Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(a)
Using the data in figure 1 below, calculate the percentage rise in global sea level by 2100
due to thermal expansion of the ocean surface.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Figure 1. Sea level change prediction for 2100 based on present trends.
Contributing factor
Alpine glaciers
16
Thermal expansion
28
Total
49
[Source: P W French, Coastal and Estuarine Management (Routledge, 1997).
Reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis (part of Cengage Learning)]
(1)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
L o n g te r m c lim a te c h a n g e
4
3
2
1
T e m p e ra tu re c h a n g e / C
IP C C p re d ic tio n :
+ 2 .7 C w ith b a n d
o f u n c e ra ta in ty
A v e ra g e te m p e ra tu re o v e r p a s t
1 0 0 0 0 y e a rs = 1 5 C
A g ric u ltu re
e s ta b lis h e d
1940
1970
L ittle Ic e A g e
in E u ro p e
1
2
3
4
End of
la s t
Ice A g e
5
20000
10000
1 8 0 0 0 y e a rs
2000
1000
200
100
1 8 0 0 y e a rs
N ow
+100
3 0 0 y e a rs
N u m b e r o f y e a rs b e fo re p re se n t
[Source: Physicians for Social Responsibilities, PSR Monitor, 1998]
(2)
(e)
Using the data in figure 2, suggest why global warming may not be entirely caused by
human activity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
2.
(a)
(b)
Explain what is meant by the systems concept and suggest how it can be applied to global
warming.
(6)
(c)
Reducing the impact of global warming is extremely difficult. Explain why this is the
case. In your answer you should refer to the strategies for managing pollutants in the
model below.
H U M A N A C T IV IT Y
P R O D U C IN G
PO LLU TA N T
R ELEA SE O F
P O L L U T A N T IN T O
E N V IR O N M E N T
R e g u la tin g a n d re d u c in g th e p o llu ta n t a t th e
p o in t o f e m is s io n b y :
s e ttin g a n d im p o s in g s ta n d a rd s
in tro d u c in g m e a s u re s fo r e x tra c tin g th e
p o llu ta n t fro m w a s te e m is s io n s .
LO
IM
PO
EC
C le a n in g u p th e p o llu ta n t a n d re s to rin g
e c o s y s te m s b y :
e x tra c tin g a n d re m o v in g th e p o llu ta n t fro m
th e e c o s y s te m s
re p la n tin g a n d re s to c k in g w ith a n im a l
p o p u la tio n s .
N G -T E R M
PA C T O F
LLU TA N T O N
O SY STEM
(8)
Expression of ideas
(3)
(Total 20 marks)
3.
(a)
With reference to a named case study, describe how water resources are being used
unsustainably.
(6)
(b)
(c)
4.
A tm o s p h e re
S o la r in p u ts to
E a rth -a tm o s p h e re
O cean
O c e a n ic
c irc u la tio n
A tm o s p h e ric
c irc u la tio n a n d
c o m p o s itio n
Ic e
C L IM A T E
L and and
te rre s tria l
fe a tu re s
H um an
a c tiv ity
E a rth -a tm o s p h e re s y s te m
E x te rn a l in p u ts a n d o u tp u ts o f th e c lim a tic s y s te m
In te rn a l in te ra c tio n s o f th e c lim a tic s y s te m
[Source: OHare and Sweeney, The Atmospheric System, (1986), Oliver and Boyd, page 189]
(a)
(b)
Identify two internal interactions in the figure above which affect the climate.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(d)
State how solar inputs and Earth outputs differ in their radiation wavelengths.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Outline the ways in which human activity can have an impact on climate.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(f)
Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the model in the figure above for describing the
atmospheric system.
6
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)
5.
The figure below shows the cost of generating electricity from different sources.
Energy source
Cost/pence per
kilowatt hour
at 1991 prices
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Wind onshore
Wind offshore
approx. 8.0
Hydro-power
6.0
Waste to energy
6.5
Landfill gas
5.7
(a)
(i)
Identify which energy type provides the cheapest electricity and which provides the
most expensive.
Cheapest ............................................................................................................
Most expensive .................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(b)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
Predict how the costs of production for fossil fuels might be different 50 years from
now.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(d)
(e)
Explain the link between increasing use of renewable energy sources and the ecological
footprint of a population.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
6.
Figure 1 shows a simplified food web for the North Sea in Europe.
Figure 1
In s o la tio n
fro m su n
(s o la r e n e rg y )
S u rfa c e o f se a
E u p h o tic z o n e
(lig h t a v a ila b le fo r
p h o to s y n th e s is )
M in e ra l
n u trie n ts
in s o lu tio n
P h y to p la n k to n
S e a b ird s ( e .g . p u ffin , g a n n e t)
S e a ls
Z o o p la n k to n
M ac k erel
J
e
l
l
y
f
i
s
h
S
a
n
d
e
e
l
s
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C a rb o n d io x id e
d is s o lv e d in
s e a w a te r
H e rrin g
D o lp h in s
S q u id
D e m e r s a l f is h ( e .g . c o d , h a d d o c k )
C ru s ta c e a n s
( e .g . c r a b s , lo b s te r s )
C o n tin e n ta l s h e lf
B e n th ic z o n e
(se a b e d )
D e tritu s (d e c a y in g
o rg a n ic m a te ria l)
S E D IM E N T
[Adrian Kidd, Managing Ecosystems, (Hodder & Stoughton, 1999) p. 41; p. 72. Hodder and Stoughton.
Reproduced by permission of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.]
10
(a)
(i)
Complete the table below by assigning each of the following types of organisms
from Figure 1 to its correct trophic level.
jellyfish, crustaceans, dolphins, zooplankton, puffins, phytoplankton
Producer
Primary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
Tertiary
Consumer
Decomposer
(3)
(ii)
Explain why there is a limit to the number of trophic levels which can be supported
in an ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
In the 1970s sand eels were harvested and used as animal feed, for fishmeal and for
oil and food on salmon farms. State and explain what impacts a dramatic reduction
in the number of sand eels might have on the rest of the ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
11
Figure 2 shows the area and net primary productivity (NPP) rates for different marine
ecosystems.
Figure 2
Ecosystem
Area /
6
2
10 km
Average NPP /
2
1
g m yr
Total NPP /
15
1
10 yr
332.0
230
76.2
Upwelling zones
0.4
918
0.4
Continental shelf
26.6
660
17.6
0.6
2500
1.6
Estuaries
1.4
1500
2.1
Open ocean
[Adrian Kidd, Managing Ecosystems, (Hodder & Stoughton, 1999) p. 41; p. 72. Hodder and Stoughton.
Reproduced by permission of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.]
(b)
(i)
List the ecosystems from highest to lowest according to average NPP and total
NPP.
Rank
highest
Average NPP
Total NPP
1
2
3
4
lowest
5
(2)
(ii)
Suggest reasons for the differences in the rankings shown in your table.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
12
(iii)
Substance or activity
Waste input
Major sources
Potential effects
Sewage, agriculture
Sewage, agriculture
Industry, shipping, vehicles, urban
run-off
Industry, agriculture, forestry
Nuclear fuel processing
Industry, ocean dumping, vehicles
Litter, shipping wastes, lost fishing gear Entanglement of wildlife, digestive interference
Sewage, ocean dumping, industry
Reduced oxygen, smothering
Environment
restructure
Coastal development
Resource
exploitation
Fish and shellfish harvesting, Harvesting activities, drilling accidents, Stock depletion, oil and chemical
petroleum development
oil leakage
contamination, disturbance of the sea bed during
drilling
Atmospheric
change
Eutrophication
Disease and infection, shellfish contamination
Oiling of birds and animals, seafood tainting,
beach contamination
Metabolic problems
Mineral development
Greenhouse gases
[Source: Judith Woodfield, Ecosystems and Human Activity (Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. 2000).
2000 Judith Woodfield]
13
(c)
7.
Protecting the environment is a luxury that only the most economically developed countries of
the world can afford.
(a)
State whether an ecocentrist or a technocentrist is more likely to agree with the statement
above. Justify your answer.
(2)
(b)
Discuss the arguments for and against the statement above. In your answer you should
refer to examples from both more economically developed and less economically
developed countries.
(10)
(c)
For an environmental issue you have studied, describe the roles of different groups in the
management of this issue. In your answer you could consider local, national and
international groups.
(5)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)
14
8.
(a)
(b)
Discuss the impact of global warming. Consider the potential effect on biomes, global
agriculture and human society.
(7)
(c)
Predictive models of climate change may give very different results. Explain this
statement with reference to the limitations of models and the contrasting arguments about
global warming.
(6)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)
The graph below shows the interdependence of population size of two species of mites.
Eotetranychus sexmaculatus serves as the food supply for Typholodromus occidentalis.
50
E . s e x m a c u la tu s
2500
E . s e x m a c u la tu s
(p re y )
T . o c c id e n ta lis
(p re d a to r)
2000
40
1500
30
1000
20
500
10
T . o c c id e n ta lis
9.
0
5
10
15
20
J u ly
25
30
10
15
20
25
A u gu st
30
10
15
20
25
S e p te m b e r
30
10
15
20
25
O c to b e r
30 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25
N ovem ber
D ecem ber
Ja n u a ry
F e b ru a ry
(a)
Predict when the next population maximum of T. occidentalis will occur. Show your
working.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
15
(b)
(c)
(i)
Identify the five day period for which the rate of increase of E. sexmaculatus is at
its maximum.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(d)
(i)
Calculate the time lag between the maximums of both species in the period from
October 5 through November 5.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(e)
(i)
Describe the role that negative feedback might play in this species interaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
16
(ii)
Explain why the global human population is less prone to negative feedback
control than other organisms.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(f)
17
10.
The data table below shows the nitrogen content of a temperate forest and a tropical forest.
Table 1
2
Nitrogen / gm
Component
Temperate forest
Tropical forest
Leaves
12.4
52.6
Wood*
18.5
41.2
Roots
18.4
28.2
Surface litter
40.9
3.9
Soil**
730.9
85.3
Total
821.1
211.2
(a)
(i)
Calculate the total nitrogen content in biomass (excluding surface litter) for
temperate and tropical forests.
Temperate forest: ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Tropical forest: .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
18
(b)
Determine which of the two biomes contains a proportionally larger amount of nitrogen
in its soil. Support your answer with appropriate calculations.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Suggest a possible explanation for the difference in nitrogen content in surface litter
between the two biomes.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Using table 1, list the following ecosystem components, in terms of their importance as
nitrogen storages, in ascending order: biomass, surface litter, soil.
Temperate forest:
Tropical forest:
1. ............................................................
least important
2. ............................................................
3. ............................................................
most important
1. ............................................................
least important
2. ............................................................
3. ............................................................
most important
(1)
19
(e)
In terms of the impact on nitrogen storage, deduce which ecosystem would suffer more
from clear-cut forestry practices (complete removal of all tree cover). Explain your
answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
Using the data in table 1, and your knowledge of biotic and abiotic conditions in tropical
and temperate forests, explain which of the two biomes would be a better choice for
growing crops.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g)
20
Population / millions
1980
13.10
1815
1985
15.21
2100
1992
17.98
3062
1993
18.41
3312
1994
18.85
3655
1995
19.28
4310
1996
19.72
4795
1997
20.49
4563
Gross National Product (GNP) per capita is the value of a countrys final output of goods and
services in a year, divided by its population. It gives an indication of a countrys economic
strength.
100
90
9000
A re a o f fo re s te d
la n d / h a
80
a re a o f fo re s te d la n d
8000
70
P ro p o rtio n o f la n d
fo re s te d / %
7000
60
6000
p ro p o rtio n o f la n d fo re s te d
50
5000
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
40
1997
Year
[Source: Adapted from A Kidd, Managing Ecosystems, (1999), Hodder and Stoughton, page 41, and The World Bank,
http://www.worldbank.org/data/gdf/PDF/mys.pdf]
21
(h)
(i)
Using the data above, state the relationship between population and forested area in
Malaysia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Using the data above, suggest a reason for the decrease in the area of forested land.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
22
11.
The pie charts below show the relative contributions of different sources of commercial energy
for less economically developed countries (LEDCs) and more economically developed
countries (MEDCs).
Commercial Energy Use by Source in LEDCs
o il 2 6 %
b io m a s s 3 5 %
o il 3 7 %
coal 25 %
n u c le a r p o w e r
1 %
n a tu ra l g a s 7 %
h y d ro p o w e r,
g e o th e rm a l &
s o la r 6 %
coal 25 %
n u c le a r p o w e r 5 %
n a tu ra l g a s 2 3 %
h y d ro p o w e r,
g e o th e rm a l &
s o la r 7 %
[MILLER, Living in the Environment, 15E. 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc.
Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissions]
(a)
State and explain the differences shown in the two pie charts.
(5)
(b)
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels and solar energy with respect to
efficiency and sustainability.
(6)
(c)
Discuss the Cornucopian view of the environmental challenges posed by the extensive
use of fossil fuels.
(6)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)
23
12.
(a)
(b)
Explain why some atmospheric pollution issues are regional in effect whereas others are
global.
(4)
(c)
Describe and evaluate pollution management strategies for either global warming or acid
deposition.
(8)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
13.
Four main factors affect the erosion of soil: crop type, climate, soil type and topography
(landscape shape). The figure below shows the interactions between these factors.
Soil Erosion Model
A
C ro p
B
C lim a te
C
S o il T y p e
D
To p o g ra p h y
In fu e n c e s s tru c tu re
a n d c o h e s io n o f s o il. A ls o
p ro te c ts s o il s u rfa c e .
R a in fa ll m a g n itu d e a n d
fre q u e n c y.
C la y, s a n d , s ilt a n d lo a m a ll
h a v e d iffe re n t q u a litie s .
S lo p e a n g le a n d le n g th
a ffe c t s o il e ro s io n ra te .
S o il lo s s
24
(a)
Suggest how humans may have an impact on soil loss with reference to factors A, C and
D in the figure above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
(i)
25
(ii)
(c)
(i)
Define the term open system, and state an ecological example of such a system.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
26
(iii)
The figure below shows the variations from the mean global land temperatures between the
years 1880 and 2000
1 .0
0 .8
T e m p e ra tu re v a ria tio n
fro m th e m e a n / C
14.
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0
- 0 .2
- 0 .4
- 0 .6
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
[Source: adapted from February Global Surface Mean Temperature Anomalies, National Climatic Data Center /
NESDIS / NOAA]
(a)
Describe the trend in global temperature between 1880 and 2000 shown in the figure
above. Suggest why certain years do not follow this trend and explain how people may be
playing a role in global climate change.
(7)
(b)
Discuss how people will be affected by the possible impacts of global warming. Use
named examples from both MEDCs (more economically developed countries) and
LEDCs (less economically developed countries) to support your answer.
(5)
27
(c)
Outline and evaluate the effectiveness of global, national and local pollution management
strategies in controlling global warming.
(6)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
15.
(a)
Compare and evaluate the role of global and local approaches to environmental problem
solving. Support your answer with examples.
(8)
(b)
16.
(a)
(b)
Outline the reasons why people have such different opinions on the issue of global
warming.
(5)
(c)
Describe what is meant by carrying capacity and evaluate the role that technology could
play in ensuring that the earths carrying capacity is not exceeded by human populations.
(8)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
28
17.
Figure 1 below shows mean global climate change from 1850 to 1990.
0 .4
M e a n g lo b a l
te m p e ra tu re
change
1 8 5 0 to 1 9 9 0
re la tiv e to th e
a v e ra g e fo r
1 9 5 1 to 1 9 8 0
C
0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
1850
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
Year
[Source adapted from: UNEP, National Statistics, 2003]
(a)
With reference to Figure 1, describe the trend in mean global temperature between 1870
and 1990.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
29
(c)
Figure 2 below is a table showing different aspects of the environment and society which might
be affected by climate change.
Figure 2
Impact on the Environment
Impact on Society
Impact
Impact
Water resources
Hydrology
Ecosystems
(d)
increased flooding
Coastal living
Human health
Complete Figure 2 to state likely impacts of global warming on the environment and
society.
(4)
(e)
Predict, giving reasons, whether the impacts outlined in part (d) are likely to have a
greater effect on less economically developed countries (LEDCs) or more economically
developed countries (MEDCs).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
30
18.
Sustainable tourism depends on:
(a) meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved standards of
living in the short and long term
(b) satisfying the demands of increasing tourist numbers
(c) safeguarding the environment to achieve the two foregoing aims.
[Source: Cater and Goodall, Environmental Issues in the 1990s, edited Mannion and Bowlby, publishers John Wiley
and Sons Ltd, (June 1992)]
(a)
With reference to the statement above, and examples of ecosystems you have studied,
explain why safeguarding ecosystems is so important for sustainable tourism.
(8)
(b)
Predict and justify what impact global warming may have on tourism trends in the future.
(5)
(c)
Discuss the concept of sustainable development, and explain why it is a problematic term.
(5)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
19.
The Gaia Hypothesis proposes that our planet functions as a single organism that maintains
conditions necessary for its survival by feedback mechanisms. It was formulated by James
Lovelock in the mid-1960s. In his recent book The revenge of Gaia, he suggests that we have
passed the tipping point on global warming and that feedback mechanisms will speed up the
rate of global warming.
(a)
State what type of system the Earth is and what the inputs and outputs are
(3)
(b)
Using positive and negative feedback models explain the process of climate change.
(7)
(c)
Scientists use computer simulations to model the effects of changes in the temperature of
the Earth. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this modelling.
(4)
(d)
Describe your personal viewpoint on the global warming issue and justify your position
based on the evidence.
(4)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
20.
M Wackernagel calculates that the Earth has only 1.7 hectares per capita available for human
use. These 1.7 hectares become the ecological benchmark figure for comparing peoples
31
(a)
Explain how population pyramids data can allow countries to monitor population
changes.
(5)
(b)
(c)
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of reducing use, reusing and recycling
resources.
(7)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
21.
100
s s n o w lin e
N u m b e rs
of
ro d e n t
s p e c ie s
A ltitu d e in
m e tre s
3000
m o u n ta in
32
(a)
With reference to Figure 1 describe the relationship which appears to exist between
altitude and the number of rodent species.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Predict three ways in which the altitude habitat model in Figure 2 might change as a
result of global warming.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
33
(c)
Figure 3 shows the numbers of wood mice and bank voles collected from traps.
The number above the trapping point () represents wood mice and the number below the
trapping point () represents bank voles.
Figure 3
K ey :
120 m
3
1
ro u g h g ra ss
w o o d la n d
b ra c k e n
140 m
[Source: A Cadogan and G Best, Environment and Ecology, page 51, Blackie and Sons Ltd, 1992]
Figure 4
(i)
Rough grass
Woodland
Wood mice
50
Bank voles
15
Bracken
Complete Figure 4 by calculating the numbers of wood mice and bank voles found
in bracken.
(1)
34
(ii)
Suggest two reasons for the relationship between numbers of wood mice and bank
voles and habitat shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Explain why the wood mice and bank voles were marked and released after
capture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
35
Low
L ig h t in te n s ity
Low
A b io tic
H ig h
T e m p e ra tu re
H ig h
Low
D eep -sea
p ra w n
S p e rm w h a le
w h a le
Tuna
(p e la g ic )
Low
Low
H ig h
H ig h
B io t ic
B io m a s s
G u lp e r e e l
G ia n t s q u id
S h a rk
Z o o p la n k to n
A n g le rfs h
Seal
S m a ll
fsh
P h y to p la n k to n
S e a g u ll
B io d iv e rs ity
H ig h
P re ssu re
22.
Figure 1 Biotic and abiotic components of the deep-ocean ecosystem
36
long arms and ability to be able to sift through mud and detritus for food
bioluminescence (the ability to produce light) used to attract mates, to obtain food, for
camouflage or to confuse predators
angler fish use light-producing bacteria that live on a special fishing rod-like fin that
hangs over the anglers head and wiggles in the water to attract prey
red or purple colouration (in normal light) e.g. deep-ocean prawn because of the absence
of red light at depth these animals are invisible
bodies that are completely filled with water so that an increase in pressure has little effect.
For this reason jellyfish, squid etc. have no difficulty when moving through the water
column.
[Source: adapted from www.mesa.edu.au/seachange/97/deepsea.htm]
Deep-ocean prawn
[NORFANZ: Image has been provided courtesy of the
NORFANZ partners-National Oceans Office, CSIRO,
the NZ Ministry of Fisheries & NIWA.]
37
Deep-ocean vent
Tube worms
[Source: www.mesa.edu.au/seachange/97/deepsea.htm]
38
39
Orange roughy
[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoplostethus_atlanticus_02_Pengo.jpg#file]
C o m m e rc ia l c a tc h e s o f O ra n g e ro u g h y (N e w Z e a la n d )
45 000
40 000
30 000
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5000
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
W e ig h t / To n n e s
35 000
Year
[Source: adapted from www.starfish.govt.nz/shared-graphics-for-download/roughy_chart.gif]
40
[Source: adapted from IPCC SRLULUCF 2000 and IPCC TAR WGI 2001]
23.
(a)
(i)
Explain why phytoplankton is found mainly near the surface in ocean ecosystems.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State an abiotic factor responsible for the zonation observed in the deep ocean.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
41
(iii)
With reference to Figure 1, state which trophic level is occupied by the seagull.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
With reference to Figure 2, identify two adaptations of the deep-ocean prawn to life on
the ocean floor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
Sun
A simplified energy flow diagram for a tropical forest food chain is shown below.
S tra n g le r fig
F ru it b a t
Snake
H a rp y e a g le
D e c o m p o sers
In the space provided below, sketch a simplified energy flow diagram to show how
energy flows through the food chain at a deep-ocean vent.
(1)
42
(ii)
(iii)
State one way in which organic matter leaves the deep-ocean ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
With reference to Figure 5, describe and explain the pattern shown in the graph of
catches of Orange roughy during the 1990s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
43
(ii)
(e)
(i)
With reference to Figure 6, state the amount of carbon stored in the worlds
oceans.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why scientists are increasingly interested in the role that oceans play as
carbon sinks.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Describe two reasons why ocean levels are expected to increase as a result of
global warming.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
44
(f)
Suggest why there is relatively little public pressure to conserve deep-ocean ecosystems
and justify the need for them to be conserved.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 23 marks)
24.
(a)
(b)
(c)
45
25.
(a)
Define the term pollution. With reference to a named pollutant (other than solid domestic
waste) describe the impact it can have on the structure and functioning of an ecosystem
you have studied.
(6)
(b)
Describe and evaluate pollution management strategies for the pollutant you have named
in part (a).
(6)
(c)
State and justify your personal viewpoint on the success of different strategies for
managing solid domestic waste.
(6)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
26.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Discuss the factors which affect the choice of contrasting energy sources adopted in two
societies you have studied.
(10)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
46
27.
The diagram below shows amounts of waste being recycled or sent to landfill in Australia
between 1993 and 2002.
K ey:
W a s te to la n d fill
R e c y c le d m a te ria ls
7
6
M ass/
1 0 5 to n n e s
5
4
3
2
1
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997 1998
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
(a)
(i)
State, to the nearest hundred thousand tonnes, how much material was recycled in
Australia during 2001.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why the amount of waste sent to landfill in Australia has remained
relatively constant since 1994 despite the increase in recycling.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
47
(b)
(i)
Outline two ways in which technology can reduce the amount of solid domestic
waste that is sent to landfill within a country.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why the technological solutions you have described in part (b)(i) may still
have negative environmental effects.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
48
28.
e n e rg y
F o o d /fe e d
A g ro c h e m ic a ls
G ree n h o u se
g ases
F e rtiliz e r
p ro d u c tio n
P e s tic id e
p ro d u c tio n
E n e rg y
s u p p ly
P o llu ta n ts
O rg a n ic w a s te s
S o la r
e n e rg y
C o lle c tio n
a n d sto ra g e
G ra in ,
p lu s e s
A ra b le
la n d
F e e d s tu ffs
P ro c e s s in g
and
p a c k a g in g
P ig s ,
p o u ltry
D is tr ib u tio n
G ra s s la n d
R u m in a n ts
O ff- fa rm
p o llu tio n
S to re d
fo ra g e
Sew age
tre a tm e n t
C o n su m e rs
R e ta ilin g
W a ste s
[Source: Dr Dick Morris, Maths, Computing and Technology Faculty, The Open University]
(a)
Explain, with reference to the diagram above, how this food production system may
contribute to global warming.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
49
(b)
(c)
Explain how the energy efficiency will differ between the arable components and the
livestock components of the system in the diagram above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
State, giving two reasons, whether this system is more typical of a food production
system in an LEDC or an MEDC.
1 ...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Outline two factors that currently restrict the large-scale use of renewable energy sources.
1 ...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
50
(f)
Explain how burning fossil fuels contributes to the formation of tropospheric ozone.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
29.
(a)
Outline the factors which can affect global climate other than those attributed to human
activities.
(6)
(b)
Describe the significant negative impacts of global warming with reference to specific
examples.
(7)
(c)
Discuss the possible positive benefits associated with the predicted changes in world
climate over the next 100 years.
(5)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
30.
(a)
(i)
51
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Describe how one cause of climate change may be attributed to human activity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
52
(ii)
Draw a sketch graph of temperature change against time over the last 2000 years.
Using arrows and brief notes, annotate significant historical events that illustrate
interesting trends or changes along the time-temperature graph
T e m p e ra tu re /
2000 bp
0
T im e /y e a rs
(3)
(iii)
(c)
(i)
Outline how global warming may change the climate for a named country.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
53
(ii)
Discuss how this new climate may lead to a change in the ecological footprint of
the country named in (c) (i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
31.
(a)
Outline the process of photosynthesis and explain how different limiting factors will
determine productivity in two contrasting biomes.
(4)
(b)
Suggest why agreement has not yet been reached on the role of human activity in global
warming. Justify what measures you think a named country should adopt in response to
the threat of climate change.
(8)
(c)
Identify two landmarks in the development of the modern environmental movement, and
justify why each one is significant.
(6)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
32.
Figure 1 Introduction
Svalbard is a group of islands within the Arctic Circle and 1000 km north of Norway. For
nearly four months of the year it is in complete darkness. Glaciers and snowfields cover 60%
of the total area. The sea freezes for part of the year. Spitsbergen is the largest island in the
group, with the only permanent settlements. There are no roads except within and close to
these settlements.
54
the warm, North Atlantic Current flows along the west and north coasts of Spitsbergen
Svalbard has a permafrost layer 450 metres deep, only the top metre of soil melts during
the summer
natural resources include coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife and fish
reserves of oil and gas are believed to lie beneath the seas round Svalbard
many scientists come to the islands to study the glaciers and the regions unique wildlife
a global seed store for conserving seeds collected from all over the world has recently
been built on the island
T e m p e ra tu re / C
K ey:
19611990
19912004
-5
-1 0
-1 5
D ecem ber
N ovem ber
O c to b e r
S e p te m b e r
A u g u st
J u ly
June
M ay
A p ril
M arc h
F e b ru a ry
Ja n u a ry
-2 0
M o n th
[Source: data adapted from Norwegian Meteorological Institute]
55
K ey:
30
M e a n p re c ip ita tio n
19611990
25
20
M e a n p re c ip ita tio n
19912004
15
10
N ovem ber
O c to b e r
A ugust
S e p te m b e r
M o n th
J u ly
June
M ay
A p ril
M a rc h
F e b ru a ry
D ecem ber
5
Ja n u ary
P re c ip ita tio n /m m
40
56
Svalbard reindeer
(Raingifer tarandus
platyrhynchus)
[Marius Fiskum,
www.fotopia.no]
Common_eider
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Arctic fox
(Alopex lagopus)
[Source: Mr Per Herald
Olsen, no.wikipedia]
Snow bunting
(Plectrophenax nivalis)
Rock ptarmigan
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Rock_ptarmigan
Mosquito
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Aedes_aegypti_biting_
human.jpg
Boreal jacobs-ladder
(Polemonium boreale)
[Source: Michael
Haferkamp, wikipedia
57
SVALBARD REINDEER
[Source: www.uncommonyukon.com]
[Source: www.sciencemuseum.org.uk]
Physical features
long legs
lean body
large antlers
short legs
large amounts of body fat stored
for winter
small antlers
extra large stomachs to digest poor
quality food
Behaviour
Food
Intraspecific competition
Predators
wolves
none
Parasites
58
C o a l e x c a v a te d
in m in e
B lo w n a w a y
as dust
C oal dust
( 0 .0 2 5 1 0 6
to n n e s y r 1 )
D e p o s ite d lo c a lly
o n s o il, ic e a n d
v e g e ta tio n
59
O ffic e a n d h a n d lin g a re a
T u n n e l e n tra n c e
S le e v e to p ro te c t tu n n e l fro m
e ro s io n a n d c lim a tic c h a n g e s
B rid g e
Species are becoming extinct at an alarming rate. The Svalbard international seed vault has been
built to preserve up to 2 billion seeds from around the world, because other seed collections
elsewhere could be lost. Threats to other seed banks include war, natural hazards, power cuts
and poor management.
The Svalbard seed vault has been dug out of a permanently frozen hill side. Even without
electricity the samples will remain frozen because of the permafrost. Seeds will only be released
from the vault if all other seed sources have been lost.
33.
(a)
(i)
60
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Using the data given in Figure 3, compare the climate on Svalbard from
19611990 with the climate from 19912004.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Suggest one possible reason for the differences in mean air temperature between
the two periods.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
Describe two factors that have caused the speciation of Svalbard reindeer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
61
(ii)
Using the information in Figure 5 draw a food chain or food web for wild reindeer
and another for Svalbard reindeer.
(2)
(iii)
Identify, giving a reason, which of the food chains or webs drawn in part (c)(ii) is
least stable.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)
62
(ii)
Coal dust and gases from mining may affect local or global climate.
Using Figure 6 and Figure 7, describe and explain one example of positive
feedback and one example of negative feedback caused by coal mining emissions
that may affect the climate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(e)
(i)
(ii)
63
(iii)
Suggest two reasons why interest in exploiting oil and natural gas reserves under
the Arctic Ocean is increasing.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 24 marks)
34.
(a)
(b)
Explain why the effects of global environmental problems, such as global warming and
ozone depletion, will not have an impact on every society to the same extent.
(6)
(c)
Human responses to global warming can be divided into strategies to prevent global
warming from happening (preventive) and strategies to reduce the impacts that global
warming might have (reactive). Outline preventive and reactive management strategies to
address global warming. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of preventive versus
reactive approaches.
(10)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
64