Ministry of Health of Ukraine

The higher state educational establishment of Ukraine

The Ukrainian medical stomatological academy

Approved
The first vice-rector on scientificpedagogical work

Recommended
On medical biophysics and medical computer
science department meeting

The professor ________V.M.Bobirev

The head of the department

The professor _________ Yu.A.Ischeikina
protocol 16 of March, 3, 2012

_____ ______________2010

THE GUIDE FOR THE STUDENT

ON LEARNING DISCIPLINE
Medical and biological physics

Specialities:

7.110101 Medical business

7.110104 Pediatry

Poltava - 2012

Subject matter
Medical and biological physics
Normative discipline
1. Entrance.

Definition of discipline.

A minimum quantity of points

Traditional marks

Points for execution of

individual students work

Amount of informative modules,

their numbers

Amount of practical studyies

Amount of class periods, amount of

ECTS credits

Module number,

Amount of class periods 165 (5,5 ECTS credits), from them:

Lectures - 30 hours,
Practical occupations - 80 hours,
Independent operation of students - 55 hours.
It is studied on 1 year during the first and second semesters.
Contents of discipline is structured on 3 modules and 9 informative modules.
2. Structure of discipline medical and biological physics and charge of points for current
educational activity (conversion of traditional marks in points; an evaluation in points for execution
of individual tasks if it is stipulated by the working program).
An amount of practical studyies

Module 1
2
6
20 15
10
0
0
60
30/1,0
( 1-2)
Module 2
3
12
9
7
5
0
0
48
60/2,0
( 3-5)
Module 3
4
19
6
5
3
0
6
57
75/2,5
( 6-9)
*
A minimum quantity of points, which the student should gather for current educational activity at
learning the given unit to be accepted to a total modular control.
3. Ultimate goals of learning of a subject matter medical and biological physics according to
Educational-professional program:
To explain a physical bases and biophysical mechanisms of activity of external factors (fields) on
systems of a human organism.
To explain a basic physics of diagnostic and physiotherapeutic (medical) methods which are applied
in the medical equipment.
To treat general physical and biophysical legitimacies which underlie ability to live of the person.

4. Exposition of discipline modules.

4.1. Module 1 - Mathematical processing of the medical and biologic data.
4.1.1 The subject schedule of lectures.
The subject schedule of lectures.

THEME
1. An entrance. Units of differential and an integral calculus.
2.
Bases of probability theory and mathematical statistics.
Total
4.1.2. The subject schedule of practical classes

Hours
2
2
4

THEME
Hours
Content module 1.
Bases of mathematical analisys.
1.
Introductory work. Bases of differential calculus. A derivatives of simple and
2
a composite function, particulate derivatives
2.
Differential of function, total differential, application of differentials in
2
approximate evaluations
3.
Bases of integrated calculus. Indefinite and a define integral, methods of
2
integration
4.
The differential equations. The differential equations of 1-st order, the
differential equations of 2-nd order with constant coefficients. Methods of
2
their solution.
Content module 2.
Bases of probability theory and mathematical statistics.
5.
Elements of probability theory. Theorems of addition and multiplication of
2
probabilities
6.
Bases of mathematical statistics.
2
7.
The final modular control:
Practical preparation
2
Theoretical preparation
Total
14
4.1.3. Types of independent work of the student.

Hours
THEME
Type of control
1.
Preparation to practical class work:
20
The current check of
Theoretical preparation and machining of
practical class work
practical habits
2.
4
The final modular control
Preparation to the final modular check
24
Total
4.1.4. The list of individual jobs.
It is absent.
4.2. Estimation of educational activity of the student.
4.2.1.Estimation of current activity.
The mark for the module is determined taking into account current students marks and
mark for a total module control.
Maximum quantity of points which is assigned to students at learning the module (S test
credit) 200; including for current educational activity 120 points, by results of a total module
control 80 points.
Current educational activity of the student is estimated by a 4 mark scale.
Monitoring is carried out on each practical occupation according to specific goals of a theme,
on practical total occupations - according to specific goals of informative units. The assessment for
current educational activity of the student is advanced in view of assessments at initial, main and
finite stages of occupation. The highest amount of points which can be assigned at the initial stage
is equaled 20 % from an amount of points for an assessment "5". The highest amount of points
which can be assigned at a main stage is equaled 50 % from an amount of points for an assessment
"5". The highest amount of points which can be assigned at a finite stage is equaled 30 % from an
amount of points for an assessment "5".
Independent work of students, which provided in a theme near to operation, is
estimated during monitoring a theme on appropriate session.
The minimum quantity of points, which the student has to obtain at current educational
activity for recording of 1 module, is equaled: 6 sessions 10 points = 60 points.
The minimum quantity of points, which the student has to obtain at current educational

activity for recording of 2 module, is equaled: 12 sessions 5 points = 65 points.

The minimum quantity of points, which the student has to obtain at current educational
activity for recording of 3 module, is equaled: 13 sessions 5 points = 65 points.
The total module control will be carried out on completion of learning of the set of
appropriate informative modules as testing (check of theoretical knowledge) and execution of
practical tasks (check of practical skills). The maximum quantity of points, which can be collected
at check of theoretical knowledge and practical tasks is equaled to 80 points, minimum 50 points.

Thus, the total module control is considered if the student has received not less
than 50 points for testing and execution of practical tasks.
Estimation of discipline
The mark on discipline A, B, C, D or E is putted down only to students, who have all
accounted module. The amount of points on discipline is determined as average arithmetic
amounts of points on all modules of discipline.
Conversion of an amount of points on discipline into S scale is resulted thus:
Statistical index
S mark
The best of 10% of students
A
The following of 25% of students
B
The following of 30% of students
C
The following of 25% of students
D
The last 10% of students
E
The mark on discipline FX, F ("2") is putted down to students, who has not at least one not
accounted module on discipline after completion of its.
Mark FX is putted to students who had a minimum quantity of points for current educational
activity but not accounted total module control. They have the right to a repeated addition of a total
modular control on predicated a graphics within 2 weeks after completion of academic year. The
repeated sitting for an examination of a total modular control is permitted no more than 2 times.
Mark F is putted down to students who have not gathered a minimum quantity of points for
current educational activity and not permitted to a module total control. They have the right to
repeated learning of the module.
The mark by S scale is converted into 4-point scale thus:
S mark
Mark by 4-point scale
A
5
B, C
4
D, E
3
FX, F
2
Total module control 1
The rules of A maximum
monitoring
quantity of points
procedure
2 hours

80

minimum Criteria of estimation

quantit
y of
points
50

1a task of 1 level - 5 points,

1b task 2 level - 10 points;
2 task 2 level - 10 points;
3 task 2 level - 15 points;
4 task 3 level - 20 points;
5 task 3 level - 20 points.

4.2.2. The list of theoretical problems to a total modular control 1.

1. Concept of function. Representation of function.

2. Bottoms of a differential calculus. Differential, particulate derivatives.

3. A total differential, application of differentials in approximate evaluations.
4. Bases of an integral calculus. Indefinite and define integral, methods of integration.
5. The differential equations (the differential equations of 1-st order, the differential equations of 2nd order with constant coefficients).
6. Elements of probability theory. Theorems of addition and multiplication of probabilities.
7. Bases of mathematical statistics. An ensemble average, a variance, standard quadratic deviation.
Confidence levels and confidence intervals. The functional and correlation dependences.
8. A correlation index. Calculation of the correlation index. Confidence levels of the correlation
index.
4.2.3. The list of practical tasks to the final modular control.
1. To find a derivative of simple function.
2. To find the derivative of a composite function.
3. To find a total differential.
4. To find an indefinite integral.
5. To find a define integral.
6. A problem on bases of probability theory.
7. A problem on bases of mathematical statistics.
4.2.4. The recommended literature.
The main literature.
Medical and biological physics. A.V.Chalyi et all. Ed.A.V.Chalyi. Kiyv, Nova Knyha
Publishers. 2010. 480 pp.
L.D.Korovina.biophysics with beginnings of mathematical analysis and statistics. Extended course
of lectures.Vol.1. Basis of mathematical analysis, probability theory and mathematical
statistics. Biomechanics.Poltava, 2008.
Lecture.
Textbooks on bases of higher mathematics.
4.3. Module 2 Bases of biological physics.
4.3.1. The subject schedule of lectures.

THEME
Hours
1. Bases of a biomechanics.
2
2.
2
Bases of a bioacoustics.
2
Bases of a biorheology and a hemodynamics.
2
Thermodynamics of the open biological systems.
2
Membranes. The mechanism of a transport of the uncharged and the
charged particles through membrane structures of cells.
Total
10
4.3.2. The subject schedule of practical classes.

THEME
Hours
Content module 3.
Bases of biomechanics, bioacoustics, biorheology and haemodynamics.
1.
Determination of resilient (elastic) properties of biological tissues.
2
Determination of a the bone Young's modulus.
2.
Biophysics of muscular contraction. Dynamometry and ergometry.
2
3.
Biomechanics of human musculoskeletal apparatus.
2
4.
Oscillations and waves. Wave processes and their characteristics. Sound,
2
ultrasound and infrasound.
5.
Biophysics of hearing organ. Determination of a threshold of audibility.
2

6.

Analysis of a cardiac work. Measurement of a blood pressure by Korotkov

2
method.
7.
Biophysical bases of a blood circulation. Distribution of pressure and velocity
2
in the blood circulation system.
8.
Determination of viscosity of a biological fluids.
2
9.
Surface tension. Determination of a surface tension of a fluid. Mechanism of
2
appearance of embolism.
Content module 4.
Thermodynamics of open biological systems. Elements of molecular biophysics.
10.
Thermodynamics. Thermodynamic method of study of medical-biological
systems. Significance of thermodynamics and synergetics in problems of
2
preservation of the environment.
Content module 5.
Biophysics of membrane processes.
11.
Biomembrans. Structure and functions of biomembrans. Study of membrane
2
permeability.
12.
Learning membrane potentials of rest and activity, equilibrium concentration
2
potential of Nernst.
13.
The final modular control:
Practical preparation
2
Theoretical preparation
Total
26
4.3.3. Types of independent work of the student.

Hours
THEME
Type of control
1.
Preparation to practical class work:
20
The current check of
Theoretical preparation and machining of
practical class work
practical habits
2.
4
The final modular control
Preparation to the final modular check
24
Total
4.3.4. The list of individual tasks.
It is absent.
4.3.5. Estimation of educational activity of the student.
Total module control.

The rules of test

procedure

Maximum
quantity of
points

Minimum Criteria of estimation

q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
p
o
i
n
t
s

2 hours

80

50

15 test tasks, for each correct answer for

the test - 2 points.
2 theoretical question, each of which is as
much as possible estimated on 25 points.

4.3.6. The list of theoretical questions to the final modular check.

1. Deformations, their types. Elasticity and plasticity. A Hoocke law. Modulus of elongation.
Deformation properties of biological tissues.
2. Surface tension. Coefficient of a surface tension and methods of it definition. Gas emboly.
1. Internal friction. Viscosity. The formula of Newton for an internal friction. The Newtonian
and non-Newtonian fluids. Viscosity of blood.
1. Stationary fluxion of fluids. A continuity equation. The linear and volumetric velocities. The
basic dynamical equation of fluids.
2. Laminar and a turbulent flow. A Reynolds number. A Bernoulli's relation. Fluxion of viscous
fluids. A Poiseillie formula. A hydraulic resistance.
3. Biophysics of a circulation. The analysis of a cardiac work. Allocation of velocity and pressure
in blood vessels.
2. The structural organization of biological membranes. Physical properties of biomembranes.
Liquid-crystal state of biomembranes. Dynamic properties of membranes.
4. Passive transport of substances through membranous structures. Fick equation. Velocity of a
diffusion. The Nernst-Plank equation. An electrochemical lapse rate and potential.
5. The active transport, main types. The molecular organization of the active transport on an
example of K-N-pump work. Conjugations of streams.
6. The nature of membrane potential of rest (equilibrium potentials Nernts for manifold ions,
diffuse potential, Donnan potential ).
3. Action potential (AP). A hypothesis of AP originating. The equivalent circuitry of a
membrane. Phenomenological Hodgkin-Hucksly equations. Concept about the portal ionic
currents.
7. Distribution of action potential to biological membranes. Velocity of distribution of potential.
Features of distribution of action potential in a myelin fibril.

8. Mechanical waves. Views and performances of mechanical waves.

9. Acoustics. Physical performances of a sound. Physics of audition, the characteristics of
acoustical sensation. The Weber-Fechner law.
10.Audiometry. A scale of intensity and a scale of volume of sound, unity. Hearing thresholds
and pain sensation. Audiogram.
11. Ultrasonic sound. Key properties and features of distribution of ultrasonic sound. Activity of
ultrasonic sound on biological tissues and organs of the human.
12.Infrasound, physical performances of an infrasound. Activity of an infrasound on biological
tissues and organs of the human.
4.3.7. The list of practical tasks to the final modular control.

It is absent.
4.3.8. The recommended literature.
The main literature.
Biological and medical physics. Chaliy at all., Kiyv, Nova Knyha Publishers. 2010. 480 pp.
L.D.Korovina. Biophysics with beginnings of mathematical analysis and statistics. Extended
course of lectures.Vol.1. Bases of mathematical analysis, probability theory and mathematical
statistics. Biomechanics.Poltava, 2008.
Texts of lectures.
Additional literature WEB-sites
Nico A.M. Schellart. Compendium of Medical Physics, Medical Technology and Biophysics for
students, physicians and researchers. Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center: 2009. 426 p.
http://www.biophysics.org/education/ selected topics in biophysics, BTOL, biophysics
textbook online, molecular structures, resources in biophysics, biophysical techniques
http://www.biophysics.org/ Educational Resources in Biophysics
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/ Educational site for middle school to
college/university level with information on cancer, neuroscience, biological clocks, infectious
diseases, DNA; RNA, etc., generated and maintained by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
http://pb010.anes.ucla.edu/ Electrophysiology and the Molecular Basis of Excitability
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/intro.html Background and
protocols for a high school level experiment on enzyme function. Site maintained by
Pearson/Prentice Hall.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb516/ Biochemistry of Muscle Contraction
Description of the mechanisms and physiology of muscle contraction University of Illinois at
Chicago.
http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/myosin.html The Myosin Home Page. Hosted by
the Myosin Group at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and the Cambridge Institute for
Medical Research
http://www.hhmi.org/senses/ Report by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute on the
Biophysical Mechanisms of Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling.
http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/oto/research/cochlea/Volta/index.html How the Ear Works:
Natures Solutions for Listening.
http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric/audition/english/start.htm Promenade Round the
Cochlea. A delightful educational site with excellent graphics on the physiology and biophysics of
the ear; generated and maintained by the University of Montpellier.
http://www.biochem.missouri.edu/~lesa/LIPIDS/lipid.html Data on the crystal structures of
membrane lipids are available at a site hosted by the Department of Biochemistry, U of
Missouri.
http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Bilayer_Struc.html The principles governing the structures
of biological membrane are outlined in a website maintained by the laboratory of Dr. Stephen
White, University of California

http://www.moleculardevices.com/pages/instruments/axon_guide.html The Axon Guide for

Electrophysiology; Biophysics is a practical laboratory guide covering a broad range of topics,
from the biological basis of bioelectricity and a description of the basic experimental setup, to the
principles of operation of the most advanced hardware and software currently available.
http://www.biophysics.org/education/vbloomfield.pdf Survey of Biomolecular
Hydrodymamics. Previously published in Biophysics Textbook Online (BTOL).
4.4. Module 3 Bases of medical physics.
4.4.1. The subject schedule of lectures.

THEME
Hours
1. Electroconduction of bioobjects. A rheography.
2
2.
Electrokinetics appearances.
2
3.
Bases of an electrocardiography and a rheography.
2
4.
Physical principles of an optical microscopy. A refractometry.
2
5
Basic laws of a quantum mechanics.
2
5.
Photobiological processes.
2
6.
A X-ray radiation. Usage in medicine.
2
8.
A radioactivity. Usage in medicine.
2
Total
16
4.4.2. The subject schedule of practical classes.

THEME
Hours
Content module 6.
Electrodynamics. It medical use. Bases of medical equipment.
1.
Devices for medical-biological information pickup.
2
2.
Physical bases of ECG. Einthoven concept of ECG genesis. Learning work of
2
the electrocardiograph.
3.
Learning of electric properties of biological tissues. Analysis of work of
2
Wheatstone bridge (electric balance).
4.
Physical bases of a rheography of organs and tissues. Learning of work of a
2
rheograph.
5.
Physical processes in bioobjects under influence of external electrical and
2
magnetic fields on bioobjects. Electrophoresis. Determination of ion mobility.
6.
Learning operation of the physiotherapeutic equipment. Study of thermal effect
2
of the UHF-therapy and the UHF-inductothermy.
Content module 7.
Optical methods. It use in medicine and biology.
7.
Geometrical optics and its laws. Refraction. Determination of fluid refractivity
2
with a help of a refractometer.
8.
Learning characteristics of a light microscope. Lenses. Building of images in
lenses. Optical microscopy and its quantitative characteristics. Determination of
2
small objects size with a help of a microscope.
9.
Biophysics of a visual receptor. Eye optical centering system. Determination of
2
human visual acuity and field of vision.
10.
Luxmetry. Basic lighting engineering quantities. Determination of room
2
illuminance.
11.
Learning operation of a saccharimeter (polarimeter).
2
Content module 8.
Elements of quantum mechanics.
12.
A thermal radiation and its laws. Quantitative characteristics of a human body
2
thermal radiation. Thermovision.
13.
Usages of heat and a cold in medicine
2

14.

Induced irradiation. Dimensioning erythrocytes with the help of a diffraction of

2
laser radiance.
15.
Photobiological processes.
2
16.
Quantum mechanics bases. Quantum-mechanical resonance methods in
2
medicine.
Content module 9.
Radiation physics. Bases of a dosimetry.
17.
X-ray radiation and it characteristics. Learning of the law of absorption of an
2
electromagnetic radiation. X-ray use in medicine.
18.
Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactivity, them characteristics.
2
19.
A dosimetry of an ionizing radiation. Dose. Dose rate. Learning of the law of
2
absorption of a gamma-radiation.
20.
The final modular control:
Practical preparation
2
Theoretical preparation
Total
36
4.4.3. Types of independent work of the student.

Hours
THEME
Type of control
1.
Preparation to practical class work:
19
The current check of
Theoretical preparation and machining of
practical class work
practical habits
2.
4
The final modular control
Preparation to the final modular check
23
Total
4.4.4. The list of individual tasks.
It is absent.
4.4.5. Estimation of educational activity of the student.
Total module control.
The rules of
Maximum
Minimum
Criteria of estimation
test
quantity of
qu
procedure
points

ant
ity
of
poi
nts

2 hours

80

50

15 test tasks, for each correct answer for

the test - 2 points.
2 theoretical question, each of which is as
much as possible estimated on 25 points.
4.4.6. The list of theoretical questions to the final modular check.
1. Electrical performances of biological cloths. An Ohm's law in the differential shape.
Conductance of biological tissues. Capacitive properties. The equivalent circuitry.
2. Biophysical bottoms of electrography. Concept about the equivalent electrical generator.
Concept of Einthoven about an electrocardiogram genesis (an integrated electric vector of heart,
dipole potential, system of taps).
3. Heart as a current electric dipole (a current dipole and it performances, dipole potential of heart).
4. Impedance of biological tissues. A variance of an impedance. A principal physics of a
rheography.
5. Physical processes in bioobjects under activity electrical, magnetic fields and an
electromagnetic fields (polarization, conduction currents, the inductive and bias).

6. Principal physics of therapeutic methods (a galvanization, franklinization, a diathermy,

inductothermy, d'arsonvalization, UHF- and LHF-therapy, microwave resonant therapy).
Thermal and specific activity.
7. Devices of geometrical optics. A centered optical system. An optical microscopy. Performances
to the microscope.
8. Polarization light. Expedients of reception of polarized light. Double refraction. The Nicol
prism. A Malus law.
9. Optically active materials. An angle of rotation of a polarization plane. The law of the Biot.
Concentration polarization.
10.Light absorption. Law of Bougier. A light absorption solutions. Law of Bougier-LambertBeer. A concentration colorimetry.
11. Dispersion of light in dispersion mediums. Molecular scattering of light.
12.The basic representations of a quantum mechanics: undular properties of microparticles, the
de Broiglie formula. Concept about a supermicroscope.
13.Radiation and light absorption atoms and moleculas. Spectrums of radiation and absorption. A
spectophotometery.
14.Caloradiance of bodies, it performances. Absolute black and gray bodies. A Kirchhoff's law. A
caloradiance of a body of the person. Concept about thermography.
15.Radiation law of an absolute black body: a Planck radiation, a Stefan-Boltzmann law, a Wien
displacement law.
16.Photoeffect and it application. Inner and outer photoeffects. Photoelectrical instruments in
medicine.
17.Luminescence: types, the basic legitimacies, properties. A Stokes law. Application of a
luminescence in medicine.
18.Induced radiation. An equilibrium and inverse population of energy levels. Lasers, a principle of
activity and application in medicine.
19.X-rays, spectrum and performances, application in medicine. Interaction of a X-rays with
material. The law of a X-rays attenuation.
20.Radioactivity. Types of radioactivity. Fundamental law of a radioactive decay. A half-life
period. Activity, activity units.
21.Ionizing radiation and it types. Interaction of an ionizing radiation with material. Protection
against activity of an ionizing radiation. Biophysical bottoms of interaction of an ionizing
radiation with biological cloths.
22.Dose metering of an ionizing radiation. Exposition and absorbed doses. A biological effect of
radiation, biological the equivalent dose. Power of a dose. Unities of doses and powers of doses.
4.4.7. The list of practical tasks to the final modular control.

It is absent.
4.4.8. The recommended literature.
Chaliy at all., Biological and medical physics. A.V.Chalyi et all. Ed.A.V.Chalyi. Kiyv, Nova
Knyha Publishers.2010. 480 pp.
L.D.Korovina. Biophysics with beginnings of mathematical analysis and statistics. Extended
course of lectures.Vol.1. Basis of mathematical analysis, probability theory and mathematical
statistics. Biomechanics.Poltava, 2008.
Texts of lectures.
Additional literature.
1. Nico A.M. Schellart. Compendium of Medical Physics, Medical Technology and Biophysics for
students, physicians and researchers. Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center: 2009. 426 p.
WEB-sites
http://www.biophysics.org/education/ selected topics in biophysics, BTOL, biophysics
textbook online, molecular structures, resources in biophysics, biophysical techniques
http://www.biophysics.org/ Educational Resources in Biophysics

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/ Educational site for middle school to

college/university level with information on cancer, neuroscience, biological clocks, infectious
diseases, DNA; RNA, etc., generated and maintained by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
http://pb010.anes.ucla.edu/ Electrophysiology and the Molecular Basis of Excitability
http://www.hhmi.org/senses/ Report by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute on the
Biophysical Mechanisms of Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling.
http://www.moleculardevices.com/pages/instruments/axon_guide.html The Axon Guide for
Electrophysiology; Biophysics is a practical laboratory guide covering a broad range of topics,
from the biological basis of bioelectricity and a description of the basic experimental setup, to the
principles of operation of the most advanced hardware and software currently available.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics and
Microscopy. A delightful and extensive site appropriate for middle school to college/university
levels containing a photogallery of microscopic images, a detailed primer on the basics of optical
microscopy, as well as historical and educational information on optical microscopy Generated and
maintained by the National High Field Magnet Laboratory at Florida State University.
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/confocal/ Nikon Microscopy. An extensive and wellorganized site with
information on the fundamentals of confocal fluorescence microscopy and
its applications to biological systems. Content provided by various experts and site maintained by
Nikon USA.
http://stm2.nrl.navy.mil/how-afm/how-afm.html Atomic Force Microscopy. Measuring
Intermolecular Interaction Forces. A primer on the fundamentals and applications of AFM by
David Baselt.
http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Booklet96/Chapter3/Chapter3.html Imaging,
Measuring And Manipulating Native Biomolecular Systems With The Atomic Force Microscope.
http://www.veeco.com/nanotheatre/ NanoTheatre. Gallery of images generated by Digital
Instruments atomic force microscopes; site maintained by Vecco, Inc. (manufacturer of DI atomic
force
microscopes).
http://www.faseb.org/opa/mri/ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Information on the
biophysical foundations and
medical applications of one of the most versatile of medical
imaging
tools; provided as part of the Breakthroughs in Science series of
FASEB, the
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.
http://www.biophysics.org/education/james.pdf Fundamentals of
NMR

Compiler: lecturer of the department of medical informatics and medical biophysics,

L. D. Korovina