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Section 8 - DRAINAGE PIPES, OUTLET DRAINS AND CULVERTS

8.1

STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION
Refer to clause 1.1.1 of this specification, which applies to this section. Notify Engineer of discrepancies
with normal Vietnam materials, methods and practice.
All materials used for the construction and workmanship for drain works shall generally comply with the
existing requirement of the relevant authorities.

8.2

SETTING OUT
The Contractor shall employ a qualified for the setting out and submit a copy of the setting out plan duly
endorsed to the Engineer for record. The Contractor shall ensure that the drains and drainage reserves are
properly set out and correctly aligned within the drainage reserve as indicated on the Drawings.
Any work not correctly aligned may have to be demolished and reconstructed at the Contractor's own costs
and expenses as directed. If it is not possible or practical to reconstructed the misaligned drain and provided
that Local authorities has no objection, the Engineer may decide to allow for its retention subject to the
Contractor paying all survey and checking fees. However, if the misalignment of the constructed drain
resulted in the loss of land, the Contractor shall be required to compensate the Owner for the loss of land
rental computed for 50 years which shall be determined based on rates Prevailing at the time of
Computation for rental compensation.

8.3

EXCAVATION OF DRAINS
Excavation of drainage trenches Shall be to the lines slopes, limits, configuration and gradients required for
the works. The trench bottom shall be of sufficient width to allow adequate space for workmen.
Unless otherwise specified, excavated materials shall not be de posited within 500mm of the edges of the
excavation or as directed. The sides Of the excavation shall be supported by planking and strutting if
necessary to ensure safely and the speedy and proper execution of the work.
Trenches deeper than 1.5m must be provided with planking and strutting. Method and materials for
planking and strutting are to be approved by the Engineer. The excavation shall be kept free from water by
pumping or other approved means.
In the event of excavation being made deeper than necessary, they shall be made up in grade 150 concrete
at the Contractor's own expenses and costs.

8.4

EXISTING FENCES, WALLS ETC.

Where excavations are near to existing factory, building, boundary fencings or decorative walls, the
Contractor shall take all necessary care and precaution to preserve such existing structures. If necessary, the
contractor shall erect temporary fencing, remove existing fence or wall etc and on completion to re-erect
such fencings or walls to quality equal to the original and made good all works disturbed all to the
satisfaction of the Engineer and the factory owners. The Owner shall not entertain any claim for extras in
this respect as the Contractor is deemed to have allowed for these in the Lump Sum Tender Price.

8.5

SHORING. SLIPS, FAILS AND UPHEAVAL ETC

Every precaution shall be taken by the Contractor against slips, falls and upheavals of earth etc in the
excavation by proper shoring, timbering etc. If any slip, fall or upheaval etc shall occur, the Contractor must
at once made good the same, including all surface restoration, all at the Contractor's own cost and expenses.
If any such slip, fall or upheaval disturbs or affects any adjacent buildings or works, the Contractor shall be

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fully responsible for the reinstatement or prepare cost to the disturbance or damage caused by him and shall
carry out such repairs or rectifications as directed by the Engineer.
8.6

TOPPING UP LOW LYING AREAS

Any suitable surplus earth resulting from the excavation of the proposed works shall be removed and used
to top up the surrounding low lying areas approved by the Engineer, or in an area as specified. In topping up
the low lying areas, the Contractor shall grade such areas In a systematic manner and in such a way that
there shall be no stagnation of wafer.
However, if instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall cart away any surplus earth, suitable or
otherwise to his own dumping ground (s).
The Contractor shall be deemed to have included for filling or carting of surplus earth the Lump Sum
Tender Price.

8.7

CARTING AWAY OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS

If directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall cart away the excavated materials immediately after
excavations, and no surcharge earth shall be allowed on both sides of the excavation so as to prevent slips
and fall of earth into the excavation. Carting away of earth to the Contractor's own dumping ground (s) and
backfilling et adjacent low lying areas as directed by the Engineer shall be deemed to be included in the
Lump Sum Tender Price.

8.8

DRAINAGE RESERVE AND ALIGNMENT

The Contractor shall ensure the alignment of drainage reserve and the outlet drain width are constructed to
that as proposed. Care and constant checking should be carried out to enable the setting out line to be closed
back by survey to the base line for each stretch of the drain construction.

8.9

DRAINAGE PROBLEMS
The Contractor shall include in his Lump Sum Tender Price all necessary works and costs incurred as a
result of clearing, cleaning and pumping of water that discharges from roadside or other temporary drains
into the excavation, to enable the works in the excavation to be constructed in the dry.

8.10

EARTH SCUPPER DRAINS

Where required or shown on the drawings, the Contractor shall excavate earth scupper drains to the correct
sections, levels, slopes, lines, limits, gradients, and alignment and shall trim and tamp the sides and inverts
properly to the. satisfaction of the Engineer.
Other drains shall be provided at outlets and points of water concentration to lead the water clear of the
works to points of natural flow, into culverts or existing drainage system. As far as practicable, the drains
shall follow existing water courses and depressions in the nature surface or as directed by the Engineer.

8.11

ROADSIDE DRAINS
The roadside drains shall be constructed section by section as directed by the Engineer and shall be
generally completed before commencement of works on the carriageway and construction of kerbs.

8.12

PRECAST DRAINS
The pre-cast drain units and sections shall be true to shape and of correct dimensions, finish and
strengthened with correct reinforcements whenever required. All pre-cast units shall first be approved for
used by the engineer before they are incorporated in any part of the works.

8.13

LAYING PRECAST UNITS

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Pre-cast conduits shall be properly laid, bedded on a sand base of at least 75mm thick unless otherwise
stated, and joins grouted and pointed in cement mortar
Side connections where required or shown on the drawings shall be formed and secured in concrete and/or
cement mortar, as directed and shall finish to a smooth, uniform and regular appearance.
All pre-cast drains shall be laid to a fall as indicated on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
8.14

GEOTEXTILES
Unless otherwise specified, geotextiles or geofabrics for use on roads or drains shall be non-woven and
shall be made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester or a combination of the aforesaid approved
materials.
Geotextiles shall not be susceptible to bacteria and fungus attack and shall be resistant to chemical action
and not affected by exposure to ultra violet light.
Where the geotextiles serve a separation or reinforcement function, Class A geotextiles shall be used.
Where the geotextiles serve a filtration function, Class B geotextiles shall be used. The Contractor shall
submit samples and technical details of the geotextiles for the Engineer's approval method of laying and
jointing to the engineer for approval prior to commencement of work.

8.15

BLOCK PITCHING TO DRAINS

Block pitching, where indicated, shall be granite blocks of size 200mm-300mm, selected, laid tightly and
hand pitched to the required depth to the vertical or slope sides in such a manner that a strong retaining
structure is obtained. The blocks shall be bedded in 1:3 cement mortar with the larger interstices wedged
and filled with crushed stones. The joints shall be pointed where indicated and weep hole shall be provided
at the appropriate intervals.

8.16

LAYING PRE-CAST BOX OR PIPE CULVERTS

Pre-cast culverts shall be laid on a sand base of at least 150mm thick compacted and screed off to the
required levels or as shown on the Drawings and directed by the Engineer.
In poor ground condition, the Contractor shall excavate and remove the poor quality soil to the depth as
required by the Engineer and replace the excavated materials with hardcore or other approved materials.
The materials must be laid and compacted in layers of approved thickness by approved mechanical
rammers.

8.17

TEST FOR PRE-CAST CONCRETE CULVERTS

The Engineer shall have access to the casting yards where the pre-cast concrete culverts-are being
manufactured. A copy of the manufacturer's test certificate shall be provided to the engineer on demand.

8.18

FABRICATED STEELWORKS
Fabricated steelworks eg railings etc shall be made from standard steel sections with dimensions, tolerances
and properties complying with the relevant standards and the section on Structural Steel Works in this
specification.
The Engineer or his representative, shall have the right to enter the Contractor's premises at all reasonable
times for the purpose of inspecting the fabrication works. Any works found defective or not in accordance
with the Drawings shall be rejected.
All steelworks shall be prepared or primed against corrosion in the workshop before delivery. All paints,
unless otherwise described shall comply with the relevant TCVN wherein applicable.

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All steelworks delivered to site shall be kept clear of the ground and shall be laid out or stacked so as to
reduce to a minimum the amount of water or dirt that can accumulate on or against any of the surfaces.
Suitable packing shall be placed between layers of stacked steelworks.
All drain gratings shall be fabricated in heavy section steel to sizes and dimensions indicated on the
Drawings. The fabricated member shall then be galvanized for heavy duty purposes for incorporating into
the drain structure.
8.19

PAINTING OF STEELWORKS ETC

All painting works necessary for steelworks, railings, etc shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer
and the relevant Authorities. Painting works shall be made on clean and dry surfaces. The surface to be
painted shall be scraped and wire-brushed. All paints shall be delivered to Site in manufacturer's sealed
containers and are to be opened in the presence of the Engineer or his representatives.
The various coats of the painting shall be of a different shade. The final finishing coats snail be of the color
and shade approved by Engineer
On completion of the works the Contractor shall touch up, or repaint the whole railings and steelwork after
de-rusting before the inspection and taking over by the relevant Authorities.

8.20

CASTING BEDS. MOULDS AND FORMWORK

8.20.1

Casting Beds
Casting beds shall be properly leveled and aligned, and so disposed that no process being carried out on any
unit will interfere with or adversely affect adjacent castings or operations. Adequate weather protection
shall be provided where necessary in order to achieve the specified quality of product.

8.20.2

Moulds and Formwork

Construction of moulds and formwork shall be designed and constructed by skilled craftsman such that the
same set of moulds can be used repetitively for other pre-cast cantilever sections of varying heights.
The moulds and form shall be sufficiently rigid not to deform and sufficiently tight to prevent loss of grout
or mortar from the concrete, at all stages and for all methods of placing and compacting.
Metal moulds shall be used in order to achieve a good finishing surface.

8.20.3

Cleaning and Treatment of Forms.

All rubbish shall be removed from the interior of the forms before the concrete is placed. The
faces of the moulds or formwork in contact with the concrete shall be clean and treated with
suitable release agent, where applicable. Care shall be taken such that agents are uniformly
applied without excess which might mar the surface, and kept out of contact with any
reinforcement.

8.20.4

Holding Members
Provision shall be made to hold firmly and maintain in position all projecting reinforcement or
other interconnecting devices together with bolts, fixing blocks etc so that they are within the
specified tolerances.

8.20.5

Mould Oil
Mould oil or release agent shall be of the approved type. The Contractor shall be required i0
submit details of type and proprietary brand and obtain the approval of the Engineer before
using the product.

8.21

BOX OUT IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DRAINS

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As depicted in the Drawings, box out in reinforced concrete drains are to be made to enable
future connection of scupper pipes into the reinforced concrete drains. The Contractor shall
include in his Lump Sum Tender Price for such works and ensure that these box-outs are
properly located lengthwise as well as giving the correct invests.
8.22

REINFORCEMENT FOR CAST-IN-SITU DRAINS

For cast-in-situ drains, the Contractor may be allowed to use either steel bar, reinforcement to
any drain depth or steel fabric reinforcement to drain depth not exceeding 1.6m all at the same
Lump Sum Tender Price. Prior written approval must be obtained from the Engineer.
Where steel fabric reinforcement is used, the main reinforcement bar diameter shall be the same
as that for the steel bar reinforcement indicated specified.

8.23

HARDCORE/GRAVEL PACKING
All hardcore/gravel packing to be placed along the length of drains shall be crushed granite
stone, broken bricks or other approved materials of uniformly graded dimension varying from
50mm to 100mm. The packing shall have a section of 300x300mm or as shown on the
Drawings.

8.24

CONSTRUCTION OF OUTFALL STRUCTURES

Where outfall structures are provided for outlet drains, the Contractor shall be required to
construct cofferdam or other structure water from the works. A joint pre-construction
hydrographic sounding survey shall be carrying out by the Contractor's and Owner's Surveyors
and shall serve as a record of the existing levels around the outfall structure area. The
Contractor shall request for the survey when he is ready to carry out the Works.