B.

SC BOTANY
B.Sc. PART-I AND PART-II SESION 2000 & ONWARD
APPENDIX A
(A) OUTLINES OF TEST
B.Sc. Examination will be held in two parts Part-I Examination will be held at the end of
third year
and Part-II Examination at the end of the 4th year.
Each paper will contain eight questions in all. The candidate will have to attempt five
questions including Q No. 1, which will be compulsory and will consist of short answer
covering the whole syllabus.
The candidate will select question from each part of the paper according to the
distribution of marks.
PART-I
PAPER 1: GENE RICS: ANATION AND TAXONDMY OF ANGIOSPERMS.
1.
Genetics
20 Marks
2.
Anatomy
10 Marks
3.
Taxonomy
10 Marks
__________
Total
40 Marks
PAPER 2:
ECOLOGHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GIOLOGY
1.
Ecology.
30 Marks
2.
Environmental Biology
10 Marks
_________
Total
40 Marks
Practical & A This practical will be of four hours duration and will covered paper 3 & 4
Distribution of marks will be as follows.
i. Preparation of permanent slide by double staring method (Anatomy) 4 Marks
ii. Technical Description of family
4 Marks
iii.
Experiments (Ecology) Material and Method
2 Marks
Demonstration
2 Marks
Calculation & Results.
2 Marks
iv.
Plant Collection
2 Marks
v.
Practical note book
2 Marks
vi.
Viva voce
2 Marks
Total
20 Marks
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G .Total
100 Marks
PART-II.
PAPER 3
1.
2.

MICROBIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY IN PLANTS

Microbiology
Diversity in plants
Total

PAPER 4

CELL BIOLOGY AND PLANTS PHYSIOLOGY

1.
2.

10 Marks
30 Marks
= 40 Marks

Cell Biology
10 Marks
Plant Physiology
30 Marks
Total
= 40 Marks
Practical B: This practical will be of four hours duration and will cover paper 1&2
Distribution of marks will be as follows
i.
Morphological notes on three specimens (Diversity of Plants)
i.
Algae and Fungi (one Specimen)
2 marks
ii.
Bryophytes and Pteredophytes
2 Marks
iii.
Gymnosperms (one specimen)
2 Marks
Total
= 6 Marks
Experiments (Plant Physiology)
i.
Material method
2 Marks

ii.
iii.

Demonstration
Calculation & Results
Total
Identification of prepared sides
i.
Microbiology
ii.
Cell Biology
Total
Practical Note Book
Viva Voce
Total
G. Total

2 Marks
2 Marks
= 6 Marks
1.5 Marks
1.5 Marks
= 3 Marks
2 Marks
3 Marks
20 Marks
100 Marks
APPENDIX B

PAPER-1:
GENERICS: ANSATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
This Paper will consist of three parts:
Part 1
GENETICS
20Marks
Part II
ANATOMY
10 Marks
Part III
TAXONOY OF ANGIOSPERMS
10 Marks
1.

GENTICS:
1. Sex linked inheritance sex linkage in Drosophila and man (Colour blindness) XO,
XY,WZ. Mechanism sex limited and sex linked characters, sex determination
2. Linkage and crossing over Definition. Linkage groups construction linkage.
3. Chromosomal aberrations.
i.
Changes in number of chromosomes Aneuploidy and euplody.
ii.
Changes in the structure of chromosomes deficiency duplication
inversion trarillocation.
4. Molecular genetics, Chemical structure of nucleic acids (DNA. RNA) DNA
replication. Nature of gene, genetic code transcription, translation, protein
synthesis, regulation of gene expression (e,g Lac operon)
5. Principles of genetic engineering biotechnology Basic genetic engineering
techniques.
6. Application of genetics in plant improvement Induction of genetic, variability
(gene mutations recombination). Physical and chemical mutagens, selection
hybridization and plant breeding techniques.

2.

ANATOMY:
1. Scope of plant anatomy.
2. Cell wall gross structure and chemical composition
3. Aplical meristems. Types of meristems, structure of root and shoot Apical
meristams.
4. Tissue and Tissue system Concept, Structure and function of the following
tissues. Parenchyma. Collenchyma, acierenchma, sylem, phicem and epidermis.
5. Primary structure of Dicot and Monocot root, stem and leaf.
6. Vascular cambium, secondary growth in a Dicot stem a brief account of periderm.

3-

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS:
1Binomial nomenclature.
2Systems of classification (angler and Prantel)
3Study, distribution, diagnostic, characters and economic, importance of the
following families.
i. Chenopodiaceae
ii.
Ranunculacease
iii. Brassicacese
iv.
Exphorbiacese
v. Mimosaceae
vi.
Papilionaceae.
vii. Cesalpinaceae
viii. Rutaceae.
ix. Malvaceae
x.
Cucurbitaceae
xi. Rosaceae
xii.
Solaneceae
xiii.Asteraceae
xiv. Poaceae.

xv.

Liliaceae

PRACTICALS
1Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila,
2Preparation and study of cross sections of sunflower and corn root and stem.
Study of cross section of bifacial leaf
3Technical description common flowering plants belonging to families mentioned
in theory syllabus.
Field trips will be undertaken to study and collect local plants, students shall
submit property preserved and fully identified plants at the time of examination.

PAPER-2:

ECOLOGY AND ENVERONMENTAL BIOLOGY

This paper will be consist of two parts.
1- ECOLOGY
2- ENVERONMENTAL BIOLOGY

30 Marks
10 Marks

1- ECOLOGY
i.
Ecology. Definition, scope and applications.
ii.Species and population. Level of organization (Organism, populations, community,
ecosystem and biosphere definitions only)
iii.Ecological factors:
Soil: Definition soil, different soil types, parent, material and its weathering soil texture
and classification, soil micro-organisms, soil organic matter (humus its properties,
accumulation and loss) importance of organic matter water logging and salinfy, causes
and reclamation soil erosion of different types of erosin, methods of control and
conservation.
Light: Light measurement and variation, Ecophysiological responses of plants to light.
Water: Water cycle in nature atmosphere moisture its measurement and its importance to
plants, Precipitation its Drought resistance of plants.
Temperature:Importance of temperature to plants physiological responses and
adaptations.
Wind: Effects on plant growth and distribution
iv.
Methods of study of plant communities.
v.
Plant succession and climax concept (Hydrosere and xerosere)
vi.
Ecosystem: Concept of an ecosystem pond forest and desert as examples of aquatic
and terrestrial ecosystems.
vii.
Ecological energetics, Efficiency pyramids, Foods Chairs and food web tropic levels.
viii. Productivity Concept, Types and measurements.
ix.
Biogeochemical cycles of P and N.
x.
Vegetation types of Pakistan in relation to Environmental factors.
2-

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY.
An introduction to Environmental Biology and its importance.
Environmental pollution: Its kind (air water and land)
Conservation of natural resources.
Soil: Water logging and salinity causes and reclamation Soil erosion different types of
erosion methods of control and conservation.
Water: Conservation of water through dams strategies for efficient water use.
Wildlife: Introduction to Endemic and Endangered plants and animal species and
conservation strategies.
PRACTICALS
1- Test of the presence of nitrates in a soil sample
2- Soil texture determination by hydrometer method.
3- Determination of soil carbonate by acid neutralization method.
4- Measurement of local vegetation types by Quadral method
5- Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in tap water.
6- Determination of the chloride contents of imigation water.
7- Determination of soil pH.
8- Measurement of productivity by harvest method.

9- Field trips for familiarization with natural vegetation,

PAPER-3:

MICRO BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY IN PLANTS

This paper will consist of two parts.
Part 3. Micro Biology
10
Part 4. Diversity in Plants
30

1-

MICROBIOLOGY
Bacteria
a. General structure classification and biological importance (role of Bacteria in
Rhizasphere, Nodulation)
b. Transmission of Genetic material in Bacteria Conjugation transduction and
transformation and transformation.
c. Cyaophyta, (Cyanobactena General account with special emphasis on nitrogen
fixation and soil building life cycle of Nostoc
d. General economic importance of bacteria
Viruses.
a.
General structure and biochemical nature
b.
Introduction to viral diseases Tobacco Mosaic disease.

2-

DIVERSITY IN PLANTS:
Definition scope and classification of the plant kingdom.
Algae: General structure occurrence reproduction and classification.
a.
Chlorophyta: General account economics importance, Life cycle of
Volvox, Oedogonum.
b.
Charophyta: Chara
c.
Xanthophyta: General account and life cycle of Vaucheria
d.
Baciliariophyta: General account economics importance life cycle of
pinnularia
e.
Phaeophyta: General account economics importance
life cycle of Ectocarpus.
f.
Rhodophyta: General account economics importance, life cycle of
Batrathoospermum.

FUNG:
General structure occurrence reproduction and classification, life
cycle economic importance with emphasis on industrial and medicinal
significance Methods of control of pathogenic forms (Smuts and rust)
a.
Mastigomycotina
Albugo
b.
Ascomycotina
Penicilium Yeast
c.
Basidomycotian
Ustilago, Puccima and Agaricus
d.
Deuteromycotina
Alternaria
LICHENS:
General account
BROVOPHYTA(ATRACHEOPHVTA)
General account reproduction, classification affinities and ecological importance
with special reference to the life cycle of Antohoceros and Funaria.

a.
b.
c.
d.

PTERIDOPHYTA.
Psilopsida General account, structure and life history of psilotum and its affinities.
Lycopside General account structure and life history of salaginella and its affinities.
Sphenopside: General account, Structure and life history of Equisetum.
Pteropsida Filicineae (Ferms) General account life history of adiantum.

3-

GYMNOSPERMS:
General account with reference to structure and life history of Cycas, pinus and ephedra
and their affinities.
4ANGIOSPERMS:
Life cycle of a typical angiosperm

PRACTICAL:
Bacterial culture and attaining, identification of Gram positive and gram negative
bacteria.
1- Study of the morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned
in theory paper ( Cyan bacteria, algae fung, lichens, b=Bryoplyla
Pteridophyta & Gymnosperms)
2- Identification of prepared sides of various types mentioned.
PAPER-4:
1
2

CELL BIOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

This paper will consist of tow parts
Cell Biology
10
Plant Physiology
30

1-

CELL BIOLOGY.
The Ultrastucture of plant cell with a brief description and functions of the following
i.
Plasma membrane
ii.
Endoplasmic reticulum
iii.
Plastids
iv
Mitochondria
v.
Ribosomes
vi.
Dictyosomes
vii.
Vacuole
viii. Microbodies(Glyxysomes and peroxysomes)
ix
Nucleus.
2Chromosome morphology and karyotype analysis
3Reproduction in somatic and embrygenic cell with details of different phases (mitosis &
Meiosis)
4Types and properties of solutions electrolytes and no electrolytes SI units for expressing
concentration of solution, acids bases and salts PH. Definition of buffers and their role in
Biogical system. Calloidal system their nature, properties and biological significance.
5.
Diffusion, imbibition osmosis and osmotic components (osmotic potential, pressure
potential, water potential, matric potential.
6.
Enzymes, Definition, nature properties and classification.
7.
Products of photosynthesis, Carbohydrates, proteins fats and Nucleic acids.
2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY.
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

Absorption and translocation of water/Transpiration, factors affecting transpiration,

Stomatal physiology.
Mineral uptake, Soil as a source of minerals, Passive and active transport. Essential
mineral elements, their role and deficiency symptoms with emphasis on Ca, N, K and P.
Photosynthesis. Measurement, factors affecting this process, concept of limiting factors,
absorption and action spectra. Mechanism (Photophosphoryalation and dark, fixation of
Co2-C3, C4 & CAM pants.
Respiration: Definition and mechanism Glycolysis, Anaerobic respiration, Krebs cycle.
Election transport system and oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory substrates and
respiratory quotients.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation.
Growth: Definition, role of ansins, gibberellins ad cytokinins in controlling growth,
Introduction to plant tissue culture.
Photoperiodism, definition historical background, short-day long-day and day neutral
plants. Night interruption experiments. Hormonal concept in phooperiodism, role of
phytochromes.
Dormancy, definition and causes of dormancy, methods of breaking dormancy.
Vernalization annual and bieennial forms. Hormonal concept and phasic development
theory.
Plant Movements: tropic movements, phototropism, gravitropism and their mechanisms.
Nastic movements.

PRACTICAL
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

Study of cell structure using compound microscope.

Fixation and staining of plant material.
Study of mitosis and meiosis by smear method.
Study of chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome
number.
Test for sugars (Reducing and non-reducing). Glucose, sucrose,
maltose, fructose.
Chemical tests for the following cell constituents.
i. Starch
ii
Cellulose.
Iii. Lignin.
iv. Proteins.
Preparation of solutions of specific no9rmality of acids bases salts.
Sugars, molal/ molar solutions and their standardization.
Measurement of leaf water potential by the dye method.
Determination of the temperature at which beet root cells olose their
semi- permeability.
Determination of the effects environmental factors of the rate of
transpiration of a leafy school by means of photometer.
Extraction of chlorophyll from the leaves and separation of
component pigments of a paper chromatogram

l. Comparison of the effects of green red and blue- colored light on the
amount of oxygen evolved by a photosynthesizing plant.
m. Oxygen estimation in photosynthesis by Winklers method
n. Measurement of Growth by leaf area increase method
o. Study of different stages of seeds germination (zones of growth.)
p. Study of different stages of seeds germination (zones of growth).

B.SC. ZOOLOGY
3rd Year.
PAPER-A: INVERTEBRATES (WRITTEN).
Classification (upto orders) of the phyla listed below and general organization (structure,
function, mode of life reproduction and life cycles adaptations, distribution & economics
importance of the following groups. Types, wherever mentioned, shall be used for understanding
the structure-function problems in the group.

1.

Protozoa: Type; Paramecium Coudatum.

General organization of protozoa with emphasis of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction Parasites

of medical importance.
(Plasmodium, leishmania, entamoeba, giardia, Trichomonas.)
2.
Porifera: Type; Scypha (Scycon).
General organization with emphasis on canal system, skeleton, reproduction.
3.
Coelenterate: Type; Oblia Geniculata.
General organization of coelenterate with emphasis on polymorphism, corals and coral reefs.
4.
Ctenophora:
Diagnostics features only.
5.
Platyhelminthese: Type; Fasciola Hepatica.
General organization with emphasis on parasitic adaptations. Life Cycle variations. (5) Teenia
saginata, T. Solium helminth diseases.
6.

Aschelminthes: Types; Ascaris Lumbricoides.

Diagnostic features only Nematodes of Economics importance.

7.
Annelida: Type Hirudinarta granutosa.
General organization or annelida with special emphasis on coelom, feeding, excretion, mode of
life.
8.
Arthropoda: Type; Periplanita Americanal/Oritosquilla Nepa.
General organization of arthropod with emphasis on metamorphosis and ecdysis, appendages,
reparation, Social insects, economic importance of crustacea and insects Moputh parts different
insects.
9.
Mollusca: Type; Anodona SP.
General organization of molluses with emphasis on shell, locomotion.
Respiration, Gill, Torsion, Detorsion, Economics importance.
10.
Echinodermata: Type; Astrias SP:
General organization of Echinodermata with emphasis on skeleton.
Leveral forms and phylogeny.
Text Book (Latest Editions) for Paper-A.
1.

Henger, R.W. & Engemann, J.G. (1981) Invertebrate Zoology, Macmillan Company,
New York.

PAPER-B:

PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.
No. of Lectures (40)

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.

Structure of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell. Physical structure, chemical composition
and function of cellular organelles, (Plasma membrane, Mitochondria, Golgiapparatus,
Ribosome, Lysosome, Endoplasmic reticulum plastids.
Metabolic pathways: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, fatty acid oxidation
(Beta-oxidation), Amino Acid metabolism, (Deamination and transamination and entry of
Alphaketo Acids into Krebs cycle.
Physical and chemical structure and functions of nucleic acids DNA as the genetic material
Genetic code DNA replication in prokaryotes. Transcription, Translation in eukaryotes. Gene
regulation.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY.
Biological diversity Major Ecosystems of Pakistan, Productivity Attributes of population,
population dynamics, growth and management Energy resources and energy crisis.
Environmental pollution Habitat degradation, environmental is degrading factors pollution.
Habitat, environmental is degrading factors.
PRACTICAL:
Time =3 Hours.

Part-1

Marks=20

1.

MUSEUM STUDY
(a). Examination of common examples of phyla and their classification upto orders with
the help of given literature (Taxonomic kee/s kg.)

2.

EXAMINATION OF THE FOLLOWING PREPARED SLIDES.

(a)
PROTOZOA.
Euglena, volvox, trypanosoma, opalina, entamoeba, forminifera, , radiolaria ,
plasmodium (Malarial Parastie) Paramecium, Blantidium, Stentor, Nyctoherus
and verticella.
(b)

PORIFERA:
Spicules of sponges, section of sycon (Seypha).

(C)

COELENTERATA:
Section of Hydra, medusa of Obelia.

(d)

PLATYHELMINTHESE:
Section and whole mount of a Turbellaraian (planaria), a trematode (Fasciola) and
proglottid and scolex of a cestede (Taenia).

(e)

ASCHELMNTHES:
T.S. Of Ascaris.

(f)

ANNELIDA:
T.S. of Nereis.
T.S. of Hindu (Leech).

(g)

ARTHROPODA:
Whole mounts Rat flea, Lice, Calanus/Cylops, Daphnia, Crustacean, larvae,
Moputh Parts of mosquito and butter fly.

(h)

ECHINODERMATA:
T.S. of Starfish.

3.

MICROSOPIC PREPARATIONS:
STUDY & DEMONSTRATION: Leucosolenia, Obelia, medusa, Mature segment of
cestode, parapodium of Nereis, mouth parts of periplaneta (cockroach) and Musca,
Planktons.

4.

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND CYTLOGICAL PREPARATION.

(a)
Test for Different carbohydrates, Reducing sugar e.g. glucose (fehlings Test,
Benedicts Test). Non reducing sugar e.g. Sucrose (Hydrolysis, Benedicts and for
starch (lodine Test). Test for Amino Acids (Nonhydrin test), and proteins (Biuret
test Lowrys test). Test for cholesterol Saponification of triglyceride.
(b)
(c)
(d)

Paper Chromatography: of Amino Acids, Sugar and fatty acids.

Study of Protozoan Culture using vital stains.
Gram staining of Bacteria.

5.

ECOLOGICAL NOTES.

6.

VIVA VOCE: Each student should be orally examined from all the major conceptual
sections of the subject. Equal number of questions should be asked form each student.

7.

PRACTICAL NOTE BOOK.

Student must maintain complete record of all the experiment done in the laboratory duly
checked and evaluated by the Teacher.

4TH YEAR ZOOLOGY

PAPER-A:

CHORDATA (WRITTEN)

Classification of chordate upto orders (excluding fossils except Archaeopteryx). Some detail
about adaptation, distribution, migration.
1.

STUDY OF FOLLOWING TYPES:

(a)

AMPHIXUS
All systems including development.

(6)

(b)

SCOLIODON
(10)
(All systems excepts skeleton, for which Labeo should be used as a type)

(C)

UROMASTRIX (All systems)

For skeleton various should used a type.

(d)

The object of the detailed account of above types is to give a clear picture of the
various systems with reference to a typical chordate, an equatic vertebrate and
land vertebrate. For a meaningful study of comparative anatomy of various
vertebrate systems a good comprehension of various structures in typical animal
in essential.

2.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATE COMPARATIVE

ANATOMY
(35)
Comparative Anatomy and function of intergumentary, Skeletal general detail
such as structure of bone and cartilage.
Digestive, circulatory, Respiratory, Excretory, Nervous (including sense organs)
Endocrine and Reproductive.

(10)

PAPER-B:

PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.

1.
GENETICS.
Life cycles of Neurospora, Chlamydomonas and Drosophila as genetic models. Segregation of
genes. Independent Assortment tetrad and strand analysis. Sex-linked Inheritance (inheritance of
X and Y-Chromosomes, White Eye Color in Drosophila, Black Feathers in chicken, Hemophilia
in Man, Non-disjunction).
Linkage and recombination, Crossing over, Genetic and Cytological proofs, Genetic
basic of inheritable diseases, Cytoplasmic inheritance. Transfer of Genetic material in bacteria
and Viruses (Bacterial Transformation, conjugation, transduction) DNA-recombination in
prokaryotes Mutations, introduction DNA Recombinant Technology, Plasmids, Restrictin
endonucleases, application of Genetic Engineering Transgenic Plants and Animals.
2.

MORPHOGENESIS:

Egg types, cleavage, Blastula, Gastrulation, Placentation detailed account with support from
Spemanns experiments.
PRACTICAL
Time: 3 Hours
1.

Part-II

Marks=20

DISSECTIONS:
Anodonta/Unio, Nereis, Periplaneta Americana/Grasshopper
Rabbit/Pigeon. (All systems to be done in detail).

2.

SKELETON:

Scoliodon,

(Detailed account)

a).

Skull
Fish (Labeo sp.). Frog (Rana tigrina), Lizard (Varanus) monitor Chicken
(Gallus domesticus, Rabbit (orgetologus cuniculus)

(b)

Vertebrae:
Labeo sp. Rana tigrina (Frog), varanus monitor, gallus olomesticus. Rabit
(Orgctolagus cuniculus).

(d)
Exoskeleton
Scales of fishes, Reptiles, birds and reptiles, birds and mammals. Feathers of
birds, shall bechelonia, Hair and their modifications, claws, nails, hooves, horns,
antlers and spines etc.
3.

EXAMINATION OF THE FOLLOWING PREPARED SLIDES:

Whole mount of amphioxus, T.S. of amphioxus through different regions.
Pharynx of Ascidians, section of skin of a fish, a frog and a Rabbit. Section of
mammalian liver, kidney spleen, Thyroid Gland, Testes, Ovary, Heart muscle,
pancreas, Never cord, Lung, intestine etc. Whole mounts and histological section
of different developments stages of chick.

4.

CYTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS (STUDY& DEMONSTRATION).

(a)
Study of blood groups.
(b)
Preparation of staining of smear of tests of fowl/rat/Goat so as to
differentiate various types of cells during spermatogenesis.
(c)
Preparation of squashes of root tips of onion for studying mitosis.

5.

Viva-Voce: According to practical of Part-1

6.

Practical Note Book

------Do-----