POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION

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J. B. Anderson
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M. E. El-Hawary
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Mohamed El-Hawary, Dalhousie University
Richard Farmer, Arizona State University (semi-retired)
Geza Joos, Concordia University
Stephen Sebo, Ohio State University

IEEE PRESS SERIES ON POWER ENGINEERING

P. M. Anderson, Series Editor
Power Math Associates, Inc.
Series Editorial Advisory Committee

Roy Billington
University of Saskatchewan

Stephen A. Sebo
Ohio State University

George G. Karady
Arizona State University

M. E. El-Hawary
Dalhousie University

E. Keith Stanek
University of Missouri at Rolla

Roger L. King
Mississippi State University

Richard F. Farmer
Arizona State University

S. S. (Mani) Venkata
Iowa State University

Donald B. Novotny
University of Wisconsin

Charles A. Gross
Auburn University

Atif S. Debs
Decision Systems International

Raymond R. Shoults
University of Texas at Arlington

Mladen Kezunovic
Texas A&M University

Mehdi Etezadi-Amoli
University of Nevada

Keith B. Stump
Siemens Power Transmission and Distribution

John W. Lamont
Iowa State University

Antonio G. Flores
Texas Utilities

P. M. Anderson
Power Math Associates

POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION

Methodologies & Implementation Strategies

Edited by
M. M. Adibi
IRD Corporation

A Selected Reprint Volume

IEEE
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10

ISBN 0-7803-5397-8
IEEE Order No. PC5830

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Power system restoration : methodologies & implementation strategies / edited by M.M. Adibi.
p. em. - (IEEE press series on power engineering)
"A selected reprint volume."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7803-5397-8
1. Electric power systems-Maintenance and repair. 2. Electric power failures. 3.
Electric power distribution. 4. Emergency management. I. Adibi. M. M. (Mahmod M.)
1924- II. Series.
TK3091 .P685 2000
621 .31'028'8-dc21
99-058507

BOOKS IN THE IEEE PRESS SERIES ON POWER ENGINEERING

ELECTRIC POWER APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY SYSTEMS

Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Dalhousie University
1998
Hardcover
384 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5666

ISBN 0-7803-1197-3

RATING OF ELECTRIC POWER CABLES: Ampacity Computations for Transmission,

Distribution, and Industrial Applications
George J. Anders, Ontario Hydro Technologies
1997
Hardcover
464 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5647
ISBN 0-7803-1177-9
ANALYSIS OF FAULTED POWER SYSTEMS, Revised Printing
P. M. Anderson, Power Math Associates, Inc.
1995
Hardcover
536 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5616

ISBN 0-7803-1145-0

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS: Design and Analysis, Revised Printing

Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Dalhousie University
1995
Hardcover
808 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5606

ISBN 0-7803-1140-X

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY, Volumes I, II, III

An IEEE Press Classic Reissue Set
Edward Wilson Kimbark, Iowa State University
1995
Softcover
1008 pp
IEEE Order No. PP5600

ISBN 0-7803-1135-3

ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC MACHINERY

Paul C. Krause, Purdue University
1996
Hardcover
584 pp
IEEE Order No. PC4556

ISBN 0-7803-1101-9

SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS

P. M. Anderson, Power Math Associates, Inc.
B. L. Agrawal, Arizona Public Service Company
J. E. Van Ness, Northwestern University
1990
Softcover
282 pp
IEEE Order No. PP2477

ISBN 0-7803-5350-1

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

P. M. Anderson, Power Math Associates, Inc.
1999
Hardcover
1,344 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5389

ISBN 0-7803-3427-2

UNDERSTANDING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS: Voltage Sags and Interruptions

Math H. J. Bollen, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
2000
Hardcover
576 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5764
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7
POWER AND COMMUNICATION CABLES: Theory and Applications
R. Bartnikas, University of British Columbia
K. D. Srivastava, Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Quebec
2000
Hardcover
896 pp
IEEE Order No. PC5665

ISBN 0-7803-1196-5

Contents

Preface

xiii

PART 1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13

2.02

Power System Restoration-A Task Force Report

3
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1987).
Power System Restoration-The Second Task Force Report
10
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, November 1987).
Analytical Tools for Power System Restoration-Conceptual Design
17
F. F. Wu et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1988).
System Operations Challenges
24
E. K. Nielson et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1988).
Power System Restoration Issues
31
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Computer Applications in Power, April 1991).
Special Considerations in Power System Restoration
37
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, November 1992).
New Approaches in Power System Restoration
46
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1992).
A Hierarchical Interactive Approach to Electric Power System Restoration
52
R. Nadira et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1992).
Special Consideration in Power System Restoration-The Second Working Group Report
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1994).
Steam Plant Startup and Control in System Restoration
68
F. P. de Mello et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1994).
An AGC Implementation for System Islanding and Restoration Conditions
75
H. B. Ross et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1994).
Analytical Tool Requirements for Power System Restoration
86
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1994).
A Framework for Power System Restoration Following a Major Power Failure
96
J. J. Ancona, (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1995).

PART 2
2.01

Restoration Overview

Restoration Techniques

103

Cold Load Pickup

105
J. E. McDonald et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, July/August 1979).
Physically Based Modeling of Cold Load Pickup
108
S. Ihara et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, September 1981).
vii

61

Contents

2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13

Blackstart Utilization of Remote Combustion Turbines, Analytical Analysis, and Field Test
R. D. Shultz et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, August 1984).
123
Overvoltage Control During Restoration
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, November 1992).
Reactive Capability Limitation of Synchronous Machines
130
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1994).
An Approach to Standing Phase Angle Reduction
142
S. Wunderlich et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1994).
Nuclear Plant Requirements During Power System Restoration
151
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1995).
157
Protective System Issues During Restoration
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1995).
163
Remote Cranking of Steam Electric Stations
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1996).
Optimizing Generator Reactive Power Resources
169
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1999).
175
Asymmetry Issues in Power System Restoration
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1999).
181
Frequency Response of Prime Movers During Restoration
M. M. Adibi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1999).
187
Energizing High and Extra-High Voltage Lines During Restoration
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1999).

PART 3
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07

4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05

193

System Restoration Plan Development for a Metropolitan Electric System

195
R. J. Kafka et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, August 1981).
Role of Interactive and Control Computers in the Development of a System Restoration Plan
R. J. Kafka et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, January 1982).
System Restoration-Deploying the Plan
214
W. A. Johnson, (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, November 1982).
Power System Restoration Planning
223
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1994).
A Systematic Method for Power System Restoration Planning
230
J. A. Huang et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1995).
237
From Generic Restoration Actions to Specific Restoration Strategies
L. H. Fink et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1995).
245
Estimating Restoration Duration
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1999).

PART 4
4.01

Restoration Planning

Restoration Training

117

251

Development of a Large-Scale Dispatcher Training Simulator and Training Results

I. Susumago et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1986).
264
Dispatcher Training Simulators-Lessons Learned
J. M. Bucciero et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1991).
271
The Uses of an Operator Training Simulator for System Restoration
R. F. Chu et aI., (IEEE Proceeding of the PICA Conference, May 1991).
278
An Advanced Transportable Operator Training Simulator
J. G. Waight et aI., (IEEE Proceedings of the PICA Conference, May 1991).
Restoration Simulator Prepares Operators for Major Blackouts
285
R. F. Chu et al., (IEEE Computer Applications in Power, October 1991).

viii

255

205

Contents

4.06
4.07
4.08

4.09
4.10
4.11

Bulk Power System Restoration Training Techniques

291
M. E. Cooper et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1993).
Experiences Using the Dispatcher Training Simulator as a Training Tool
298
G. Miller et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1993).
Verification of an Advanced Power System Restoration Support System Using an Operator Training
Simulator
305
T. Kobayashi et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1994).
Evaluating a Restoration Tool Using Consolidated Edison's Training Simulator
312
M. Rafian et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1996).
System Restoration Guidelines: How to Set-Up, Conduct, and Evaluate a Drill
319
J. D. Willson, (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1996).
Power System Restoration Training Questionnaire Results
330
J. D. Willson, (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1996).

PART 5
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04

5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

5.09
5.10

5.11
5.12

5.13
5.14

337

Low Voltage Bulk Power System Restoration Simulation

341
E. J. Simburger et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, November 1981).,
Summary of System Restoration Plan for the Pacific Northwest Power System
347
P. F. Arnold, (IEEEIPES 1982 Winter Power Meeting, January 1982).
Field Experiences in Reenergization of Electrical Networks from Thermal and Hydro Units
354
E. Mariani et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, July 1984).
System Restoration at Philadelphia Electric Company
361
D. Scheurer, (IEEE 8th Biennial Workshop on Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Power Systems,
October 1984).
Service Restoration Following a Major Failure on the Hydro-Quebec Power System
364
G. Morin, (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, April 1987).
Policies for Restoration of a Power System
374
J. Gutierrez et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1987).
Restoration in Sweden and Experience Gained from the Blackout of 1983
381
R. Kearsley, (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1987).
Simulation and Field Tests of the Black Start of a Large Coal-Fired Generating Station Utilizing Small
Remote Hydro Generation
388
R. R. Lindstrom, (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1990).
Power System Restoration Incorporating Interactive Graphics and Optimization
395
J. A. Huang et aI., (IEEE Proceeding of the PICA Conference, May 1991).
Simulations and Field Tests of a Reactor Coolant Pump Emergency Start-up by Means of Remote Gas
Units
402
P. Omahen et al., (IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, December 1992).
Major Incidents on the French Electric System: Potentiality and Curative Measures Studies
408
C. Counan et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1993).
Black-start and Restoration of a Part of the Italian HV Network: Modeling and Simulation of a Field
Test
415
B. Delfino et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1996).
Interactive Long-Term Simulation for Power System Restoration Planning
424
N. A. Fountas et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1997).
Analysis of the Power Blackout of June 8, 1995 in the Israel Electric Corporation
432
Y. Hain et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, November 1997).

PART 6
6.01

Specific System Restoration

Knowledge-Based Systems

439

Development of a Knowledge-Based System for Power System Restoration

443
T. Sakaguchi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, February 1983).

ix

Contents

6.02
6.03

6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07

6.08
6.09

6.10
6.11
6.12

6.13
6.14
6.15

Development of a Guidance Method for Power System Restoration

450
Y. Kojima et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1989).
The Development of Power System Restoration Method for a Bulk Power System by Applying Knowledge
Engineering Techniques
458
Y. Kojima et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1989).
Implementation of a Real-Time Expert System for a Restoration Guide in a Dispatching Center
466
K. Hotta et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1990).
473
Guiding a Power System Restoration with an Expert System
D. S. Kirschen et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1991).
Knowledge-Based Systems as Operational Aids in Power System Restoration
481
K. Matsumoto et aI., (Proceedings of the IEEE, May 1992).
Operational Experience and Maintenance of an On-Line Expert System for Customer Restoration and
Fault Testing
489
T.-K. Ma et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1992).
A Knowledge-Based Method for Making Restoration Plan of Bulk Power System
497
K. Shimakura et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1992).
Generation Capability Dispatch for Bulk Power System Restoration: A Knowledge-Based
Approach
504
C.-C. Liu et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1993).
Expert System Requirements for Power System Restoration
514
M. M. Adibi et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1994).
Tie Line Utilization During Power System Restoration
523
K.-L. Liou et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1995).
Power System Restoration by Joint Usage of Expert System and Mathematical Programming
Approach
531
T. Nagata et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1995).
538
A Petri Net Algorithm for Scheduling of Generic Restoration Actions
J.-S. Wu et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1997).
Hierarchical Time-Extended Petri Nets as a Generic Tool for Power System Restoration
546
N. A. Fountas et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1997).
Decision Aid Function for Restoration of Transmission Power Systems: Conceptual Design and Real Time
Considerations
553
T. Kostic et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, August 1998).

PART 7
7.01

7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08

Distribution System Restoration

561

Adaptation of the Simplex Algorithm to Modeling of Cold Load Pickup of a Large Secondary Network
Distribution System
565
M. H. Yolcu et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, July 1983).
Statistical Synthesis of Physically Based Load Models with Applications to Cold Load Pickup
569
C-Y. Chong et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, July 1984).
Effects of Cold Load Pickup at the Distribution Substation Transformer
577
R. L. Wilde, (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, March 1985).
An Expert System Operational Aid for Restoration and Loss Reduction of Distribution Systems
584
C-C. Liu et aI., (1987 IEEE Power Industry Computer Application, May 1987).
A New Algorithm for Service Restoration in Distribution Systems
591
K. Aoki et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, July 1989).
Heuristic Search Approach to Distribution System Restoration
599
A. L. Morelato et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, October 1989).
Distribution Transformer Overloading Capability under Cold-Load Pickup Conditions
606
J. Aubin et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, November 1990).
MARS: An Aid for Network Restoration After a Local Disturbance
614
E. Mondon et aI., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1992).

Contents

7.09

7.10

7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14

An Analytical Approach for Step-by-Step Restoration of Distribution Systems Following Extended

620
Outages
C. Ucak et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, July 1994).
Knowledge-Based Behavior Interface: Its Application to Power Network Restoration Support
627
System
J. Shinohara et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1996).
An Object-Oriented Approach for Implementing Power System Restoration Package
634
Z. L. Gaing et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 1996).
Distribution System Design Optimization for Cold Load Pickup
641
J. J. Wakileh et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, November 1996).
647
Distribution Feeder Reconfiguration for Service Restoration and Load Balancing
Q. Zhou et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1997).
Application of Expert System to Power System Restoration in Sub-control Center
653
Y-M. Park et al., (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, May 1997).

Author Index

661

Subject Index

663

About the Editor

About the Authors

687
689

xi

Preface

0 provide a forum to share restoration information

and address potential restoration problems, the Power System Restoration Task Force was formed in 1978 as a subgroup of the IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) System Operation Subcommittee. It was later changed to a
working group status and, just recently, Power System Restoration Working Group (PSR-WG) became a subgroup
of the Transmission Operations Subcommittee within the
PES Power System Operation Committee.
The PSR-WG produced the initial Power System Restoration, in order to help provide a source of useful information about restoration. The work was published by the
IEEE Power Engineering Society, 93 THO 605-6 PWR,
in 1993, and it consisted of 14 reprinted papers written or
invited by the IEEE PSR-WG. Demand for the book was
heavy, reflecting the wide interest in the subject, and it
was soon out of print.
In the interim, a number of excellent papers on the
subject have been written. This book responds to the continued interest in restoration by including all the original
papers of the first publication along with 73 additional
papers. To enhance the organization of the work, the papers are now sorted into seven main parts and, for the
sake of continuity, papers in each part are arranged in the
order of their original publication date. Also for convenience, a General Discussion and Discussion of Reprints
are provided at the beginning of each part.
Part 1 is on Restoration Overview edited by J. J. Ancona.
It covers major power system disturbances, power system
restoration issues, special considerations in restoration,
new approaches in power system restoration, steam plant
start-up and control, analytical tools requirements, and a
framework for power system restoration. It offers excellent
overviews of the power system restoration process, and it
provides background and introductory material for those
wishing to familiarize themselves with the key aspects of
restoration. More importantly, they also include in-depth
discussions of the overall restoration process. This helps to
illustrate the careful balance that will be required between
different objectives, components, constraints, and operations to ensure a successful restoration.
xiii

Part 2 is on Restoration Techniques edited by M. M.

Adibi. It covers real and reactive power control, sustained
and transient overvoltage controls, reactive capability of
generators, frequency response of prime movers, protective system issues and line asymmetries, remote cranking
of steam electric units, and nuclear plant requirements. It
offers various techniques used in planning, simulating, field
testing, and verifying different aspects of power system
restoration. The models and procedures developed address
steady-state, transient, and dynamic behaviors of the power
system and its major components. In addition, it provides
guidelines and recommendations for development of an
efficient restoration plan and its safe execution.
Part 3 is on Restoration Planning edited by L. H. Fink.
It covers pre-disturbance conditions and post-disturbance
status, post-restoration target system and restoration
stages, physical, scheduling, and policy constraints, buildup and build-down tactics and strategies, generic restoration actions and specific building blocks, system modeling,
simulation and validation, and estimation of restoration
duration. These papers follow the major blackout of 1977
in the northeastern United States. They represent serious
reconsideration of system restoration problems and of the
need to develop and maintain adequate restoration plans.
Part 4 is on Restoration Training edited by M. Rafian.
It covers conventional methods of operator training, development of an operator training simulator (OTS), verification of the restoration plan using OTS, evaluation of restoration tools using OTS, conduct and evaluation of
restoration drills, experience using the OTS as a training
tool, and restoration training techniques. These papers deal
with the use of OTS in system restoration, and they discuss
the actual experiences and broad issues surrounding the
area of power system restoration training.
Part 5 is on Specific System Restorations edited by
R. J. Kafka. It covers the restoration plan for the Pacific
Northwest power system, system restoration at OntarioHydro, service restoration on the Hydro-Quebec power
system, restoration of the French, Italian, Greek and Swedish systems, interactive long-term simulation for restoration, optimum restoration with interactive graphics, and

Preface

policies for restoration of power system. This group of

papers deals with the specific restoration plans of various
organizations. Although each plan is different, there are
many common characteristics. With respect to restoration
planning, we see an evolution from plans based on the
experience and expertise of system planning and operations personnel to heuristic trial and error simulations, to
computer-guided and optimized simulations.
Part 6 is on Knowledge-Based Systems edited by
C. C. Liu. It covers information beyond breaker and relay
operations, inconsistent information on the status of breakers and switches, determination of the generator start-up
sequence, transmission path findings, determination of the
switching sequence, optimal field crew dispatch, and integration of Energy Management System and analytical
tools. Power system restoration is one of the important
applications for knowledge-based systems (KBSs). This
group of papers primarily covers the bulk power system
and subtransmission systems, and addresses numerous subproblems due to the complexity and scope of restoration.
Part 7 is on Distribution System Restoration edited by
A. J. Monticelli. It covers physically based load models,

cold load pickup of large secondary networks, feeder reconfiguration for service restoration, restoration and loss
reduction of distribution systems, restoration in subcontrol
center, power network restoration support systems, and
optimal distribution design for cold load pickup. This group
of papers includes models for cold load pickup, transformer
thermal behavior, and methods (both combinatorial and
analytical) used for determining optimal energization
order.
Finally, for quick reference, both an author and a subject
index are included at the end of the book.
Though significantly expanded, this edition is not intended as an exhaustive treatment of the subject. Hopefully, however, it will serve as an excellent reference source
for those interested in restoration study, planning, and
preparation. The PSR- WG welcomes your continued interest and future papers.

M. M. Adibi
IRD Corporation

xiv