Maney Publishing

The Andrews Great House Community: A Ceramic Chronometric Perspective

Author(s): Ruth M. Van Dyke
Source: Kiva, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Winter, 1997), pp. 137-154
Published by: Maney Publishing on behalf of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30246242 .
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KIVA,Vol.63,No. 2, 1997

THE ANDREWSGREATHOUSE COMMUNITY:

A CERAMIC CHRONOMETRICPERSPECTIVE
RUTHM. VANDYKE

ofAnthropology
Department
ofArizona
University
Arizona
85721
Tucson,
ABSTRACT

inandamong
Chacoan
Anasazi
outlier
communities
Temporal
variability
maybe
assessedusingceramic
chronometric
Ceramic
successfully
techniques.
group
meanceramic
andmultidimensional
wereusedtodatesites
dating,
dating,
scaling
intheAndrews
Chacoan
intheRedMesaValleyofnorthwest
New
community
Mexico.
TheAndrews
wasfound
tohavebeenoccupied
between
the
community
lateA.D.800sandthemid-A.D.
houseappears
tobea
1000s.TheAndrews
great
ofa Chacoanstructure.
TheearlydatesforAndrews
relatively
earlyexample
thatgreat
housearchitecture
inoutlying
communities
neednotsignify
an
suggest
Chacoan
expansionist
presence.
RESUMEN
Se puede evaluarcon dxitola variabilidadtemporalentelas comunidades
Chaco-Anasazisusandoticnicascronometricas
de cerdmica.Por
perifdricas
degruposcercmicos,fechamiento
mediodefechamientos
promediocerdmico,
y
escalas multidimensionales
se datan sitios en la comunidadChacoana de
Andrews
en el ValleRedMesa del noroestede NuevoMixico.Estasdataciones
muestran
estuvoocupada entrelosfinalesdel 800s
que la comunidadAndrews
d.c.y hacia la mitadde los anios1000 d.c. La grancasa de Andrews
parece ser
un ejemplorelativamente
Chacoana. Las fechas
tempranode una estructura
enla comunidadAndrews
degrancasas
tempranas
sugierenque la arquitectura
no significanecesariamente
una expansi6nde la presenciade Chaco hacia
comunidades
perifricas.

Thearealextent
oftheChacoanphenomenon
isdefined,
inpart,
byChacoan
outliers
orgreathousecommunities
theSanJuanBasinandborderthroughout
thePuebloII period(Marshalletal. 1979;Powersetal. 1983;
ingareasduring
Fowleretal. 1987;Lekson1991).Outliers
exhibit
considerable
varitemporal
in thegeneralChacoantimeframe
ability
ofA.D. 900-1150.Somebasingreat
houseswereestablished
in themidstofolder,existing
whereas
communities,
others
werefounded
latein thePuebloII period;Marshallet al. (1982:1231)
termed
theseancestral
andscioncommunities,
variabilrespectively.
Temporal
in
and
the
basin
communities
should
be
assessed
when
ity
among
competing
fortheoriginsandnatureoftheChacoansystem
areevaluated
explanations
(e.g.,Toll1985,1991;Judge1989;Vivian1990;Lekson1991;Sebastian
1992;
Wilcox1993).

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138

VANDYKE

usedto
andsuccessfully
arefrequently
Ceramicchronometric
techniques
datesforChacoanAnasazisites.Inthispaper,ceramic
reliable
relative
provide
andmultidimensional
meanceramicdating,
scaling(MDS) are
groupdating,
in theRedMesa
from
the
Andrews
to
date
community
employed
assemblages
its
and
Andrews
Results
indicate
that
the
greathouseare
community
Valley.
the
from
was
The
Chacoan
manifestations.
community occupied
relatively
early
andthegreathousewasconstructed
LatePuebloI totheLatePuebloII period,
theEarlyPuebloII period.
during
THE ANDREWSCOMMUNITY
intheRedMesaValleyofnorthwest
NewMexico
TheAndrews
community
The
documented
wasoriginally
byMarshalletal. (1979:117-129). community
on theeastsideofa broadvalleydrained
is at thebaseofan escarpment
by
reDraw.TheAndrews
Casamero
Project
Mapping
Archaeological
Community
44 sitesinthecommunity,
Great
House
theAndrews
documented
including
cently
andtwogreatkivas(VanDyke1996).Ofthesesites,41 weredatedusingceramics(theother
sitesaretworockartpanelsandoneNavajosweatlodge).Surface
35sites;grabsamples
from
on44middens
ceramics
weresystematically
examined
withsurface
ceramic
attheremaining
sixsites.Ofthe36middens
wererecorded
within
a
artifacts
densities
of2.5 sherds/m2
all
ceramic
artifact
ormore,
5-by-5artifact
denmareawereexamined.
ceramic
withsurface
Ontheeightmiddens
100percent
on the
than2.5 sherds/m2,
ofthevisibleceramics
sitiesoffewer
Field
a discrete
wasassigned
midden
wereexamined.
Eachsampleprovenience
foreachsherd.
wererecorded
Thetypeandvesselform
(FS) number.
Specimen
46 to719,witha mean
Sherdcountsforeachsampleprovenience
rangedfrom
withan averageof10
to28.76/m2,
of74. Sherddensities
rangedfrom
0.25/m2
sherds/m2.
ofCibolaGray
TheAndrews
arecomposed
almost
exclusively
assemblages
RedWares.Sherds
witha fewWhiteMountain
WaresandCibolaWhiteWares,
setforth
weretypedfollowing
theguidelines
andprocedures
comprehensively
of
Cibola
Wares
Mills'
definitions
Goetze
and
Mills
and
(1993a).Goetze
by
follow
theworkofCrown(1981),Doyel(1980),Fowler(1988),McKennaand
Toll(1984),Mills(1987),Sullivan(1984),Windes(1984),andWindesand
RedWaresarebasedon the
McKenna(1989);definitions
ofWhiteMountain
studies
byCarlson(1970).
CeramicDating
conwereusedtoestablish
Threeceramic
chronometric
temporal
techniques
to
Theseincluded
trolofthesitesin theAndrews
communities.
assignment
ceramic
meanceramic
andMDS. Resultsofthethreemethods
dating,
groups,
andprovided
relative
datesforthesites.
corresponded
closely
strong

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GreatHouseCommunity
TheAndrews

139

CeramicGroups
IntheAnasaziarea,dating
is themostcommon
bymeansofceramic
groups
for
to
establish
control,
especially surface
assemblages
general
chronological
way
areoflittleutility
whereabsolutedatingtechniques
(Ambler1985;Douglass
1987;Mills1988;GoetzeandMills1993b;Windes1977,1987).Ceramic
groups
there
area
a giventimeperiod.However,
thatpredominate
contain
during
types
Eachtimeperiodis considwiththetechnique.
number
ofpotential
problems
itis uptotheanalyst
tosubjeceredtoberepresented
byan idealassemblage;
realassemblages
"match"
possible
tively
againsttheideal,takingintoaccount
toward
curated
vesselsmaymisleadtheanalyst
distortion
factors.
Forexample,
in
earlier
sherds
a
discrete
area
a
small
number
of
anearlier
the
of
date; presence
inOther
an
be
heirloom
vessel
and
should
ignored.
problems
likely
represents
and
disfor
ceramic
the
fact
that
the
clude
manufacture,
use,
ranges
temporal
orcollection
carddiffer.
differences
sitefunction
mayreflect
proveAssemblage
is generally
oftemporal
thetechnique
Nevertheless,
nience,instead
variability.
broadchronological
control.
veryusefulforestablishing
Ceramic
arebasedonthosedefined
(1987:244byWindes
group
assemblages
inTable1.Ceramic
248)andMills(1988:68,71,73)andaresummarized
group
in Table2. Four
fortheAndrews
are summarized
assignments
proveniences
atfoursiteswereassigned
at23
toLatePuebloI, 28 proveniences
proveniences
at 14 siteswere
siteswereassignedto EarlyPuebloII, and 16 proveniences
toLatePuebloII. Middens
attwosites,LA 111167andLA 17218(the
assigned
torepresent
greathouse),werefound
periods;atLA 17208,multiple
multiple
wereidentified
within
a singlemidden.
periods
MeanCeramicDating
Thetechnique
of meanceramic
absolute
dateestimates
for
dating
provides
ceramic
oftypes
withknown
Mean
assemblages
composed
rangesofproduction.
ceramic
wasdeveloped
sitescontaindating
bySouth(1977)foruseathistoric
Thetechceramics
whosemanufacturing
daterangeswereknown.
inghistoric
(1) ceramic
niqueis basedonthefollowing
assumptions:
typeshaveunimodal
curvesoverlap;
curves;(2) thesefrequency
(3) thedateofa typecan
frequency
be represented
and(4) themeanceramicdate(MCD) ofan
byitsmidrange;
canbe calculated
assemblage
usingthemeandatesforeachtypeweighted
by
frequency.
IntheSouthwest,
ontheColorado
Plateau,
particularly
production
spansfor
ceramic
have
established
with
been
correlation
many
types
through
tree-ring
dates.Meanceramic
hasbeenusedbya number
ofresearchers,
dating
including
Gomolak(1980),Kincaidet al. (1983),Mills(1988,1990;GoetzeandMills
testedthetechnique
1993b),andGraves(1990).Christenson
(1994) recently
datedKayenta
Anasaziassemblage;
he concluded
thatmean
usinga tree-ring
ceramic
can
be
as
accurate
as
dating
nearly
tree-ring
dating.

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40

40

40

B/W

B/W,

B/W
Kiatuthlanna
B/W,
B/W
Mound

Plata
La

Puerco
B/W,

Chaco-McElmo

Escavada

B/W,
Mound B/W, Escavada
White Mesa
Red

White
B/W,

B/W

Banded,
Neck

B/W, Chaco
Gallup

B/W,
listed.
Puercoare

Corrugated, B/W, types

Corrugated,

NarrowNeck

Gallup
minority
Indented
all
Banded,Banded,
Not
Fugitive
Stylistic
Corrugated,
Neck
Neck
B/W
Corrugated,
Gray,
Red,
Types

Types.

Dominant
Lino Kana-a NarrowNeck
Chaco
Indented
guidelines.
as

Stylistic

only

presented

Associated

Phase Phase Phase

and

Bonito Bonito Bonitoassemblages,

Groups
I

ideal
II/EarlyII/Classic
III/Late
are

Group
Ceramic
1040-1100)
Pueblo
Pueblo
1100-1140)
1.
700-800)
800-900)
These
900-1040)
Pueblo
Pueblo Pueblo
(A.D.Early
Early
Ceramic
(A.D. Late
(A.D.Early
(A.D.Late
(A.D.
Note:

Table

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141

GreatHouseCommunity
TheAndrews

Table 2. CeramicGroupsand Mean CeramicDates (MCD) forSites inthe

AndrewsCommunity
(Page 1 of 2).
Site/Provenience

FS No.

Group

MCD (A.D.)

LA 17210

47

LatePuebloI

882 c 33

LA 17213

11

LatePuebloI

889 c 53

LA 17216

LatePuebloI

LA 111171

51

LatePuebloI

*LA 17218,Midden5

7
6

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

919 c 56

*LA 17218,Midden4
LA 111172

44

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

920 c 83

LA 111156

LA 17217

15

*LA 17218,Midden2

LA 111167,Midden1

35

LA 17214
LA 17215
*LA 17218,Midden3

920 c 52
922 c 60

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

924 c 60
927 c 59

13

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

EarlyPuebloII

930 c 69

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

930 c 70

LA 111157

10

LA 17205

32

LA 111165

39

LA 111159

12

LA 17207

16

LA 17211

40

LA 17202,Midden3

28

LA 111161

42

LA 17196

19

LA 17202,Midden2

29

LA 17208

17

925 c 60
929 c 67

931 c 60

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

931 c 62

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

935 c 65

933 c 50
941 c 74

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

948 c 41

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

953 c 48

EarlyPuebloII
LatePuebloI- Late

971 c 58

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951 c 58
971 c 55
971 c 96

142

VANDYKE

Table 2. CeramicGroupsand Mean CeramicDates (MCD) forSites inthe

AndrewsCommunity
(Page 2 of 2).
Site/Provenience

FS No.

LA 17202,Midden1

30

LA 17201

27

LA 17194

14

LA 111160

41

LA 17198

22

Group

MCD (A.D.)

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

978 c 65
988 c 72

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

LA 111158

48

EarlyPuebloII
EarlyPuebloII

LA 111166

49

EarlyPuebloII

LA 111170

50

LA 111169

43

EarlyPuebloII
LatePuebloII

*LA 17218,Midden1

LatePuebloII

LA 17195

20

LatePuebloII

LA 17197

23

LatePuebloII

LA 17200

26

LatePuebloII

LA 17204

33

LatePuebloII

LA 17199,Midden4

38

LatePuebloII

LA 17199,Midden2

25

LatePuebloII

LA 17199,Midden1

24

LatePuebloII

LA 17203

31

LatePuebloII

LA 17206

18

LatePuebloII

993 c 93
995 c 80
995 c 82
-

1016c 81
1017c 90
1029c 102
1034c 74
1039c 75
1042c 67
1042c 75
1049c 57
1050c 54
1054c 72
1056c 81
1057c 64

LA 17212

21

LatePuebloII

LA 111167,Midden2

36

LatePuebloII

1057c 67

LA 111162

34

LatePuebloII

LA 111168

37

LatePuebloII

1076c 40

LA 111163

45

LatePuebloII

*Andrews
GreatHouse

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GreatHouseCommunity
143
TheAndrews
sincemany
reliesprimarily
Meanceramic
ceramics,
upondecorated
dating
spansandhencearenotusefulformeanceplainwareshavelongproduction
NeckBandedandKana-aNeckBanded,
include
Narrow
ramicdating.
Exceptions
wherefewdecorated
ceramics
andplainwaresthatappearinearlyassemblages
Red.Themediandatesforeach
suchas LinoGrayandFugitive
arepresent,
areaddedtogether,
thendivided
of
sherdintheassemblage
bythetotalnumber
sherds
togetthemeandatefortheassemblage.
inthetechnique.
inherent
theMCD
Therearefivepotential
First,
problems
from
remains
derived
thatinsomecasesspan200yearsormore.
relative,
ranges
a singledate,itis
thetechnique
Itmustberemembered
thatalthough
produces
inoccupation
toa singleyear.Second,
themeanofa range;fewsitesarelimited
thetimeofvesselmanufacture
anddiscardmayresult
thediscrepancy
between
inanMCD thatis lateinthesite'soccupation.
the
aretreated
as
Third, ceramics
of
functional
Variable
use-lives
different
not
types
stylistic, functional,
types.
inparticular
moreheavily
totheMCD.
result
functional
types
contributing
might
is circumvented
tosomedegreebytheelimination
ofmostplain
Thisproblem
meanceramic
doesnotworkwithmultiple
wares.Fourth,
componentsdating
thecomponent
withthehighest
number
of
theMCD willmerely
trend
toward
can be circumvented
sherds.Thisproblem
MCDs for
separate
bycalculating
Andfifth,
MCDsderived
from
surface
eachcomponent,
assemblages,
ifpossible.
andCasamero
as is thecasefortheAndrews
data,
community arelessaccurate
oftheprosand
from
discussion
thanassemblages
excavation.
Fora thorough
to Goetzeand Mills
cons of meanceramicdating,thereaderis referred
andChristenson
(1993b:102-104)
(1994).
dateranges,
mediandates,andweight
factors
usedtocalculate
Thetypes,
in Table3. DatesforCibolaWhite
dataarepresented
MCDs fortheAndrews
WareandCibolaGrayWarearefrom
McKennaandToll(1984),Mills(1988,
1990),andWindes(1984,1987),anddatesforSan JuanRedWarearefrom
Carlson(1970) andMills(1988).Following
Christenson
(1994:304),simple
linearweighting
wasaccomplished
a type'srangefrom
a large
bysubtracting
number
sherds
witha rangeof200years
(300) anddividing
by100;therefore,
tooneceramic
once,whilethosewitha
(equivalent
groupperiod)werecounted
2.5 times.Although
Kincaidetal. (1983)found
rangeof50yearswerecounted
I chosetoweight
andnonweighted
datestobecomparable,
theAndrews
weighted
datasothattypes
withshorter
counted
more
than
those
with
broad
ranges
ranges.
contained
ofKiatuthlanna
BlackManyAndrews
assemblages
highfrequencies
and Red Mesa Black-on-white.
on-white
with
Assemblages relatively
equal
ofthesetwotypes
amounts
wouldintuitively
beexpected
todatetotheearlyA.D.
mediandateforRedMesa(A.D.975) tendsto
900s,butusingtheunweighted
thisproblem.
thedataameliorated
pushtheMCDs forward.
Weighting
MCDswerecalculated
for42 proveniences
at33 sitesintheAndrews
com10
MCDs
calculated
for
nine
with
fewer
than
were
not
munity.
proveniences

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40,

40,

0.75 0.75
Weight

40,

1.5 2.5 1.5 1

1.25 1.25

2.25 1.5

Dating.
(A.D.)

Ceramic

Date 688 688 700 850 900 775 875 975 1025108810881090111311251150

Mean
in

Median

Used

Types
(A.D.)

Ceramic
for Range
575-800
575-800
800-900
850-950
650-750
850-900
700-850

900-1050
925-1125
1000-1175
1000-1175
1040-1140
1075-1150
1050-1200
1100-1200

Date

Factors

Weight
and
Dates,
Median

Black-on-white
Black-on-white
Banded
Banded
Black-on-white
Black-on-white
Black-on-white
Red Black-on-white
Black-on-red
Ranges,
NeckNeckMound
Black-on-white
Black-on-red
Black-on-white
Black-on-white
3.
Gray
Mesa
Plata
TypeLino Fugitive
La Kana-a
White
Kiatuthlanna
Narrow
Red Escavada
Puerco
Puerco
Gallup
Chaco
Wingate
Chaco-McElmo

Table

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GreatHouseCommunity
TheAndrews

145

usablesherds.The results
are included
in Table2. Rangeslistedin Table2
foreachmeandate.Themeandatesrangedbestandard
deviations
represent
tweenA.D.882c33andA.D. 1076c40,corresponding
closelywiththeceramic
breaks
in
the
data
between
A.D.889 and919,correNatural
appeared
groups.
with
the
break
between
Late
Pueblo
I
and
EarlyPuebloII, andbetween
sponding
withthebreakbetween
A.D. 995and1016,corresponding
EarlyandLatePueblo
in
in
of
the
MCDs presented
II. Thebreaksareillustrateda stemandleafplot
Figure1.

8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10

88
1
2222222333333
4455
7777
8999
11
233
44455555
7

meanceramic
dates.
Figure1. StemandleafplotofAndrews
Multidimensional
Scaling
statistical
usedto identify
thevariables
MDS is a multivariate
technique
behind
measures
ofdistance
between
datasets(Kruskal
andWish1978).Ithas
beensuccessfully
intheSouthwest
usedforceramicseriation
of
bya number
researchers
Durand
and
Hurst
Goetze
and
Mills
(Drennan1976;
1991;
1993b;
Millsetal. 1992;Washburn
andMatson1985;Whalley1980;Windes1987).
Windes(1987)has refined
thetechnique
fortheSan JuanBasin.He seriated
datedassemblages
from
PuebloAlto,thencombined
themwithunpreviously
datedceramics.
GoetzeandMills(1993b)expanded
sucuponWindes'study,
seriations
Windes'datawithassemblages
from
cessfully
producing
integrating
theENRONproject.
GoetzeandMills(1993b:113-115)
usedtheSYSTATMDS
To
ensure
maximum
the
Andrews
seriation
usedthe
program.
comparability,
sameprogram
andfollowed
thesamestepsoutlined
Goetze
and
Mills.
by
MDS produces
geometric
plotsonwhicheachpointis a singledataset.The
thedistance
between
thepoints,
thebiggerdifference
between
thedata
greater
sets.A successful
MDS runshouldresultina horseshoe-shaped
plot.Thepat-

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146

VANDYKE

the
between
nototherwise
fordifferences
ternofpoints
apparent
maybestudied
Euclideandistance,
unstandardized
datasets.I employed
data,andnonmetric
ona scaleof0is measured
offitofthesolution
bystress
scaling.Thegoodness
stressvalueof0.15 or loweris desired(Kachigan
1. A finalconfiguration
a degenerate
0, however,
1986:418).A stressvalueapproaching
mayindicate
reach
the
finalcontaken
to
Iterations
Wish
and
solution
1978:51).
(Kruskal
dia49.
The
not
exceed
and
should
shoulddeclinesmoothly
Shepard
figuration
orbendssigcurveorstraight
line;steps,groupings,
gramshouldbe a smooth
number
ofdimenThegoalis tohavethesmallest
solution.
nifya degenerate
Windes(1987)
amount
ofvariation.
sionsto accountforthelargest
Although
valueinhisdataset,Goetze
stress
thelowest
found
thatfivedimensions
produced
with
werecompatible
thatthreedimensions
andMills(1993b:115)ascertained
theirdata.
Each
andfrequency
Variables
included
(inpercentages).
type,
provenience,
FS
number.
oneprovenience,
caserepresented
Multicomponent
by
designated
LA 17208
datasetfrom
sothemulticomponent
cannot
beseriated,
assemblages
from
smallsamples,
Toavoidpossible
resulting
(FS 17)waseliminated.
problems
withfewer
I arbitrarily
eliminated
fromtheMDS analysisanyproveniences
BecauseplainwareswerenotusedintheMDS analysis,
than10usablesherds.
to40.
ofusableproveniences
reduced
thenumber
thisfurther
Mound
in
White
included
used
the
MDS
Black-on-white,
analysis
Types
EscavadaBlack-onRedMesaBlack-on-white,
Kiatuthlanna
Black-on-white,
andChacoBlack-on-white.
Puerco
Black-on-white,
white,
GallupBlack-on-white,
ofthe
2
in
in
TheMDS plot Dimensions
1 and is shown Figure2. Theresults
and
oftheceramicgrouping the
withtheresults
plotcanbe easilycompared
listedinTable3.
totheFS numbers
MDS in Table3. Thenumbers
correspond
the
in Figure2 bytriangles,
TheLatePuebloI ceramicgroupis represented
A total
andtheLatePuebloII group
bycircles.
EarlyPuebloII groupbysquares,
of31 sitesis represented
bytheseproveniences.
Twoslight
withtheceramic
TheMDS seriation
groups.
closely
corresponded
two
between
FS 44 wasanEarlyPuebloII assemblage
anomalies
wereapparent:
andFS 14 and43 wereEarlyandLatePuebloII
LatePuebloI proveniences,
Thesedifthatseemedtobereversed.
withpositions
respectively,
proveniences,
oftheinclusion
ofplainwarefrequencies
weretheresult
ferences
(particularly
inceramic
Forexample,
andindented
groupplacement.
corrugated)
clapboard
wasclassified
thelatter
decorated
FS 14andFS 43 hadsimilar
typefrequencies;
ofindented
as LatePuebloII becauseofitshighfrequency
corrugated.
ofthemeanceThepatterning
also corresponded
closelywiththeresults
ofproveniences
wascomposed
Thehorseshoe's
branch
ramicdating.
(exright
withMCDsinthe
ceptforFS 44) withMCDsinthelateA.D.800s.Proveniences
withMCDs in
nearthehorseshoe'sapex.Proveniences
earlyA.D. 900s clustered
thelateA.D. 900s werestrungalongthehorseshoe'sleftbranch.Finally,prove-

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TheAndrews
GreatHouseCommunity

Circles= Late Pueblo II Sites

Numbers= FS Numbers(See Table 2)

Triangles= Late Pueblo I Sites

Squares = EarlyPueblo II Sites

29

S19

0 0

Fn

23 *

018

349 36oe

310

210

260

33

4127
014
943
27

*25

147

30

22

m42
8

.10
32M
1 1"039
12M3

07

1335

02160

40

4151
Al11

-44

-20

-2

A47

-1

DIMENSION1

2. MDS plotforAndrews
intwodimensions.
Figure
proveniences
niences
withMCDs intheA.D. 1000sclustered
attheendofthehorseshoe's
left
branch.
Andrews
SiteTemporal
Affiliations
Theresults
oftheceramic
indicate
thatfivesitesinthe
datingtechniques
Andrews
I
have
24
Late
Pueblo
sites
haveEarlyPueblo
community
components,
15
and
II
sites
have
Late
Pueblo
Threesites,includII components,
components.
A singlemidden
at
ingtheAndrews
greathouse,havetwoormorecomponents.
LA 17208wasassigned
totheLatePuebloI-Late PuebloII groups.
Theother
twosites,LA 111167andLA 17218(theAndrews
GreatHouse),weredeter-

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

148

VANDYKE

minedtohavemultiple
onthebasisofsampling
atmultemporal
components
LA 11167hastwotemporal
as indicated
tiplemiddens.
components,
bythedates
from
Midden1 (EarlyPuebloII, withan MCD ofA.D. 927c59)andMidden2
(LatePuebloII, withanMCD ofA.D. 1032c67).
AttheAndrews
weresampled.
Midden1,nearest
greathouse,fivemiddens
thegreat
was
classified
as
Late
Pueblo
and
has
MCD
1017c90.
an
II
ofA.D.
house,
5 weregrouped
Middens2 through
Pueblo
as Early
II, withMCDs ranging
A.D.919c56and930c70.Multiple
between
middens
werealso sampled
at LA
17199andLA 17202,butceramic
didnotindicate
chronometry
multiple
temporal components.
At LA 17199,all threesampledmiddens
a Late
represented
PuebloII component;
1042c75
MCDs forthemiddens
from
A.D.
to
ranged
1050c54.AtLA 17202,allthree
middens
were
as
Pueblo
sampled
grouped Early
between
A.D.951c58and978c65.
II, andtheMCDs clustered
Sitetemporal
withthegroups
to
placements
corresponded
closely
assigned
23 oftheAndrews
sitesbyMarshalletal. (1979:123-129).
Most
community
weretheresultofdifferent
discrepancies
groupdaterangesusedbythetwo
studies
Table1 withMarshall
etal. 1979:257).
(compare
andtemporal
as indicated
affiliation,
Figure3 depictsthelocation
byceramicgroup,
foreachsiteintheAndrews
The
of
dates
from
community. range
middens
associated
withthegreathousesuggests
inthe
thatitwasconstructed
nearest
the
earlyA.D. 900sandoccupiedintotheearlyA.D. 1000s.Themidden
house
1017c90
had
an
MCD
A.D.
and
was
tothe
of
(Midden1)
great
assigned
fouradditional
withthe
LatePuebloII period.However,
middensassociated
theEarlyPuebloII period,withMCDs
greathouse(Middens2-5) represent
between
A.D.919c56and930c70.
clustering
Therearethreegreatkivasin theAndrews
one ofwhichis
community,
associated
withthegreat
450mto
house.A second(LA 17217)is approximately
A third
300mtothesoutheast.
thesoutheast.
BothLA
(17207)is an additional
17217andLA 17207weregrouped
in theEarlyPuebloII period,
withmean
datesintheearlyhalfofthetenth
century.
LatePuebloI sitestendtobelocatedonridgesatthebaseofthetalusslope
inthenorthern
partofthecommunity.
EarlyPuebloII sitesarefound
throughoutthecommunity,
butthere
is a pattern
from
ofexpansion
northwest
tosoutheast.EarlyPuebloII occupation
nearthegreathouse
appearstohaveclustered
andthetwogreatkivasalongtheedgeoftheescarpment.
MostEarlyPuebloII
sitessurrounding
thegreathouse(LA 17218)andthetwogreat
kivas(LA 17207
andLA 17217)haveMCDs inthefirst
halfofthetenth
Theseprovecentury.
niencescompose
theapexofthehorseshoe
ontheMDS plot(Figure2). During
andmoved
thelatter
halfofthetenth
thepopulation
century,
gradually
expanded
in
II
southward
intothevalley.
with
MCDs
the
halfof
Pueblo
sites
latter
Early
thetenth
on
the
MDS
the
left
branch
of
the
horsecentury,
represented
plotby
thecommunity.
shoe,arescattered
throughout
Exceptforthegreathouse,Late

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GreatHouseCommunity
TheAndrews

149

17216 A

111158
111172 m

111156
17215

17214
111157

111159

111160

17213 A
111161

117217

17211.
A111171

17194

17196
17212
17195*

+17208
17209 *1111165
17207

*17206

4O9U

17197*

17199e
111166 m

1111700
*111169

17203

17198

111162*
111167,

17204c

111163
S17200

17205

.17202

m17201
.111168

USGS 7.5' Quadrangles:

ThoreauNE

Goot

Mt.

ANDREWSCOMMUNITY
ANASAZISITE LOCATIONS
T14N,R11W,Section 33
0

200

400m

ContourInterval= 5 m

Elevations in M Above Sea Level

V AndrewsGreatHouse
ALate Pueblo I Sites
EarlyPueblo II Sites
C EarlyPueblo II Late Pueblo II Sites
Late Pueblo 11Sites

3. Andrews
ceramic
sitesandassociated
Figure
community
groups.

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

150

VANDYKE

ortothe
PuebloII sitestendtobelocatedinthesouthern
partofthecommunity,
thevalleyfloor.
west,nearer
THE ANDREWSCOMMUNITYIN A
LARGERCHACOANCONTEXT
Mostoutliers
documented
thegreater
SanJuanBasinhavebeen
throughout
ceramic
based
assigned
temporal
rangesusing
grouping onsurface
assemblages
et
al.
Powers
et
al.
1983;Fowleretal. 1987).MCD andMDS
1979;
(Marshall
indeveloping
forcommunities
suchas
alsohavebeenemployed
chronometries
Rock
Casamero
andHurst1991),andStanding
(Mills1988),Guadalupe
(Durand
andEl Llano-Escalon
(GoetzeandMills1993b).
withitsLatePuebloI-Early PuebloII substrate,
as an
Andrews,
qualifies
inMarshalletal.'s (1982:1231)scheme.
outlier
Thecommunity
ancestral
may
intheRedMesaValley
withothers
be considered
generally
contemporaneous
etal. 1979:141suchas Casamero
etal. 1988)andCoolidge(Marshall
(Harper
theAndrews
144).However,
greathouseis seento fallattheearlyendofthe
A.D.
Chacoantemporal
withfivemiddenMCDs ranging
between
spectrum,
919c56and1017c90.Incontrast,
theCasamero
andCoolidge
houseshave
great
singleLatePuebloII orClassicBonitophasecomponents.
inChacoCanyon
Greathouseconstruction
beganintheEarlyBonitophase
andescalated
the
Classic
Bonito
during
phase(Lekson1984).Mostgreathouses
inthecentral
SanJuanBasinareceramically
datedtotheClassicBonitophase
et
al.
Powers
et
al.
Vivian
1979;
1983;
(Marshall
1990:234).Thistemporal
patthatoutlying
intothe
ternsuggests
houses
Chacoanexpansion
great
represent
San JuanBasin.However,
ceramic
datesfortheAndrews
greathouseindicate
thatthisstructure
is contemporaneous
withtheearlygreat
housesofChacoCanyon.
The ceramicdatesfortheAndrews
greathousesuggestthatthenature,
andpurpose
ofChacoanarchitectural
influences
atoutlying
sitesshould
direction,
be re-evaluated.
differences
Temporal
amongChacoangreathousesthroughout
inthestructures'
theSan JuanBasinmayreflect
functions,
variability
origins,
in
andrelationships
toChacoCanyon.
ofgreathousearchitecture
Thepresence
communities
need
not
an
Chacoan
Rather,
outlying
signify expansionist
presence.
ofindigenous
someoutlier
emulation
greathousearchitecture
maybetheresult
reflect
a pan-Anasazi
of
ormaysimply
ethnicstyle.Anintensive
comparison
the
ceramicchronometric
information
from
Chacoancommunities
throughout
San JuanBasincouldrevealpatterns
usefulforevaluating
competing
explanationsofthenature
andorigins
oftheChacoansystem.
I wishto thankSarahHerr,who conductedthein-field
ceramicanalysisat the
Acknowledgments.
Andrews
hertechnical
andforproviding
usefulcomments
sites,andBarbaraMills,forsharing
expertise

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GreatHouseCommunity
TheAndrews

151

Thepaper
from
madebyWolky
Tolland
onanearlier
draft
ofthis
hasalsobenefited
suggestions
paper.
metoworkontheAndrews
Steintogether
ChrisGoetze.JimWalker,
John
andJohn
Roney,
inspired
atAndrews
is funded
Grant
from
theNational
Research
bya Dissertation
Improvement
community.
intheaboveare,ofcourse,
ScienceFoundation.
Anyerrors
myownresponsibility.

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