Subject Code

Subject

BIC 10103 / BIT 11003

Discrete Structure

Item No.

Tutorial 02

Date

FSKTM
Objective : 1) To introduce the concept Conjunctive Normal Form, CNF and
Disjunctive Normal Form, DNF.
2) Understand the concept of predicate and quantifiers

NAME
: .
MATRIC NO. : .
A CNF (Conjunctive Normal Form) is a compound proposition in the form conjunctions
of disjunctions of propositional variables or their negations, for example
(pq) (p q) (p q). Similarly a DNF (Disjunctive Normal Form) is disjunctions
of conjunctions, such as p q r) (p q r) (p q r). We say that the
normal form is full when no variable is missing in each bracket.
Theorem: Every compound proposition is equivalent to a CNF and to a DNF.
Example: Convert [(p q) p] q to a CNF and to a DNF.
Solution: First draw the truth table. The result is
p
T
T
F
F

q
T
F
T
F

[(p q) p] q
F
T
F
T

A full CNF can be obtained by selecting the variables with false values from each
row of the table whose result is false: (p q) (p q) and similarly a full
DNF from the true: (p q) (p q). Both forms are equivalent to the given
proposition: [(p q) p] q (p q) (p q) (p q) (p q).

1.

Convert each proposition to a CNF and to a DNF.

a) (p q) p
b) (pq) (p q)
c) (pq) r
d) [(pq) r] [p (q r)]

2.

Convert each CNF to DNF and vice versa.

a) (pq) (p q)
b) (pq) (p q) (p q)
c) p q r) (p q r) (p q r) (p q r)
d) (pq r) (p q r)

3.

Let L(x, y) be the predicate "x likes y," and let the universe of discourse be the set
of all people. Use quantifiers to express each of the following statements.
a) Everyone likes everyone.
b) Everyone likes someone.
c) Someone does not like anyone.
d) Everyone likes George.
e) There is someone whom everyone likes.
f) There is no one whom everyone likes.
g) Everyone does not like someone.

4.

Let S(x) be the predicate "x is a student," B(y) the predicate "y is a book, " and
H(x,y) the predicate "x has y, " where the universe of discourse is the universe,
that is the set of all objects. Use quantifiers to express each of the following
statements.
a) Every student has a book.
b) Some student does not have any book.
c) Some student has all the books.
d) Not every student has a book.
e) There is a book which every student has.
f) Ali has a math book.

5.

Let B(x), E(x) and G(x) be the statements "x is a book, " "x is expensive, "and "x
is good, " respectively. Express each of the following statements using
quantifiers; logical connectives; and B(x), E(x) and G(x),where the universe of
discourse is the set of all objects.
a)
b)
c)
d)

No books are expensive.

All expensive books are good.
No books are good.
Does (c) follow from (a) and (b)?

6.

Let G(x), F(x), Z(x), and M(x) be the statements "x is a giraffe, " "x is 15 feet or
higher, ""x is in this zoo, " and "x belongs to me," respectively. Suppose that the
universe of discourse is the set of animals. Express each of the following
statements using quantifiers; logical connectives; and G(x), F(x), Z(x), and M(x).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

No animals, except giraffes, are 15 feet or higher;

There are no animals in this zoo that belong to anyone but me;
I have no animals less than 15 feet high.
Therefore, all animals in this zoo are giraffes.
Does (d) follow from (a), (b), and (c) ? If not, is there a correct conclusion?