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INTRODUCTION
h anc
) ; d burst = 0.5 ( h 2e anc )
h
[1]
[2]
Fsd = 0.25 N Ed (1 d1 / d s )
Fsd , R = N Ed (
e 1
) ; Fsd , 2 = 0.3 Fsd , R
d 6
[3]
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. Force transfer recommended by DAUB in: (a)
longitudinal joints using a tension block concept, (b)
circumferential joints under an eccentric jack thrust force
load case (e = 50 mm)
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Bursting and spalling tensile stresses developed
in segments due to TBM jack thrust forces and gasket
pressure: a) transversal stresses, b) radial stresses
Bursting stresses at the vicinity of the longitudinal
joints are analyzed for the case of maximum normal force
and gasket pressure. Two-dimensional FE model to
simulate the longitudinal joint consists of small end parts
of two adjacent segments in a ring (curvature of elements
are neglected) modeled with recess of the gasket and the
stress relief grooves. The contact zone is modeled as a
discontinuity between two adjacent segments. Non-linear
non-tension springs attach segments faces in the
longitudinal joint, simulating behavior of the plywood
material. Translational degrees of freedom along the
farthest vertical face of one of segments are fixed in both
directions, while vertical face of other segment is loaded
4.3
(b)
Figure 9. Developed stresses around longitudinal joints
due to maximum normal force and gasket pressure: a)
bursting tensile stresses, b) compressive stresses
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CONCRETE SEGMENTS
4.1
Concrete Cover
4.2
Reinforcing Spacing
(a)
FOR
PRECAST
Rd = f c
Ac1
Ac 0
[4]
LATEST
TECHNOLOGIES
TUNNEL LINING
IN
6.1
SEGMENTAL
Ppu
al
2.8
0.87
1
= 0.25
(1
) = 0.68MN / m
4 at 2e
0.2
1.08
Ppu
hanc
2.8
0.2
1
= 0.25
(1
) = 0.16MN / m
4 h 2eanc
0.87
0.25
Tburst
0.68
=
= 0.9 MPa
(2d burst ) 0.7 2 0.54
Radial:
Tburst
0.16
=
= 0.9 MPa
(2d burst ) 0.7 2 0.125
p =
(a)
Specified
Residual
Strength
(MPa)
Maximum
Developed
Bending
Moment
(kNm/m)
Demolding
2.5 (early-age)
5.04
26.25
Storage
2.5 (early-age)
18.01
26.25
Transportation
4.0 (28d)
20.80
42.00
Handling
4.0 (28 d)
10.08
42.00
Resistance
Bending
Moment
(kNm/m)
(b)
Figure 11. Design checks for the load case of ground and
groundwater pressure
6.1.2 Parametric studies
Increasing the fiber content in the mix directly results in
D
increase of the residual flexural strengths (f 150) of FRC.
D
A parametric study on effects of increasing f 150 from 1 to
5 MPa on the axial force-bending moment interaction
diagrams are shown in Figure 12a. Other parameters and
segment geometry for this study are similar to the ones
presented in previous example.
Comparing such diagrams with the results of analyses for
aforementioned loading cases (e.g. results shown in
6.2
Anchored Gasket
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES