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Fluid Properties
1.
liquid
2.
141.5
liquid
131.5
gas
4.
water
API Gravity
API
3.
liquid
gas
air
Mg
M air
M g(pure gas)
28.97
Gas in Solution
Rs = standard cubic feet of gas liberated when one stock tank barrel of crude oil is
produced
5.
STB
B=
STB
STB
=
=
mass of reservoir liquid
RB
STO 0.01357 R s g
oR
where: and are densities of the stock tank oil and reservoir liquid, both in
lbm/ft3, and 0.01357 converts the gas volume to mass.
The conversion factors is derived as follows:
Scf
STB
Rs
lb mole
380.7 Scf
28.97 g lb m
lb mole
lb
= 0.01357R g m .
3
ft 3
5.615ft
STB
Density of Liquid
Density of Water
Definition
liquid
Calculation
liquid
2.
liquid
water
liquid
water
48.6
0.779
62.4
API Gravity
Given
Specific gravity of liquid-1
Specific gravity of liquid-2
Specific gravity of liquid-3
0.779
0.876
1.000
Definition
API
141.5
liquid
131.5
Calculations
Specific Gravity
0.779
0.876
1.000
3.
API Gravity
50.0
30.0
10.0
Gas Gravity
Given
Component
Methane C1
Ethane C2
Propane C3
n-Butane n-C4
Definition
gas
gas
air
Mg
M air
0.850
0.090
0.040
0.020
M g(pure gas)
28.97
3.
Mole fraction
yj
Molar Mass
Mj
C1
C2
C3
n-C4
0.850
0.090
0.040
0.020
1.000
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
gas
4.
Component
Mass
yjM
13.63
2.71
1.76
1.16
19.26
Mass fraction
y j M j / 19.26
0.708
0.141
0.091
0.060
1.000
STO 0.01357 R s g
oR
55.5 (0.01357)(400)(0.72)
RB
1.251
47.5
STB
Standard Pressure
14.65 psi
Standard Temperature
60 oF
Definition
Bg =
Calculation
Bg =
Vrc
Vsc
Vrc nzRT / p rc (0.9)(610)(14.65)
Rcf
RB
0.0155
0.00275
nRT / p sc (60 460)(1000)
Vsc
Scf
Scf
The purpose of these notes is to help you learn the above systems and how to convert units from
one system to another.
Base Unit
length [L]
mass [M]
time [t]
electric current [I]
absolute temperature [T]
luminous intensity [l]
amount of substance [n]
meter (m)
kilogram (kg)
second (s)
ampere (A)
kelvin (K)
candela (cd)
mole (mol)
Supplementary Dimension
Base Unit
plane angle []
solid angle []
radian (rad)
steradian (sr)
Derived Dimension
Unit
Definition
acceleration [L/t2]
area [L2]
Celsius temperature [T ]
concentration [n/L3]
density [M/L3]
electric charge [It]
electric potential [ML2/It3]
electric resistance [ML2/I2t3]
energy [ML2/t2]
force [ML/t2]
frequency [1/t]
molar mass [M/n ]
power [ML2/t3]
pressure [M/Lt2]
quantity of heat [ML2/t2]
specific heat [L2/t2T]
thermal conductivity [ML/t3T]
velocity [L/t]
m/s2
m2
K
mol/m3
kg/m3
As
W/A
V/A
Nm
kgm/s2
1/s
kg/mol
J/s
N/m2
Nm
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
m/s
pascal second
cubic meter
joule (J)
Pas
m3
Nm
Decimal
Multiplier
Symbol
atto
femto
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
deka
hecto
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
10-18
10-15
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
10-2
10-1
10+1
10+2
10+3
10+6
10+9
10+12
10+15
10+18
a
f
p
n
m
c
d
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
10
Base Unit
length [L]
mass [M]
force [F]
time [t]
electric charge[Q]
absolute temperature [T]
luminous intensity [l]
amount of substance [n]
foot (ft)
pound mass (lbm)
pound force (lbf)
second (sec)
coulomb (C)
Rankine (oR)
candela (cd)
mole (mol)
Supplementary Dimension
Base Unit
plane angle []
solid angle []
radian (rad)
steradian (sr)
Derived Dimension
Unit
Definition
acceleration [L/t2]
area [L2]
Fahrenheit temperature [T ]
concentration [n/L3]
density [M/L3]
electric current [Q/t]
electric potential [FL/Q]
electric resistance [FLt/Q2]
energy [FL]
frequency [1/t]
molar mass [M/n ]
power [FL/t]
pressure [F/L2]
quantity of heat [FL]
velocity [L/t]
viscosity, dynamic [Ft/L2]
ft/sec2
ft2
o
R-459.67
mol/ft3
lbm/ft3
C/sec
W/A
V/A
ft lbf
1/sec
lbm/mol
ft lbf/sec
lbf/ft2
777.65 ft lbf
ft/sec
lbfsec/ft2
11
volume [L3]
work [FL]
cubic foot
foot pound force
12
ft3
ft lbf
Unit
Definition
area [L2]
energy [FL]
acre (ac)
horsepower hour (hphr)
kilowatt hour (kWhr)
inch (in)
yard (yd)
mile (mi)
ounce (oz)
ton
horsepower (hp)
watt (W)
pound force per square inch (psi)
atmosphere (atm)
minute (min)
hour (hr)
day
centipoise (cp)
gallon (gal)
barrel (bbl)
acreft (acft)
43,560 ft2
1.98000 x 106 ft lbf
2.6552 x 106 ft lbf
1/12 ft
3 ft
5,280 ft
1/16 lbm
2000 lbm
550 ft lbf/sec
0.73756 ft lbf/sec
144 lbf/ft2
14.696 psi
60 sec
3,600 sec
86,400 sec
10-2 dynes/cm2
0.133681 ft3
5.614583 ft3
43,560 ft3
length [L]
mass [M]
power [FL/t]
pressure [F/L2]
time [t]
viscosity, dynamic [Ft/L2]
volume [L3]
13
Conversion of Units
In a coherent system of units such as SI, a derived dimension is a product or quotient of other
dimensions. For example, the dimensionforceis the product of mass and acceleration,
F
= ma, and the unit of forcenewtonis the product of the unit of mass and the unit of
acceleration. In the American Engineering System, force is expressed in lbf, mass in lbm, and
acceleration in ft/sec2. This system is obviously not coherent. Hence, a conversion factor other
ma
gc
, where gc = 32.174
lb m ft
2
sec lb f
is a constant,
F
ma
Next, consider the units of the hidden constantthe given units are
Ns
kg m
lb f sec
lb m ft
Now, convert the given units of the hidden constant to the required units.
Thus,
2
lb f
lb f sec
1
1 N s 2 0.45359 kg 0.3048 m
=
32.174 lb m ft
lb m
ft
4.4482 N
kg m
14
abcdeabcde
Review Problems
1. A weir is a regular obstruction in an open flow
channel over which flow takes place such as that
shown in the sketch at right. It can be used to
measure open channel flow rates. For a rectangular
weir, the theoretical formula for the flow rate is
Q = 5.35LH1.5
where Q is discharge rate in ft3/sec,
L is length of the weir in ft,
H is height of fluid above the crest in ft.
Determine a new constant so the formula can be
applied with Q in m3/s and L and H in m.
2. The ideal gas equation can be written,
pv = RT
where p = pressure, Pa
v = molar volume, m3/(kgmol)
R = gas constant, 8314.5 Pam3/(kgmolK)
T = absolute temperature, K
Determine a new constant so that the equation can be applied with p in lbf/in2, v in ft3/(lbmmol),
and T in oR.
3. The universal law of gravity may be written,
-11 m m
F 6.672 x 10 1 2 2
15
where
Vp
Vb
= porosity, fraction
Vb = bulk volume = Vp + Vm
Vp = pore volume
Vm = matrix volume
where
qL
Ap
k = permeability, d
q = flow rate, cm3/s
= fluid viscosity, cp
L = length of flow path, cm
A = cross-sectional area of
flow path, cm2
p = pressure difference across
flow path, atm
Ap
1 1 L2 P
qL
L3 P t L 1
where
V
Vp
S =
16
Darcys Law
Darcy found that when water flows
vertically downward through sand, the
volume of water passing through the
system in unit time (the discharge q in
Fig. 2) is proportional to the drop in
head h across the sand. Considering
the cross sectional area A and thickness of the sand l, these observations
can be written,
v
dh
q
K
A
dl
k dp
ds
dz
1.01325 ds
x 10
17
Base Unit
length [L]
mass [M]
time [t]
centimeter (cm)
gram (g)
second (s)
Derived Dimension
Unit
Definition
acceleration [L/t2]
area [L2]
density [M/L3]
energy [ML2/t2]
force [ML/t2]
permeability [L2]
pressure [M/Lt2]
velocity [L/t]
viscosity, dynamic [M/Lt]
volume [L3]
work [ML2/t2]
cm/s2
cm2
g/cm3
dynecm
gcm/s2
cpcm2/atms
1.013250 x 106 dyne/cm2
cm/s
10-2 dynes/cm2
cm3
dynecm
In SI Units
Derived Dimension
Unit
permeability [L2]
In Oilfield Units
Derived Dimension
Unit
18
permeability [L2]
millidarcy (md)
19
qL
Ap
from Darcy units (d, cm, s, cp, atm) to Oilfield units (md, ft, bbl,
day, cp, psi). Here, Darcy units is the given system and Oilfield units is the required system.
First, find the dimension of the hidden constant in the given equation. In other words,
1=
kAp
qL
Next, consider the units of the hidden constantthe given units are
d atm s
cp cm
md ft psi day
cp bbl
Now, convert the given units of the hidden constant to the required units.
Thus,
3
1 d atm s 10 md ft 14.696 psi
d
atm
cp cm
ft
day
86,400
s
30.48 2 cm 2
ft
3
158.02 md ft psi day 5.614583 ft 887.22 md ft psi day
cp ft 3
bbl
cp bbl
qL
Ap
SI Units
k
Oilfield Units
qL
k 887.2
Ap
qL
Ap
20
L
x1
x2
k dp
q
A
dx
dp q (cm / s)
p
x 2 x 1
x 2 x 1
L
x1
1
1.1271 x 10 3 kAp
L
or
q(STB / day)
1.1271 x 10 3 kAp
BL
EXAMPLE: A rock sample10 cm long and 2 cm2 in cross section is used for some steady-state
flow tests. Calculate the permeability of the rock if it is completely saturated with
an oil having a viscosity of 2.5 cp and oil is flowed through the rock at a rate of
0.0080 cm3/s under a 1.5 atm pressure drop?
0.0080 cm 3 / s 2.5 cp 10 cm
qL
0.067 d 67 md
Ap
2 cm 2 1.5 atm
21
Wellbore Volumes
Wellbores are right circular cylinders,
the volume of which is,
2
2
V r h d h
4
EXAMPLE: Suppose you are the drilling engineer on a rig. You have set 7-5/8 inch OD,
33.7 lbm/ft casing (ID = 6.765 inches) from 0 to 5900 ft and have drilled out to
7900 ft. The average bore hole diameter from 5900 to 7900 ft is 6.25 inches.
Calculate the annular volume in ft3 if 4-1/2 inch OD casing is installed.
6.765 in
V
4 12 in / ft
4.5 in
12 in / ft
6.25 in
5900 ft
12 in / ft
V = 987 ft3
22
4.5 in
12 in / ft
2000 ft
Pressure Gradients
The basic equation of hydrostatics can be written
p = gh
where p = change in fluid pressure, Pa
= density, kg/m3
g = acceleration of gravity, m/s2
h = change in height of fluid, m
The pressure gradient (Pa/m) is
p
h
kg
Pa
m m 3 s 2 m 2 m m
g
144g c
,where g c 32.174
lb m ft
lb f s
lb 1 psi
lbm ft ft lb f s
2 2
f2
3
ft
s in
lb f ft in ft
ft
2
EXAMPLE: Calculate the pressure gradient for a fluid having a density of 65 lbm/ft3.
Assume g = 32 ft/s2.
p
h
g
144g c
65 32
144 32.174
23
ds = -dr
h
rw
re
k dp
q
q
A
2 rh
dr
dp q (cm / s)
p
ln re r w
ln re r w
rw r
w
7.0819 x 10 3 khp
ln re r w
or
q (STB / day)
7.0819 x 10 3 khp
B ln re r w
7.0819 x 10 3 khp
ln re r w
or
q g (Scf / day)
24
7.0819 x 10 3 khp
B g ln re r w
Reservoir Volumes
h
rw
re
Since porosity is the ratio of the pore volume to bulk volume, the pore volume is
2
Vp re h
And, since water saturation is the fraction of the pore volume filled with water, the hydrocarbon
pore volume is
2
Vhc re h 1 S w
A commonly used equation to calculate the surface volume of oil in place is
N(STB)
7758Ah1 S w
Bo
7758Ah1 S w
Bg
25
Homework Problems
1. A certain oilfield has an average producing gas-oil ratio of 350 scf/stb. The density of the stock
tank oil is 54.7 lbm/ft3 at 60 oF and the apparent molar mass of the associated gas is 21.7 lb m/lbmole.
Determine the
a. API gravity of the stock tank oil.
b. Specific gravity of the associated gas.
c. Density of the reservoir oil if the oil formation volume factor is 1.2 rb/stb and the gas in
solution is equal to the average producing gas-oil ratio.
d. Type of reservoir fluid.
2. The equation of state for a particular substance at low pressures can be written
p = 53.55T,
where
p = pressure, lbf/ft2
= density, lbm/ft3
T = absolute temperature, oR
a. Determine a new constant so the equation can be used with p in Pa, in kg/m3, and T in K.
b. Use the ideal gas law (pV = nRT), the definition of quantity (mass/molar mass), and the
definition of density (mass/volume) to identify the substance.
26
10. Suppose you are the drilling engineer on a rig. You have set 9 5/8 in OD, 40 lbm/ft casing (ID = 8.835
in) from 0 to 2000 ft and have drilled a 7 7/8 in bore hole from 2000 to 4000 ft.
a. Find the capacity of the hole in barrels from 0 to 4000 feet.
b. The hydrostatic pressure at 4000 ft with fresh water in hole.
c. The annular volume if 4.5 inch OD, 11.60 lbm/ft casing is installed from 0 to 4000 ft
with fresh water in hole.
11. Find the conversion constant to calculate pressure gradient in psi/ft when fluid density is in lb m/gal
(ppg)
12. A vertical gas well is 6000 ft deep.
a. What is its bottom hole temperature if the mean surface temperature is 60 oF and the
local temperature gradient is 1.1 oF/100 ft?
b. What is its bottom hole flowing pressure if the surface flowing pressure is 900 psi
and the pressure gradient in the well bore is 0.15 psi/ft?
13. Assume a vertical well drains a right cylindrically shaped oil reservoir for which you have the
following data:
drainage area
formation thickness
radius of well bore
porosity
19 %
water saturation
permeability
oil viscosity
pressure at external radius
pressure at the well bore radius
0.22
0.30
1.0 rb/MScf
27
Problem Layout
28
Conversion Factors
To convert from
acres
acres
acre-feet
atmospheres
atmospheres
atmospheres
atmospheres
barrels(oil)
barrels(oil)
barrels(oil)/d
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
centimeters
centimeters
centimeters
cm of mercury
cm of mercury
cm of mercury
cm of mercury
cm/s
cm/s
cm/s
cm/s
centipoise
cubic cm
cubic cm
cubic cm
cubic cm
cubic cm/s
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic ft/d
cubic feet/h
cubic feet/min
cubic feet/s
cubic meters
cubic meters
Multiply by
4.356 x 104
4.047 x 103
4.356 x 104
7.6 x 101
3.39 x 101
1.01325 x 105
1.4696 x 101
5.614583
4.2 x 101
2.295 x 10-3
1.0550 x 1010
7.7816 x 102
3.927 x 10-4
1.055 x 103
2.928 x 10-4
3.281 x 10-2
3.937 x 10-1
6.214 x 10-6
1.316 x 10-2
4.461 x 10-1
1.333 x 103
1.934 x 10-1
1.969
3.281 x 10-1
3.6 x 10-2
2.237 x 10-2
1.0 x 10-3
6.28982 x 10-6
3.531 x 10-5
2.642 x 10-4
1.0 x 10-3
5.434 x 10-1
1.781 x 10-1
2.832 x 10-2
7.48052
2.832 x 101
3.278 x 10-7
4.275
4.720 x 10-1
4.48831 x 102
6.28982
3.531 x 101
29
To obtain
sq feet
sq meters
cubic feet
cm of mercury at 0 oC
ft of water at 4 oC
pascals
pounds-force/sq in
cubic feet
gallons
cubic meters/s
ergs
ft-pounds
horsepower-hours
joules
kilowatt-hours
feet
inches
miles
atmospheres
ft of water
pascals
pounds-force/sq in
ft/min
ft/s
kilometers/h
miles/h
pascal-seconds
barrels(oil)
cubic ft
gallons
liters
barrels(oil)/d
barrels(oil)
cubic meters
gallons
liters
cubic meters/s
barrels(oil)/d
liters/s
gallons/min
barrels(oil)
cubic ft
To convert from
cubic meters
cubic meters
cubic meters/s
darcies
dynes/sq cm
dynes
dynes
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs/s
feet
feet
feet
feet of water
feet of water
feet of water
feet of water
feet/min
feet/min
feet/min
feet/s
feet/s
feet/s
feet/s2
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds/min
foot-pounds/min
foot-pounds/min
foot-pounds/s
foot-pounds/s
foot-pounds/s
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons/min
grams
horsepower
Multiply by
2.642 x 102
1.0 x 103
5.434 x 105
9.869233 x10-13
9.869233 x 10-7
1.0 x 10-5
2.248 x 10-6
9.486 x 10-11
7.376 x10-8
1.0 x 10-7
2.773 x 10-14
1.341 x 10-10
3.048 x 10-4
3.048 x 10-1
1.894 x 10-4
2.950 x 10-2
2.242
2.989 x 103
4.335 x 10-1
1.829 x 10-2
3.048 x 10-1
1.136 x 10-2
1.097
1.829 x 101
6.818 x 10-1
3.048 x 10-1
1.286 x 10-3
1.356 x 107
1.356
1.383 x 10-1
3.766 x 10-7
1.286 x 10-3
3.030 x 10-5
2.260 x 10-5
4.6263
1.818 x 10-3
1.356 x 10-3
2.381 x 10-2
1.337 x 10-1
3.785 x 10-3
3.785
2.228 x 10-3
2.205 x 10-3
4.244 x 101
30
To obtain
gallons
liters
barrels(oil)/d
sq meters
atmospheres
joules/meter (newtons)
pounds-force
Btu
ft-pounds
joules
kilowatt-hrs
horsepower
kilometers
meters
miles
atmospheres
cm of mercury
pascals
pounds-force/sq in
km/hr
meters/min
miles/h
km/h
meters/min
miles/h
meters/s2
Btu
ergs
joules
kg-m
kilowatt-h
Btu/min
horsepower
kilowatts
Btu/h
horsepower
kilowatts
barrels(oil)
cubic ft
cubic meters
liters
cu ft/s
pounds-mass
btu/min
To convert from
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower-hours
horsepower-hours
horsepower-hours
inches
inches
joules
joules
joules/s
kilograms
kilograms/cu m
kilometers
kilometers
kilometers/h
kilometers/h
kilometers/h
kilowatts
kilowatt hour
kilowatt hour
kilowatt hour
liters
liters
liters
liters
liters/s
meters
meters
meters
meters
Multiply by
3.3 x 104
5.50 x 102
7.457 x 10-1
2.547 x 103
1.98 x 106
2.684 x 106
2.540
2.540 x 10-2
9.486 x 10-4
7.376 x 10-1
5.6907 x 10-2
2.2046
6.243 x 10-2
3.281 x 103
6.214 x 10-1
5.468 x 101
9.113 x 10-1
6.214 x 10-1
1.341
3.413 x 103
2.655 x 106
3.6 x 106
1.0 x 103
3.531 x 10-2
1.0 x 10-3
2.642 x 10-1
1.5850 x 101
3.281
3.937 x 101
6.214 x 10-4
1.094
31
To obtain
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
kilowatts
Btu
ft-lb
joules
centimeters
meters
Btu
ft-pounds
Btu/min
pounds-mass
pounds-mass/cu ft
ft
miles
ft/min
ft/s
miles/h
horsepower
Btu
ft-lb
joules
cubic cm
cubic ft
cubic meters
gallons
gallons/min
ft
inches
miles
yards
meters/s
meters/s
meters/s
meters/s
miles
miles
miles
miles/h
miles/h
miles/h
miles/h
newtons
pounds-force
1.968 x 102
3.281
3.6
2.237
5.280 x 103
1.609
1.609 x 103
8.8 x 101
1.467
1.6093
2.682 x 101
1.0 x 105
4.4482 x 105
ft/min
ft/s
km/h
miles/h
ft
kilometers
meters
ft/min.
ft/s
km/h
meters/min
dynes
dynes
To convert from
pounds-force
pounds-mass
pounds-mass
pounds-mass/cu ft
pounds-force/sq ft
pounds-force/sq ft
pounds-force/sq ft
pounds-force/sq in
pounds-force/sq in
pounds-force/sq in
radians
radians/s
revolutions/min
square cm
square feet
square feet
square feet
square meters
square meters
square meters
square miles
square miles
watts
watts
watts
watts
watts
watt hours
watt hours
Multiply by
4.4482
4.5359 x 102
4.5359 x 10-1
1.602 x 101
4.725 x 10-4
1.602 x 10-2
4.788 x 10
2.307
5.171
6.895 x 103
5.7296 x 101
9.5493
1.047 x 10-1
1.076 x 10-3
2.296 x 10-5
9.29 x 10-2
3.587 x 10-8
2.471 x 10-4
1.076 x 101
3.861 x 10-7
2.788 x 107
2.590 x 106
3.4129
1.0 x 107
4.427 x 101
7.376 x 10-1
1.341 x 10-3
3.413
2.656 x 103
To obtain
newtons
grams
kilograms
kg/cu m
atmospheres
ft of water
pascals
ft of water
cm of mercury
pascals
degrees
revolutions/min
radians/s
sq ft
acres
sq m
sq miles
acres
sq ft
sq miles
sq ft
sq meters
Btu/h
ergs/s
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
horsepower
Btu
ft-pounds
32
33