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Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Voltage and Power Flow Stabilization
Arne Bostrom*, Annette von Jouanne*, Ted K.A. Brekken*, Alex Yokochi**
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science*
School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering**
Oregon State University
Corvallis, USA
I.
INTRODUCTION
With the increasing penetration of variable renewable
energy resources into the grid, such as large wind farms,
their variable power output present significant integration
challenges. It has been proposed by the authors [1] and
others [2] that a solution to address these integration
challenges is through the tandem combination of a
Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SESS) and a
battery. For utility interface combinations of energy storage
solutions, the inclusion of a SESS enables the buffering of
fast, short term fluctuations in output power to avoid
harmful, frequent short duration reversals of power flow to
the battery system. In order to research and address the
renewables integration issues, an in-lab grid was established
at OSU to experimentally evaluate mitigation strategies
related to the energy storage supported integration of
230
Fig. 1. Schematic of the in-lab grid for renewables and energy storage system integration research.
Fig. 2. The supercapacitor Energy Storage System integrated into the in-lab grid.
231
II.
A. Experimental Protocol
An experimental protocol enabling investigation
of the SESSs performance as a function of energy
flow reversal frequency was implemented by cycling
the device between the charge and discharge state at a
constant power of 10kW and varying frequencies and
duty ratios.
To ensure significance of the
experimental results, cycling tests were replicated
five times with the mean and standard deviation of
the experiments extracted.
(4)
(1)
(3)
B. Grid-Tied Inverter
In order to enable extremely fast reversal of
power flow, a Grid-Tied Inverter was purchased from
One-Cycle Control (Irvine, CA, USA) and used
without modification. This high frequency device
has the ability to switch from one state of power to
the next within one frequency cycle, which allows for
fast switching and cycling of power. This inverter
supports operation between 330V and 400V on the
DC side, and 208V/100A (rms) on the AC side.
From these parameters a maximum power rating of
36kW can be obtained, but, for consistency with
operation of the original Zinc/Bromine battery
inverter operation, the power rating is held at around
24kW. Further, to accommodate the voltage limits
on the DC side the SESS is reconfigured to a 2P9
combination, with an expected capacitance of 37F.
(2)
232
(4)
233
RESULTS
Cycle
Parameter
Value
Units
Discharge
Energy
-181.0(1.7)
Wh
Charge
Energy
195.4(0.8)
Wh
Ch/Dis.
0.93
Charge
Capacitance
35.4
Discharge
Capacitance
32.5
234
235
Fig. 11. (Top) Raw Solar Power Input and SESS Filtered Power
Output. (Middle) Failure Events for the Raw Data. (Bottom)
Failure Events for the SESS Filtered Power Output.
Fig. 13. (Top) Raw Solar Data Output and SESS Filtered Output.
(Bottom) SOC of the Ramp Rate Filter.
Fig. 14. (Top) Raw Solar Data Output and SESS Filtered Output.
(Bottom) SOC of the High Frequency Filter.
Fig. 12. (Top) Raw Solar Power Output (blue) and SESS filtered
Power Output (green). (Middle) Failure Events for the Raw Data.
(Bottom) Failure Events for the Ramp Control Filter.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper presented the integration of a
Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SESS) to be
used in combination with other energy storage
236
x Effective
capacitance
decreases
and
consequently a normalized derating SOC
coefficient increases with an increase in energy
flow reversal frequency.
REFERENCES
[1] T. K. A. Brekken, A. Yokochi, A. von Jouanne,
Z. Z. Yen, H. M. Hapke, and D. A. Halamay,
Optimal Energy Storage Sizing and Control for
Wind Power Applications, Sustainable Energy,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 69 77,
Jan. 2011.
[2] C. Abbey and G. Joos, Supercapacitor Energy
Storage for Wind Energy Applications,
Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769 776, Jun. 2007.
[3] H. Han, T. K. A. Brekken, A. Von Jouanne, A.
Bistrika, and A. Yokochi, In-lab research grid
for optimization and control of wind and energy
storage systems, in 2010 49th IEEE Conference
on Decision and Control (CDC), 2010, pp. 200
205.
[4] E. Naswali, Modeling and experimental
validation of supercapacitors for use in an Inlab
grid developed for wind integration
applications., Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR, 2011.
[5] R. Ktz, P. W. Ruch, and D. Cericola, Aging
and failure mode of electrochemical double layer
capacitors during accelerated constant load
tests, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 3,
pp. 923928, Feb. 2010.
[6] S. Barsali, M. Ceraolo, M. Marracci, and B.
Tellini, Frequency dependent parameter model
of supercapacitor, Elsevier, pp. 16831689,
Aug. 2010.
[7] P. L. Barbour, S. Casey, and S. N. Walker,
Evaluation of BPA Vendors Wind Plant Wind
Ramp Event Tracking System, Energy
Resources Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR,
FInal Summary Report, Jun. 2010.
[8] Oahu Solar Measurement Grid, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
[Online]. Available:
http://www.nrel.gov/midc/oahu_archive/.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Greg
Smedley, Dr. Tao Tao Jin, Tong Chen, and the rest of
the staff at One-Cycle Control for their excellent
assistance and diligence in responding to questions
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