Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pillai Sreejith
Sreejith
Introduction
Offshore Safety Case Training
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
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Major Modifications
List down the major modifications (process /
marine) that occurred in your offshore
installation/s in the past 1 year to tell them that
the risk profile has changed:
Examples:
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steps involved:
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Key Message
Once the safety systems /barriers
fail, there can be major
accidents!!!
Only you can operate and
maintain safety systems without
flaws.
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith
Session Break
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pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith
Learning objectives
To understand major accidents;
To understand the difference between occupational/personal, marine
and process hazards;
To understand the Swiss Cheese accident causation model and Bow
Tie barrier concept;
To learn the importance of barriers in controlling major accidents
and
To appreciate the need to maintain the safety systems in order to
control / mitigate major accidents.
Sreejith
Sreejith
Major Accident
(UK HSE SC Regulations,2005 )
A Major Accident defined by UK HSE is:
A fire, explosion or the release of a dangerous substance
involving death or serious personal injury to persons on the
installation or engaged in an activity or in connection with it;
An event involving major damage to the structure of the
installation or plant affixed thereto or any loss in the stability of
the installation;
The collision of a helicopter with the installation;
The failure of life support systems for diving operations in
connection with the installation; and
Any other event arising from a work activity involving death or
serious personal injury to five or more persons on the installation
or engaged in an activity in connection with it.
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Major Accidents
Examples
Deadliest accident so far: 1988 Piper Alpha (167
fatalities);
2nd deadliest: 1980 Alexander L. Kielland
Accommodation rig capsized during a storm (123
fatalities);
3rd deadliest: 1989 Seacrest drillship capsized
during a typhoon (91 fatalities ); and
9th Deadliest: 2005 Mumbai High Platform fire (22
fatalities).
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Blowouts
Riser & Pipeline releases
Process Hydrocarbon Releases Fire & Explosion
Ship Collision
Dropped Objects
Transportation Accidents
Helicopter crash
Projectile/Missile impact
Structural damage
Turret Failure
Cargo Tank explosion
Offshore Training pack
Occupational Hazards
Personal or Occupational Health and Safety Hazards
Can give rise to incidents or accidents that primarily affect one
individual worker for each occurrence
Occupational Accidents
Mainly those accidents that can be
controlled by the use of PPEs
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Fires / Explosions
Helicopter crash
Dropped objects damaging structure or FPSO hull
Un-ignited gas releases
Ship collisions
Riser / pipeline ruptures
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Marine Accident
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Loss Iceberg
H
A
Z
A
R
D
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Major accident
C
O
N
S
E
Q
U
E
N
C
E
S
THREATS
MAE
Major Potential
Accidents
Blowout (Surface blowouts
Preventative
Emergency response
Safe Refuge
(Muster Area )
Mitigation
Instrumentation ,
i.e. TAHH / LALL /
LAHH / PALL /
PAHH
Firewater
Pumps
Ship Collision
Dropped Objects
Detection
Helicopter Crash
Relief System
(PSV )
ESD system
Inspections
Control
Firewater Ring
main
Manual Water
Fire Fighting
Equipment
ESD Valves
PTW
Navigational Aids
F&G
System
F&G
Detectors
CMMS
Pedestal Cranes
Maintenance
Deluge System
Wellhead
Isolation
Blowdown
Valves
ESD Manual
Pull Stations
HVAC
Audits
Ignition
control
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Emergency
Power (UPS )
Internal
Communications
& Alarms
Blowdown
Valves
Helideck Crash
Equipment
ESD Manual
Pull Stations
Miscellaneous
Safety
Equipment
Gaseous
Systems
Turret failure
Emergency
Lighting
External
Communications
Firewalls
Escape Routes
Manual Foam
Fire Fighting
Equipment
Transportation Accidents
Miscellaneous
Temporary
Equipment
CONSEQUENCE
MITIGATIVE BARRIERS
Safety Barriers
Explanation-Example 1
Ignition Control
Hazardous Area Classification
Use of Ex type equipment (do you know how they are
designed? Why cant they be designed as vapour / gas tight?)
Flash back arrestors, spark arrestors
Static charge discharge control (bonding, when do you install
bonding? Why is this done?)
Lightning control (how do you control these hazards?)
Inert gas system for cargo tanks
Use of inert gas system to dilute hydrocarbon vapours at vents
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Safety Barriers
Explanation-Example 2
What are the difference between Passive Fire
Protection (PFP) & Active Fire Protection (AFP)?
Examples of PFP?
Fire walls
In tumescent coatings (ESD valves?)
Heat shields on the escape routes?
Examples of AFP?
Deluge
FM 200 Gaseous Fire Fighting system
Fire & Gas Detection system
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A 60 Firewall
Blast wall in
place
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Source courtesy:
Internetpack
sources
Offshore Training
Heat Shield
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Offshore Training pack
EXPLOSION
Audits
MOC
Fire Drills
Audits
Audits/Inspection
CFT on ESDV
Loop Checks
Mitigation barriers
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN
Audits
MOC/ECR
Loop Checks
Detector Calibrations
HAC
Static Electric
Audits
Maintenance Checks/test
Calibration
Loop Checks
Simulation
Audits
MOC/ECR
Performance Indicators
(Leading & lagging)
Prevention barriers
IGNITION CONTROL
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Hydro Carbon
Releases
Discuss
For major accident control, which side of
the bow tie should be strong? Left
(prevention) or the right side (mitigation) ?
Why?
Major
Accident
Learning
Major accidents;
Potential major accidents at your offshore installation;
Difference between personal / occupational, marine and process accidents;
Swiss Cheese & Bow Tie safety concepts; and
Importance of safety barriers in controlling major accidents.
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
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Session Break
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Major Accidents
in
your Offshore Field
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
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Learning Objectives
To learn about the major accidents that
occurred in your offshore complex to
understand What went wrong?; and
To think about the potential barrier failures
that might exist at offshore installations
which could lead to potential major
accidents.
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Offshore Complex
Show the field diagram
Show the platforms / FPSOs and the
interconnecting pipelines
Include the major additions / modifications
to highlight to the participants that the
installation has changed over the years
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Major Accidents
Discuss each of the major cases from the detail reports to explain:
Causes
Consequences
Risk reduction recommendations
Implementation status
Any similar accidents occurred?
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Causes
Examples
Inadequate planning / organization;
Flaws in PTW procedures;
Written job procedure did not anticipate contributing
factors;
Failure to follow known job procedure (s);
Inadequate training;
Supervisor failure to identify unsafe condition; and
Failure to communicate.
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Learning
If no concrete action is taken to rectify the cause of
the incident permanently, it might lead to an accident
next time round History has proven this;
Accidents could happen even with safety barriers in
place;
Personnel play an extremely important role in
promoting safety competency, experience and
knowledge is important; and
We need to ensure that the safety barriers are
maintained so as to control / mitigate accidents.
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Session Break
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Learning Objectives
To learn about the potential major
accidents that can occur in offshore field
and to understand the consequences;
To be aware of the major risk contributors
at offshore installations; and
To be aware of the risk levels for various
personnel at your offshore field.
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4. Ship collisions
3. Process HC Releases
Fires / Explosions
6. Transportation Accidents
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
9. Structural damage
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Risk Terminology
Individual Risk (IR)
Individual Risk Per Annum is the
frequency with which an individual may be
expected to sustain fatal harm due to
exposure to specific hazards in a year
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
ALARP Triangle
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Manning distribution
Transportation details
Heat & Material Balance diagram
P&IDs
PFDs
General Arrangement / Layouts
Design basis and safety philosophies
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Offshore Installation
Areas
Show the areas considered in the QRA
Explain the manning distribution of various
personnel categories in the areas
Tell them the risks calculated is rather
realistic since we have considered more
facts
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Impairment
Discuss impingement and impairment
from pool and jet fires
Pool fire impingement on steel structures:
10 minutes
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Courtesy:
CMPT
QRA
Offshore
Training
pack
Guidelines
Risk Assessment
Fatality Estimation: Determine the risk to personnel from each
outcome event.
Risk Summation and Risk Ranking: Sum the risks to individual
from each outcome events for hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon
hazards and identify the dominant risk contributors.
Risk Assessment: Compare the risk levels against Individual Risk
Acceptability Criteria to determine whether additional measures are
necessary to reduce risks to ALARP.
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Consequences:
Jet Fire
Major asset damage
Multiple fatalities / injuries
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Fire Contours
Show the jet, pool fire contours
superimposed on the offshore installation
layout drawing to show them the potential
effects.
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Transportation Accidents
Helicopter, boat, personnel transfers
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ANOA FIELD
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Consequences:
Asset damage (hull, equipment,
platform, etc.)
Multiple fatalities / injuries
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Is there an option?
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Consequences:
Asset damage (hull, equipment, etc.)
Multiple fatalities / injuries
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Consequences:
Asset damage
Multiple fatalities / injuries
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Offshore
Training pack
FPSO
Explain the Individual Risk (IR) for the various personnel categories;
Explain the PLL (Potential Loss Of Life) values for the complex and various
personnel categories;
Explain what is base case IR, and ALARP IR cases (sensitivity cases); and
Explain what is traffic light system and how is it used to determine Realistic
Risk levels?
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pillai_sreejith@hotmail.c
Offshore Training pack
om
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Not accepta
ble
Acce
ptab
le
Partially degraded
Earlier risk IR 1
Risk after Safety System
performance
Assessment IR 3
Base case risk IR 2
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Learning
Individual Risk for all offshore personnel are within the acceptable limits;
Understanding potential major accidents for offshore installations
(causes and consequences);
Understanding the major risk contributors at offshore field; and
Understanding the personnel risk levels for various categories.
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Session Break
Sreejith
pilliai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith
Learning objectives
To understand the objective of Safety Cases;
To understand The UK HSE Offshore
Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005;
To understand the typical SC update triggers;
and
To know the Typical Safety Case contents.
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Safety Case-Definition
A documented body of evidence that
provides a convincing and valid argument
that a system is adequately safe for a given
application in a given environment
Safety Case exists for Nuclear, Offshore, Aviation, and Rail industries
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Safety Case
First SC Regulations came into force in
1992;
Cullen Forthwith studies:
A Fire Risk Analysis;
An assessment of the risk of ingress of smoke or
gas into the accommodation;
A review of the ability of emergency systems to
withstand severe accident conditions; and
An evacuation, escape and rescue analysis.
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Learning
Origin and objectives of Safety Case;
Piper Alpha Accident & Safety Case;
The UK HSE Offshore Installations (Safety
Case) Regulations 2005;
Typical SC contents; and
Typical SC update triggers.
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Session Break
Sreejith
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith
Learning objectives
To understand the critical role of safety barriers /
safety systems in controlling major accidents using
Bow-Tie diagram;
To understand safety barriers on offshore
installations;
To appreciate the need to maintain the barriers
through maintenance system, inspections, etc.; and
To identify and monitor performance of safety
barriers through lead and lag indicators.
Sreejith
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
THREATS
MITIGATIVE BARRIERS
MAE
Emergency re
Safe Ref
(Muster A
Preventative
Instrumentation ,
i.e. TAHH / LALL /
LAHH / PALL /
Inspections
PAHH
Firewater
Pumps
Ship Collision
Dropped Objects
Detection
Helicopter Crash
Relief System
(PSV )
ESD system
Control
Firewater Ring
main
Manual Water
Fire Fighting
Equipment
ESD Valves
PTW
Navigational Aids
Pedestal Cranes
Audits
F&G
System
F&G
Detectors
CMMS
Tur ret failures
Projectile /missile Impacts
Ignition
control
Miscellaneous /
Carg o t ank
explos
ions
Structural
Environmental
events
Wellhead
Isolation
Blowdown
Valves
ESD Manual
Pull Stations
HVAC
Manual Foam
Fire Fighting
Equipment
Emerge
Power (U
Intern
Communica
& Alar
Extern
Communica
Helideck C
Equipm
ESD Manual
Pull Stations
Miscellan
Safet
Equipm
Firewalls
TEMPSC
rafts
Gaseous
Systems
Emerge
Lightin
Blowdown
Valves
Transportation Accidents
Temporary
Equipment
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Deluge System
Escape R
Helicop
Faciliti
Direct to
Equipm
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Process Safety
Management System
An effective process
safety management
system measures
performance
Key performance indicators must include
appropriate indicators of process safety
performance
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Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Accident Trajectory
Lagging indicator
Leading indicator
Lagging indicator
Lagging indicator
Permit-to-work
Leading indicator
Staff Competence
System defects
Leading indicator
Operational Procedures
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Sreejith
Offshore Training pack
EXPLOSION
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN
IGNITION CONTROL
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Hydro Carbon
Releases
Audits
MOC
Fire Drills
Audits
Audits/Inspection
CFT on ESDV
Loop Checks
Audits
MOC/ECR
Loop Checks
Detector Calibrations
HAC
Static Electric
Audits
Maintenance Checks/test
Calibration
Loop Checks
Simulation
Audits
MOC/ECR
Performance Indicators
(Leading & lagging)
Reactive
Monitoring
Lagging
Indicator:
Critical
Process
Safety
Risk Control
System
Active Monitoring
Leading
Indicators:
Process or Input
Indicators
Outcome Indicator
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Not accepta
ble
Acce
ptab
le
Partially degraded
Sreejith
THREATS
MITIGATIVE BARRIERS
MAE
Emergency re
Safe Ref
(Muster A
Preventative
Instrumentation ,
i.e. TAHH / LALL /
LAHH / PALL /
Inspections
PAHH
Firewater
Pumps
Ship Collision
Dropped Objects
Detection
Helicopter Crash
Relief System
(PSV )
ESD system
Control
Firewater Ring
main
Manual Water
Fire Fighting
Equipment
ESD Valves
PTW
Navigational Aids
Pedestal Cranes
Audits
F&G
System
F&G
Detectors
CMMS
Tur ret failures
Projectile /missile Impacts
Ignition
control
Miscellaneous /
Carg o t ank
explos
ions
Structural
Environmental
events
Wellhead
Isolation
Blowdown
Valves
ESD Manual
Pull Stations
HVAC
Manual Foam
Fire Fighting
Equipment
Emerge
Power (U
Intern
Communica
& Alar
Extern
Communica
Helideck C
Equipm
ESD Manual
Pull Stations
Miscellan
Safet
Equipm
Firewalls
TEMPSC
rafts
Gaseous
Systems
Emerge
Lightin
Blowdown
Valves
Transportation Accidents
Temporary
Equipment
Sreejith
Deluge System
Escape R
Helicop
Faciliti
Direct to
Equipm
Maintenance
Management
Major Hazard
Analysis
IDENTIFY
Barriers;
(SCEs)
Performance
Indicators
Are They Suitable?
Sreejith
Offshore
Training
pack
Source
courtesy:
Internet
Learning
Concept of Safety barriers in major accident control;
and
Role of offshore personnel in ensuring integrity of
safety barriers by monitoring performance
indicators; and
Performance of safety systems to control major
hazards cannot be monitored using LTIs which calls
for a shift in focus.
Sreejith
Key Message
Once the safety systems fail,
there can be major accidents!!!
Only you can operate & maintain
safety systems without flaws.
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith