Ethics and Corporate Governance

Module 1: Accounting and Society

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Part A: Interaction with Society /Accounting in Society

Recruiting the Best (Add value, Lifelong and Professiona capabilities)
Depiction of Accounting (Stereotype of Accounting Dimik&Felton)
Coate: +Prudence (Social skills), - Colourful Accountant(Downside of Service ideal)
Moral Agency (Ethical Approaches to achieve outcomes)
Technical Functions and Social Impact
1.- Understanding Accounting (Social practice: Professional capabilities + Service ideal)TSKE/SSKE
2.- Social Impact: Less Prescriptive more judgments) Lonegan: GFC
3.- Theoretycal Analysis of Social Impact
Body of Knowledge: Parkers & Millers
Macro Level ( Business & goverments - Power and control)
Micro Level (Manager & Employee - Motivation and Behaviour)
Capabilities Considerations (Sufficient capabilities=complex&difficult professional Judgements)
TSKE: General Accounting Activities
SSKE: Social Skills & Capabilities well developed
Both vital : Lifelong learning for both activities.
Accounting roles, Activities & Relationship
PAIB : Professional Accounting in Business
IFAC-PAIB, value adding, Value creation,.
Contemporary role/Main activities of a Professional Accountant.
1. Accountants employed in Large Business (Strategy development & implementation)
2. Public Practice: Accounting Firm Environment-Big 4, Large 7 second tier firms)
3. SME's ( very small SME's relying in SMP's practice. Large firms :few or one Accountant)
IFAC: SME'S focus on compliance, not being much value in performance(profitability)
PAIB: Accountans reponsible to generate value for the success of company.
Ethics ( Moral, Ethics, Business Ethics, Professional Ethics; APES 110, Guidelines &rules)
Accounting and Effective Governance
Accounting: OECD 2004, Social practice.
Corporate Governance: IFAC-Performance + Conformance

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Part B: Accountants as a member of a profession.

Trust and Profession: Integrity, Autonomy, Professional Judgement
Atributte of a Profession: Autonomy and Service Ideal
A systematic Body of Theory and Knowledge
An Extensive Education Process
An Ideal Service to the Community
A High degree of Autonomy and Independence (Objectivity and integrity)
A code of Ethics for members (APES 110, AASB, AUASB, Corporate Law)
A Distintictive ethos or culture ( CPA)
Application of Professional Judgement (Schon 1988)
The Existence of Governing Body (CPA membership)
Professions: The 'market control' view (Monopolistic Power, Self Regulation (West 2003)
Evolution of the profession
Professionalisation: Larson - Power creation
Power and Exclusion: (Ethics Vs Profit - Gold Collarism, Kelley 1985)
Ideals of Accounting: E's Education, Ethics, expertise and Entrepreneuship
Accoutnting Under Challenge
Credibility of the profession: Ethics & Failure: GFC failure-Manage Risk & underdtanding Accounting valuation
Greater Regulation: AASB, Asic, FRC reporting, and Corporation
Restoring Credibility to accounting: IFAC 2009 Recomendations, Sarbanes Oxly 2002, Coso 2004, CLERP 9, CPA,)

Reading 1.1: How softskills can boost your career

Reading 1.2: The strategic accountant
Reading 1.3: Public practice: firm of the future
Reading 1.4: Profile: Roel Van Vegel -The sweet sounds of success
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1.1 Recall Lonergan' GFC failured, Was that slow reaction the only cause of GFC?
1.2 Outline 4 possibles accountig-related roles with an SME and for each role indentify the task to be undertaken?
1.3 Reading 1.4. Is that busienss ME or an SME? How did the PAIB add value to Andrew Rueu's business?
1.4 Why have SME's not relied in the past on theirexternal accoutnants for business asvisory?

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Questions: 1.5 Discuss 4 situations where accountants may aplly professional judgements in their course of work?
Module 2: Ethics

Part A: Professional ethics

Apply the concepts of service ideal
The well-being of society
The pursuit of excellence ( Professional Behaviour)
Community service (Relationship of trust)
A code of ethics for professional accountants
The conceptual framework (principles-based) approach (APESB : blended code of Principles and rules)
Threats
Examples of threats
Safeguards (Institutionals & In the work Environement)
The public interest - an introduction to the code (Accountat primary loyalty is with the public - not client/employer)
Fundamental principles of professional conduct
Integrity (Straigforward, honest - Financial information)
Objectivity (Impartial, honest, free from conflict of interest)
Professional independence to the provision (Independence=Objectivity + Integrity)
Independance of mind (reality ) and appereance(more desvastating, Lack of indepen)
of assurance service
Common threats to independence (Examples)
Professional independence in practice (s290-291)
Provision of non-audit service to an audit client (S290) - Additonal value for an Audit Client)
Professional competence and due care
Confidentiality
Professional behaviour
Code of ethics for members in public practice
Professional appointment (acceptance should no be granted automately - Solicitation)
Referrals (special assigment)
Conflicts of interest
Incompatible activities (self interest threat)
Conflicts between two or more clients (members must not provide services unless consent to do it is received)
Second opinions (seek permission from clients)
Fees and other types of remuneration
Professional fees (billing arrangements)
Contingent and referral fees (Actions of transactions/Result of services)
Commissions and soft-dollar benefits
(Inconsitent with CPA - Professionalims, Fees for commissions: Self interest threat to objectivity)
Marketing professional services (Consistency with Professional Behaviour)
Code of ethics for members in business
Potential conflicts (Undertake task inconsistent with professional duties)
Preparation and reporting of information and earnings management (Revenue Recognition, Greed)
Reporting with integrity (Public Interest - trust)
Professional And ethical failures by menbers/public practice - Sonya Denisse & Trevor Neil)
Financial interests (Threats and Safeguards)
Gifts, hospitality and inducements
Self-regulation and professional discipline
The profession's self-regulatory process
Accounting professional and ethical standards board (APESB) (high level of Professional Practice)
Roles of APESB
The quality assurance process (Components: Standard setting, Conformity withstadards, preactice review, Firm regulations)
APES 320 Quality control for firms
Policies and procedures for address each element
Professional discipline (To achieve credibility & confidence of the general Public / Sources of complaint, CPA)
Procedures
Penalties and appeals

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Part B: A conceptual framework for ethical behaviour

Theoretical approach to ethics
A concept map
Normative theory - 2 key functions:
(Framework for judging moral righteness and framework decision making to resolve Ethical problems)
Teleological theories (consequential)
Ethical egoism
Differences between psychological egoism, ethical egoism (table 2.5)
and utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Five basic steps
Limitation of consequential and utilitarian analysis
Dentological theories (Duties)
Rights theory
Justice theory (Aristoteles)
A philisophical model of ethical decision-making (Mathison 1988)
Aplication of multiples theories to unethical dilemma
Virtue ethics
An introduction to professional and ethical judgment
Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral reasoning and development
Six stages of cognitive moral development
Level 1: Pre-conventional
Level 2: Conventional
Level 3: Post-conventional
Levels of moral reasoning in accounting
Factors influencing decision-making
Individual (Cognitive development) - Kholbers theory
Organisational ( organisational culture, Code of ethics, Others significants)
Schein's six primary mechanisms(Leader rely on this, can achieve cultural success, cultural failure, cultural change)
Stress in the workplace
Professional (APESB)
Societal
Law and regulation
Culture (Confucionism: Japan, China), Relativism
Ethical decision-making models (Influences on an Individual Decision) - HEURISTIC
American Accounting Association Model (AAA) - Lagender & Rockness
Seven steps model
AICPA Decision Tree
Reading 2.1 Accountants, Ethical issues and the Corporate Governance text?
Reading 2.2 Six cures forcurrent Ethical Breakdowns
Reading 2.3 Ethics Decision tree fro CPAs in business and industry
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2.1 Consider Implications of an accountant with isufficient time to perform duties? What should you do?
2.2 Your firm executes investment transactions for a client. You are now asked to audit this client, I s there a threat to yur independence?
2.3 A new qualified CPA is asked to perform an audit to small company, The accountant has not experience in that field, What should you do?
2.4 You have been asked to audti 1/2 year finanical statement, (second opninion?
2.5 You mamage fundraisng company, Soft dollar benefits?
2.6 New assurance Services without previuos experience, Does this complain with the Code of Ethics?
2.7 Explain why integrity is an essential attributer of the profession
2.8 Quality assurance and ethical issues arising from?
2.9 Utiliarims definitions, problems and difffences?
2.10 Does you employee have a right to enquiie into activitiess of your personal life? In realtion of rights theory?
2.11 Which Stage of Kholbert theory of CMD best describe the decision making behaviour of Accountants

Module 3: Governance

Part A: Overview of Corporate Governance ( Information and Comunication)

Why Good Corporate Goverance matters (balancing power of stakeholders = Performance + conformance)
Global Imperative ( Professional Accountants role : A+B)
Key Factors driving the need for better Corporate Governance
Why Corporate Governance is important to APEC economies( valuable source on international views)
Key Points / Benefits of Good Governance
Goverance and APEC views
Governance Definintions / Governance Involves
Agency and Governance ( Agents must be aware of concepts and principles of good Corporate Governance)
Components of Corporate Governance
Shareholders ( Bosch -1995) rights and Obligations
Individual Shareholders ( ASA , Media an Internet)
Institutionals Shareholders (Insurance companies/ funds ) (Hampel Report, now reflected in UK CGC)
Directors and Boards
Board of Directors (Bosh Report in Australia, Rogers CJ ( AWA Ltd)
Board Chair - Independence( OECD: chair not mention should be Indep.. / UK CGC should be indep..)
Role of CEO - Agent of the Board ( Board member and CEO/ Agency relationship arise)
Type of Directors (Independent & non Independent Directors)
Committees of the Board
Risk Management, Nomination, Remuneration andAudit Committee
Audit Committee:( AASB: Objectives ans Resposabilitites, Benefists and limitations)
Risk Management
Internal Control and Risk Management: ISA 215-Ifac2009, Sarbanex Oxley Act US 2002)
COSO internal Control - Integrated Framework
Internal Control and Risk systems - Including accounting , Risk Control and internal audit
Management of the performance elements ( Practical aproaches to exercise considerable judgements)
Balance Scorecards: Kaplan and Norton
Strategic Scorecards: PAIB - IFAC, CIMA'S obejectives
Economic value added - EVA- ROI
Internal and External Auditors
Regulators : Essential to ensure that companies can compete against each other in a fair an reasonable manner)
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Regulations versus De Regulations (Free market (self interest- Miltond Friedman)
Principle based ( OCED, ASX CGC and UK FRC) versus rules -based regulations ( US Sarbanes - Oxley Act)
Senior Managers and employees generally
Other stakeholders ( Governements, Customer, suppliers, environement and Societies generally)
Thirty years of Corporate Goverance
International Development Timetables
United Kingdom
Cadbury report (1992) ( Concept of Comply or Explan / If not, Why not reporting)
Financial aspects of corporate governance (1992)
Principal recommendations of the board
Non-executive vs independence directors
Strategic role of the board
Greenbury Committee
Enhanced transparency on directors' remunerations
Hampel committee
Importance of corporate governance
The combined code and the turnbull guidance
Combined code of 18 principles and 48 code provisions
Number of non-executive directors
Higgs review and smith report
Composition of the board and sub-committee
UK combined code on corporate governance (FRC 2008)
United States
Committee of sponsoring organisations of threadway commission (COSO)
(Report realted to Internal control and Enterprise risk management)
Internal control - integrated framework
Fradulent financial reporting
Enterprise risk management
Sarbanes-Oxley act ( Strenghtened Audit requirements, increase financial disclosures, Internal controls)
Audit reform
Corporate accountability
Financial disclosures,loans and code of ethics
Criminal fraud and whistleblowing
The business roundtable
Eight guiding principles of corporate governance
California public empliyees retirement system (CalPERS)
Corporate governance investment program
Other International Approaches
International Corporate Goverance Network
OECD Principles of Corporate Goverance
APEC

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Australia
Bosch committee (1995)
Significant corporate governance issues
Ramsay report (2001)
Key recommendations on independence of auditors
ASX corporate governance principles and recommendations (2007)
Eight Principles and recommendations
Corporate Law Economic Reform (CLERP) 9 Act (2004)
Audit reform
Financial reporting
Other (Whistleblowing, shareholder participation)

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Part C:

Part D:

Governance in other sectors

Corporate governance in not-for-profit sector
Corporate governance for SMEs
Public Sector ( Upright Report: Government entitites examination)
Codes and Guidance
OECD principles of corporate governance
Six principles of corporate governance
Basis for effective corporate governance framework
Rights of shareholders and key ownership functions
Equitable treatment of shareholders
Role of stakeholders in corporate governance
Disclosure and transparency
Other principles regarding disclosure/transparency
Responsibilities of the board
GFC Response: Understanding The OECD Principles
Steering Group: Complementary of OECD principles
UK Finanancial Reporting Council Corporate Governance Code (Apendix 3.1) last part of material mod.4
Main Principle: Comply or explain
Section A: Leadership (Roles of Board, Divison of Resposabilitites, chairman, non Executives directors)
Section B: Effectiveness ( Board: Composition, Appointment, Commitment, Development, Information,
Supprot, Evaluation, Reelection)
Section C: Accountability(Financial and Businessreporting, Risk management and Internal control, Audit
Committee and Auditors,)
Section D: Remuneration (Components of remuneration, Procedures)
Section E: Realtion with Shareholders( Dialogue, Constructive use AGM)
ASX CGC Recommendations (if not why not reporting requirement)
Lay solid foundations for management and Oversight
Structure the board to add value
promote Ethical and responsible decision making (code ofconduct)
Safeguard Integrity in Financial Reporting (Audit committee)
Make timely and balanced disclosure
Respect right of Shareholders
Recognise and manage risk
Remunerate fairly and Responsibly - Remuneration Committee
Code for Institutional Investors ( ways for instituional Shs views to performance)
The UK FRC Stewardship Code ( disclosure of voting activities)
The Blue Book : Guide for fund managers and Corporations 2009 - important for FSC)
International Perspective on Corporate Goveranance
Alternative System of Goverance
Market Based System (outsider system, Shareholder systems or Anglo Saxon System)
Corporate Goverance of US and UK (Shareholders primary focus)
CEO/Chair same - Principal agent realtionship
Focus in Funds and Insurance company, less in banks ( Disclosures based)
Realtionship Based System - European approaches
Stakeholders Active recognized
Banks play an active role, long term large shareholders protect to threat of takeovers.
Insiders groups monitor management, Reduce of Agency problems
Different polititcal, legal and regulatory Structures (European contries)
Company Law, Employee representation, Stakeholders issues, Shs rights, Board Structure,
Supervisory body, Disclousre
Germany and France
Relationship Based System - Asian Aproaches
Differing Corporate Governance models ( Concentration of Ownership of companies)
China: Governement - controlled organisation, 6 maint types of Enterprises.
Majority Shs - Single extende family - East Asia - Board dominated by majority shs)
Japan(Outsider boards representing SHs or board member are insiders leading managemet)
Family Controlled companies and Business Networks - East Asian
Case Studies of Governance Failure
Case 3.1 Enron
Case 3.2 HIH
Case 3.3 Global Financial Crisis
Bailouts, Bankrupticies and takeovers
Key issues arising from the global financial crisis and Repsonses IFAC (paib 2004)

Reading 3.1: The corporate governance lessons from the financial crisis
Reading 3.2: The chairman reflects
Reading 3.3: The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits
Reading 3.4: Responsible business engagement with society
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3.1 Reasons Why good corporate Goverance is seens to be important and benefitial
3.2 What is major issue that arise form a n agency relationship, where powers of control are delegated. (Conflict of intererst)
3.3 Describe role of CEO and givexamples of the activities the CEO and board should perdorm?
3.4 Audit Committee, Benefits and limitations
3.5 Voluntary Exchange meaning, freem arket and regulated markets

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3.6 What are key issues of governance affecting not for profit organisatiosn?
3.7 What do you consider are the main corporate governance issues affeccting small business
3.6 What are key issues of governance affecting not for profit organisatiosn?
3.15 Market based system * Strenghts and Weaknessess
3.15 Relationship based systems Advantages and disadvantages

Module 4: Corporations and their stakeholders

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Stakeholder Concepts
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Stakeholder map
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Nature of the corporation and key stakeholder relations ( table 4.1)
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Issues arising from stakeholder theory
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Agency Theory and Remuneration
Corporate Governance and controlling agents ( Corporate Goverance and Theory problems)
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Directors and other Officers
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Agency and delegated powers ("Utility maximising Agent" - not acting in the best interest of principal)
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Agency Theory (Jensesn and Meckling - 1976 : 2 Key assumptions, Barriers to Goal Congruence)
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Agency Costs
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Residual costs: (Loss & Cost under performance : An agency cost borne by principals)
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Over-consumption of perks : (lack og goal congruence: reduce both profitability and Cash flow)
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Empire building: Financial rewards: Power and influence increase: purcharse subsidiare)
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Risk avoidance: (Risky investment avoidance because of fixed salary package)
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Differing time horizons : Perpetual cash flows, interest in the firm for the duration of theiremployment)
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Bonding costs : reducing residual & monitoring cost for a greater remuneration - borne by agent)
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Monitoring costs : Cost associated by principals in order to know & control agency matters)
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Remuneration Issues
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Remuneration of Executive & non executives director - UK FRC CGC 2010
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Non executives Directors: not performance based incentives, Based only reasonable retur for time
dedicated to corporation's businesses
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Executives Directors : Remuneration committee: remunerated for their perfomance/achieving of goal
congruence
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Performance-based remuneration (Fixed:individual/corporation performace and At Risk portion: Reaching
certain goals and performance beanchmarking)
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Disclosure and transparency :non Individual should set their own remuneration.
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Remuneration Disclosure - International Approaches : France, UK, USA
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Employees (vital and internal Stakeholders - OECD Guidelines)
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Australian Consumer Law (unfair practices, penalties and compensation)
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Occupational health and safety
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Fair pay and working conditions
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Family and Holiday Entitlements: Al, Paternity & maternity Leave, others type of entitlements)
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Ethical obligations - Employee Goverance (Code of conduct - Satysfying the objectives of the OECD principles
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Case examples of Failure : Nike, James Hardie
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Whistleblowers
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Australian Corporation Act Whistleblower Protection ( Example: Sherron Watkins - ENRON)
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Trade and labour unions (Collectives Bargaining)
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External Stakeholders ( Considered outsiders in term of Governance)
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Global Society and Environment (corporations to asssume ethicals leadership)
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The Economic and Legal System
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The legal System as a Stakeholder (Good laws to achieve good outcomes and should do so reliably and acces to court)
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Competition and Protecting Markets for Goods and Services ( monitor by ACCC)
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Competition Policy ( Competitve markets to avoid Monopolist Corporation) - Policy Objectives
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Workable Competititon ( requirements of workable or effective compettion) (judgements based in Balance of
Probabilitites)
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Competition and Stakeholders (Maintain competition btw technologies in the bradbank sector, internet providers)
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Ethical obligations (Collusion btw competitor very bad) - Tab 4.2 International Competition legislation and Regualtions
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Regulations on anti-competitive behavious (Detailed rules to regulate:
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Abuse of market power ( Predatory Markets - ACCC: Penalties against Cabagge and Intel)
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Mergers and acquisition (reduce # of competitors - prohibited or limited)
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Agreement between competitors - Cartel Conduct
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Compettitors Collusion -Cartel Behaviour
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Output Restrictions ( Agreemts wil lcause Shortage in markets - price raises.
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Allocating Customers Suppliers or territories ( Creating Artificial Monopolies)
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Bid Rigging (Work collude - Competitve Tenders Inflate price to win a bid)
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Price Fixing (Parallel Conduct) - Examples
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Unilateral restrictions on Supply (exclusivng dealing) - Third line forcing: Ilegal, anticompetitive and lessen competition)
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Resale Price Maintenance (Ilegal practice: sells products above a stated price)
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Approvals Procedures (Franchises: formal mechanisms to authorise third line forcing - ACCC)
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Proof, penalties and redress - Criminal and Civil
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Laws Leading to Criminal Penalties (proof beyond reasonable doubt - Punishment: fines/Jail)
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Laws with Civil Outcomes and Civil Penalties (Balance of probabilities - Fines: penalties payables to the state)
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Redress and Penalties for anticompetitve breaches (Redress or remedies, Damages or compensation, Penalties,others)
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Legal Compliances and Governance (Other real costs)
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Compliance Programs : Competition Law, Consumer Law, corporate law and others) ) Main benefits)
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Avoiding Harm ((posible benefits for Compliance programs, Benefits for all major stakeholders)
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Consumers and Customers
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Ethical obligations (Long term sustainable realtionshipconsumers (customers)and final product users)
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Regulation and consumer protection( Table 4.3 Consumer protection Legislation)
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Guarantees and warranties
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Misleading Conduct a representation
Truth versus truthful impression in advertising (Examples :Joan Sutherland and Nudie Foods)
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Puffery versus deception (Extreme exageration: Puffery is aceptable) (Deceitfull communication)

Unconscionable conduct ( sufficiently unfair as to be considered as Unconscienable)
Examples of transactions : Amadio Case - Consumer Law)
Tests for unconscionable conduct
Suppliers and lenders
Considering Suppliers and Lenders as a Stakeholders ( table 4.4)
Expanding Ethics (Minimum Ethical Standards should be displayed by supliers / HSBC Supplier code of Conduct)
Financial Markets as a Stakeholders (2 governing Theories:Efficency of Markets and Investor Confidence)
Roles of Markets ( ROI)
Roles of the Media
Role of Other Intermediaries ( Investments banks, Consultants and Auditors)
Protecting the Financial Markets (Directord / Officers breaking the law)
Insider Traiding rules (Key Test in determaining Insider trading, Examples of Insider Trading, Case: PAroo)

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Owners ( UK FRC CGC (FRC 2010a: Succes of Companies and Informed Shareholders)
Shareholders group and descriptions (Table 4.5)
Rights, remedies and responsibilities (Table 4.6 OECD 2004: Shareholders rights)
Redress or remedy ( Shs unhappy, Unfairly treated: Example - Minority Shs)
Representation (OECD, UK FRC, ASC CGC : Guanrantee rights)
Shareholders representation ( Table 4.7), Example of iNstitutional Shs)
The corporation
Distinct features
Types of corporations (Table 4.8, Level of Companies: Figure 4.2)
Board of Directors / Board Structure
Directors should be formally appointed, Types of Behaviour:De facto,Shadow director, type of Agents)
Duties and responsibilities of directors - Key Duties:
Conflict of interest (Independence od Ppereance and Independence of mind help to assess conflicts of interest)
Act in the corporation's best interest ( good faith, Honestly and without fraud or collusion)
Nominee directors ( use power for proper Purposes when nominate & appoint directors))
Act for proper purpose ( do not abuse their power - Example Advance Bank)
Duty to retain discretion ( do not delegate to theird discretion to act as a director)
Duty of care, skill and dilligence (IN australia : SAFE HARBOUR RULE)
Insolvent trading (UK / US flexible system, Australia: stricter *Shut down the organisation)
Takeovers
Legal and ethical considerations (Conflict interest, Lack of Disclosure, Anti Trust andMOnopolies issues)
Remedies and Enforcement
Types of Remedies
If directors refuse to act - Statutory derivative action
Account for Profits
Compensation and damages
Rescission and restitution(restoration of property)
Injuction
Appointment and Cessation
Appointment (UH FRC 2010: directors of top 350: Every year to be subject to shs vote every year as a Director)
Resignation
Removal
Disqualification ( automatic, disqualified 5 years)
Automatic disqualifications (criminal Offences)
Disqualifications on applications (5 to 20 years - civil penalties)
Ethics of disqualification
Question 4.1 Anglo American legal system : Commom Law and Cvil law system proved protection to Stakeholders interest?
Question 4.2 Diffrences between Company and corporation?
Question 4.3 Dexribe Key aspects of the pricncipal and agents problems thatexist within Corporations and result of loss of value for stakeholders
queation 4.5 Withleblowing and why has become an inportant component of good corporate governance

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Module 5: Corporate social responsibiliy

Definition and Overview
The evolution of CSR - A brief hstory
Definition (Commmision of European Communitites, CPA - CSR reporting, Australian CSR reporting practices)
The concept of accountability (Linkage between accounting and accountability, Responsabilitties)
Gray, Owen and Maunders (1987)
Role of Corporate report (and corporate reporting)
Social reporting (Components of CSR reporting)
GRI guidelines on Social performance indicators
The aspects that social reporting encompasses
Environment reporting (Component of CSR reporting)
GRI guidelines on Environmantal performance indicators
Sustainability reporting
Definition of Sustainability Reporting - GRI 2007 guidelines
GRI performance indicators - (Economic, social and Enviromental performance categories)
The externalities created by business organisations (Definition, Positive (benefits) or Negative (cost), qualitatives terms)
Gray and Bebbington (1992) on sustainable cost / Calculations
The importance of climate change and its relevance to CSR reporting (Carbon tax scheme)
Alternative perceptions about the responsibilities of organisations ( Organisations responsabilities/Accountabilities)
Milton Friedman on the role of business (shs focus - not strong advocate for Social and envirponemental reporting))
Alternative view - Mathews 1993 ( Community Expectations))
Who are the stakeholders of an organisation?
Definition (Freeman 1984) of stakeholders, BHP, Toyota and Amcor focus on Accountability)
The shareholder primary perspective
Shareholder primary Vs social contract perspective
Motivations for embracing CSR reporting (Accountability to Stakeholders or economic focused to protect Shs value)
Elightened self-interest
Good faith requirements
Drivers towards better CSR (BCA) "(Doing right thing" BCA is based in Managerial Reasosining rather than ethical)
Motivations for disclosing social and environment information in CSR (Deegan 2009)
Stakeholder management
Stakeholder theory - The Managerial branch
Gray, Owen and Maunders (1987) - (Powerful & Influence Stakeholders in order to get support and Approval)
Stakeholder theory - The ethical branch
(Managers have a fiduciary duty to all stakeholdersrather than just Shs)
Organisational legitimacy (highly motivation for corporations to provide CSR information)
Legitimacy theory ( Community perceptions - disclousres in order to survive - non to demostrate Accountability)
The social contract (Organisations to meet requirements of both legitmacy and relevance-Schocker&Setti)
Methods to legitimise its activities (Dowling & Pfeffer 1975)
Course of actions to repair legitimacy (Lindblom 1994)
Empirical evidence consistent with legitimacy theory
Other incentives tied to maximising the value of the organisation (WBC - Environmental issues ans Financial positions)
Preferential capital flow (Investments portfolis - VicSuper Sustainability report)
Brand and reputation (Social and Environmental performance - remedial actions to rebuild lost legitimacy (Islam &Deegan)
Risk management incentives(Direct&Indirect Costs, Reducing risk - climate change for transparent reporting)
Limitations of traditional financial reporting
Accounting framework focus in Shareholders primacy perspective.
Cannot answer questions related to SocIAL AND Enviromental Performance)
Definitions of Elements of Financial reporting
Enviromental Resources (Externalities(Benefits/Cost) not controlled by Entity - not considered Assets of the Entity)
The practice of discounting future cash flows
The Stern review on the Economics of climate changes (Value of the cost of climate change overstimated)
Issues of 'reliable measurement' and 'probability ' (JI and Deegan - Laibilites & Provsions realted to Externalitites difficult to measure)
Yankelovich - Measurement issue - assessment - wrong practice)
The entity assumption (Externalitites to be ignored)
Current regulations for CSR reporting
Requirements embodied within the Corporations Act and accounting standards
Corporation Act :Directors to Provide financial details of Environmtnal performance)
Corporations act section 299 (1)(f) on environmental performance / Asic require entities to disclose financial/non financial)
Corporations act section 299 A on Directors' report
AASB 137 Provisions, contigent liabilities and contigent assets -Uncertain(Entities no quantify externaliites, non measureable/reliable)
AASB 116 Property, plant and equipment
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 - Objectives
NGER Act: Reporting thresholds
National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) - Howes 2001 - NPI compel's business to release information
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2005 - required to undertake detailed energy assessment to identify oportunitites)
Other legislations aimed at motivating improvements in Social and Environmental performance)
Australia: Independent pricing and regualtion tribunal, NSW ENErgy Saving Scheme, Commonwealth Renewablwe Energy target Scheme)

European Union Emmisions Trading Scheme (Creation of Emmisions allowances)

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Voluntary frameworks for CSR reporting

The global reporting initiative (GRI) - G3 Guidelines, Sectors Suplements, Protocols, National Annexures)
Practical applications and testo to help to apply this principle:
External factors in defining material topics
Internal factors in defining material topics
The Guidelines then recommended content
International guidance in CSR-related performance and reporting
Carbon disclosure project (Carbon emission and climate change represent significant business risk - Investment decision)
Accountability AA1000 series & principles
Equator Principles (determine, assess ans manage Social and Environmental risk in project financing)
The Greenhouse gas protocol GHC Kyoto Protocol - 2 Standards / objectives
Trucost (Help to identify high -risk sectors for investments / cash flows - meet environemntal reporting requirments)
Eco-balance (mass balance:Inflows-production process/outflows -finished products, organisattion to formulate measure to reduce
enviromental impact(recycled, waste products, waste and emissions)

Social audits and their relationship to CSR reporting (Elkington -Definintion: Assess performance in realtion to Society requirements and expectations)
The Body shop
Nike
Social Accountability International (SAI) - Social Accounting Standards SA2008)
Examples of best practice and innovative reporting
CSR The zone of acceptability (Identify leading edge / Reporting Sophisitcation)
ACCA sustainability reporting awards judging criteria (VicSuper, Fuji xerox, CPA Sustainability report - Positive attributes and recommendations)
Integrated Reporting: IIRC missions and objectives for an integrated reporting framework, roles of IIRC
International initiatives on climate change - Institutional Framework to reduce emmision(mitigation) and adapting toclimatechange(Adaption). - Kyoto Protocolo
The Copenhagen accord (interim measure to address various aspects of climate change)
Climate change accounting techniques (Cap-and trade method for carbon emmision - designed as a market based aproach)
Financial accounting treatment for Cap and Trade scheme (Fixed price and Floating-price)
Accounting for the levels of actual emissions (3 Categories), NCOS -set up by Australian Governement; Genuine csrbon offset)
Greenhouse gas emissions ( yarra Valley Water Sustainability report
Environmental management accounting
IFAC to define EMA, IN realtion to waste - Glad Stated, Deegan: prescrition in relation to creating more refine accounts of waste)
Deegan - EMA Benefits
Corporate governance mechanisms aimed at improving social & environmental perf
Accountable and Transparent, Stakeholders engagement to fulfill thwir environmental and Social responsabilities
ISO 14001 Environemntal Management System and ISO 26000 Guidance on Social responsibility
Sustainability performance and remuneration - Amcor Sustainability Report: core values/Performance indicators
Question 1 : Linkage between Accountability and Corporatereporting
Question 2 Nature of Externality, (positive and negative externality
Question 6 Explain how any assessment undertaken by management can affect the audience of the reports
Question 7 Limitations of financial reporting practices realted to climatechange
Question 8 Enlightened self interest against Sustainbale development as a guiding principle
Question 18 Identify 5 corporate governance policies thatcould act to enhance an organisation's social and environmental performance.

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