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I.

II.
III.

War with People


War on Drugs
War on Terror

I.

War with People

A. Civil Wars
LIST OF CIVIL WARS
I. Modern (1800-1945)
(1) South American wars of independence, 1808-1829
(2) Argentine Civil Wars, 1814-1880
(3) Zulu Civil War, 1817-1819
(4) Greek civil wars of 1824-1825
(5) Liberal Wars (Portuguese Civil War), 1828-1834.
(6) Chilean Civil War of 1829, 1829-1830
(7) Ragamuffin War (Brazil), 1835-1845
(8) Carlist Wars, 1833-1839, 1846-1849, and 1872-1876 in Spain
(9) Uruguayan Civil War, 1839-1851
(10) Mori War (New Zealand), 1845-1872
(11) Sonderbund war (Switzerland), November 1847
(12) Revolutions of 1848, numerous European countries, 1848-1849
(13) Revolution of 1851 (Chile)
(14) Taiping Rebellion (China), 1851-1864
(15) Bleeding Kansas, 1854-1858
(16) Indian rebellion, 1857
(17) War of Reform (Mexico), 1857-1861
(18) American Civil War, 1861-1865
(19) Klang War; also known as Selangor Civil War, 1867-1874
(20) Boshin War (Japan), 1868-1869
(21) Satsuma Rebellion (Japan), 1877
(22) Jementah Civil War, 1878
(23) The North-West Rebellion of 1885 in Canada
(24) 1891 Chilean Civil War
(25) Boxer Rebellion, China, 1899-1901
(26) Thousand Days War, 1899-1902 in Colombia
(27) Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
(28) Warlord Era; period of civil wars between regional, provincial, and private armies in China, 19121928
(29) Russian Civil War, 1917-1921
(30) Finnish Civil War, 1918
(31) German Revolution, 1918-1919

(32) Irish Civil War, 1922-1923


(33) Nicaraguan civil war, 1926-1927
(34) Cristero War (Mexico), 1926-1929
(35) Chinese Civil War, 1927-1937, 1945-1949
(36) Paulista War (Brazil), 1932
(37) Austrian Civil War, February 12 to February 16, 1934
(38) Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
II. Post-WWII (1945 to present)
(39) Greek Civil War, 1946-1949
(40) Paraguayan Civil War, 1947
(41) 194748 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, 1947-1948
(42) Costa Rican Civil War, 1948
(43) La Violencia (Colombia), 1948-1958
(44) Korean War, 1950-1953
(45) Laotian Secret War 1953-1975
(46) First Sudanese Civil War, 1955-1972
(47) Vietnam War, 1955-1975
(48) Guatemalan Civil War, 1960-1996
(49) Congo Crisis, 1960-1966
(50) North Yemen Civil War 1962-1970
(51) Colombian conflict, 1964present
(52) Dominican Civil War, 1965
(53) Rhodesian Bush War, 1965-1980
(54) Cypriot Civil War, 1963-1967
(55) Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970
(56) The Troubles (Northern Ireland), 1969-1998, considered ongoing by extremist minority groups
(57) Cambodian Civil War 1970-1975
(58) Bangladesh Liberation War (Pakistan), 1971 (However, the war is not an official civil war, only to
the perspective to those who did not support the existence of the independent state of
Bangladesh.)
(59) Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990
(60) Mozambican Civil War, 1975-1992
(61) Angolan Civil War, 1975-2002
(62) Afghan Civil War, 1978present
(63) Nicaraguan Civil War, 1979-1990
(64) Salvadoran Civil War (El Salvador), 1979-1991
(65) Internal Conflict in Peru 1980-ongoing
(66) Second Sudanese Civil War, 1983-2005
(67) Sri Lankan Civil War, 1983-2009
(68) South Yemen Civil War, 1986
(69) First Liberian Civil War, 1989-1996
(70) Rwandan Civil War, 1990-1993
(71) Casamance Conflict (Senegal), 1990-2006

(72) Yugoslav Wars, 1991-1995 (Ten day War, Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War)
(73) Georgian Civil War, 1991-1993
(74) Sierra Leone Civil War, 1991-2002
(75) Algerian Civil War, 1991-2002, conflicts persist
(76) Civil war in Tajikistan, 1992-1997
(77) Burundi Civil War, 1993-2005
(78) 1994 civil war in Yemen, 1994
(79) First Chechen War, 1994-1996
(80) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War, 1994-1997
(81) First Congo War, 1996-1997
(82) Clashes in Cambodia, 1997
(83) Nepalese Civil War, 1996-2006
(84) Rebellion in Albania, 1997
(85) Republic of the Congo Civil War, 1997-1999
(86) Guinea-Bissau Civil War, 1998-1999
(87) Kosovo War (Yugoslavia), 1998-1999
(88) Second Congo War, 1998-2003
(89) Second Liberian Civil War, 1999-2003
(90) Second Chechen War, 1999-2009
(91) Islamist insurgency in Nigeria, 1999-present
(92) Albanian rebellion in Macedonia, 2001
(93) Ivorian Civil War, 2002-2007
(94) War in Darfur, 2003-2009
(95) Fourth Chadian Civil War, 2005-2010
(96) Civil War in Iraq, 2006-2007, a sub-conflict within the Iraq War
(97) Fatah-Hamas conflict (Palestine), 2006-2007, tensions ongoing
(98) Mexican Drug War, 2006present
(99) Second Ivorian Civil War, 2010-2011
(100)
Libyan Civil War, 2011
III. Present
(101)
(102)
(103)
(104)
(105)
(106)
(107)

Syrian Civil War, 2011present


Post-civil war violence in Libya, 2011present
Iraqi insurgency (2011present), 2011present
Azawadi War of Independence, 2012
Central African Republic conflict, 2012-present
Northern Mali conflict, 2013-present
South Sudanese Civil War, 2013-present

1. American Civil War


1.1.
What is it?
American Civil War, also called War Between the States, it was between the United States and 11
Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.
Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm
beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy
slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and
family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most
historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war, the experience of
combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight.

1.2.

What caused it?


1.2.1. Bulleted reasons

Missouri Compromise According to the deal thought of by Henry Clay, if the southern states agreed to
the admission of Maine as a free state, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. In addition, all lands
acquired in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 30 N latitude would be free.
Nat Turner Rebellion This bloody rebellion led by a Virginia slave resulted in new laws forbidding the
education of slaves, and further restricting their rights.
Wilmot Proviso The passage of the Wilmot Proviso, which prevented the introduction of slavery into
lands acquired after the Mexican-American War, further polarized northern and southern politicians on
the issue of slavery.
The Slavery Issue The practice of slavery threatened to destroy the United States. Northern voices called
slavery barbaric, while Southern voices claimed slavery an economic necessity.
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad For many years prior to the Civil War, Northerners
helped Southern slaves escape captivity via a secret network of trails, tunnels, and caravans known as the
Underground Railroad.
Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Law The Compromise of 1850, authored by Henry Clay, was a
compromise in the true sense of the word. California became a free state, other territories would vote on
the issue, and the Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened.
Kansas Nebraska Act As the nation pushed close to war over the issues of states rights and slavery, the
Kansas Nebraska Act resulted in mass violence in what came to be known as Bleeding Kansas.
Ostend Manifesto In a bungled attempt to annex Cuba from Spain, Northern abolitionists became
suspicious of a conspiracy to extend the reach of slavery, which further soured relations between the
North and South.

Dred Scott Decision In a landmark ruling, the United States Supreme Court ruled in essence that slaves
had no rights as United States citizens, even if they had previously lived in free states.
John Brown Rebellion John Brown was a radical abolitionist who tried to start a slave rebellion by
seizing a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Learn what happened by clicking on the link above
Election of Abraham Lincoln The straw that broke the camels back was undoubtedly the election of
the Northern, Republican president, Abraham Lincoln. Southern states were virtually assured he would
eventually abolish slavery.
Secession In response the election of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th president, 11 Southern states seceded
from the Union to form their own nation called The Confederate States of America. Lincoln would
assume the unenviable task of trying to restore the Union.

1.2.2.

Paragraph (Copy Paste)

The ensuing outbreak of armed hostilities was the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction
over SLAVERY. Between 1815 and 1861 the economy of the Northern states was rapidly modernizing and
diversifying. Although agriculturemostly smaller farms that relied on free laborremained the
dominant sector in the North, industrialization had taken root there. Moreover, Northerners had invested
heavily in an expansive and varied transportation system that included canals, roads, steamboats, and
railroads; in financial industries such as banking and insurance; and in a large communications network
that featured inexpensive, widely available newspapers, magazines, and books, along with the telegraph.
By contrast, the Southern economy was based principally on large farms (plantations) that produced
commercial crops such as cotton and that relied on slaves as the main labor force. Rather than invest in
factories or railroads as Northerners had done, Southerners invested their money in slaveseven more
than in land; by 1860, 84 percent of the capital invested in manufacturing was invested in the free (nonslaveholding) states. Yet, to Southerners, as late as 1860, this appeared to be a sound business decision.
The price of cotton, the Souths defining crop, had skyrocketed in the 1850s, and the value of slaveswho
were, after all, propertyrose commensurately. By 1860 the per capita wealth of Southern whites was
twice that of Northerners, and three-fifths of the wealthiest individuals in the country were Southerners.
The extension of slavery into new territories and states had been an issue as far back as the Northwest
Ordinance of 1784. When the slave territory of Missouri sought statehood in 1818, Congress debated for
two years before arriving upon the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (In an effort to preserve the balance of
power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting
Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state) . This was the first of a series of political deals that
resulted from arguments between pro-slavery and antislavery forces over the expansion of the peculiar
institution, as it was known, into the West. The end of the Mexican-American War in 1848 and the
roughly 500,000 square miles (1.3 million square km) of new territory that the United States gained as a
result of it added a new sense of urgency to the dispute. More and more Northerners, driven by a sense of
morality or an interest in protecting free labor, came to believe, in the 1850s, that bondage needed to be
eradicated. White Southerners feared that limiting the expansion of slavery would consign the institution
to certain death. Over the course of the decade, the two sides became increasingly polarized and
politicians less able to contain the dispute through compromise. When Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of
the explicitly antislavery Republican Party, won the 1860 presidential election, seven Southern states

(South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) carried out their threat
and seceded, organizing as the Confederate States of America.
In the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, rebels opened fire on Fort Sumter, at the entrance to the
harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Curiously, this first encounter of what would be the bloodiest war
in the history of the United States claimed no victims. After a 34-hour bombardment, Maj. Robert
Anderson surrendered his command of about 85 soldiers to some 5,500 besieging Confederate troops
under P.G.T. Beauregard. Within weeks, four more Southern states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and
North Carolina) left the Union to join the Confederacy.
With war upon the land, President Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for three months. He
proclaimed a naval blockade of the Confederate states, although he insisted that they did not legally
constitute a sovereign country but instead states in rebellion. He also directed the secretary of the
treasury to advance $2 million to assist in the raising of troops, and he suspended the writ of habeas
corpus, first along the East Coast and ultimately throughout the country. The Confederate government
had previously authorized a call for 100,000 soldiers for at least six months service, and this figure was
soon increased to 400,000.

Jennifer L. Weber

1.3.

How did it end?

After four years of war the important battles, skirmishes, raids and other events of 1865 it eventually led
to additional Confederate surrenders, key Confederate captures, and disbandment of Confederate
military units that occurred after Gen. Robert E. Lees surrender on April 9, 1865.
Some have called the American Civil War the last of the old-fashioned wars; others have termed it the
first modern war. Actually, it was a transitional war, and it had a profound impact, technologically, on
the development of modern weapons and techniques. There were many innovations. It was the first war
in history in which ironclad warships clashed; the first in which the telegraph and railroad played
significant roles; the first to use, extensively, rifled ordnance and shell guns and to introduce a machine
gun (the Gatling gun); the first to have widespread newspaper coverage, voting by servicemen in the
field in national elections, and photographic recordings; the first to organize medical care of troops
systematically; and the first to use land and water mines and to employ a submarine that could sink a
warship. It was also the first war in which armies widely employed aerial reconnaissance (by means
of balloons).

1.4.

What are the effects after?

Emancipation Proclamation On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln declared all slaves in enemy
territory liberated. Of course, those who owned slaves in enemy territory ignored the order and slaves
in border states were not included.

The Division of Virginia In 1863, citizens in the western portions of Virginia, who opposed secession,
petitioned the U.S. Government for statehood. West Virginia became the 35th state on June 20th, 1863.
Death in the Civil War The Civil War was by far the deadliest war in American history. Well over
600,000 people died in combat, from disease, or as a result of the Civil War.
Reconstruction The period of time after the Civil War is known as Reconstruction. During this difficult
era, the Southern states were gradually admitted back into the Union and the areas destroyed during the
war were rebuilt.
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers The ruined south presented a wide range of economic and political
opportunities for ambitious Northerners and Southerners. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers were slang
terms used to describe such opportunists.
Jim Crow Laws The result of the Civil War left many in the South bitter toward the integration of
African Americans into society. Jim Crow Laws were those meant to punish and ostracize AfricanAmericans in a legal manner.

2. Mexican-American War
2.1.
What is this?
The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign
soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded
administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a manifest destiny
to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border skirmish along the Rio Grande started off
the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about
one-third of its territory, including nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New
Mexico.

2.2.

What caused it?

Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. Initially, the United States declined to incorporate it
into the union, largely because northern political interests were against the addition of a new slave state.
The Mexican government was also encouraging border raids and warning that any attempt at annexation
would lead to war.
Nonetheless, annexation procedures were quickly initiated after the 1844 election of Polk, who
campaigned that Texas should be re-annexed and that the Oregon Territory should be re-occupied.
Polk also had his eyes on California, New Mexico and the rest of what is today the U.S. Southwest. When
his offer to purchase those lands was rejected, he instigated a fight by moving troops into a disputed zone
between the Rio Grande and Nueces River that both countries had previously recognized as part of the
Mexican state of Coahuila.

2.3.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican-American War

Guerilla attacks against U.S. supply lines continued, but for all intents and purposes the war had ended.
Santa Anna resigned, and the United States waited for a new government capable of negotiations to form.
Finally, on Feb. 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, establishing the Rio Grande and
not the Nueces River as the U.S.-Mexican border. Under the treaty, Mexico also recognized the U.S.
annexation of Texas, and agreed to sell California and the rest of its territory north of the Rio Grande for
$15 million plus the assumption of certain damages claims.

3. South American wars of independence, 1808-1829


3.1.
What is it?
The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late
18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries
in Latin America.

3.2.

What South American colonies gain independence?


3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
3.2.5.
3.2.6.
3.2.7.
3.2.8.
3.2.9.

Haiti - France
Uruguay Portugal
Venezuela Spain
Columbia Spain
Ecuador Spain
Argentina - Spain
Paraguay - Spain
Chile - Spain
Peru Bolivia Spain

II.

War on Drugs

1. Opium Wars
1.1.
What is it?
The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839 to
1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860. These were the climax of disputes over trade and
diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire.
It was a war between Great Britain and China that began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium trade and
ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to
foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges in the Treaty of Nanking.
The 18th and 19th Centuries saw the introduction of opium to China. This was a triangle trade across
the Indian and Pacific oceans similar to the American slave trade across the Atlantic. The British

imported opium into China from its colonies in India. Chinese silks, spices, tea, and other delicacies were
also imported from China to England while British manufactured goods to India.

1.2.

Effects of the Opium Wars

The Opium Wars had several resounding effects on China. The first being the more obvious results of
losing the war: a weakened military, weakened defenses (several were forced to be removed after the
treaty), opening up of more ports to British and others after the second Opium War (this affected the
pouring in of opium as well as a greater influence of Westerners in China), a ridiculous indemnity both
times, the sacking of the Summer Palace, and several others.
The most devastating effect of the opium wars was the reputation of the Qing or Manchu dynasty in
China.
The short term effect was that the Opium wars started off the Taiping or White Lotus rebellion in
Southern China in Canton. The Qing Dynasty - originally from Manchuria - were never regarded with
any high esteem by the Chinese in Canton since the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. The Taiping
rebellion took advantage of hatred of the Qing dynasty - and tied up thousands of troops trying to put
down the rebellion.
Unable to prevent the westerners from imposing their terms on the Qing dynasty, many Chinese lost
faith in the Qing dynasty's ability to defend China. There were many in the government and intellectuals
that believed that the dynasty no longer had the mandate of heaven to rule.
The opium wars destroyed confidence in the dynasty and paved the way for the 1911 revolution.
Aside from the immediate effects of the treaties and war they were also wake-up calls to the Qing
government who had refused to recognize the Westerners as more advanced, but had actually thought
them as inferior. This began several movements of the Chinese people to modernize. Most of these were
actually opposed by the government. So in short, it lead to the movements for modernization within
China and the dissention of the people and the government.

1.3.

History (Copy Paste)

Opium Wars, 183942 and 185660, two wars between China and Western countries. The first was
between Great Britain and China. Early in the 19th cent., British merchants began smuggling opium into
China in order to balance their purchases of tea for export to Britain. In 1839, China enforced its
prohibitions on the importation of opium by destroying at Guangzhou (Canton) a large quantity of
opium confiscated from British merchants. Great Britain, which had been looking to end China's
restrictions on foreign trade, responded by sending gunboats to attack several Chinese coastal cities.
China, unable to withstand modern arms, was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
and the British Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (1843). These provided that the ports of Guangzhou,
Jinmen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai should be open to British trade and residence; in addition Hong
Kong was ceded to the British. Within a few years other Western powers signed similar treaties with

China and received commercial and residential privileges, and the Western domination of China's treaty
ports began. In 1856 a second war broke out following an allegedly illegal Chinese search of a Britishregistered ship, the Arrow, in Guangzhou. British and French troops took Guangzhou and Tianjin and
compelled the Chinese to accept the treaties of Tianjin (1858), to which France, Russia, and the United
States were also party. China agreed to open 11 more ports, permit foreign legations in Beijing, sanction
Christian missionary activity, and legalize the import of opium. China's subsequent attempt to block the
entry of diplomats into Beijing as well as Britain's determination to enforce the new treaty terms led to a
renewal of the war in 1859. This time the British and French occupied Beijing and burned the imperial
summer palace (Yuan ming yuan). The Beijing conventions of 1860, by which China was forced to
reaffirm the terms of the Treaty of Tianjin and make additional concessions, concluded the hostilities.
During the fighting in 1840 and 1841, the British justified their violent actions by refusing to recognize
the Chinese governments view of the immorality of opium use. On June 26, 1843, the Chinese signed the
treaty of Nanking, which gave Britain control of Hong Kong. This allowed them to establish a permanent
settlement near China and meant the opium trade would continue, despite the conclusion of the war.

1.4.

What is Opium?

Opium is a highly addictive narcotic drug acquired in the dried latex form from the opium poppy
(Papaver somniferum) seed pod. Traditionally the unripened pod is slit open and the sap seeps out and
dries on the outer surface of the pod. The resulting yellow-brown latex, which is scraped off of the pod, is
bitter in taste and contains varying amounts of alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine and
papaverine.

1.5.

What is the Treaty of Nanking?


1.5.1.

The Treaty of Nanking, formally called the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and
Commerce between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and
the Emperor of China, was signed on the 29 August 1842 to mark the end of
the First Opium War (183942) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland and the Qing dynasty of China. It was the first of the unequal
treaties against the Chinese, as Britain had no obligations in return.

1.5.2.

3 Effects of the Nanking Treaty

1.5.2.1.
1.5.2.2.

Foreign Trade China was forced to open up trade ports for foreign
merchants
Reparations and Demobilization The Qing government was obliged
to pay the British government six million silver dollars for the opium that
had been confiscated by Lin Zexu in 1839, 3 million dollars in
compensation for debts that the Hong merchants in Canton owed British
merchants, and a further 12 million dollars in war reparations for the cost
of the war. The total sum of 21 million dollars was to be paid in
installments over three years and the Qing government would be charged
an annual interest rate of 5 percent for the money that was not paid in a
timely manner

1.5.2.3.

Cession of Hong Kong

1.6.

What is the Qing Dynasty?

The Qing dynasty, also Empire of the Great Qing, Great Qing or Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial
dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by
the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost
three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

2. Americas War on Drugs


2.1.

Early Stages of Drug Prohibition

Why are some drugs legal and other drugs illegal today? It's not based on any scientific assessment of the
relative risks of these drugs but it has everything to do with who is associated with these drugs.
The first anti-opium laws in the 1870s were directed at Chinese immigrants. The first anti-cocaine laws, in
the South in the early 1900s, were directed at black men. The first anti-marijuana laws, in the Midwest
and the Southwest in the 1910s and 20s, were directed at Mexican migrants and Mexican Americans.
Today, Latino and especially black communities are still subject to wildly disproportionate drug
enforcement and sentencing practices.

2.2.

Nixon and Generation Gap

In the 1960s, as drugs became symbols of youthful rebellion, social upheaval, and political dissent, the
government halted scientific research to evaluate their medical safety and efficacy.
In June 1971, President Nixon declared a war on drugs. He dramatically increased the size and
presence of federal drug control agencies, and pushed through measures such as mandatory sentencing
and no-knock warrants. Nixon temporarily placed marijuana in Schedule One, the most restrictive
category of drugs, and pending review by a commission he appointed led by Republican Pennsylvania
Governor Raymond Shafer. In 1972, the commission unanimously recommended decriminalizing the
possession and distribution of marijuana for personal use. Nixon ignored the report and rejected its
recommendations.
Between 1973 and 1977, however, eleven states decriminalized marijuana possession. In January 1977,
President Jimmy Carter was inaugurated on a campaign platform that included marijuana
decriminalization. In October 1977, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to decriminalize possession of
up to an ounce of marijuana for personal use.
Within just a few years, though, the tide had shifted. Proposals to decriminalize marijuana were
abandoned as parents became increasingly concerned about high rates of teen marijuana use. Marijuana
was ultimately caught up in a broader cultural backlash against the perceived permissiveness of the
1970s.

2.3.

The 1980s and 90s: Drug Hysteria and Skyrocketing Incarceration Rates

The presidency of Ronald Reagan marked the start of a long period of skyrocketing rates of incarceration,
largely thanks to his unprecedented expansion of the drug war. The number of people behind bars for
nonviolent drug law offenses increased from 50,000 in 1980 to over 400,000 by 1997.
Public concern about illicit drug use built throughout the 1980s, largely due to media portrayals of people
addicted to the smokeable form of cocaine dubbed crack. Soon after Ronald Reagan took office in 1981,
his wife, Nancy Reagan, began a highly-publicized anti-drug campaign, coining the slogan "Just Say No."
This set the stage for the zero tolerance policies implemented in the mid-to-late 1980s. Los Angeles Police
Chief Daryl Gates, who believed that casual drug users should be taken out and shot, founded the
DARE drug education program, which was quickly adopted nationwide despite the lack of evidence of
its effectiveness. The increasingly harsh drug policies also blocked the expansion of syringe access
programs and other harm reduction policies to reduce the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS.
In the late 1980s, a political hysteria about drugs led to the passage of draconian penalties in Congress
and state legislatures that rapidly increased the prison population. In 1985, the proportion of Americans
polled who saw drug abuse as the nation's "number one problem" was just 2-6 percent. The figure grew
through the remainder of the 1980s until, in September 1989, it reached a remarkable 64 percent one of
the most intense fixations by the American public on any issue in polling history. Within less than a year,
however, the figure plummeted to less than 10 percent, as the media lost interest. The draconian policies
enacted during the hysteria remained, however, and continued to result in escalating levels of arrests and
incarceration.
Although Bill Clinton advocated for treatment instead of incarceration during his 1992 presidential
campaign, after his first few months in the White House he reverted to the drug war strategies of his
Republican predecessors by continuing to escalate the drug war. Notoriously, Clinton rejected a U.S.
Sentencing Commission recommendation to eliminate the disparity between crack and powder cocaine
sentences. He also rejected, with the encouragement of drug czar General Barry McCaffrey, health
secretary Donna Shalalas advice to end the federal ban on funding for syringe access programs. Yet, a
month before leaving office, Clinton asserted in a Rolling Stone interview that "we really need a reexamination of our entire policy on imprisonment" of people who use drugs, and said that marijuana use
"should be decriminalized."
At the height of the drug war hysteria in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a movement emerged seeking a
new approach to drug policy. In 1987, Arnold Trebach and Kevin Zeese founded the Drug Policy
Foundation describing it as the loyal opposition to the war on drugs. Prominent conservatives such as
William Buckley and Milton Friedman had long advocated for ending drug prohibition, as had civil
libertarians such as longtime ACLU Executive Director Ira Glasser. In the late 1980s they were joined by
Baltimore Mayor Kurt Schmoke, Federal Judge Robert Sweet, Princeton professor Ethan Nadelmann, and
other activists, scholars and policymakers. In 1994, Nadelmann founded The Lindesmith Center as the
first U.S. project of George Soros Open Society Institute. In 2000, the growing Center merged with the
Drug Policy Foundation to create the Drug Policy Alliance.

2.4.

The Pendulum is Swinging Slowly- Towards Sensible Drug Policy

George W. Bush arrived in the White House as the drug war was running out of steam yet he allocated
more money than ever to it. His drug czar, John Walters, zealously focused on marijuana and launched a
major campaign to promote student drug testing. While rates of illicit drug use remained constant,
overdose fatalities rose rapidly. The era of George W. Bush also witnessed the rapid escalation of the
militarization of domestic drug law enforcement. By the end of Bush's term, there were about 40,000
paramilitary-style SWAT raids on Americans every year mostly for nonviolent drug law offenses, often
misdemeanors. While federal reform mostly stalled under Bush, state-level reforms finally began to slow
the growth of the drug war.
Politicians now routinely admit to having used marijuana, and even cocaine, when they were younger.
When Michael Bloomberg was questioned during his 2001 mayoral campaign about whether he had ever
used marijuana, he said, "You bet I did and I enjoyed it." Barack Obama also candidly discussed his
prior cocaine and marijuana use: "When I was a kid, I inhaled frequently that was the point."
The assault on American citizens, however, has persisted. Bloomberg oversaw a higher rate of low-level
marijuana arrests than any mayor in New York City history. And Obama, despite advocating for reforms
such as reducing the crack/powder sentencing disparity, ending the ban on federal funding for syringe
access programs, and supporting state medical marijuana laws has yet to shift drug control funding to a
health-based approach.

III. War on Terror


The War on Terror (WOT), also known as the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) is a term which
has been applied to an international military campaign that started after the 11 September 2001
terrorist attacks on the United States.
This resulted in an international military campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda and other militant
organizations. The United States and many other NATO and non-NATO nations such as
Pakistan participated in the conflict.
The phrase "War on Terror" was first used by U.S. President George W. Bush on 20 September
2001. The Bush administration and the western media have since used the term to argue a
global military, political, lawful, and conceptual struggle against both organizations designated
as terrorist in nature and regimes accused of supporting them. It was originally used with a
particular focus on Muslim countries associated with Islamic terrorism organizations, like alQaeda or like-minded organizations.

U.S. and NATO-led military operations


(1) Operation Active Endeavour
(2) Operation Enduring Freedom
(3) Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan

(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines


Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of Africa
Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara
Fighting against the Islamic State

Iraq
(1) Iraqi no-fly zones
(2) Operation Iraqi Freedom
(3) Operation New Dawn

Other military operations


(1) Fighting in Pakistan
(2) Fighting in Yemen
(3) Fighting in Kashmir
TERRORISM
*Jihad is an Islamic term referring to a religious duty of Muslims. In Arabic, the word jihd is a
noun meaning "struggle" or "resisting". A person engaged in jihad is called a mujahid, the plural
of which is mujahideen.
Muslims have argued that press use of the term Jihadism to denote terrorist activities has
helped the recruiting of terrorists, but the term Jihadism is viewed positively by Muslims, and is
understood to mean the fundamental struggle for good against evil.

1. Al-Qaeda
1.1. What is it?
Al Qaeda is a complex international Islamist terrorist network made up of regional affiliate organizations
and clandestine cells with varying degrees of communication with Osama bin Laden and Ayman alZawahiri, the group's ideological and operational leaders.
1.2. What are its ideologies?

Salafist is a jihadist movement or ideology among Salafi Muslims. The term was
coined by scholar Gilles Kepel to describe the beliefs of Salafi who became
interested in violent jihad starting in the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often
referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists". They are sometimes described as
a variety of Salafi, and sometimes as separate from "good Salafis" whose
movement is a "precursor" of Salafist jihadism.
Qutbism is a faction within Islam, with roots to the thoughts of the late Sayyid
Qutb. The main tenet of Qutbist ideology is that the Muslim community (or the
Muslim community outside of a vanguard fighting to reestablish it) "has been
extinct for a few centuries" having reverted to Godless ignorance (Jahiliyya), and
must be re-conquered for Islam

A "Worldwide Caliphate" is the concept of a single theocratic one-world


government as proposed by some Islamic extremists in their efforts to overthrow
the world's current political systems.

1.3. Where do they operate?


Worldwide; predominantly in the Middle East
1.4. What is their strategy?
On March 11, 2005, Al-Quds Al-Arabi published extracts from Saif al-Adel's document "Al Qaeda's
Strategy to the Year 2020".Abdel Bari Atwan summarizes this strategy as comprising five stages to rid the
Ummah from all forms of oppression:
(1) Provoke the United States and the West into invading a Muslim country by staging a massive
attack or string of attacks on US soil that results in massive civilian casualties.
(2) Incite local resistance to occupying forces.
(3) Expand the conflict to neighboring countries, and engage the US and its allies in a long war of
attrition.
(4) Convert al-Qaeda into an ideology and set of operating principles that can be loosely franchised
in other countries without requiring direct command and control, and via these franchises incite
attacks against the US and countries allied with the US until they withdraw from the conflict, as
happened with the 2004 Madrid train bombings, but which did not have the same effect with the
July 7, 2005 London bombings.
(5) The US economy will finally collapse by the year 2020 under the strain of multiple engagements
in numerous places, making the worldwide economic system which is dependent on the U.S. also
collapse leading to global political instability, which in turn leads to a global jihad led by alQaeda and a Wahhabi Caliphate will then be installed across the world following the collapse of
the U.S. and the rest of the Western world countries.
Atwan also noted, regarding the collapse of the U.S., "If this sounds far-fetched, it is sobering to consider
that this virtually describes the downfall of the Soviet Union."

1.5. How do they get funding?


Some financing for al-Qaeda in the 1990s came from the personal wealth of Osama bin Laden. By 2001
Afghanistan had become politically complex and mired. With many financial sources for al-Qaeda, bin
Laden's financing role may have become comparatively minor. Sources in 2001 could also have included
Jamaa Al-Islamiyya and Islamic Jihad, both associated with Afghan-based Egyptians. Other sources of
income in 2001 included the heroin trade and donations from supporters in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and
other Islamic countries. A WikiLeaks released memo from the United States Secretary of State sent in 2009
asserted that the primary source of funding of Sunni terrorist groups worldwide was Saudi Arabia.

2.

Al-Shabaab
2.1. What is it?

Al-Shabaab's composition is multiethnic, with its leadership positions mainly occupied by Afghanistanand Iraq-trained ethnic Somalis and foreigners. According to the National Counterterrorism Center, the
group's rank-and-file members hail from disparate local groups, sometimes recruited by force. Unlike
most of the organization's top leaders, its foot soldiers are primarily concerned with nationalist and clanrelated affairs as opposed to the global jihad. They are also prone to infighting and shifting alliances.
According to the Jamestown Foundation, Al-Shabaab seeks to exploit these vulnerabilities by
manipulating clan networks in order to retain power. The group itself is likewise not entirely immune to
local politics. More recently, Muslim converts from neighboring countries have been conscripted,
typically to do undesirable or difficult work.
2.2. What are its ideologies?

Similar to al-Qaeda.
2.3. Where do they operate?

Southern Somalia
Uganda
Kenya
2.4. What is their strategy?

Similar to al-Qaeda
2.5. How do they get funding?

Complex finance network that includes everything from fake charities to kidnapping has supported
the East African militant group al-Shabab's activities over the past few years. Its difficult to know
specifics because the group doesnt exactly file quarterly reports, but experts say these sources of
capital have been essential to al-Shababs growth, and will be much harder to wipe out.

Islamist militant group al-Shabab is battling the U.N.-backed government in Somalia and is
suspected of links to a string of attacks in neighboring Kenya.

Like other regional militant groups, members are known for charging protection fees and "taxes" on
local businesses and NGOs operating in the area.

Somalias telecom sector has been unregulated for decades, which means the prices are low and
opportunities are big for entrepreneurs. But as Money Jihad reports, this means elders and local

businessmen are negotiating with huge operators like Arabsat. Gulf news also reported that many
middlemen overcharge so they can pay off al-Shabab members.

But even without local money, al-Shabab has been supported from the outside for some time. There
are reports that the Eritrean government was sending them money and resources, which forced the
U.N. to impose sanctions in 2009, citing concerns that Eritrea has provided support to armed
groups undermining peace and reconciliation in Somalia. In 2012, the U.S. also sanctioned a
handful of military officers that supposedly worked closely with al-Shabab in the past.

But beyond the state sponsors, the militant group has other ways of getting money from
abroad. The two major things would be al-Qaeda- affiliated groups and sympathizers within the
diaspora, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies,
told International Business Times.

They are also reported to deal in commodities. Kenyans consume 800,000 tons of sugar every year,
according to the Kenya Sugar Board, but only produce 500,000 tons domestically. Consequently,
more than $1.2 billion of Somalia-produced sugar is imported into Kenya every year, though much
of it is not declared, and has been a sweet opportunity for Al-Shabab. The trade proceeds,
especially from the sugar imports, are going to the coffers of the militant group, said Mohammed
Maalim, Country Comissioner in Garissa, Kenya, to a local paper.

3.

ISIS
3.1. What is it?
Started as an al Qaeda splinter group.
Also known as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and Islamic State (IS).
The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria.
ISIS is known for killing dozens of people at a time and carrying out public executions,
crucifixions and other acts. It has taken over large swaths of northern and western Iraq.
The group currently controls hundreds of square miles. It ignores international borders and has a
presence from Syria's Mediterranean coast to south of Baghdad. It rules by Sharia law.
ISIS's initial strategy for revenue was through extortion and robbery. Recently, al-Baghdadi's
strategy shifted to generating resources through large-scale attacks aimed at capturing and
holding territory.
Unable to serve under the new Iraq government after Saddam Hussein's military was
disbanded, former Iraqi soldiers became ISIS fighters, according to Middle East expert Fawaz
Gerges
3.2. What are its ideologies?
Anti-Shi'ism is the prejudice against or hatred of Shia Muslims based on their religion
and heritage.

Salafist is a jihadist movement or ideology among Salafi Muslims. The term was coined
by scholar Gilles Kepel to describe the beliefs of Salafi who became interested in violent
jihad starting in the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or
"Salafi jihadists". They are sometimes described as a variety of Salafi, and sometimes as
separate from "good Salafis" whose movement is a "precursor" of Salafist jihadism.
A takfiri is a Muslim who accuses another Muslim (or member of Abrahamic religions) of
apostasy. The accusation itself is called takfir, derived from the word kafir (infidel), and
is described as when "one who is, or claims to be, a Muslim is declared impure.

3.3. Where do they operate?


Iraq
Syria
Lebanon
3.4. How do they get their funding?
Oil
Extortion
Crime
4.

Boko Haram
4.1. What is it?

Boko Haram (Western education is forbidden), officially called Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna
Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad (People Committed to the Prophet's Teachings for Propagation
and Jihad), is a militant Islamist movement based in northeast Nigeria. The group has
received training and funds from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and was designated
by the US as a terrorist organization in November 2013. Membership has been estimated
to number between a few hundred and a few thousand.

Boko Haram killed more than 5,000 civilians between July 2009 and June 2014, including
at least 2,000 in the first half of 2014, in attacks occurring mainly in northeast, north central
and central states. Corruption in the security services and human rights abuses committed
by them had hampered efforts to counter the unrest. 650,000 people fled the conflict zone
by August 2014, an increase of 200,000 since May.

4.2. What are its ideologies?

Islamic Fundamentalism

Wahhabism or Wahhabi mission is a religious movement or sector form of Islam


variously described as "orthodox", "ultraconservative","austere", "fundamentalist",
"puritanical" (or "puritan"), an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure
monotheistic worship",or an "extremist pseudo-Sunni movement". Adherents
often object to the term Wahhabi or Wahhabism as derogatory, and prefer to be
called Salafi or muwahhid.

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam; its adherents are referred to in Arabic as
ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamah, "people of the tradition of Muhammad and the
consensus of the Ummah" or ahl as-sunnah for short.


Salafi Jihadism
4.3. Where do they operate?

Nigeria

Cameroon

Niger

Chad
4.4. How do they get their funding?

Gains funding from affiliate terror groups (Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb)

Gains finance from underground organizations (UK and Saudi)

Kidnapping

Charitable Organizations and Internet Fraud

5.

Janjaweed
The Janjaweed (formed from the Arabic words for "man", "gun" and "horse"; also
transliterated Janjawid) are a militia that operate in Darfur, western Sudan, and eastern Chad.
Using the United Nations definition, the Janjaweed comprised Sudanese Arab tribes, the core of
whom are from the Guhayna (camel herder) background with significant Lambo recruitment
from the Baggara (cattle herder) people.
In the past, they were at odds with Darfur's sedentary population over natural grazing grounds
and farmland, as rainfall dwindled and water became scarce. They are currently in conflict with
Darfur rebel groupsthe Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality
Movement. Since 2003 they have been one of the main players in the Darfur conflict, which has
pitted the largely nomadic tribes against the sedentary population of the region in a battle over
resource and land allocation

6.

Wahabism
6.1. Some definitions or uses of the term Wahhabi Islam include:

"a corpus of doctrines, but also a set of attitudes and behavior, derived from the
teachings of a particularly severe religious reformist who lived in central Arabia
in the mid-eighteenth century" - (Gilles Kepel)

"pure Islam" (David Commins, paraphrasing supporters' definition),[42] that does


not deviate from Sharia law in any way and should be called Islam and not
Wahhabism. (Prince Salman bin Abdul Aziz, the governor of the Saudi capital
Riyadh)[13]

"a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and
restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances"
(David Commins, paraphrasing opponents' definition)[42]

"a conservative reform movement ... the creed upon which the kingdom of Saudi
Arabia was founded, and [which] has influenced Islamic movements worldwide"
(Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world)[43]

"a sect dominant in Saudi Arabia and Qatar" with footholds in "India, Africa, and
elsewhere", with a "steadfastly fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in the
tradition of Ibn Hanbal" (Cyril Glasse)[19]
an "eighteenth-century reformist/revivalist movement for sociomoral
reconstruction of society", "founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" (Oxford
Dictionary of Islam).[44]
originally a "literal revivification" of Islamic principles that ignored the spiritual
side of Islam, that "rose on the wings of enthusiasm d longing and then sank
down into the lowlands of pharisaic self-righteousness" after gaining power and
losing its "longing and humility" (Muhammad Asad)[45]
"a political trend" within Islam that "has been adopted for power-sharing
purposes", but cannot be called a sect because "It has no special practices, nor
special rites, and no special interpretation of religion that differ from the main
body of Sunni Islam" (Abdallah Al Obeid, the former dean of the Islamic
University of Medina and member of the Saudi Consultative Council)[35]
"the true salafist movement". Starting out as a theological reform movement, it
had "the goal of calling (dawa) people to restore the real meaning of tawhid
(oneness of God or monotheism) and to disregard and deconstruct traditional
disciplines and practices that evolved in Islamic history such as theology and
jurisprudence and the traditions of visiting tombs and shrines of venerated
individuals." (Ahmad Moussalli)
a term used by opponents of Salafism in hopes of besmirching that movement by
suggesting foreign influence and "conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia". The term
is "most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a small minority" of the
Muslim community but "have made recent inroads" in "converting" the local
population to Salafism. (Quintan Wiktorowicz)
a blanket term used inaccurately to refer to "any Islamic movement that has an
apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal
interpretation of the Quran and hadith" (Natana J. DeLong-Bas)

6.2. History
The Wahhbi mission started as a revivalist movement in the remote, arid region of Nejd. With the
collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the Al Saud dynasty, and with it Wahhabism, spread
to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. After the discovery of petroleum near the Persian Gulf in 1939, it
had access to oil export revenues, revenue that grew to billions of dollars. This moneyspent on books,
media, schools, universities, mosques, scholarships, fellowships, lucrative jobs for journalists, academics
and Islamic scholarsgave Wahhabism a "preeminent position of strength" in Islam around the world.
In the country of Wahhabism's foundingand by far the largest and most powerful country where it is
the state religionWahhabi ulama gained control over education, law, public morality and religious
institutions in the 20th century, while permitting as a "trade-off" doctrinally objectionable actions such as
the import of modern technology and communications, and dealings with non-Muslims, for the sake of
the consolidation of the power of its political guardian, the Al Saud dynasty.

However, in the last couple of decades of the twentieth century several crises worked to erode Wahhabi
"credibility" in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Muslim worldthe November 1979 seizure of the Grand
Mosque by militants; the deployment of US troops in Saudi during the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq; and
the 9/11 2001 al-Qaeda attacks on New York and Washington.
In each case the Wahhabi establishment was called on to support the dynasty's efforts to suppress
religious dissentand in each case it did exposing its dependence on the Saudi dynasty and its often
unpopular policies.
In the West, the end of the Cold War and the anti-communist alliance with conservative, religious Saudi
Arabia, and the 9/11 attacks created enormous distrust towards the kingdom and especially its official
religion
7.

Lashkar-e-Taiba
7.1. What is it?

Lashkar-e-Taiba (literally Army of the Good, translated as Army of the Righteous, or Army of the Pure) is
one of the largest and most active terrorist organizations in South Asia, operating mainly from Pakistan
They seek Integration of Jammu and Kashmir with Pakistan after ending Indian rule in the state &
propagation of pan-Islamism in South Asia
Lashkar-e-Taiba has been accused by India of attacking military and civilian targets in India, most
notably the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Its stated objective is to
introduce an Islamic state in South Asia and to "liberate" Muslims residing in Indian KashmirThe
organization is banned as a terrorist organization by India, the United States, the United Kingdom, the
European Union, Russiaand Australia. Though formally banned by Pakistan too, the general view of
India and the Western countries, including of experts such as former French investigating magistrate
Jean-Louis Bruguire and New America Foundation president Steve Coll believe that Pakistan's main
intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), continues to give LeT help and protection.
The group conducts training camps and humanitarian work. Across Pakistan, the organization runs 16
Islamic institutions, 135 secondary schools, an ambulance service, mobile clinics, blood banks and
seminaries according to the South Asia Terrorism Portal.

7.2. What are its ideologies?

Islamism

Islamic fundamentalism

Pan-Islamism

Wahhabi Islam
7.3. Where do they operate?

Pakistan

India

Afghanistan

Bangladesh
7.4. How do they get their funding?

8.

Public fundraising from mosques and shops.


Charitable organizations and Internet Fraud

Abu Sayyaf
8.1. What is it?

Abu Sayyaf is a militant Islamist group based in and around Jolo and Basilan, where for more than four
decade, Moro groups have been engaged in an insurgency for an independent province in the country.
The name of the group is derived from the Arabic, abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("swordsmith").
The United States Department of State has classified the group as a terrorist group by adding it to the list
of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. In 2002, fighting Abu Sayyaf became a mission of the American
military's Operation Enduring Freedom and part of the U.S. War on Terror. The CIA has deployed
paramilitary officers from their elite Special Activities Division to hunt down and kill or capture key
terrorist leaders. Several hundred United States soldiers are also stationed in the area to mainly train
local forces in counter terror and counter guerrilla operations, but as a status of forces agreement and
under Philippine law are not allowed to engage in direct combat.
Abu Sayyaf is also involved in criminal activities, including kidnapping, rape, child sexual assault, driveby shooting, extortion, and drug trafficking
8.2. What are its ideologies?

Islamism

Islamic fundamentalism
8.3. Where do they operate?

Philippines

Malaysia
8.4. How do they get their funding?

9.

The group obtains most of its financing through ransom and extortion. One report
estimated its revenues from ransom payments in 2000 alone between $10 and $25
million. According to the State Department, it may also receive funding from
radical Islamic benefactors in the Middle East and South Asia.

It was reported that Libya facilitated ransom payments to Abu Sayyaf. Libya was
also suggested that Libyan money could possibly be channeled to Abu Sayyaf.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)


9.1. What is it?
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary military organization. It
was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organization established on 25 November 1913 that

staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed
during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dil ireann), and the
Irish Volunteers were recognized by Dil ireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA
waged a guerrilla campaign against British rule in Ireland in the191921 Irish War of
Independence.
Following the signing in 1921 of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended the War of Independence,
a split occurred within the IRA. Members who supported the treaty formed the nucleus of
the Irish National Army founded by IRA leader Michael Collins. However, much of the IRA was
opposed to the treaty. The anti-treaty IRA fought a civil war against their former comrades in
192223, with the intention of creating a fully independent all-Ireland republic. Having lost the
civil war, this group remained in existence, with the intention of overthrowing both the Irish
Free State and Northern Ireland and achieving the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916
9.2. What are its Goal?

The creation of a unified Ireland under Irish, rather than British rule. PIRA used
terrorist tactics to protest the Unionist/ Protestant treatment of Catholics in
Northern Ireland.
9.3. Where do they operate?

Ireland
9.4. How do they get support?

From the 1970s-1990s, the IRA received weapons and training from various
international sources, most notably American sympathizers, Libya and the
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Connections have also been posited between the IRA and Marxist-leaning
terrorist groups, especially at their most active in the 1970s

10. Taliban
10.1.
What is it?

The Taliban is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan. It


spread throughout Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the Islamic
Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996 until December 2001, with
Kandahar as the capital. However, it gained diplomatic recognition from only
three states: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Mohammed
Omar is the founder and has been serving as the spiritual leader of the Taliban
since its foundation in 1994.

While in power, it enforced a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law, an


interpretation of which leading Muslims have been highly critical. The Taliban
were condemned internationally for their brutal treatment of women. The
majority of the Taliban are made up of Afghan Pashtun tribesmen. The Taliban's
leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism, and many also strictly
follow the social and cultural norm called Pashtunwali.
10.2.
What are its ideologies?

10.3.

10.4.

Deobandi fundamentalism - the Deobandi movement sees itself as a maslak, or


scholastic tradition, situated within orthodox Sunni Islam. It grew out of the
Islamic scholastic tradition of Medieval Transoxania and Mughal India, and it
considers its visionary forefather to be Shah Waliullah Dehlvi, the celebrated
Indian Islamic scholar and thinker of the eighteenth century.

Pashtunwali or Pakhtunwali is a non-written ethical code and traditional


lifestyle which the indigenous Pashtun people follow.
Where do they operate?

Afghanistan

Northwest Pakistan
How do they get their funding?

Taxation

Underground economy

11. Revolutionary Armed Forces of ColombiaPeoples Army


11.1.
What is it?

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of ColombiaPeople's Army (Spanish: Fuerzas


Armadas Revolucionarias de ColombiaEjrcito del Pueblo, FARCEP and
FARC) are an irregular military organization involved in the continuing
Colombian armed conflict since 1964.

The FARC-EP have a claim to be an army of peasant MarxistLeninists with a


political platform of agrarianism and anti-imperialism. The operations of the
FARCEP are funded by kidnap to ransom, illegal mining, extortion and the
production and distribution of illegal drugs.

Human Rights Concerns:


(1) Child soldier
(2) Extrajudicial executions
(3) Use of gas cylinder mortar and landmines
(4) Violence against indigenous people
(5) Sexual abuse and forced abortions
11.2.

What are its ideologies?

MarxismLeninism

Bolivarianism - is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South


America, especially Venezuela. Bolivarianism is named after Simn Bolvar, the
19th century Venezuelan general and liberator who led the struggle for
independence throughout much of South America.

Revolutionary socialism - refers to socialist tendencies that subscribe to the


doctrine that social revolution is necessary in order to effect structural changes to
society.

Left-wing nationalism - describes a form of nationalism based upon social


equality, popular sovereignty, and national self-determination

11.3.

11.4.

Foco theory - Its central principle is that vanguardism by cadres of small, fastmoving paramilitary groups can provide a focus (in Spanish, foco) for popular
discontent against a sitting regime, and thereby lead a general insurrection.
Although the original approach was to mobilize and launch attacks from rural
areas, many foco ideas were adapted into urban guerrilla warfare movements by
the late 1960.
Where do they operate?

Concentrated in southern, south-western, north-western and eastern Colombia.

Incursions to Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Panama, and Ecuador.

Sporadic presence in other Latin American countries, predominantly Mexico,


Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia.
How do they get their funding?

Kidnapping

Drug Trade

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