would
therefore be replacing fossil fuel generation, and in the future could be directly replacing
oil based thermal generation, resulting in the saving of emissions to the extent of its
generation.
There are divergent views at a global level about large dams, and whether they can play a
role in meeting millennium targets and in achieving sustainable economic development.
The main negative argument offered is that the social and cultural impacts of these
projects are excessive due to the number of people displaced. In the past, resettlement
programs were often prepared late in the project cycle, implemented within a very short
time frame and often terminated even before all displaced people are resettled and
rehabilitated. Another negative aspect for resettlement is that financial allocation for
resettlement is generally insufficient and in some cases has exhausted a substantial
percentage of the total budget of the project.
Presently not all large reservoir based projects are included in the CDM because of
concerns that their social and environmental impacts, as mentioned above, detract from
any contribution they make to sustainable development. To be eligible under the CDM the
project can either:
be implemented in an existing reservoir, with no change in the volume of reservoir; or

Page|133
be implemented in an existing reservoir, where the volume of reservoir is increased

and the power density of the project activity is greater than 4 W/m2; or
result in new reservoirs, where the power density of the power plant is greater than 4
W/m.
The power density is calculated as power generation capacity divided by reservoir surface
area when full. The power density of Kaigah HPP is 7.375 W/m2. Because the reservoir is
so deep it easily exceeds the 4 W/m threshold for CDM eligibility.
The Kaigah HPP has many positive points which can help justify its inclusion in the CDM.
When the project is compared to other dam projects, the number of people to be displaced
is quite small (a few hundred) and because the project is of the run of river type situated in
a narrow valley the reservoir area is very small. Furthermore, the expected input of
organic matter that acts as a source of methane production is negligible (catchments
almost bare) with no stagnant water, again necessary for methane production. The project
will have 545 MW of power generating capacity which will replace the power to be
generated with the burning of fossil fuels mainly imported from other countries. The project
will also contribute to the sustainable development of the country with economic and social
benefits to the area.Technology transfer from developed countries during construction and
operation are additional benefits.
Therefore, considering the aims of the CDM and the salient features of the Kaigah HPP
and potential environmental and social impacts associated with the project, it can be
concluded that the project fulfils almost all basic requirements needed to qualify for
consideration under the CDM (mentioned above).
8.6.
Carbon Credits
Carbon credits or CERs generated by any project under the CDM depend upon the net
capacity of that project to provide GHG emission reductions after becoming operational. A
specific project boundary around each CDM project needs to be determined, within which
the project impacts in term of GHG emission reductions will be assessed. During the
project crediting period, all GHG emissions within that project boundary are monitored and
compared with baseline emissions. The baseline will include all direct emissions expected
from the generation of the same quantity of energy through the power plants of the
Pakistan electricity grid.The project emissions will include those caused by reservoir
emissions because of degradation of biomass and emissions caused by clearing of
vegetation, although these are expected to be small for the reasons given above.
8.7.
Baseline and Monitoring Methodologies

The UNFCCC-EB has approved various methodologies for the determination of baseline
emissions, emission reductions and post-project monitoring.The UNFCCC approved
baseline methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources
(ACM0002) recommends that the following options be considered:
Existing actual or historical emissions as applicable
Page|134
8.7.1.
Emissions from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of

action taking into account barriers to investment.
Electricity generated that would have otherwise been generated by the operation of
grid- connected power plant.
Baseline Emissions Calculation for Kaigah HPP

The baseline emission factor needs to be estimated as the weighted average of all
existing sources.The Carbon Emission Factor (CEF) for each fuel type used for generation
is calculated using the specific fuel consumption per unit of electricity and the carbon
content of the fuel; the fuel consumption depends upon the technology used in power
generation.
Presently in Pakistan the thermal power technologies being applied include both open
cycle and combined cycle oil and gas fired turbines.The CO2 emission factors of these
fuels and technologies are given in Table-20 and Table-21 below.
Table 24: Carbon Emission Factor (CEF) of different Fuels
Fuel Type
CEF
Coal
25.8
Lignite
27.6
CCGT-NG
15.3
Diesel
20.0
Source: IPCC
Table 25: Mass of CO2 Released per GWh of Energy Generated for Various Types of
Thermal Generation
Fossil Fuel Type Generation Technology
Carbon Emission Coefficient

(tones CO2 per GWh)
Open cycle gas turbine (OCGT)
620
Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT)
450
By applying the above emission factors to the most recent three years of data available for
the Pakistan grid, the grid Operating Margin (OM) can be calculated.This is the actual
emissions produced per GWh of electricity generated over the three years.The Build
Margin (BM) is then calculated, which is the average emissions produced per GWh of the
most recently installed plants only.It indicates how the emissions are increasing or
decreasing over time. The baseline of the project is calculated as a combination of these
two margins, known as the Combined Margin (CM).
The total CO2 emission reduction due to any project or activity can be calculated by the
formula:
ERproject =CMEEG
Page|135
Where:
8.8.
ERproject
=Emission Reduction due to the Project (t CO2/year)
CM
=Combined Margin of the Baseline (tonnes CO2/GWh)
EEG
=Electrical Energy Generation from a Project (GWh/year)
Quantity and Value of Carbon Benefits

Although a project might fulfil the requirements of and become registered under the CDM,
there is no guarantee that either anyone will be willing to purchase the CERs or they will
have a particular value. As discussed above, large hydro is not considered universally to
be of benefit. For instance, the European Union (EU) has ruled that CERs from hydro
projects that are larger than 20 MW cannot be used for offsetting within the EU Emissions
Trading Scheme (EU ETS), although CERs from larger projects may be allowed if they
meet the requirements of the World Commission on Dams (WCD). However, it is not the
case with Kaigah Hydropower Project as it is not a large dam.
Another issue will be demonstrating that the project fulfils the additionality criteria which
restrict CERs to projects that would not be viable without the CDM benefit. Although the
Kaigah Hydropower Project is not expected to be as attractive as some might be at the
present time, we consider that it would be considered financially viable. Great care would
need to be taken to develop an additionality argument that overcame this issue.
The Kaigah Hydropower Project is medium sized project i.e. 545 MW. However, many
hydropower projects have failed to achieve registration. For example, the validation of the
880 MW Campos Novos Project in Brazil was terminated due to problems of additionality
and stakeholder consultation.
Another concern is that the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol have run out in
December 2012 and to date no replacement has been agreed. Although it is likely that
something will be agreed, it is not clear how any changes might affect projects such as
Kaigah HPP.
8.9.
Durban Conference 2011

On December 11th 2011, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Durban
(South Africa), delivered a breakthrough on the international communitys response to
climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol (KP) was salvaged and it was one of the significant outcomes of the
Durban Climate Change Conference. The KP will continue and the second commitment
period was extended. The only setback was that Japan, Canada and Russia walked out
and hence the total emissions reductions under KP will become quantitatively less. The
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other market-based flexible mechanisms first
came into existence as a result of Article 12 of the KP.
Page|136
It was agreed to have a new round of negotiations until 2015 to create a new Protocol to
extend the Kyoto Protocol and limit CO2 emissions over the world starting in 2020. In other
words, by 2015, delegates will negotiate an agreed outcome with legal force so within
four years, there is supposed to be something like a treaty covering developed and
developing countries that limits carbon emissions. This treaty or treaty-like document is
supposed to take effect in 2020. For the first time, officials of the nations that are the
biggest carbon emitters (China, the United States and India) have agreed to negotiate
legally binding restrictions since all 191 nations have agreed to be bound by the same rule
(The Kyoto Protocol covers only 40 nations).
What was at stake in Durban was the legal basis of the CDM. Technically without the KP
there is no legal basis. A kind of substitute legal basis was provided by some of the Annex
1 countries such as the EU states who have their own regional emissions reductions
targets agreed under the auspices of the EU. Before Durban began, it was believed that
even if the KP was not extended, countries would have found a way to continue with the
system. The CDM is after all one of the few successful mitigation programmes that is
international in nature and involves both developed and developing countries. Developed
countries can transfer their emissions reductions and developing countries can get higher
investments in clean energy. A notable achievement of the CDM is transfer of technology
to developing countries. To date, 44% of approved projects have used new technology.
According to many NGOs that is not good enough and it should have been more like 70 or
80%, but I think that even 44% is a significant number.
Other benefits for developing countries include increased energy production, jobs and
economic activity. The CDM has acquired its own viability because different countries
such as Australia and China, and states in the US such as California are thinking of
introducing their own carbon trading systems. The CDM Executive Board has made
impressive progress in streamlining and simplifying the modalities and procedures of the
CDM initially agreed upon in Marrakesh in 2001.
Before the Durban meeting, the carbon market had shown considerable strain because of
the uncertainty about the future of the KP and there was a noticeable reduction in the
number of projects and the price of the CERs, which had once gone up to 13 Euros and
then came down to less than 5 Euros. The price has still not picked up. But now at least
there is no uncertainty about the future of the CDM.
There are as of today 3,800 registered projects located in 72 countries and in addition
3,600 projects are in the pipeline, undergoing various stages of verification and validation
by the CDM secretariat located in Bonn.
In 2010 the transactions involving carbon trading emissions amounted to 20 billion US
dollars. The main thing about the CDM is that it is meant to help the Annex 1 countries (a
total of 36 countries) to buy credits in order to meet their KP commitments in case they are
unable to reduce their emissions through efforts at home. They can buy credits generated
by projects in non-Annex 1 countries.
Page|137
The CDMs future in South Asia is assured. It was a very uneven situation in the past as
India was number two globally in hosting CDM projects and other countries in the region
were absent. But in the last three years, the other Asian countries are picking up.
Pakistan, which four years ago had only one CDM project at the Pak Arab Fertilizer plant,
now has 9 or 10 registered projects, which is a significant jump. Bangladesh also has a
couple now, as does Sri Lanka. South Asias share has increased and other Asian
countries are also gearing up.
8.10.
Anticipated Revenue
In view of the above discussion, it is not possible to estimate the anticipated revenue until
any firm mechanism replacing Kyoto Protocol is agreed.
8.11.
Conclusions
The potential benefit to the project of carbon credits is currently difficult to estimate and
our estimate ranges from zero to around USD 60 million. Whilst this additional income
would be welcome it is unlikely to make or break the project.
Until the post Kyoto international agreements are in place it is very difficult to know how
hydro projects such as Kaigah will be treated. Furthermore, justifying the additionality of
Kaigah in accordance with the CDM rules would be very difficult. We therefore suggest
that at the present time, the carbon benefits are not included in the project economic and
financial analysis.
Page|138
9.
PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
9.1.
General
Like most other development projects, the Kaigah Hydropower Project will also affect the
human population due to the involuntary displacement from their native place to another
place. Both the Government of Pakistan and international donors (WB, ADB etc.) place
emphasis on involving parties who could be affected by any development project for
determining the social and environmental impacts associated with the project interventions
and for proposing mitigation measures for identified impacts. Accordingly, an attempt has
been made to consult government departments, the general public, line agencies, NGOs
and affected persons in the project area to obtain their views. This chapter describes the
mechanism adopted and activities undertaken for their involvement in the process and
information collected and conclusions drawn during the public consultation process.
Consultation with affected people and other stakeholders has become standard practice in
environmental assessment of development projects. The concept of public consultation is
that the project proponent should share relevant information about the project intervention
and its potential environmental impacts with all stakeholders. Consultation is a two-way
process by which the knowledge and views of affected persons, NGOs, the private sector
and other interested parties is taken into account in decision making. Nevertheless, it is
becoming increasingly clear that the knowledge of affected communities and local NGOs
can contribute to the quality of environmental assessments, as well as providing a better
understanding of the social impacts. Information dissemination during public consultation
by the project proponent or his representative is fundamental to meaningful consultation.
9.2.
Stages of Public Consultation

The process of public consultation and information disclosure described here represent
the Initial EIA stage, as well as the Impact Assessment stages of the project.The feedback
from the respondents was used both for identification of the possible impacts, as well as
for assessing their nature, location, severity and magnitude. The feedback has been used
to develop the mitigation strategy as well.
The next stage, during which the local population will participate and offer their views,
could be during the design stage for identification and selection of sites of worker camps,
access routes, material storage areas, etc., along with the location and details of the
proposed mitigation measures.
The stakeholders such as government departments, line agencies and affected persons
should also be consulted fully during the construction stage, beginning at the very
start of the works.This consultation and participation of the interested and affected
parties should continue into the monitoring and operational stages. The proposed PESMU
will be a pivotal body in this process.
9.3.
Techniques and Tools used for Public Consultation

The following techniques and tools of consultation were used keeping in view the nature of
project (hydropower) and the expected impacts:
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Visits to offices, line agencies and NGOs
Small group meetings and village meetings with PAP
Scoping sessions with stakeholders
Structured and Semi structured interviews
Focused group survey
9.4.
The Consultation Process
9.4.1.
Visits to Government Offices, Line Agencies and NGOs

Offices of government departments, private organizations, politicians, NGOs and some
individuals having a direct or indirect relation with the project were visited. NGOs include
SRSP, UNDP, Red Crescent and Saiban. Some necessary primary and secondary data
was also collected.The objectives of visits to these organizations were:
9.4.2.
To inform about the objectives and salient features of the project especially those
features which would affect the area.
To invite them to present their views, to assist in identification of environmental and

social issues, planning the mitigation, and ensure that no major impacts are
overlooked
To obtain their views on acceptable terms of compensation and resettlement issues
To identify any specific problems (such as any vulnerable persons)
To obtain ideas for any possible improvement in project layout and design
To obtain ideas for environmentally friendly management of the project
To obtain information on land ownership and natural resources, etc.
To obtain local knowledge and wisdom relevant to the project
To increase confidence in the project in the area
To provide an opportunity to the people to ask any questions about the project
To enquire about any other schemes or plans of other departments in the area.
Interviews with Well-Informed Persons

During the EIA studies, one well informed person (local politician, head of a village or
social activist) from each affected village falling in the project area was interviewed on predesigned proforma (AnnexureC1). All necessary information pertaining to that village was
recorded and information about project was exchanged and feedback was recorded during
data collection.This process also supported the consultation process as a lot of exchange
of information took place during interviews. A list of respondents is provided in Annexure
C2
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9.4.3.
Interviews with Affected People in the Project Area

86 households spread throughout all four affected villages were statistically selected for
socio- economic survey of the project area to establish the baseline socio-economic
conditions of the area and the people. The head person of each household was formally
interviewed and the response was recorded on a pre-prepared questionnaire. More than
half an hour was required to fill one questionnaire and during that time, the respondent
availed himself fully of the opportunity to understand the project interventions and to give
feedback. This survey served two purposes: first, as sources for establishing the baseline
condition of the area and secondly as part of the consultation process. A list of 86
respondents is provided in AnnexureC2.
9.4.4.
Scoping Sessions in Affected villages

Three scoping sessions were arranged in villages Karrang, Birti and Thauti. The
community was informed in advance to come to a selected place in the same village. The
environmental team briefed them about the objectives and components of the project.
Participants were invited for questions before the end of the session and comprehensive
discussions were held.
9.4.5.
Women Survey
A women survey (as a focussed survey) was also conducted in the project area. 31
households were also selected for this survey and one woman (the eldest or most well
informed) from each household was selected for interview using a pre-designed
questionnaire (Annexure-C3) through a female enumerator. The results of the survey are
provided in Table 26.
9.5.
Outcome of the Consultations

The outcome of whole consultation process was very encouraging; the community took a
keen interest in the objectives and interventions of the project and gave their comments
regarding their reservations and suggestions. A summary of the consultation process is
provided in Table 26.
Table 26: Summary of Feedback Received through Public Consultation
Category
Visits to Government
offices, line agencies
and NGOs
Summary of Feedback
Pakistan is facing acute shortage of electric power, therefore,

construction of the Kaigah Hydropower Project is a good
initiative.
Presently there is no industry in the vicinity of project area
due to shortage of electric power and after construction of the
project, economic activity will increase in Pakistan as well as
in the project area.
Industries and inhabitants of the area should be provided
electricity on subsidised rates to boost the industries in the
area.
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During construction, Sponsors should try to minimise the

damage to infrastructure and environment.
Development projects are generally delayed due to litigation.
Sponsors should prefer to settle disputes on the spot through a
resolution mechanism instead of litigation.
Interviews with well
informed persons
Participants of Birti and Thauti villages showed their

reservations on name of the project. People of the Birti
village said that name of the project should be Birti
Hydropower Project as there is already a project proposed as
Karrang Hydropower Project (Kandiah Power Complex II)
after the village of Karrang. While people of Thauti village
said that name of the project should be Thauti Hydro Power
Project as the powerhouse location has been shifted from
Kaigah village to Thauti.
People of Karrang village were more worried about the
resettlement and wanted to know more about this.
Some people showed their concern that the project will
adversely change their social and cultural life.
Mostly people appreciated the objective of the project and
anticipated preferential employment opportunities for the
local population.
Interviews with affected

people and communities
falling in project area
Compensation of damage and economic losses should be at

market rates as government rates are generally low.
Contractors should be bound to set up their camps away from
settlements.
Contractors should be bound to rehabilitate damage to
infrastructure before leaving the area.
Contractor should respect the privacy of people.
All unskilled labour should be hired from the local area.
Government should provide free electricity to villages around
the project area.
Scoping sessions in
affected villages
Participants generally showed their fear that dam is in an

earthquake zone and it can be risky to people and property in
case of any mishap.
Most participants were happy to know about the project, and
expressed the opinion that Pakistan is facing an acute
shortage of electricity and this project will boost the
development of the country.
The procedure for payment of damages to people should be
simple and less time consuming.
Houses and other assets should be compensated on the basis
of replacement cost
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Participants of Birti and Thauti villages showed their

reservation on name of the project.
Women survey
Most of the women were already aware of the project

activities through their male family members but their
knowledge about the objectives of the project was very
limited. When benefits of the project were told to them they
showed their complete satisfaction.
The majority of the women said that large numbers of people
from other cultures will affect their privacy.
They showed their concern that if the dam is damaged it will
be very dangerous for them.
Women according to their own perception showed the
following negative and positive impacts of the project:
Free electricity for the area
More job opportunities
Increase in pasture lands due to moisture
Increase in land values
Improvement in Infrastructure
Flood threat due to earthquake
Noise, air and traffic pollution
Threat of dislocation and disturbance of livelihood
Crop damage due to moisture
Social and cultural life disturbance due to increase in
population
Free movement of women and children may get disturbed
due to project activities
Access to pastures and grazing lands may be disturbed.
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10.
LAND ACQUISITION, RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION
10.1.
Introduction
This chapter discusses the broad framework for land acquisition, resettlement issues and
compensation procedure required for the project. At this stage most estimates are at a
preliminary level according to the requirements of feasibility study, which will be refined
and updated at design stage. A separate document covering the Resettlement Action Plan
will be prepared for dealing with the subject of land acquisition for project needs and
issues related with resettlement and compensation to affected persons.
10.2.
Project Affectees
Any person department or organization (private or public), whose land, asset, or source of
income is likely to be affected by the interventions and operations of the project, is
considered to be a Project Affectee. In the Kaigah Hydropower Project, the Project
Affectees include mainly the owners or occupants of the following type of land and
structures built thereon:
Owners and all residents of 112 households belonging to Karrang village and 18
household of Dong village
Owners of infrastructure, properties, agricultural land in Birti village below the reservoir
level at El 1500 masl
Land near the dam and powerhouse sites (Thauti) required for construction of
residential colonies, offices and other auxiliary services
Land falling within the reservoir area (the whole area to be submerged at maximum
reservoir level of El 1500 masl).
Land required for the realignment of the Kandiah valley road
Land where the excavated material will be disposed off or dumped.
Land to be used as access routes to reach the construction sites and work places
Land required for storage of construction material (aggregate, sand, cement etc.)
Land required for workers camps, parking of vehicles and other machinery.
Comprehensive information about the number of Project Affectees and the extent of their
losses will be identified at the design stage and an exact inventory of assets to be lost will
be prepared and their value at market price will be determined.
10.3.
Need for a Resettlement Plan

According to the Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA 1997) a Resettlement Action
Plan is required for all projects, where more than 200 persons will be displaced. As the
Kaigah project will result in the displacement of about 900 persons, preparation of an RAP
is mandatory.This will be prepared at the design stage of the project.
The World Bank guidelines for land acquisition, compensation and resettlement are
universally accepted by all other donor agencies and borrowers. In accordance with these
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guidelines, the borrower should prepare a resettlement plan that covers the rights of the
PAP, especially those below the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, women and
children, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, or other displaced persons who may not
be protected through national land compensation legislation.
10.4.
Land Acquisition
10.4.1. Area for Auxiliary Services and other Project Requirements

The actual area required for auxiliary services has been estimated as 18 Acres shown in
Annexure-A3. It is evident from this drawing that auxiliary service areas for different
purposes are scattered in many places and it will be practically difficult to acquire and
manage these different pieces of land. Therefore the whole area covering all auxiliary
services measuring approximately 18 Acres has to be acquired.The area acquired will
become the property of the Developers and, after project completion, the extra land can
be used for improving vegetation, growing of crops, raising of orchards and for future
extensions and other requirements of the project.
The whole land to be acquired for auxiliary services and realignment of the Kandiah valley
road is known to be state land and has been occupied by the people of different villages
for many centuries. In accordance with the resettlement policy of the World Bank and the
Government of Pakistan, compensation of lands, which may be on reduced rate, has to be
paid even to occupants who may not have the clear title. According to the socio-economic
survey of the project, the average cost of the land in project area is PKR 125000 to
250000 per Kanal.
10.4.2. Area under the Reservoir

The total area of the reservoir at maximum reservoir level of El 1500 masl has been
estimated as 74300 m. The compensation cost of this land amounts to PKR 410 M.
Besides 74300 m of land, all structures falling within the reservoir limit will need to be
acquired. Either their replacement cost will be paid to the owners or the structures will be
rebuilt at another suitable place at a cost to the project. The structures identified in the
reservoir area and their tentative replacement or rebuilding cost is PKR 700 M.
10.4.3. Area Required for Resettlement

Area required for resettlement of 112 household of Karrang village, 58 of Birti village, 18 of
Dong village and 25 of Thauti village has been estimated as 11.2 ha (0.1 ha per
household). This area includes areas for houses, streets, schools, mosque and all other
common community requirements. Potential areas for resettlement have been identified
(Annexure F5) and the final site will be selected at the design stage of the project when
the Resettlement Action Plan of the project will be prepared as a separate document.
10.5.
Tentative Compensation Process for Lost Assets
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10.5.1. Compensation for Agricultural Crops

All land to be acquired for project auxiliary services and most of the land falling in the
reservoir is predominantly uncultivated, barren and rugged except for a small part of
Karrang and Birti village where crops are grown. Before filling the reservoir with water, this
land will be acquired and the owners will be asked to stop cropping. Therefore no
compensation for damage to crops will require to be paid.
10.5.2. Compensation for the Orchard and other Trees

It is estimated that presently 300 to 350 fruit and non-fruit trees lie in the Project area. 29%
out of these are expected to lie within the reservoir area. Before filling the reservoir with
water, it is necessary to remove all these plants to avoid methane production. Methane is
a greenhouse gas, produced by the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic
conditions, which contributes to the global warming of the planet.
As the whole village has to be relocated compensation for these trees will be required,
even though the remaining trees are above the reservoir level.The tentative compensation
for these trees has been estimated as PKR 4 M which is 0.22% of the total environmental
cost (Table 11.1).
10.5.3. Compensation for Buildings and Infrastructure

The list of infrastructure to be submerged in the reservoir and affected by powerhouse
which requires compensation is provided in Table -11.1 along with the tentative cost.
10.6.
Tentative Compensation Procedure
10.6.1. Compensation under the Land Acquisition Act

The main law dealing with land acquisition and compensation in Pakistan is the Land
Acquisition Act of 1894, with its successive amendments. The Land Acquisition Act and its
Implementation Rules require that all damage should be compensated in cash at market
rates to titled landowners, occupants and land tenants and users. Under the Land
Acquisition Act, only legal owners and tenants registered with the Land Revenue
Department or possessing formal lease agreements are eligible for compensation or
livelihood support. Projects such as Chotiari Dam, Ghazi Barotha Hydropower, and
National Highways Improvement have also awarded compensation and assistance to
unregistered tenants and other forms of affected persons such as sharecroppers and
squatters.
The Land Acquisition Collector is the only pre-litigation final authority to decide disputes
and address complaints regarding quantification and assessment of compensation for the
affected lands and other assets. Another important aspect of the Land Acquisition Act is
that it does not mandate rehabilitation or provision of assistance to the poor, vulnerable
groups, or severely affected PAP, nor does it automatically provide for rehabilitation of
income and livelihood losses or resettlement costs. However, this has now been
achieved in some recent projects in Pakistan through ad-hoc arrangements based on
negotiations between the specific project proponents and the PAP.
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In view of the factors mentioned above, the Ministry of Environment has proposed an
amendment to the Land Acquisition Act, in the form of a National Resettlement
Policy and a Resettlement Ordinance. These instruments have been drafted to broaden
provisions of the Land Acquisition Act and its current practices, so as to widen the scope
of eligibility for compensation, and reduce its present weaknesses (e.g. definitions of
malpractices, cut-off dates, political influence, etc.). Both these documents are awaiting
the approval of the government.
10.6.2. Compensation under WAPDA Procedures

Since 1958, GoP has executed many projects through WAPDA in which mass human
displacement and resettlement has been involved.The most famous projects in this
respect are Mangla Dam, Tarbela Dam and Ghazi-Barotha hydropower project. The most
recent is the compensation policy designed for Mangla Raising, Bhasha Diamer and Dasu
hydropower projects. In all these projects, a uniform policy of compensation was not
applied and resettlement policies have been changing from project to project and with the
passage of time. In recent projects, affected communities in the project areas have been
fully involved in the acquisition and compensation process. Similarly, land acquisition and
resettlement policies for the Kaigah Hydropower Project will be designed keeping in view
the location of the project, the socio-economic conditions of the PAP and the policies of
the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and national government policies.
10.7.
Tentative Compensation Eligibility
10.7.1. Eligibility under Government of Pakistan Policy

The Government of Pakistan has proclaimed an ordinance entitled "Project
Implementation and Resettlement of the Affected Persons Ordinance 2001". This
ordinance will be used to safeguard the interests of persons and groups involuntarily
displaced from existing places to new resettlement areas. This ordinance establishes that
the resettlement of the involuntarily displaced persons is done as a matter of right and not
by way of charity or any such sentiment, also the Project Affected Persons shall be
accepted as special groups, who in the interest of the country have accepted or
undergone involuntary displacement. The main features of this ordinance are summarised
below:
a) Residential Land
Residential land will be compensated at replacement cost based on current market
rates assessed through surveys of land sales in project areas in the period
immediately before inventory of affected assets.
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b) Houses, Buildings, and Structures

Houses, buildings and other structures will be compensated in cash at replacement
cost free of deductions for depreciation, salvaged materials and transaction costs. For
relocation of houses, the project will compensate the owners of the houses with cash
compensation not only covering the replacement cost of the structure but also for the
land, to allow the disrupted family to purchase land elsewhere for constructing their
house.
c) Public and Community infrastructure
Public and community infrastructure will be compensated at replacement cost, with no
compensation for land. Public utilities will be fully replaced, or rehabilitated so as to
resume their pre-project functions.
d) Trees
Cash compensation will be provided to the owners for the lost trees. Compensation for
the fruit trees will be assessed on the basis of loss of yield for 5 years at prevailing
market rates and for non-fruit trees on the average price of medium size timber trees.
e) Businesses and Business Workers
Permanent business losses will be compensated in cash equal to a 1-year income
based on tax declaration or, if this is unavailable, based on local minimum salary;
temporary business losses will be compensated in cash for the business stoppage
period based on tax declaration or, if unavailable, local minimum salary. Business
workers and employees: indemnity for lost wages for the period of business
interruption up to a maximum of 3 months.
f) Relocation Subsidy
PAPs who are required to relocate will receive an allowance sufficient to cover
transport costs and living expenses for 1 month (to be assessed on the basis of local
rates and standards.
g) House and Shop Renters
House renters who have leased a house for residential purposes (can also be for
livestock, garage, etc.) will be provided with a cash grant of three months rent at the
prevailing market rate in the area (or actual rent with a valid proof or witness) and will
be assisted in identifying alternative accommodation.
h) Vulnerable Peoples Livelihood
PAP having income below the poverty line, persons having no land, or persons losing
over 50% of their land, will be considered as 'vulnerable people' and provided with
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maximum benefits. They will be provided with all possible assistance for acquiring
skills, and will be given preference in employment in project related jobs.
i) Indigenous Groups
No indigenous people have been identified in the project area, and hence preparation
of an Indigenous Peoples Plan is not required.
10.7.2. Eligibility under World Bank Policy

The World Bank requires a borrower to develop criteria for deciding the eligibility or
entitlement of PAP for compensation and for resettlement assistance. PAPs fall broadly
into thrree categories:
Those who have formal legal right to land
Those who do not have formal right to land but have a claim to such land or assets
Those who do not have any recognisable legal right to land they are occupying.
Persons under (a) and (b) are provided compensation for the land they lose, and other
assistance in accordance as prescribed and agreed. Persons under (c) are provided
resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation for land they are occupying, if they occupy
the project prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower and acceptable to the Bank.
Persons who encroach on the area after the cut-off date are not entitled to any
compensation or assistance. The cut-off date normally is the date when the survey or
census of the affected population was undertaken, and when they were informed of the
project. All persons under (a), (b) and (c) categories are to be provided with compensation
for loss of assets other than land.
10.8.
Cut-off Date
According to the World Bank, a compensation policy requires the cut-off date for a project
to be fixed and announced. For the Kaigah Hydropower Project, this date may be taken as
sufficient before start of actual physical works in the project area. According to the WB,
people who settle in the affected areas after this cut-off date should not be eligible for
compensation.
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11.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT COST
11.1.
Introduction
The management of environment impacts during construction and operation phases, the
undertaking of the necessary mitigation measures (Chapter 6) and the monitoring of the
environmental management of the project (Chapter 7) carries a cost implication.The major
project cost implication for the Kaigah Hydropower Project is during construction with
lower costs in the post-construction phase.
Some costs will be additional expenditure (e.g. compensation costs to be paid to affected
persons). On the other hand, some of the mitigation measures do not imply any additional
expenditure (e.g. safety precautions). Some of the investment or cost will be required from
the initial, or design stage, but will cover later stages of the project as well. Some costs
will be concentrated during the construction period, while some will overlap into operation
of the project.These tasks have been identified in the preceding chapters. It is worth
mentioning here that most of the costs are tentative for feasibility level as more definitive
information will be collected during detailed design stage of the project.
The total environmental and social management cost of the project is estimated as PKR
1936 M (USD 15.07 M) shown in below.
The most significant component of environmental and social cost is the cost of acquisition
of the land and house compensation.
The other important component of environmental cost is the cost of damage to
infrastructure and to trees.
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12.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
12.1.
General
This chapter presents the main findings and conclusions drawn from the
Environmental Impact Assessment study of the Kaigah Hydropower Project together with
recommendations.
12.2.
Findings
Both positive and negative impacts are always associated with any development project.
The significant project impacts identified are presented under the following headings:
Physical environmental impacts
Biological environment impacts
Socio-economic impacts.
12.2.1. Physical Environmental Impacts
Four complete village with a population of 900 persons will require resettlement
A huge quantity ofexcavated material is expected to be generated from the project

activities as a number of tunnels are planned to be excavated.The disposal of
excavated material will be one of the major environmental issues with a large impact at
the dam site and a smaller impact at the powerhouse site. Unplanned disposal can
create major degradation in the environment
Approximately 327.4 Acre of land will need to be acquired permanently for various
uses by the project such as construction of colonies, offices, auxiliary services,
disposal of excavated material, area to be submerged in reservoir and area required
for realignment and construction of Kandiah valley road.
Approximately 74300 m will be permanently submerged in the reservoir at full

reservoir level El 1500 masl
Approximately 300-350 trees are expected to be lost
estimate and estimate ranges from zero to around USD 60 million per year. Until the
post Kyoto international agreements are in place after 2012 it is very difficult to know
how projects such as Kaigah HPP will be treated under CDM
A significant deterioration in air quality (air and noise) is envisaged due to the
movement of large numbers of vehicles and movement of other machinery in the
project area especially during the construction phase.
12.2.2. Biological Impacts
The aquatic life (fish) in the 23 km length of the river from the dam to the confluence of
the Kandiah River and Dasu reservoir will be adversely affected due to reduction in
river discharge
Flora and fauna habitat of 74300 m will be submerged in the reservoir

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No endangered, threatened and vulnerable species of flora were identified in the

project area which could be affected by the project
No wildlife sanctuary, National Park, Game Reserve, Protected Area is located in the
project area or near to project area
12.2.3. Socio-Economic Impacts
12.3.
The most significant economic impact of the project is the benefit expected from
generation of power. The designed capacity of the project is over 500 MW
estimate.
Resettlement of four villages consisting of 900 persons involves many socio-cultural

concerns. It is very difficult for the people to leave the native place, where they have
grown up and have sentimental affiliations, where their forefathers had been living and
where they have the graves of their family and forefathers
The construction work could offer employment opportunities to thousands of local

semi- skilled and unskilled workers
There are no archaeological or historic sites or monuments in the area which could be
affected by project activities
No indigenous or vulnerable groups of people were identified in the project area which
could be affected by the project
Construction operations could affect traffic, pedestrians, and school children on some
routes, during some specific periods of peak activities.
Environmental and Social Costs

A tentative environmental and social management cost of the project has been estimated
as PKR 1568 M (USD 15.07 M). A significant change in this amount is likely at design
stage, following comments from Developers, Government Agencies, Consultants and
alterations in the proposed measures.
12.4.
Recommendations
Establishment of committees and unit: The constitution of various committees and unit
(as proposed in this report) such as the PEMC, PESMU and PGRC must be functional
before the start of the construction phase of the project to ensure delivery of their
responsibilities
Development of detailed EMP: Development of detailed EMP on the basis of outline of

the EMP provided in this report and including the contractual obligations of the
contractors
Preparation of RAP: The project involves resettlement of four villages and population
of about 900 persons) and assessment of damages for varied infrastructure and trees.
Therefore, preparation of a comprehensive RAP is necessary before construction of
the project starts
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Approval of the Project EIA from EPA: The proponent will need to follow the
procedure for obtaining approval of the project EIA from the EPA before the start of the
project.
Preparation of contingency plans: Preparation of the following contingency plans are

recommendedbeforethestartoftheconstructionphaseof the project:
i.
General Emergency Plan: To deal with all type of emergencies during construction
ii. Excavated Material Disposal Plan: To avoid environmental degradation due to

unplanned disposal of excavated material
iii. Traffic Management Plan: To avoid any mishap from the induced traffic activities in
the area
iv. Biological Conservation Plan: For conservation of fauna and flora from the
project activities
v. Plantation Plan: To replace the trees expected to be submerged in the reservoir
vi. Fisheries Development Plan: To develop a suitable plan for exploitation of the
fisheries potential of the reservoir
vii. Hazardous Material Handling Plan: For storage and moving of explosives
and other hazardous material
viii. Health and Safety Plan: For construction and operational phases of the project
ix. Plans for construction of treatment plants:
For construction of drinking water
treatment plant and waste water treatment plant at proper places before the start of
the project
x. Solid Waste Management Plan: For disposal of solid waste expected to be
generated from project activities
xi. Borrow Areas Restoration Plan: To restore the borrow areas to near to their
original condition.
12.5.
Conclusions
The study of the environmental and social setting of the Kaigah Hydropower Project,
and the implications of the proposed interventions, i.e. construction of a dam,
excavation of tunnels, creation of the reservoir, and construction of underground
powerhouse and so on, do not indicate any significant negative impact of such nature
or magnitude that would suggest the project is environmentally unfriendly.
The study has identified some potential impacts, which are not of serious nature and
can be ameliorated or mitigated within normally acceptable levels through practicable
control and management measures.
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The overall findings of the EIA studies show that the Kaigah Hydropower Project is
environmentally and socially viable subject to the development and implementation of
a full Environmental Management Plan.
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13.
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Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, 2006, Agriculture and Livestock,

Economic Survey of Pakistan
Ministry of Food, Government of Pakistan. 2006. Area and Production by Districts
Department of Agriculture, Government of KPK. 2003. Agriculture Statistics of KPK

2002-03.
Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division, Population Census Organization, 1999

District Census Report of Kohistan
Asian Development Bank, 2003. Environmental Assessment Requirements and

Environmental Review Procedure
IFC 2002. Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan, Washington DC.
KreditanstaltfrWiederaufbau. 2001. Environmental

Cooperation (FC) by KFW with Developing Countries
Government of Pakistan. 2000. National Environmental Quality Standards

(Certification of Environmental Laboratories) Regulations, in: Ameer, B. U. 2005
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Environmental Laws in Pakistan, Khyber Law Publishers, Lahore , P 1-36
Government of Pakistan and IUCN. 1992. Pakistan National Conservation Strategy.
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Project, Hydrology and Water Management Organization, Lahore
PEPA. 2000. Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, in: Ameer, B. U, Manual of
Environmental Laws in Pakistan, Khyber Law Publishers, Lahore, 2005, p 64-84
PEPA. 1998. Statutory Notifications (S.R.O.) about delegation of power and function to
the provincial EPA
World Commission. 2000. World Commission on Dams (WCD) Report.
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Washington DC.
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Washington DC.
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ANNEXURES
Annexure- A1
Location Map
Annexure- A2
Project Layout
Annexure- B
Photo-log
Annexure- C1
Sample Questionnaire
Annexure- C2
List of Respondents
Annexure- C3
Questionnaire for Women Survey
Annexure- D1
NEQS
Annexure- D2
Meteorological Data from Meteonorm 7
Annexure- D3
Water Quality Results of Kandiah River
Annexure- E
Population of Kandiah Valley (Household)
Annexure- F1
Reservoir Area Land use Classification
Annexure- F2
Infrastructure to be submerged in Reservoir
Annexure- F3
Auxiliary Facilities near Powerhouse
Annexure- F4
Auxiliary Facilities near Powerhouse
Annexure- F5
Potential Sites for Relocation
Annexure- F6
Land use Map for Powerhouse Area
Page|157
ANNEXURE A1
PROJECT LOCATION MAP
Page|158
ANNEXURE A2
PROJECT LAYOUT
Page|159
1:200
1:150
1:100
0
10
1:333.3
1:250
0
10
10
15
10
15
1:750
1:500
0
20
10
15
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
20
30
40
50
60
E= 3212 000
E= 3208 000
E= 3204 000
E= 3200 000
E= 3192 000
E= 3196 000
A
Intake 3
Canal L= 2290 m
Intake 2
N= 1258 000
Powerhouse
DONG
Adit 2
Surge tank
TI
THO
AH
NALL
KARRANG
Powerhouse
access tunnel
REST
HOUSE
Road
Dam
TAIL
RAC
E TU
NNE
HE
BAR
R
NAL AGO
LA
BIRTI
CE
RA
D
A
L
NE
N
TU
KANDIA
KAN
DI
H RIVE
AH
R
IVE
N= 1254 000
Adit 1
IVER
KANDIAH R
IVER
KANDIAH R
Road
N= 1250 000
Absc. 21554,00
Absc. 17200,00
Absc. 16894,00
Absc. 0,00
3500
3400
3300
3200
3100
3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
Absc. 10435,00
ELEVATION
(m.a.s.l)
PLAN
Surge tank
Penstock tunnel
L= 179 m
P= -1,00%
Intake
Headrace tunnel
L= 17200 m
1000
2000
3000
5000
4000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Powerhouse
Intersection with adit 1
10000
11000
12000
Tailrace tunnel
L= 4102 m
P= -0,20%
Intersection with adit 2

Pressure shaft
L= 364 m
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
DISTANCE (m)
KAIGAH
HYDROPOWER
CHARACTERISTICS
Design discharge (m3/s)
125.0
Dam height (m)
90.0
Tunnel
Gross head (m)
525
Canal
Design capacity(MW)
NOTE:
CONVENTIONS:
Profile contours are given through tunnels axis.
River
548.0
PROFILE
Powerhouse access road

Industrial track
Bridges
F
LAYOUT
David Angee M.
1:33333,33
Nombre A. Apellido A.
APPROVED :
No.
DATE
Gabriel J. Cano
DESCRIPTION
Associated Technologies
VERSIONS
An Infrastructure Development Company
JANUARY 2013
DRAWING No.
LEFT BANK SCHEME
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF KAIGAH

HIDROPOWER PROJECT
DRAFTSMAN :
CHECKED :
DATE:
SCALE:
VERIFIED :
DESIGNED :
LAYOUT
GENERAL PLAN AND PROFILE
FILE:
Left Bank Layout.dwg
CODE:
Left Bank Layout
ANNEXURE B
PHOTO LOG
Page|160
KaigahHydropowerProjectEIAStudyReport
KandiahBridgeatIndusKandiah
confluence
AlongtheRiverinKandiahvalley
1|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
Agriculturalpraticeonmanmadeterrace
Soilsamplinginmaizefield
2|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
RedCrescentandRedCrossfundedrehabilitation
programme
KandiahvalleyrehabilitationprogrammeofRedCrossandRedCrescent
3|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
PlantationnearPowerhousesite
DamagedroadtobebuiltalongKandiahRiver
4|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
ThautiNallahconfluencewithKandiahRivernear
Powerhousesite
MicroHydropowerPlantinoperationatThautivillage
5|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
PolicepostatThautivillagenearPowerhousesite
BasicHealthUnit(BHU)atThautinearPowerhousesite
6|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
Karrangvillagetobesubmergedinreservoir
PlantationnearDamsite
7|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
TribulusTerristrisLinDamarea
ViewfromBirtitoKarrangvillageatReservoirLevelof1500masl
8|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
BridgeoverKandiahRivertoreachThautivillage
CablecrossingoverKandiahRivertoreachThautivillage
9|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
BridgeoverChapparNallah(TributaryofKandiahRiver)
BridgeoverJoshoiNallah(TributaryofKandiahRiver)
10|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
BridgecrossingnearThauti
FishofKandiahRiver
11|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
Localmarketunderconstruction
ShopsinThautimarket
12|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
DiscussionwithDamarearesidentsinProjectarea
DiscussionwithPowerhousearearesidentsinProjectarea
13|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
CollectionofSocioEconomicData
CollectionofSocioEconomicDatainDamarea
14|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
ConsultationwithlocaltribalheadinProjectarea
MeetingwithSSPKohistan
15|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
ConsultationwithRevenueDepartment
ConsultationwithForestDepartment
16|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
MeetingwithRedCross
MaizecultivationinProjectarea(Birti)
17|P a g e
PHOTOLOG
ANNEXURE C1
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
Page|161
Annexure C1
Page 1 of 8
Kaigah Hydropower Project Feasibility Report
Serial No. ______________
Form No - 01
ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES (PVT) LTD

Socioeconomic, Resettlement and Environmental Baseline
Survey of the Project Area (Kandiah Valley)
(District Kohistan)
Name of Interviewer ___________________________

Date ___________________________
1. Tehsil
__________________________
2. Union Council
__________________________
3. Valley / Nullah
__________________________
4. Village / Town
__________________________
Demographic Profile of the Respondent

Q.1
What is your name?
Q.2
What is your fathers name?
Q.3
Sex:
Q.4
What is your age?
Q.5
What is your marital status:
Q.6
What are your educational qualifications?
Q.7
Q.8
__________________________________________
____________________________________
1. Male
2. Female
___________________Years
1. Single
2. Married
1. Illiterate
2. Primary
3. Middle
4. Secondary
5. Higher Secondary
6. Graduate
7. Professional Graduate
8. Post Graduate
9. Deeni Uloom
To which tribe do you belong?

1. Jalan Khail
2. Gujars
3. Udin Khail
4. Narang Khail
5. Kashmiri
6. Mula Khail
7. Sheen
8. Shukar Khail
9. Swati
10.Shadi Khail
11.Sirkhan Khail
12.Durab Khail
13.Lohar
14.Pathan
15.Sheda Khail
16.Other
What are your occupational activities?

a.Agriculture Farming
b. Milk Seller
c. Cattle Farming
d. Poultry
e. Trade
f. Wood Cutter
g. General Labor
h. Service
i. Unemployed
j. Gold Collection
k. Fishing
l. Other _______________________
Annexure C1
Page 2 of 8
Q.9
Which of the languages do you speak?

a. English
b. Gujri
c. Hindko
d. Kalochi
e. Kashmiri
f. Kohistani
g. Pushtoo
h. Shina
i. Urdu
j. Other____________
Socio-economic Profile
Q.10
How many family members live in your house?
Sex
Less than 5
years
5 to 18
years
18 to 45
years
46 to 60
years
61 years and
above.
Total
Male
Female
Total
Q.11
Do your married family members live with you in the same house?
1. Yes (Joint Family)

Q.12
2. No (Nuclear Family)
Do you marry children outside your tribe?

1. Yes (Exogamy)
2. No (Endogamy)
Q.13
Number of Child Births in the family during Last ONE Year ________________________
Q.14
Number of Deaths in the family during the last ONE year. _________________________
1. Cause of Death -------------------------------- 2. Cause of Death --------------------------------3. Cause of Death --------------------------------- 4. Cause of Death ---------------------------------
Q.15
Q.16
How many school-going children are in your house?

1. School Going
a. Boys (below 18 years) ______b. Girls (below 18 years)______
2. Non School Going
a. Boys (below 18 years) ______b. Girls (below 18 years)______
How many members of your family have any of the following educational qualifications?
Sex
Education Level
Illiterate
Male (18+)
Female (18+)
Total
Primary
Middle/
Matric
Intermediate/
Graduation
Professional/Post
Graduation
Deeni
Uloom
Annexure C1
Page 3 of 8
Q.17 What type of main vocational skills do your family members have?
Sex
Male
Female
Q.18
What type of (Additional) vocational skills would you like to impart to your family
members?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Q.19
How many members of your family have the following working statuses?
Sr.No
Q.20
Employment Status
(a)
Govt. Employee
(b)
Private Employee
(c)
Self Employed
(d)
Unemployed
(e)
Household
Family Members
Adults (18+)
Male
Female
Total
What are your major sources of income:

a. Agriculture
b. Cattle (meat, hides & wool)
c. Trade/Business
d. Poultry (eggs & meat)
e. General labor
f. Milk / Ghee Selling
g. Service
h. Gold Collection
i. Fishing
j. Fruit Trees
k. Other (specify) _________________________________________________________

Q.21
What is your average family income from all sources?

a. ______________Rs. (per month)
Q.22
What is your average income from all sources?

a. ______________Rs. (per month)
Q.23
b. _______________Rs. (per annum)
How much is your (average) family expenditure?

a. ______________Rs. (per month)
Q.24
b. _______________Rs. (per annum)
b. _______________Rs. (per annum)
How much is your (average) expenditure?

a. ______________Rs. (per month)
b. _______________Rs. (per annum)
Annexure C1
Page 4 of 8
Q.25
What is the mode of payment of your monthly household expenditure?
a. Cash
Q.26
b. Credit / Deferred
c. In kind
What is the type of the ownership of your house?

1. Self Owned
2. Rented
3. Relative House Free
4. Rented from Government
5. Leased
6. Free on Landlord property
7. Provided by the Employer

Q.27
Nature of construction of your house:

1. Katcha
2. Pacca
3. Semi-pacca
Q. 28 How many rooms and bath rooms are in your house?

(i) Number of Rooms_________________ (ii) Number of Bathrooms________________
Q.29
How much is the area of your house?
Q.30
Period since construction of your house?
Q.31
Current estimated value of your house
Q.32
Do you have separate room for animals in your house?

1. Yes
Q.33
_________________Rs.
2. No
2. Pacca
3. Semi-pacca
Do you own any other building(s)?

1. Yes
Q.35
______________ (Years)
If yes, nature of construction:

1. Katcha
Q.34
_____________ (Number)
_____________________ (sq. feet)
_____________ (Number)
2. No
If yes, nature of construction:

1. Katcha
2. Pacca
3. Semi-pacca
Q.36
Current estimated value of that building(s)
Q.37
Which of the following facilities are available in your house?
a. Electricity
b. Water Supply
d. Telephone
f. Sewerage
______________Rs.
c. Gas
Annexure C1
Page 5 of 8
Q.38
Q.39
What type of fuel do you use for illuminating, heating and cooking etc.?
1. Illumination
a. Electricity
b. Kerosene
c. LPG
d. Firewood
2. Heating
a. Electricity
b. Kerosene
c. LPG
d. Firewood
3. Cooking
a. Electricity
b. Kerosene
c. LPG
d. Firewood
Estimated cost of fuel consumed, including firewood:
a. Summer ___________ Rs. b. Winter ____________ Rs. c. Total _____________Rs.

Q.40
Q.41
Which of the following household items do you have?
a. TV
b. Motor Vehicle
c. V.C.R./ V.C.D.
d. Cassette Player/Radio
e. Fridge/Freezer
f. Air Conditioner/Cooler
g. Motor Cycle
h. Bicycle
i. Sewing Machine
j. Washing Machine
k. Geezer
l. Power Generator
m. Iron
n. Fan
o. Furniture
p. Other ________________
q. Other____________
What are the sources of water for your domestic and agricultural use?
Sr.No
Nature of Use
Sources of Water
Spring Nullah Channel
(a)
Drinking
(b)
Household Washing / Bathing
(c)
Agricultural Irrigation
(d)
Livestock /Animals (Drinking &

Bathing)
Q.42
Sr.No
Public Water Supply
What is the size of your cultivated land with its approximate price?
Agricultural Land
Cultivated Area
Uncultivated Area
Cultivable Waste
Fruit Orchard Area
Area of land
(in kanal)
(in acre)
Approximate
Price (Rs.)
Total
Q.43
What is the nature of your agricultural farming?

a. Owner
b. Lessee
c. Owner-cum-tenant
d. Tenant
e. Lessor
f. Share cropper
Annexure C1
Page 6 of 8
Q.44
Q.45
Q.46
Which of the following agricultural implements do you have?
a. Plough for oxen
b. Plough for tractor
c. Tractor
d. Trolley for tractor
e. Thresher
f. Other____________
What do you grow mostly in your agricultural land?

a. Wheat
b. Maize
c. Sorgrum
e. Fruits
f. Fodder
g. Others (specify) ____________________
Please provide information about the inputs for growing various crops in your agricultural
land.
Sr.
No
Items
A
B
Seeds
Fertilizers
C
D
Pesticides
Manure
Other growing and

harvesting costs
Q.47
d. Vegetable
Purchasing status
Yes
1
1
1
1
No
2
2
2
2
Source (use code)

1=own, 2=market,
3=Govt., 4=other
How many animals do you have?
Animals
Buffalo Cow
Goat/
Sheep
Poultry
Donkey/
mule
Ox Horse
Other
(specify)
Number
Q.48
Do you purchase fodder / feed for animals?

1. Yes
Q.49
2. No
If yes, estimated cost for purchasing feed / fodder for your animals:
Sr. No.
Items of Feed / Fodder
Dry fodder
Green fodder
Animal minders
Medicines
Average Cost Per Annum

(Rs.)
Total
Q.50
Estimate
Total cost
(Rs.)
Do you keep any written evidence of Sale/Purchase of your property?
1. Yes
2. No
Total
Annexure C1
Page 7 of 8
Q.51
If Yes, What kind of evidence?

1. Govt. Stamp Paper
2. Plain Paper
3. Personal Evidence
4. Other (specify)_________________________________________________________
Q.52
Did you borrow money during the last one year?

1. Yes
Q.53
If yes, please provide the detail as below:

I
amount Borrowed______________Rs.
II
amount yet to pay______________Rs.
III
Source:
IV
Q.54
2. No
1. Bank
2. Friend
3. Relative
4. Private organization
5. Other (specify)________________
Purpose to borrow money: ___________________________________________
Do you depend on localities across left and right banks of the River Indus for the
fulfillment of your various needs?
1. Yes
Q.55
2. No
If yes, what types of your needs are related with the localities located across the river?
Please provide the details as below:
a. Family Relations
b. Markets, Business and Trade centers
c. Access to KKH
d. Natural Resources & Pastures on Mountains
e. Religious, Educational, Health and Recreational Facilities

Q.56
In your opinion, how will you be affected by the construction of Kaigah Dam?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Q.57
If your agricultural land / shop are to be acquired for Kaigah Hydropower Project, do you
have any other source of income?
1. Yes
2. No
Q.58
If yes, specify the source:
Q.59
Do you have any other place of residence to move?

1. Yes
Q.60
_________________________________________
2. No
If yes;
a. Name of locality_______________________________________________________
b. Distance from present residence _______________________________________Km
Annexure C1
Page 8 of 8
Q.61
Q.62
In case of relocation, where will you prefer to resettle?

1. With in the distt. Kohistan 2.
2.
Dasu
3. Down to the country
4. Dont know
5. Any other place (specify) ___________________
What mode of compensation for land / building will be your choice?
Cash
Alternative Land
Building
Other (specify)
Comments of the Interviewer

a. Capability of the respondent to provide information:
_______________________________________________________________________
b. Exaggeration in providing information:
_______________________________________________________________________
c. Attitude of the respondent:
_______________________________________________________________________
--- END ---
ANNEXURE C2
LIST OF RESPONDENTS
Page|162
EIASTUDYREPORT
Sr. #
LISTOFRESPONDENTS
548MWKAIGAHHYDROPOWERPROJECT
Name
Father's Name
Village
Sex
Age
Status
Qualification
Caste
Sher Ali Malik
Deeli Malik
Birti
Male
51 Years
Married Middle
Shahbaz Khel
Sikandar
Syed Jalal
Birti
Male
46 years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
Rehmat Wali
Malik Amin
Birti
Male
35 years
Married Matric
Shahbaz Khel
Arastoo Mullah
Kaskar
Birti
Male
70 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
Jandal Kheil
Shamran
Gujar Khan Malik
Birti
Male
58 Years
Married Middle
Shahbaz Khel
Haider Ali
Deeli Malik
Birti
Male
22 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
Akram Shah
Bahdur Khan
Birti
Male
47 Years
Married Illiterate
Shahbaz Khel
Qari Rehmat Ali
Deeli Malik
Birti
Male
20 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
Shahbaz Khel
Fazeel-e-Haq
Deeli Malik
Birti
Male
35 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
10
Nader Khan
Deeli Khan
Birti
Male
47 Years
Married Illiterate
Shahbaz Khel
11
Asim Shah
Haji Gul Ameer
Birti
Male
28 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
12
Rajander
Akbar
Birti
Male
60 Years
Married Illiterate
Sui-Khel
13
Rehmat ullah
Haji Gul Ameer
Birti
Male
30 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
14
Nazeem
Shehzad Mir
Birti
Male
45 Years
Gujar
15
Anwar Shah
Haji Gul Ameer
Birti
Male
20 Years
Shahbaz Khel
16
Adil Shah
Haji Gul Ameer
Birti
Male
22 Years
Married Illiterate
Higher
Married Secondary
Higher
Married Secondary
17
Mr. Zafar Ali
Dadi Malik
Birti
Male
25 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
18
Mr. Fazil
Dena
Birti
Male
60 Years
Married Illiterate
Gujar
19
Mr. Akbar Ali
Malik Sher Ali
Birti
Male
25 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
20
Mr. Haji Gul ameer
Dadi Malik
Birti
Male
60 Years
Married Illiterate
Shahbaz Khel
21
Mr. Satbar
Noor Baz
Birti
Male
50 Years
Married Illiterate
Taliq Khail
22
Mr. Bahddr Khan
Daide Malak
Birti
Male
50 Years
Married Primary
Shahbaz Khel
23
Mr. Raheem Shah
Bahudur Khan
Birti
Male
25 Years
Married Illiterate
Shahbaz Khel
24
Mr. Malang
Arastoo Mullah
Birti
Male
32 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
Jandal Kheil
25
Saeed Azeem
Lo Malik
Birti
Male
50 Years
Shabaz Kheil
26
Sardar Ali
Shah Alam
Birti
Male
30 Years
Married Matric
(2)
Married Matric
Page1of4
Shahbaz Khel
Shabaz Kheil
Occupation
Languages
Agriculture Kohistani,
Farming
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Shop keeper Pashtu, Urdu
Agriculture/ Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Agriculture/ Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Farming
Pashtu
Farming
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Hindko,
Milk Seller
Kohistani
Kohistani,
Student
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Student
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Gujri, Kohistani,
Milk Seller
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Milk Seller
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Farming
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Farming
Pashtu, Urdu
Family
Members
Total Members
M- 09 F-04
15 Nos.
M- 03 F-04
09 Nos.
M- 03 F-08
13 Nos.
M- 10 F-03
15 Nos.
M- 03 F-11
16 Nos.
M- 01 F-01
04 Nos.
M- 03 F-06
11 Nos.
M- 01 F-01
04 Nos.
M- 03 F-05
10 Nos.
M- 06 F-04
12 Nos.
M- 01 F-01
04 Nos.
M- 03 F-01
06 Nos.
M- 02 F-04
08 Nos.
M- 01 F-03
06 Nos.
M- 02 F-01
05 Nos.
M- 02 F-01
05 Nos.
M- 04 F-03
09 Nos.
M- 05 F-04
11 Nos.
M- 02 F-02
06 Nos.
M- 08 F-02
12 Nos.
M- 10 F-
12 Nos.
M- 04 F-08
14 Nos.
M- 03 F-01
06 Nos.
M- 06 F-05
13 Nos.
M-0
F-1
03 Nos.
M-4
F-1
07 Nos.
EIASTUDYREPORT
Sr. #
LISTOFRESPONDENTS
Name
Father's Name
Village
Sex
Age
Status
Qualification
27
Zardardan
Shah Alam
Birti
Male
30 Years
Married Primary
28
Shahid Data
Birti
Male
30 Years
29
Haji Nadar shah
Mahkam
Birti
Male
100 Years
Married Primary
(2)
Married Illiterate
30
Wakeel Khan
Ronaq Khan
Birti
Male
35 Years
Married Matric
31
Ishaq
Wakeel Khan
Birti
Male
20 Years
Married Illiterate
32
Yaqoob Khan
Wakeel Khan
Birti
Male
20 Years
Married Primary
33
Mr. Hyder Malik
Badshah Malik
Karrang
Male
60 Years
34
Mr. Khan Zaib
Badshah Malik
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Illiterate
Higher
Married Secondary
35
Mr. Malik Abdul Hai
Ghazan Malik
Karrang
Male
80 Years
Married Illiterate
36
Mr. Abdul Hanan
Kasgar Malik
Karrang
Male
80 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
37
Mr. Malik Nabi
Malik Sulman
Karrang
Male
70 Years
Married Illiterate
38
Raheem Shah
Muhammad Rasool
Karrang
Male
69 Years
Married Illiterate
39
Saiful Malook
Abdullah
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Illiterate
40
Mobashir Khan
Samandar
Karrang
Male
24 Years
Married Illiterate
41
Akbar Khan
Samandar
Karrang
Male
29 Years
Married Qari
42
Lal Khan
Aurangzaib Malik
Karrang
Male
60 Years
Married Illiterate
43
Mubarak Shah
Aurangzaib Malik
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Primary
44
Abdul Shakoor
Bindi Khan
Karrang
Male
60 Years
Married Primary
45
Akhtar Munir
Abdul Shakoor
Karrang
Male
30 Years
Married Primary
46
Bahadur Shah
Rozi Khan
Karrang
Male
70 Years
Married Illiterate
47
Badar Munir
Abdul Shakoor
Karrang
Male
25 Years
Married Illiterate
48
Fadar Munir
Abdul Shakoor
Karrang
Male
25 Years
Married Primary
49
Abrahim Khan
Bahadur Shah
Karrang
Male
20 Years
Married Primary
50
Aurangzaib
Bahadur Shah
Karrang
Male
30 Years
Married Qari
51
Umar Khan
Ghazar Khan
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
52
Mahar Baz Khan
Ghazar Khan
Karrang
Male
70 Years
Married Primary
Page2of4
Caste
Occupation
Languages
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Shabaz Kheil Farming
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Shabaz Kheil Driver
Pashtu, Urdu
Kohistani,
Shabaz Kheil Labour
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Shabaz Kheil Trade
Pashtu, Urdu
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Shabaz Kheil Farming
Kohistani,
Shabaz Kheil Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Trade
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
English,
Teacher
Pushtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Agriculture
English,
Farming
Pushtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Teacher
Kohistani,
(religious)
Pashtu
Sui Khel
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Farming
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Farming
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Trade
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Agriculture
Kohistani,
Farming
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Driver
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Labour
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Kohistani,
Contractor
Pashtoo, Urdu
Mula Khail
Family
Members
Total Members
M-1
F-2
05 Nos.
M-0
F-1
03 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-5
F-2
09 Nos.
M-1
F-1
04 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M- 06 F-02
12 Nos.
M- 03 F-02
09 Nos.
M- 04 F-02
09 Nos.
M- 06 F-01
09 Nos.
M- 02 F-03
07 Nos.
M- 05 F-03
10 Nos.
M- 04 F-04
10 Nos.
M-1
F-1
04 Nos.
M-1
F-1
04 Nos.
M-3
F-1
06 Nos.
M-5
F-1
08 Nos.
M-7
F-5
14 Nos.
M-8
F-2
12 Nos.
M-10 F-1
13 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-4
F-1
07 Nos.
M-3
F-3
08 Nos.
M-0
F-1
03 Nos.
M-3
F-2
07 Nos.
M-4
F-2
08 Nos.
EIASTUDYREPORT
Sr. #
LISTOFRESPONDENTS
Name
Father's Name
Village
Sex
Age
Status
Qualification
Caste
Occupation
53
Mazdob Khan
Ghazar Khan
Karrang
Male
30 Years
Married Illiterate
Mula Khail
54
Azam Khan
Ghazar Khan
Karrang
Male
35 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
Mula Khail
Labour
55
Athar Khan
Ghazar Khan
Karrang
Male
25 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
Mula Khail
Labour
56
Shah Alam
Log Malik
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Primary
Mula Khail
Labour
57
Umar Hayat
Shamsir Gun
Karrang
Male
40 Years
Married Illiterate
Mula Khail
Labour
58
Jan Muhammad
Shamsir Gun
Karrang
Male
35 Years
Married Illiterate
Mula Khail
Labour
59
Jan Alam
Shamsir Gun
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Primary
Mula Khail
Birozgar
60
Mahar Alam
Shamsir Gun
Karrang
Male
60 Years
Married Primary
Mula Khail
Labour
61
Shar Alam
Shamsir Gun
Karrang
Male
50 Years
Married Illiterate
Mula Khail
Labour
62
Muhamad Saleem
Shamsir Gun
Karrang
Male
35 Years
Married Matric
Birozgar
63
Ghulab
Shah Ji
Thauti
Male
65 Years
Married Illiterate
64
Samandar Khan
Dilon
Thauti
Male
54 Years
Married Deeni Uloom
65
Mr. Abdul Shakoor
Chapat
Thauti
Male
52 Years
Married Illiterate
66
Haji Biniameen
Haji Aftab
Thauti
Male
57 Years
Married Primary
67
Haji Kiftan
Malik Charyal
Thauti
Male
48 Years
Married Illiterate
Mula Khail
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
68
Mashkara
Bari
Thauti
Male
55 Years
Lohar
69
Mollah Ayaz
Yaya
Thauti
Male
70 Years
Married Illiterate
(2)
Married Deeni Uloom
70
Hassan
Mollah Ayaz
Thauti
Male
45 Years
Married Illiterate
Lohar
71
Rustam
Fazal Raheem
Thauti
Male
40 Years
Married Matric
Lohar
72
Mr. Taj
Mashkara
Thauti
Male
38 Years
Married Illiterate
Lohar
73
Mr. Iqbal
Mollah Ayaz
Thauti
Male
35 Years
Married Illiterate
74
Muhammad Saifallah
Alam Zaib
Thauti
Male
30 Years
Married B.Sc
75
Abdul Latif
Haji Aftab
Thauti
Male
36 Years
Married BA
76
Shakar Zaib
Haji Aftab
Thauti
Male
40 Years
Married Matric
77
Alam Zaib
Haji Aftab
Thauti
Male
45 Years
Married Middle
Lohar
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
78
Rahmat Wali
Adam Khor
Thauti
Male
60 Years
Married Illiterate
Page3of4
Lohar
Labour
Labour
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Birozgar
Agriculture
Farming
Labour
Birozgar
shopkepeer
Agriculture
Farming
Contractor
Agriculture
Goshah Khel Farming
Languages
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Family
Members
Total Members
M-2
F-3
07 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-1
F-0
03 Nos.
M-2
F-0
04 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-2
F-1
05 Nos.
M-0
F-0
02 Nos.
M-8
F-4
14 Nos.
M-5
F-4
11 Nos.
M-08 F-01
11 Nos.
M-03 F-02
07 Nos.
M-04 F-04
10 Nos.
M-08 F-0
10 Nos.
M-05 F-4
11 Nos.
M-02 F-3
07 Nos.
M-02 F-2
06 Nos.
M-02 F-1
05 Nos.
M-02 F-1
05 Nos.
M-01 F-1
04 Nos.
M-01 F-1
04 Nos.
M-04 F-2
08 Nos.
M-04 F-4
10 Nos.
M-04 F-3
09 Nos.
EIASTUDYREPORT
Sr. #
LISTOFRESPONDENTS
Name
Father's Name
Village
Sex
Age
Status
79
Rahmat Wali
Rehman
Thauti
Male
45 Years
Married Middle
80
Afridi
Yaya
Thauti
Male
55 Years
Married Primary
Occupation
Agriculture
Lohar
Farming
Agriculture
Goshah Khel Farming
81
Abdul Sabor
Abdul Samad
Thauti
Male
70 Years
Married Illiterate
Lohar
82
Abdul Wakeel
Afridi
Thauti
Male
40 Years
Married Middle
83
Abdul Malak
Abdul Shakoor
Thauti
Male
35 Years
84
Manoo
Khamari
Thauti
Male
65 Years
Married Matric
(2)
Married Illiterate
85
Ishaq
Abdul Shakoor
Thauti
Male
35 Years
Married Matric
86
Ihsan
Haji Jakha
Thauti
Male
23 Years
Married BSc
Goshah Khel Labour

Shahdam
Kheil
Birozgar
Agriculture
Akham Kheil Farming
Agriculture
Shahdam
Farming
Kheil
Shahdam
Kheil
Birozgar
Page4of4
Qualification
Caste
Labour
Languages
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Kohistani,
Pashtoo, Urdu
Family
Members
Total Members
M-04 F-3
09 Nos.
M-05 F-4
11 Nos.
M-02 F-2
06 Nos.
M-02 F-1
05 Nos.
M-01 F-1
04 Nos.
M-03 F-3
08 Nos.
M-01 F-1
04 Nos.
M-01 F-0
03 Nos.

ANNEXURE C3
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR WOMEN SURVEY
Page|163
Kaigah Hydropower Project Feasibility Study
Annexure- C3
Women Survey
ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES (PVT) LTD

Kaigah Hydro Power Project
(Women survey)
Study Year ______________
II
Questionnaire No._______________________
LOCATION
1.1
Village ___________________________
1.2 Valley _________________________
1.3
U.C. _____________________________
1.4 Tehsil _________________________
1.5
District ___________________________
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
2.1
2.2
Name of Respondent
_______________________________________________________
Father /Husbands Name_______________________________________________________
2.3
2.6
Age__________________________
2.4 Cast/Tribe ____________________
Marital Status________________________________________________________________
1.
Married___________ 2. Single________3. Widow____________ 4. Cast/Tribe _________
2.7
Literacy Status
2.8
If, literate, years of schooling _______________________
2.9
Respondent Occupation _____________________________________________________
2.10
Since, when you are living in this village? __________________________years
2.11
How many children have you born? _____________________________
2.12
No. of living children

Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2.13
2.14
1. Literate ___________________ 2. Illiterate ____________________
Age
Sex
Years
Education
EPI Coverage
Does a child birth attendant available in the village?
If yes,
1-
Yes _____________________
2. No. _________________
2-
Trained __________________
2. Un-Trained __________
Page 1 of 4
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
Annexure- C3
Women Survey
Which diseases are common in women?

1______________________________
2 ____________________________________
3______________________________
4 ____________________________________
Which diseases are common in children?

1______________________________
2 ____________________________________
3______________________________
4 ____________________________________
To what extent do you think you have a good health?

1 To great extent___________2 to some extent __________ 3 not at all
____________
In case of sickness who takes you for treatment?

1 Father____________________________ 2 Husband_______________________________
3 Brother___________________________ 4 Any other (specify) _______________________
2.19
2.20
In case of sickness from where you get treatment?

1 Hospital________________________
2 Dispensary _____________________________
3 BHU___________________________
4 Any other (specify) _______________________
Father /Husbands occupation

1 Agriculture________________________2 Non-Agriculture __________
2.21
Father /Husband, land ownership _______________ Kanals
2.22
Are you interested to do any work other than house hold activities?
1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
2.23
III
If yes, Nature of work

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
Participation and Decision Making.

3.1
Is there any women/village organization in village?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
3.2
If yes, are you member of women/village organization?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
3.3
Are you actively participate in women/village organization matters?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
Page 2 of 4
3.4
Annexure- C3
Women Survey
If yes, what was your contribution in women/village organizations affairs?

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
3-
____________________________________________________________________
3.5
How much land do you own? ______________________________________ Kanals
3.6
Do you own any other property in your name?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
3.7
If yes, do you have authority to sell or purchase property?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
3.8
Is there any role of women in decision making?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
3.9
If no, who decides about women issues?

1 Family Head
2 Husband___________________________
3 Father_____________________________ 4 Any other (specify) ____________________

3.10
IV
What are some pressing needs of women in your village?

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
3-
____________________________________________________________________
SKILL DEVELOPMENT
4.1
Do you know any skills?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
4.2
4.3
If yes which skills?

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
Would you like to learn some additional skill under this Project?
1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
4.4
If yes, which skills ________________________________________________
INCOME GENERATION
5.1
Do you work in farms?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
Page 3 of 4
5.2
5.3
Annexure- C3
Women Survey
If yes, what are your specific farm activity?

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
3-
____________________________________________________________________
Do you contribute in family income?

1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
5.4
VI
If yes, what specific activity and Income?
1-
Activity
_________________________________
Monthly Income (Rs.)

______________________________
2.
_________________________________
______________________________
3.
_________________________________
______________________________
PROJECT BENEFITS
6.1
Are you aware about the construction of Kaigah Hydro Power Project?
1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
6.2
Are you agreed with the construction of Kaigah Hydro Power Project?
1 Yes________________________2 No___________________________________
6.3
6.4
What benefits of project you perceive for rural women community?

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
What adverse impacts of projects do you anticipate with reference to women & children movement & safety?
12-
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Comments / any significant observation of the Interviewer?

1-
____________________________________________________________________
2-
____________________________________________________________________
Name of Interviewer___________________________________________
Date: ______________________
Page 4 of 4

ANNEXURE D1
NEQS
Page|164
ANNEXURE D2
METEONORM DATA
Page|165
Kaigah Dam site
35.488
72.894
Location name
Latitude [N]
Longitude [E]
1673
III, 10
Altitude [m a.s.l.]
Climate region
Standard
Standard
Perez
Radiation model
Temperature model
Tilt radiation model
20002009
19862005
Temperature period
Radiation period
Additional information
Uncertainty of yearly values: Gh = 10%, Bn = 19%, Ta = 2.3 C
Trend of Gh / decade: -5.4%
Variability of Gh / year: 5.2%
Radiation interpolation locations: Satellite data
Temperature interpolation locations: Srinagar (236 km)
H_Gh
H_Dh
H_Bn
Ta
[kWh/m2]
[kWh/m2]
[kWh/m2]
[C]
January
77
33
109
2.5
February
92
40
105
5.2
March
126
60
112
10.2
April
125
68
86
14.6
May
159
75
122
18.4
June
212
70
211
21.9
July
164
84
117
23.8
August
154
70
128
23.1
September
148
60
149
19.2
October
138
42
177
13.6
November
93
30
142
7.3
December
71
32
97
3.6
1559
662
1556
13.6
Month
Year
H_Gh:
H_Dh:
H_Bn:
Ta:
Irradiation of global radiation horizontal

Irradiation of diffuse radiation horizontal
Irradiation of beam
Air temperature
meteonorm V7.0.20.22267 - Demo mode
1/3
Monthly radiation
Daily global radiation
Monthly temperature
2/3
Daily temperature
Precipitation
Sunshine duration
3/3
ANNEXURE D3
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF RIVER KANDIAH
Page|166
WATER QUALITY RESULTS OF KANDIAH RIVER

SAMPLING LOCATION:
SAMPLING DATE:
DOWNSTREAM OF THUATI NALLAH

28th MAY 2013
SR #
PARAMETER
VALUE
EPA STANDARDS
REMARKS
Temperature (0C)
6.9
No Standard
Value
Odour
Odour
Less
Taste
No Taste
pH
8.4
6.5-9.0 pH
Complies
DO (mg/l)
7.3
>5.0
Complies
Conductivity
(S/cm)
46.0
Turbidity (NTU)
9.2
15 NTU.
Hardness as
CaCO3 (mg/l)
59
BOD (mg/l)
2.7
10
COD (mg/l)
3.9
No Standard
Value
11
TDS (mg/l)
23.8
No Standard
Value
12
Chloride (mg/l)
4.8
1.0-35.0
No Standard
Value
Complies
No Standard
Value
No Standard
Value
Complies
13
Chlorine (mg/l)
ND
19
No Standard Limit
14
Sodium (mg/l)
2.60
Complies
15
Fluoride (mg/l)
Complies
16
Iodine (mg/l)
17
Sulphate (mg/l)
33
50-2700
0.91
44.2
No Standard
Value
No Standard
Limit
18
Sulphide (g/l)
72.5
200-40000
Complies
19
Nitrogen Ammonia
(mg/l)
6.1
6.12 - 6.67
Complies
20
Nitrate (mg/l)
0.80
Complies
21
Cyanide (mg/l)
ND
5.2 (Chronic)
22 (Acute)
Complies
22
Coliforms (E. Coli)

Organisims/100 ml
23
Coliforms, Fecal
Organism/100 ml
22
200
Complies
24
Suspended Solids
(mg/l)
38
No Standard
Value
25
Copper (Cu) g/l
2.33
0.2 30*
Complies
26
Cadmium (Cd) g/l
1.92
0.01 3*
Complies
27
Chromium (Cr) g/l

1.91
0.1 6*
Complies
15.1
0.06 120*
Complies
ND
0.01 - 3.5*
Complies
0.75
0.2 100*
Complies
28
29
30
Lead (Pb)
Silver (Ag)
Zinc (Zn)
Complies
g/l
g/l
g/l
31
Nickel (Ni) g/l
12.22
0.02 27*
Complies
32
Arsenic (As) g/l
1.78
0.2 - 230*
Complies
33
Selenium (Se) g/l
0.09
0.02 1*
Complies
Alpha BHC (g/l)

(Pesticide)
Gamma-BHC (g/l)
(Pesticide)
0.23
No Standard
Value
0.17
0.95
Complies
0.09
1.1
Complies
34
35
36
37
4,4-DDT (g/l) (Pesticide)
ND
No Standard
Value
38
Phenolic
Compounds
(n-Octylphenol)
Manganese (g/l)
32.7
0.02-130
Complies
39
Iron (g/l)
161.2
10-1400
Complies
40
Mercury (g/l)
ND
0.0001-2.8
Complies
41
Barium (g/l)
10.6
<3-150
Complies
42
Boron (g/l)
13.7
7-500
Complies
ANNEXURE E
POPULATION OF KANDIAH VALLEY (HOUSEHOLD)
Page|167
HOUSEHOLD & POPULATION STATISTICS OF KANDIAH VALLEY
SR
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
VILLAGE
NUMBER OF HOUSES
POPULATION
Kot Gul
Nat Bel
Salachh
Beer
Oshel
Thauti
Kool
Aleel
Thor
Chappar
Dheri
Joshoi
Azgul
Beer II
Gansh
Jhamra
Khat
Zambeel
Birti
Karrang
Dong
Karas
20-25
8
15
7
12
25
35
40
20
12
12
40
36
5
22
12
22
8
58
112
18
6
91
30
55
31
51
101
129
145
76
44
51
155
140
16
79
45
91
26
257
520
58
20
ANNEXURE F1 & F2
RESERVOIR AREA LAND USE CLASSIFICATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE TO BE SUBMERGED
Page|168
ANNEXURE F3 & F4
AUXILIARY FACILITIES NEAR POWERHOUSE AREA
Page|169
ANNEXURE F5
POTENTIAL SITE FOR RELOCATION
Page|170
ANNEXURE F6
LAND USE MAP FOR POWERHOUSE AREA
Page|171

EIA Kaigah Hydropower Project

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KAIGAH HYDROPOWER PROJECT

ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES (PVT) LIMITED

545MW Kaigah Hydropower Project

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Objective of Study .............................................................................................. 9

Scope of Work ..................................................................................................... 9

Project Location ................................................................................................ 10

Air Route ............................................................................................................ 11

Communication Services ................................................................................. 11

Post Flood Site Conditions .............................................................................. 11

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ....................................................... 12

Project Categorization ...................................................................................... 13

Scope and Limitations of the EIA .................................................................... 17

The Scope .......................................................................................................... 17

Approach and Methodology............................................................................. 18

Review of Previous Studies ............................................................................. 18

Acquisition of Secondary Data ........................................................................ 19

Collection of Primary Data ............................................................................... 19

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................. 23

Salient Features ................................................................................................ 23

Project Components ......................................................................................... 25

Diversion Tunnels ............................................................................................. 25

545MW Kaigah Hydropower Project

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Headrace Tunnel ............................................................................................... 26

Tailrace Tunnel .................................................................................................. 27

Access Roads ................................................................................................... 27

Auxiliary Facilities Areas ................................................................................. 28

Project Alternatives Analysis .......................................................................... 28

No Project Option ............................................................................................. 28

With Project Option .......................................................................................... 29

Alternatives for Project Site ............................................................................. 29

Layout of Feasibility Report ............................................................................. 30

Composition of EIA Report .............................................................................. 30

LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.................................................. 32

Environment Regulatory Authorities .............................................................. 32

Pakistan Environmental Protection Council .................................................. 32

Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development ........ 36

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)........................................................ 36

Provincial Level Institutions ............................................................................ 36

National Conservation Strategy (NCS)............................................................ 36

Environmental Legislation ............................................................................... 37

Environmental Protection Act, 1997................................................................ 37

EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 ................................................................ 38

National Environmental Quality Standards 2000 ........................................... 39

Land Acquisition Act 1894 ............................................................................... 39

Project Implementation and Resettlement of Affected Persons Ordinance

Antiquities Act 1975 .......................................................................................... 40

Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority Act 1958 ....................... 40

The Telegraphy Act 1910 .................................................................................. 41

545MW Kaigah Hydropower Project

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Labour Laws ...................................................................................................... 41

Penal Code 1860 ............................................................................................... 41

Local Government Ordinance 2001 ................................................................. 41

Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965 ......................................................................... 42

Factories Act, 1934 ........................................................................................... 42

Highways Safety Ordinance 2000 .................................................................... 42

Explosive Act, 1884 .......................................................................................... 42

Wild Life Act 1975 ............................................................................................. 42

The Forest Act, 1927 and Later Amendments ................................................ 42

Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949 .............................................. 43

The Local Government Ordinance, 2001 ........................................................ 43