SAB 2912 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II SESSION 2011/2012
COURSE CODE

SAB 2912

COURSE

WATER TREATMENT

PROGRAMME

SAW

DURATION

2 HOURS

DATE

JUNE, 2012

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1.
PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.
This examination question consists of (6) printed pages only.

SAB 2912 2

Q1.

(a)

Copy and complete the following table:

Parameter

Measurement Unit

Apparatus

Temperature

Degree Celcius

Thermometer

Turbidity
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Conductivity Meter
(4 marks)
(b)

The presence of indicator organisms shows that pollution has occurred

and suggests the type and level of pollution. State the properties of
indicator organisms.
(5 marks)

(c)

List all the parameters used in determining the Water Quality Index.
What is the difference between Class I, Class II and Class III in terms
of public water supply.
(6 marks)

(d)

The results of a water analysis for Sungai Skudai are as follows:

HCO3SO42Cl-

Ca2+
Mg2+
Na+
K+

=
=
=
=

i-

Use an anion-cation balance to estimate the concentration of

magnesium in mg/L.
Assume total cations and total anions is the same.

ii-

Draw a milliequivalent per litre bar graph and state the

hypothetical combinations.

iii-

State the value of carbonate hardness and non-carbonate

hardness in mg/L CaCO3.
(10 marks)
(25 marks)

44
?
18.4
7.8

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

=
=
=

122
81.6
24.9

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

SAB 2912 3

Q2.

(a)

Discuss on the layout of distribution system. Provide clear diagrams to

explain your answer.
(6 marks)

(b)

State three differences between a slow sand filter and a rapid sand
filter.
A town with a population of 50 000 requires a slow sand filter. If the
filtration rate is 200 L/m2.hour and the water demand per capita is 192
liters a day, calculate the area of a filter if 5 filters of the same size
were used to treat the water.
(7 marks)

(c)

Water consumption study of an area conducted in 2000 and 2010

shows that the quantity of water usage is 280 L/capita/day as follows:

2500

Light
Industrial
Area
20 hectares

Heavy
Industrial
Area
30 hectares

0.95

3000

30 hectares

40 hectares

10 % increase
from year 2000

1.00

40 hectares

60 hectares

15 % increase
from year 2010

Year

Service
factor

Number
of houses

2000

0.90

2010

2020

Public
amenities
2.4 MLD

NOTE : Average number of people in one house = 5 persons

Determine:
(i)
Water demand in year 2010
(ii)
The population growth of the area
(iii)
Number of population in year 2020.
(iv)
Amount of water demand in year 2020.
Assume quantity of water usage is 280 L/capita/day in 2020.
(12 marks)
(25 marks)

SAB 2912 4

Q3.

A new water treatment plant is designed to supply water to Desa Indah

Kembara. Based on the diagram shown below, answer all the questions.

Inlet

Water
Intake

Process A

Aeration

ProcessB

Process C

Process D
Sedimentation

(a)

State the purpose of screen installation on water intake structure and

why the structure must be build using strong materials?
(2 marks)

(b)

Why is aeration process necessary at the beginning of water treatment

process?
(2 marks)

(c)

State the main criteria that need to be considered in design of aeration

equipment?
(1 mark)

(d)

What is process B? Describe three (3) factors that affect this process?
(6 marks)

(e)

Hydraulic method is more cost saving compared to mechanical.

Therefore, it is recommended for process C. Based on the design
criteria given below, determine the length, width and depth values for a
hydraulic tank of round-the-end type:
Water flow rate
Detention time
Average flow velocity
No. of compartment
Width of each compartment
Distance between baffles
Thickness of each baffle
Thickness of compartment

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

730 m3/ hour

20 minutes
20 cm/s
3
2m
0.4 m
50 mm
0.15 m
(14 marks)
(25 marks)

SAB 2912 5

Q4.

(a)

Why is the jar test carried out in the water treatment plant?
Explain in detail how the jar test is done.
(7 marks)

(b)

A water treatment plant treats 75 000 m3 of water in a day. Based on

Jar Test, the optimum dosage is obtained when 100 mL of 540 mg/L
alum solution is added into 1.8 litres of water. Find the amount of alum
required (kg) in 30 days.
(5 marks)

(c)

The data below are for a mechanical type flocculating tank:

Flowrate
Detention time
Power input
Drag coefficient
Velocity of paddle
Temperature of water
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

=
=
=
=
=
=

7200 m3/day
25 minutes
0.5 kW
1.6
0.5 m/s
25oC

Calculate the total area of the paddle blades

Determine the velocity gradient
Find the Camp Number
Determine the dimensions of the tank if the length:width:depth
ratio is 1:4:2.
(13 marks)
(25 marks)

SAB 2912 6

Additional Infomation

Pn = Po (1 + r ) m

WDn = Pn xC n xf n + WDT (n )
Heavy industries : 45 000 litre/hectare/day
Light industries : 22 000 litre/hectare/day

P = G 2

FD = 0.5C D AP P
2

P = 0. 5C D A P 3P
Name

Atomic Mass

Name

Atomic Mass

12.0

Mg

24.3

Ca

40.0

Mn

54.9

Cd

112.4

Na

23.0

Cl

35.5

16.0

1.0

31.0

39.1

32.0

Properties of water at standard atmospheric pressure

Temperature
o
C
0

Density
kg/m3
1000

Specific Weight
kN/m3
9.81

Dynamic Viscosity
N.s/m2
1.75 x 10-3

Surface
Tension N/m
0.0756

10

1000

9.81

1.30 x 10-3

0.0742

-3

0.0728

20

998

9.79

1.02 x 10

30

996

9.77

8.00 x 10-4

0.0712

40

992

9.73

6.51 x 10-4

0.0696

50

988

9.69

5.41 x 10-4

0.0679

60

984

9.65

4.60 x 10-4

0.0662

-4

0.0644

70

978

9.59

4.02 x 10

80

971

9.53

3.50 x 10-4

0.0626

90

965

9.47

3.11 x 10-4

0.0608

100

958

9.40

2.82 x 10-4

0.0589