What are flammable and combustible liquids?

Flammable and combustible liquids are liquids that can burn. They are classified, or
grouped, as either flammable or combustible by their flashpoints. Generally speaking,
flammable liquids will ignite (catch on fire) and burn easily at normal working
temperatures. Combustible liquids have the ability to burn at temperatures that are
usually above working temperatures.
There are several specific technical criteria and test methods for identifying flammable
and combustible liquids. Under the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
(WHMIS), flammable liquids have a flashpoint below 37.8C (100F). Combustible liquids
have a flashpoint at or above 37.8C (100F) and below 93.3C (200F).
Flammable and combustible liquids are present in almost every workplace. Fuels and
many common products like solvents, thinners, cleaners, adhesives, paints, waxes and
polishes may be flammable or combustible liquids. Everyone who works with these
liquids must be aware of their hazards and how to work safely with them.

What is a flashpoint?
The flashpoint of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which the liquid gives off enough
vapour to be ignited (start burning) at the surface of the liquid. Sometimes more than
one flashpoint is reported for a chemical. Since testing methods and purity of the liquid
tested may vary, flashpoints are intended to be used as guides only, not as fine lines
between safe and unsafe.

Does the liquid itself burn?

Flammable and combustible liquids themselves do not burn. It is the mixture of their
vapours and air that burns. Gasoline, with a flashpoint of -40C (-40F), is a flammable
liquid. Even at temperatures as low as -40C (-40F), it gives off enough vapour to form
a burnable mixture in air. Phenol is a combustible liquid. It has a flashpoint of 79C
(175F), so it must be heated above that temperature before it can be ignited in air.

What are flammable or explosive limits?

A material's flammable or explosive limits also relate to its fire and explosion hazards.
These limits give the range between the lowest and highest concentrations of vapour in
air that will burn or explode.
The lower flammable limit or lower explosive limit (LFL or LEL) of gasoline is 1.4 percent;
the upper flammable limit or upper explosive limit (UFL or UEL) is 7.6 percent. This
means that gasoline can be ignited when it is in the air at levels between 1.4 and 7.6
percent. A concentration of gasoline vapour in air below 1.4 percent is too "lean" to

burn. Gasoline vapour levels above 7.6 percent are too "rich" to burn. Flammable limits,
like flashpoints however, are intended as guides not as fine lines between safe and
unsafe.

What is an Autoignition Temperature?

A material's autoignition or ignition temperature is the temperature at which a material
self-ignites without any obvious sources of ignition, such as a spark or flame.
Most common flammable and combustible liquids have autoignition temperatures in the
range of 300C (572F) to 550C (1022F). Some have very low autoignition
temperatures. For example, ethyl ether has an autoignition temperature of 160C
(356F) and its vapours have been ignited by hot steam pipes. Serious accidents have
resulted when solvent-evaporating ovens were heated to temperatures above the
autoignition temperature of the solvents used. Autoignition temperatures, however, are
intended as guides, not as fine lines between safe and unsafe. Use all precautions
necessary.

How can flammable and combustible liquids be a fire

or explosion hazard?
At normal room temperatures, flammable liquids can give off enough vapour to form
burnable mixtures with air. As a result, they can be a serious fire hazard. Flammable
liquid fires burn very fast. They also give off a lot of heat and often clouds of thick,
black, toxic smoke.
Combustible liquids at temperatures above their flashpoint also release enough vapour
to form burnable mixtures with air. Hot combustible liquids can be as serious a fire
hazard as flammable liquids.
Spray mists of flammable and combustible liquids in air may burn at any temperature if
an ignition source is present. The vapours of flammable and combustible liquids are
usually invisible. They can be hard to detect unless special instruments are used.
Most flammable and combustible liquids flow easily. A small spill can cover a large area
of workbench or floor. Burning liquids can flow under doors, down stairs and even into
neighbouring buildings, spreading fire widely. Materials like wood, cardboard and cloth
can easily absorb flammable and combustible liquids. Even after a spill has been cleaned
up, a dangerous amount of liquid could still remain in surrounding materials or clothing,
giving off hazardous vapours.

What is the danger of flashback?

Vapours can flow from open liquid containers. The vapours from nearly all flammable
and combustible liquids are heavier than air. If ventilation is inadequate, these vapours
can settle and collect in low areas like sumps, sewers, pits, trenches and basements. The
vapour trail can spread far from the liquid. If this vapour trail contacts an ignition
source, the fire produced can flash back (or travel back) to the liquid. Flashback and fire
can happen even if the liquid giving off the vapour and the ignition source are hundreds
of feet or several floors apart.

Can flammable or combustible liquids be hazardous to

my body?
The most obvious harm would be the danger of a fire or explosion. After the immediate
danger of a fire, there are sometimes other properties of these liquids that may be
hazardous to the body. Flammable and combustible liquids can also cause health
problems depending on the specific material and route of exposure (breathing the
vapour/mist, eye or skin contact, or swallowing). Some flammable and combustible
liquids are corrosive. Many undergo dangerous chemical reactions if they contact
incompatible chemicals such as oxidizing materials, or if they are stored improperly.
The Material Safety Data Sheet and the supplier's labels on the containers should tell you
about all the hazards for the flammable and combustible liquids that you work with.
An example is 2-propanol (also known as: dimethylcarbinol, isopropanol, or isopropyl
alcohol). It is a colourless liquid with a sharp odour like rubbing alcohol or resembling
that of a mixture of ethanol and acetone. It is flammable liquid and vapour. Vapour is
heavier than air and may spread long distances. Distant ignition and flashback are
possible. It is also considered to be a mild central nervous system depressant. High
vapour may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, and
confusion. It may also be irritating to the respiratory tract or eyes.

http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/flammable/flam.html

The laboratory director assigns responsibility for keeping these units safe, clean, and
organized and monitors their proper operation. Extra care is required because frost
and condensation not only obscure labels but also make containers hard to hold and
easy to drop. Too often, research materials are stored haphazardly in cold storage
areas. To ensure safety:

Use chemical storage refrigerators only for storing chemicals.

Use waterproof tape and markers to label laboratory refrigerators and freezers
with the following:
NO FOODLAB CHEMICAL STORAGE ONLY

Do not store flammable liquids in a refrigerator unless it is approved for such

storage. Such refrigerators are designed not to spark inside the refrigerator. If
refrigerated storage is needed inside a flammable-storage room, it is advisable
to choose an explosion-proof refrigerator. Do not store oxidizers or highly
reactive materials in the same unit as flammables.

All containers must be closed and stable to reduce the risk of a spill. Roundbottom flasks need secondary containment.
Label all materials in the refrigerator with contents, owner, date of acquisition or
preparation, and nature of any potential hazard.
Organize contents by owner but keep incompatibles separate. Organize by
labeling shelves and posting the organization scheme on the outside of the unit.
Secondary containment, such as plastic trays, is highly recommended for all
containers. Secondary containment captures spills and leaks and facilitates
organization and labeling.
Every year, review the entire contents of each cold storage unit. Dispose of all
unlabeled, unknown, or unwanted materials.
When any trained laboratory personnel leaves, review the contents of each cold
storage unit to identify that persons material, so that it can be disposed of or
reassigned.

5.E.5 Storing Flammable and Combustible Liquids

NFPA Standard 45 (NFPA, 2004) limits the quantity of flammable and combustible
liquids in laboratories. (International, state, and local building codes and regulations
should also be consulted.) The quantity allowed depends on a number of factors,
including
construction of the laboratory,
number of fire control zones in the building,
floor level where the laboratory is located,
fire protection systems built into the laboratory,
storage of flammable liquids in flammable-liquid storage cabinets or safety cans,
and
type of laboratory (i.e., instructional or research and development).
Many laboratories have a business (B) classification with sprinkler systems and a
flammable and combustible liquid storage limitation, as shown in Table 5.2. Note that
laboratory unit fire hazard classes are based on the quantities of flammable and
combustible liquids in the space. This classification significantly affects the fire
separation requirements for the laboratory. Most research laboratories fall under
Class B, C, or D.
Note that some laboratories may be in jurisdictions that refer to the International
Code Agency rather than NFPA, and state and local regulations may be more
stringent than those cited here. Laboratory personnel and organization should be
sure to check the requirements specific to their area.
The container size for storing flammable and combustible liquids is limited both by
NFPA Standards 30 and 45 and by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). Limitations are based on the type of container and the
flammability of the liquid, as shown in Table 5.3.
Label all chemical containers with the identity of the contents and hazard warning
information. All chemical waste containers must have appropriate waste labels.
Flammable liquids that are not stored in safety cans should be placed in storage
cabinets rated for flammable storage. When space allows, store combustible liquids
in flammable-storage cabinets. Otherwise, store combustible liquids in their original
containers. Store 55-gal drums of flammable and combustible liquids in special
storage rooms for flammable liquids. Keep flammable and combustible liquids away
from strong oxidizing agents, such as nitric or chromic acid, permanganates,
chlorates, perchlorates, and peroxides. Keep flammable and combustible liquids
away from any ignition sources. Remember that many flammable vapors are heavier

than air and can travel to ignition sources. Take the following additional precautions
when storing flammable liquids:

When possible, store quantities of flammable liquids greater than 1 L

(approximately 1 qt, or 32 oz) in safety cans. Refer to Table 5.3.
Store combustible liquids either in their original (or other NFPA- and DOTapproved) containers or in safety cans
TABLE 5.2 Storage Limits for Flammable and Combustible Liquids for Laboratories with Sprinkler
System (maximum 100 ft2 laboratory space)

Laboratory UnitClass of Liquid

Fire
Hazard
Class

Excluding
Quantities
inIncluding Quantities in Rated
Rated
StorageStorage
Cabinets/Safety
Cabinets/Safety Cans (maxCans (max per 100 ft2)
per 100 ft2)
gal

gal

fireClass I flammable10
(flash point <100
F)

38

20

76

Combined Class20
I, II, IIIA (flash
point <200 F)

76

40

150

20

10

38

38

20

76

fireClass I flammable2
(flash point <100
F)

7.5

15

Combined Class4
I, II, IIIA (flash
point <200 F)

15

30

D (minimal fireClass I flammable1

hazard)
(flash point <100
F)

7.5

Combined Class1
I, II, IIIA (flash
point <200 F)

7.5

A (high
hazard)

B
(moderateClass I flammable5
fire hazard)
(flash point <100
F)
Combined Class10
I, II, IIIA (flash
point <200 F)
C
(low
hazard)

NOTE: Limits for laboratories in health care occupancies and in K-12 educational facilities may be
significantly
lower.

SOURCE: Reproduced with permission from NFPA 45, Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals,
Copyright 2004, National Fire Protection Association. This reprinted material is not the complete and
official position of NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its
entirety.
TABLE 5.3 Container Size for Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Container

Flammable Liquidsa

Combustible Liquidsb

Class IA

Class IB

Class IC

Class II

Class IIIA

gal

gal

gal

gal

0.25

20

20 5

20

20

20

20 5

20

20

20

gal

Glassc,d

0.5 0.12 1

Metal/approved plasticd

Safety cansd

10 2.6

NOTE: Label safety cans with contents and hazard warning information. Safety cans containing
flammable or combustible liquid waste must have appropriate waste labels. Place 20-L (5-gal) and
smaller containers of flammable liquids that are not in safety cans in storage cabinets for flammable
liquids. Do not vent these cabinets unless they also contain volatile toxics or odoriferous chemicals.
Aerosol cans that contain 21% (by volume), or greater, alcohol or petroleum-based liquids are
considered Class IA flammables. When space allows, store combustible liquids in storage cabinets for
flammable liquids. Otherwise, store combustible liquids in their original (or other Department of
Transportationapproved) containers according. Store 55-gal drums of flammable and combustible
liquids in special storage rooms for flammable liquids. Keep flammable and combustible liquids away
from strong oxidizing agents, such as nitric or chromic acid, permanganates, chlorates, perchlorates,
and peroxides. Keep flammable and combustible liquids away from an ignition source. Remember
that most flammable vapors are heavier than air and can travel to ignition sources.
Class IA includes those flammable liquids having flash points <73 F and having a boiling point
<100 F, Class IB includes those having flash points <73 F and having a boiling point 100 F, and
Class IC includes those having flash points 73 F and <100 F. Aerosol cans that contain 21% (by
volume), or greater, alcohol or petroleum-based liquids are considered Class IA flammables.
Class II includes those combustible liquids having flash points at 100 F and <140 F, Class IIIA
includes those having flash points 140 F and <200 F, and Class IIIB includes those having flash
points
200
F.
Glass containers as large as 1 gal can be used if needed and if the required purity would be
adversely affected by storage in a metal or approved plastic container, or if the liquid would cause
excessive corrosion or degradation of a metal or approved plastic container.
In educational and institutional laboratory work areas, containers for Class I or Class II liquids
should not exceed 8 L (32.1 gal) for safety cans or 4 L (1 gal) for other containers.
SOURCE: Reproduced with permission from NFPA 45, Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals,
Copyright 2004, National Fire Protection Association. This reprinted material is not the complete and
official position of NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its
entirety
a

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12654&page=98

Flammability is how easily something will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion. The degree
of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is quantified through fire testing.
Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are
used in building codes, insurance requirements, fire codes and other regulations governing the
use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances
inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation. For instance, changing

an occupancy by altering the flammability of the contents requires the owner of a building to
apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall fire protection design basis of the facility
can take the change into account.
Materials can be tested for the degree of flammability and combustibility in accordance with the
German DIN 4102. DIN 4102, as well as its British cousin BS 476 include for testing of passive
fire protection systems, as well as some of its constituent materials.
The following are the categories in order of degree of combustibility as well as flammability:

Rating

Degree of flammability

Examples

A1

100% noncombustible (nicht brennbar)

A2

~98% noncombustible (nicht brennbar)

B1

Difficult to ignite (schwer entflammbar) intumescents and some high end silicones

B2

Normal combustibility

B3

Easily ignited (leicht entflammbar)

wood

A more recent norm is the European EN 13501-1 - Fire classification of construction products
and building elements - which roughly replaces A2 with A2/B, B1 with C, B2 with D/E and B3 with
F.
B3 or F rated materials may not be used in building unless combined with another material which
reduces the flammability of those materials.

Flash point[edit]
A material's flash point is a metric of how easy it is to ignite the vapor of the material as it
evaporates into the atmosphere. A lower flash point indicates higher flammability. Materials with
flash points below 100 F (38 C) are regulated in the United States by OSHA as potential
workplace hazards.

Vapor pressure[edit]

The vapor pressure of a liquid, which varies with its temperature, is a measure of how much
the vapor of the liquid tends to concentrate in the surrounding atmosphere as the liquid

evaporates. Vapor pressure is a major determinant of the flash point, with higher vapor
pressures leading to lower flash points and higher flammability.

Furniture flammability[edit]
Flammability of furniture is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic
fires. In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which required
that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open
flame, equivalent to a candle, for at least 12 seconds.[1] In polyurethane foam, furniture
manufacturers typically meet TB 117 with additive halogenated organic flame retardants.
Although no other U.S. states had similar standards, because California has such a large market
manufacturers meet TB 117 in products that they distribute across the United States. The
proliferation of flame retardants, and especially halogenated organic flame retardants, in furniture
across the United States is strongly linked to TB 117. When it became apparent that the riskbenefit ratio of this approach was unfavorable and industry had used falsified documentation (i.e.
see David Heimbach) for the use of flame retardants, California modified TB 117 to require that
fabric covering upholstered furniture meet a smolder test replacing the open flame
test.[2] Gov. Jerry Brown signed the modified TB117-2013 which became effective in 2014.[3]

Examples of flammable substances[edit]

Flammable substances include, but are not limited to:

Gasoline - Petrol / a complicated mixture of hydrocarbons that includes isomers of octane,

C8H18

Ethanol / CH3CH2OH

Rubber

Isopropyl alcohol / CH3CH(OH)CH3

Methanol / CH3OH

Wood

Acetone / CH3COCH3

Paper

Nitromethane / CH3NO2

Examples of nonflammable liquids[edit]

Water

Carbon tetrachloride

Classification of flammability[edit]

The US Government uses the Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) standard for
flammability ratings, as do many US regulatory agencies, and also the US National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA).
The ratings are as follows:

Rating

Degree of flammability

Materials that will not burn

Materials that must be preheated before they will ignite

Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to

relatively high ambient temperatures before they will ignite

Liquids and solids that can ignite under almost all temperature
conditions

Materials which will rapidly vaporize at atmospheric pressure

4

and normal temperatures, or are readily dispersed in air and

which burn readily

Examples

water

lubricating oils, cooking

oils

diesel fuel

gasoline, acetone

natural
gas, propane,butane

Codes[edit]
Flammability[edit]
For existing buildings, fire codes focus on maintaining the occupancies as originally intended. In
other words, if a portion of a building were designed as an apartment, one could not suddenly
load it with flammable liquids and turn it into a gas storage facility, because the fire load and
smoke development in that one apartment would be so immense as to overtax the active fire
protection as well as the passive fire protection means for the building. The handling and use of
flammable substances inside a building is subject to the local fire code, which is ordinarily
enforced by the local fire prevention officer.

Flammable vs. inflammable[edit]

Look
up flammable orinflammable in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Flammable and inflammable both mean capable of burning. The word "inflammable" came from
the Latin inflammre = "to set fire to," where the prefix "in-" means "in" as in "indoctrinate", rather
than "not" as in "invisible" and "ineligible". Nonetheless, inflammable is often erroneously thought
to mean "non-flammable". This safety hazard has been avoided by the use of flammable on
warning labels referring to physical combustibility. In the United States the word inflammable has
been largely abandoned in common, scientific, industrial, and written language.[4] Antonyms of
flammable/inflammable are non-flammable, non-inflammable, incombustible, noncombustible, ininflammable, or simply not flammable.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammability

Flammable and combustible liquids vaporize and form flammable mixtures with air when
in open containers, when leaks occur, or when heated. To control these potential
hazards, several properties of these materials, such as volatility, flashpoint, flammable
range and autoignition temperatures must be understood. An explanation of these terms
and other properties of flammable liquids is available the Laboratory Training Guide.
Information on the properties of a specific liquid can be found in that liquids material
safety data sheet (MSDS), or other reference material.

Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids (top)

Flammable and combustible liquids should be stored only in approved containers.
Approval for containers is based on specifications developed by organizations such as the
US Department of Transportation (DOT), OSHA, the National Fire Protection
Agency (NFPA) or American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Containers used by the
manufacturers of flammable and combustible liquids generally meet these specifications.
Safety Cans and Closed Containers
Many types of containers are required depending on the
quantities and classes of flammable or combustible liquids
in use. Asafety can is an approved container of not more
than 5 gallons capacity that has a spring closing lid and
spout cover. Safety cans are designed to safely relieve
internal pressure when exposed to fire conditions.
Aclosed container is one sealed by a lid or other device
so that liquid and vapor cannot escape at ordinary
temperatures.
Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets

A flammable liquid storage cabinet is an approved cabinet that has been designed
and constructed to protect the contents from external fires. Storage cabinets are usually
equipped with vents, which are plugged by the cabinet manufacturer. Since venting is
not required by any code or the by local municipalities and since venting may actually
prevent the cabinet from protecting its contents, vents should remain plugged at all
times. Storage cabinets must also be conspicuously labeled "FLAMMABLE KEEP FIRE
AWAY".
Refrigerators
Use only those refrigerators that have been designed and manufactured for flammable
liquid storage. Standard household refrigerators must not be used for flammable storage
because internal parts could spark and ignite. Refrigerators must be prominently labeled
as to whether or not they are suitable for flammable liquid storage.
Storage Considerations:

Quantities should be limited to the amount necessary for the work in progress.
No more than 10 gallons of flammable and combustible liquids, combined, should
be stored outside of a flammable storage cabinet unless safety cans are used.
When safety cans are used, up to 25 gallons may be stored without using a
flammable storage cabinet.
Storage of flammable liquids must not obstruct any exit.
Flammable liquids should be stored separately from strong oxidizers, shielded
from direct sunlight, and away from heat sources. SeeAnecdotes for a description
of an incident involving a flammable material stored near a hot plate.

Handling Precautions (top)

The main objective in working safely with flammable liquids is to avoid accumulation of
vapors and to control sources of ignition.
Besides the more obvious ignition sources, such as open flames from Bunsen burners,
matches and cigarette smoking, less obvious sources, such as electrical equipment,
static electricity and gas-fired heating devices should be considered. Accounts of a few of
the fires that have occurred in our laboratories may be found in Anecdotes.
Some electrical equipment, including switches, stirrers, motors, and relays can produce
sparks that can ignite vapors. Although some newer equipment have spark-free
induction motors, the on-off switches and speed controls may be able to produce a spark
when they are adjusted because they have exposed contacts. One solution is to remove
any switches located on the device and insert a switch on the cord near the plug end.
Pouring flammable liquids can generate static electricity. The development of static
electricity is related to the humidity levels in the area. Cold, dry atmospheres are more
likely to facilitate static electricity. Bonding or using ground straps for metallic or nonmetallic containers can prevent static generation.

Control all ignition sources in areas where flammable liquids are used. Smoking,
open flames and spark producing equipment should not be used.
Whenever possible use plastic or metal containers or safety cans.
When working with open containers, use a laboratory fume hood to control the
accumulation of flammable vapor.

Use bottle carriers for transporting glass containers.

Use equipment with spark-free, intrinsically safe induction motors or air motors to
avoid producing sparks. These motors must meet National Electric Safety Code
(US DOC, 1993) Class 1, Division 2, Group C-D explosion resistance
specifications. Many stirrers, Variacs, outlet strips, ovens, heat tape, hot plates
and heat guns do not conform to these code requirements.
Avoid using equipment with series-wound motors, since they are likely to produce
sparks.
Do not heat flammable liquids with an open flame. Steam baths, salt and sand
baths, oil and wax baths, heating mantles and hot air or nitrogen baths are
preferable.
Minimize the production of vapors and the associated risk of ignition by flashback.
Vapors from flammable liquids are denser than air and tend to sink to the floor
level where they can spread over a large area.
Electrically bond metal containers when transferring flammable liquids from one
to another. Bonding can be direct, as a wire attached to both containers, or
indirect, as through a common ground system.
When grounding non-metallic containers, contact must be made directly to the
liquid, rather than to the container.
In the rare circumstance that static cannot be avoided, proceed slowly to give the
charge time to disperse or conduct the procedure in an inert atmosphere.

Flammable Aerosols (top)

Flammable liquids in pressurized containers may rupture and aerosolize when exposed to
heat, creating a highly flammable vapor cloud. As with flammable liquids, these should
be stored in a flammable storage cabinet.

Flammable and Combustible Solids (top)

Flammable solids often encountered in the laboratory include alkali metals, magnesium
metal, metallic hydrides, some organometallic compounds, and sulfur. Many flammable
solids react with water and cannot be extinguished with conventional dry chemical or
carbon dioxide extinguishers. See Anecdotes for descriptions of incidents involving such
materials.

Ensure Class D extinguishers, e.g., Met-L-X, are available where flammable solids
are used or stored.
Sand can usually be used to smother a fire involving flammable solids. Keep a
container of sand near the work area.
If a flammable, water-reactive solid is spilled onto skin, brush off as much as
possible, then flush with copious amounts of water.
NEVER use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher for fires involvinglithium aluminum
hydride (LAH). LAH reacts explosively with carbon dioxide.

Catalyst Ignition (top)

Some hydrogenated catalysts, such as palladium, platinum oxide, and Raney nickel,
when recovered from hydrogenation reactions, may become saturated with hydrogen
and present a fire or explosion hazard.

Carefully filter the catalyst.

Do not allow the filter cake to become dry.
Place the funnel containing moist catalyst into a water bath immediately.

Purge gases, such as nitrogen or argon, may be used so that the catalyst can be filtered
and handled in an inert atmosphere.
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/sec7b.htm

Purpose
A flammable material is any liquid, solid or gas that will ignite easily and burn
rapidly. Materials that are flammable are of concern due to their ability to render
damage to property and more importantly, to injure or cause death of workers.
Objective
The storage, issue, use and disposal of flammable and combustible liquids falls
under the rules and regulations promulgated under OSHA, the National Fire
Protection Association and the University policy.
Responsibility
All users of flammable and combustible material must follow this section
Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
"Flammable liquid" refers to any liquid having a flash point below 100 F. Such
flammables are Class I liquids. These liquids are subdivided into three classes. The
following is an illustrative list of common flammable liquids:
Class IA Flash point below 73 F, boiling point below 100 F
acetaldehyde
collodion
ethyl ether

ethyl
petroleum ether
chloride
methyl
propylene oxide
ethyl ether
pentane

Class IB Flash point below 73 F, boiling point at or above 100 F

acetone
benzene
butyl
alcohol

ethyl acetate methyl alcohol

ethyl alcohol methylcyclohexane
gasoline

toluene

Class IC Flash point at or above 73 F and below 100 F

amyl
acetate
amyl
alcohol
dibutyl
ether

isopropanol

turpentine

methyl
alcohol

xylene

styrene

"Combustible liquid" refers to any liquid having a flash point at or above 100 F.
Combustible liquids are subdivided as follows:
Class II Flash point at or above 100 F and below 140 F
fuel oil no.
44
methyl
camphor oil
lactate
cyclohexane hydrazine
acetic acid

mineral spirits
varsol
kerosene

Class III Flash point at or above 140 F and below 200 F

aniline

furfuryl
alcohol

phenol

carbolic
acid

naphthalenes pine oil

Containers for flammable and combustible liquids shall not exceed the maximum
capacities listed in the OSHA standards shown below. Follow the size limitations
for containers to prevent ignition of flammable liquids by sparks from static
discharge during pouring operations.
Maximum Capacity of Containers for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Container Liquids Type
Container Type

Flammable Liquids

Combustible

Class 1A

Class 1B

Class 1C

Class II

Class III

1 pt

1 qt

1.1 gal

1.1 gal

5 gal

Metal

1.1 gal

5 gal

5 gal

5 gal

5 gal

Safety Cans

2.6 gal

5 gal

5 gal

5 gal

5 gal

Glass or approved plastic

*Approved means approved or listed by either Underwriter's Laboratories or

Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation.
Exception No. 1: Glass containers as large as 1.1 gal shall be permitted to be used
if needed and if the required purity would be adversely affected by storage in a
metal or an approved plastic container, or if the liquid would cause excessive
corrosion or degradation of a metal or an approved plastic container.

Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Permitted

Outside of Storage Cabinets As Indicated By Type of Space
Maximum Total Quantities
Class I and II Liquids
Types of Space and Containers
Combined
Laboratory (instructional or research)
(Liquids in containers per Table 1)
5 gal
Glass, approved plastic, or metal safety 10 gal
can
Printing Operations (Dept and similar
3 gal
size activities)
5 gal
(Liquids in containers per Table 1)

Class III
Liquid
10 gal
20 gal
5 gal
10 gal

Glass, approved plastic, or metal safety

can
Shop (Departmental, instructional and
similar size)
5 gal
(Liquids in containers per Table 1)
10 gal
Glass, approved plastic, or metal safety
can

10 gal
20 gal

If quantities of flammable or combustible liquids are required in excess of the

quantities shown in Table 2, then storage cabinets must accommodate these excess
quantities.
Storage Outside Building
Storage of flammables and combustible liquids outside of buildings shall be only
in accord with the detailed and specific requirements of OSHA and State Fire
Code, as to capacity, location, construction, spill containment, security and fire
control.
Pouring and Transfer of Liquids
To avoid sparks from the discharge of static electricity during pouring operations
of Class I and Class II liquids, the storage containers and the container being filled
must be bonded and grounded. Bonding is the provision of an electrical path
between the storage container and the container being filled. Grounding is
provided by an electrical path from the storage container to an earth ground.
Construction and Capacity of Storage Cabinet
Storage cabinets for flammable and combustible liquids shall be either metal or
wood construction. Their design and construction are to limit the internal
temperature to not more than 325 when subjected to a 10 minute fire test using the
standard time/temperature curve as set in the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials: NFPA 251-1969. All joints and seams shall
remain tight and the door shall remain securely closed during the fire test.
Construction shall be in accordance with detailed OSHA requirements
(1910.106(d)(3)).
The following is the maximum size capacity for storage cabinets of flammable and
combustible liquids:

Maximum Capacities of Storage Cabinets in various Locations

Laboratories
Printing Operations
Shops

45 gals
30 gals
45 gals

The total quantity of flammable and combustible liquids in a laboratory, cabinets.

There shall be no more than one 45 gallon capacity storage cabinet or two 30
gallon capacity storage cabinets in any one room. Label storage cabinets with
conspicuous lettering "Flammable-Keep Fire Away." Post "No Smoking" signs in
the room and on the entrance doors.
http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/handsMan/lab/flam.html

FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES

Flammable and combustible products are used for a wide variety of purposes and are commonly found in the
home. Gasoline is the most common, but there are other flammable and combustible liquids and gases used in
the home including:

paint solvents
lighter fluid
dry cleaning agents
butane
pesticides
oil
spray paint
kerosene
propane
diesel fuel
turpentine
nail polish

Many households use natural gas, propane or fuel oil heating. Each product poses a serious health or fire danger
if not used and stored properly.

Background Information
A flammable liquid in its liquid state will not burn. It only will ignite when it vaporizes into a gaseous state. All
flammable liquids give off vapors that can ignite and burn when an ignition source such as a lighted cigarette or
spark is present.
To understand the dangers associated with flammable liquids, it is useful to be familiar with the terms used to
describe their chemical properties. They are:

Flash point
Flammable/combustible liquids
Flammable range

Ignition temperatures
Vapor density

Flash point - The temperature at which a particular flammable liquid gives off vapors (vaporizes) and therefore
can ignite. The flash point differs for each type of flammable liquid. Kerosene has a flash point of 110 degrees
Fahrenheit. Gasoline has a flash point of -40 degrees. This means that at 110 degrees or higher kerosene gives
off flammable vapors and can ignite. However, gasoline requires a temperature of only -40 degrees to vaporize to
cause an explosion or fire. This means that when the temperature is freezing, gasoline still vaporizes and can
cause an explosion and/or fire. At the same temperature, kerosene cannot ignite. Liquids such as gasoline with a
flashpoint below 100 degrees are called flammable liquids. Kerosene and other liquids with a flash point above
100 degrees are referred to as combustible liquids.
Flammable range refers to the percentage of a flammable liquid, in its gaseous state, to air to create an explosive
mixture. This varies with different flammable liquids. Gasoline has a flammability range of 1.4 to 7.6 percent. This
means it will ignite when there is 1.4 parts of gasoline mixed with 100 parts air. With this in mind, 1.4 percent is
known as the lower flammable limit and 7.6 percent is the upper flammable limit of the flammable range. A
product mixed with air below the low end of its flammable range is too lean to burn. A flammable liquid which
exceeds its upper flammable limit is too rich to ignite. Ethylene oxide is extremely flammable. It has a flammable
range of 3.6 to 100 percent. This means it can burn even if there is no air.
Gasoline has a narrow flammable range and is metered precisely in a vehicle's carburetor to obtain the desired
flammable range. A vehicle will have trouble operating if the carburetor meters too much gasoline. This is
referred to as a rich mixture, which is too concentrated for ignition by the spark plugs. Too little gasoline in a
vehicle's carburetor is called a lean mixture, which is too diluted for ignition.
The ignition temperature is the temperature required for a liquid to continue to emit vapors which can and sustain
combustion. Gasoline will ignite when a heat source or electrical spark of at least 853 degrees comes in contact
with it. Natural gas (methane) needs an ignition temperature of around 1000 degrees and paint thinner 453
degrees.
Vapor density is the weight of a vapor relative to the weight of air. The vapor density of natural gas causes it to
be lighter than air and will rise when exposed in the open. The vapor density of gasoline is heavier than air and
will seek low points when it is exposed to the air. Products with a high vapor density (heavier than air) behave
much like carbon dioxide gas escaping from a block of dry ice. (Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide gas.) A term
used in the fire service is BLEVE. It is an acronym for "Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion." A BLEVE
occurs when a confined liquid is heated above its atmospheric boiling point. The vapors expand and suddenly the
container will explode.

Gasoline And Other Flammable Liquids And Gases

Gasoline is the most common flammable liquid found in the home. Used carelessly or improperly, it is the main
cause of burn injuries among teenage boys. Gasoline is highly volatile due to its low flash point and easily
vaporizes when exposed to air. Because it is heavier than air, it can seek out ignition sources such as a pilot light
from a water heater, an electrical spark from a hand tool, or a lit cigarette dropped on the ground. Use care when
filling lawn mowers, chain saws and other power tools with gasoline. Don't refill a power tool with the engine
running or while the manifold is hot. Use a funnel to pour the gas to avoid overfilling and spilling. If gasoline is
spilled, allow it to vaporize completely. This will maintain a dry surface and reduce the chance of ignition. Never
fill gasoline in a confined space, indoors or in a closed garage.
Never smoke around gasoline or other flammable liquids. Do not use it as a cleaning solvent or to remove grease
and oil from automotive parts, your hands or clothing. Many people are seriously burned each year from these
mistakes. Do not pour gasoline or other flammable liquids down the sink or into a storm drain. This creates an
explosion potential.
Do not store gasoline in the house. It should be kept in a detached garage or in an outside storage area. Be
absolutely sure it is clear from any ignition source such as a water heater, washer or dryer. Do not put gasoline in
a cup, glass jug or old bleach bottle. It should be stored in an approved container, which is of heavy duty
construction, has a spring-loaded, self-closing handle and is equipped with a safety-relief plug.
The city of Pasadena Fire Code allows a maximum of 10 gallons of flammable liquid to be stored on residential
property and the liquid must be stored outside. Storage of flammable liquids above these amounts on any
property, commercial or residential, requires a permit from the Pasadena Fire Department Bureau of Fire

Prevention.
Don't store gasoline in the trunk or back of the car. If you need to carry fuel, make sure the cap is tightly closed,
and fill the can only three-fourths full, leaving an air space for vapor expansion.
Kerosene
Kerosene heaters are commonly used in many homes and businesses during colder months of the year to
provide warmth. Kerosene is not as flammable as gasoline but just as dangerous. Fill a kerosene heater outdoors
using a fill spout. Never fill a heating unit while hot and be sure the area is ventilated. Kerosene should be stored
away from the home and any heat or ignition sources. It should be stored in an approved container like gasoline.
Other flammable liquids and gases
For health and safety reasons, paint should be used in a ventilated area. It should be stored in a secured can
when not being used. Spray paint and paint solvents such as lacquer thinner, and paint brush cleaner are highly
flammable and should be stored away from heat or ignition sources. Other cleaners such as naptha and toluene
can be ignited by static electricity from one's clothing. These products should be stored in secured containers
away from the home in a detached storage area.
You may have a good reason to have benzene in the house - as a dry cleaning fluid or as a fluid for your
cigarette lighter. Even then, you should keep the smallest quantity possible on hand...in a tightly stoppered
container...stored securely away in a cool place. Benzene (with an "e"), otherwise known as benzol, is a very
serious fire and health hazard (a known carcinogen). Do not use or store it under any circumstances.
Denatured alcohol may be required for some uses in the home, perhaps as a rubbing solution. While it is not
quite as dangerous as some of the others, it is nonetheless highly flammable and should be used and stored with
as much caution as any other flammable liquid.
Many pesticides are not only poisonous, but are highly flammable. When using pesticides, be sure you are away
from any heat or ignition source. Always keep pesticides in their original containers.
Rags which have been used to wipe or clean petroleum products may spontaneously ignite. Cleaning rags
soaked in oil, furniture polish, turpentine, or paint should be kept in a tightly-sealed metal container or thrown
away immediately after use.

Survival Actions Regarding Flammable Liquids

Even if you have a small spill involving a flammable liquid, immediately open your windows to ventilate the area.
Do not use fans or other electrical devices, which might provide an ignition source and cause an explosion. If you
get some of the liquid on your skin, remove the affected clothing and wash your skin with soap and water. Soak
your clothes in water before washing them. If a large spill occurs, evacuate the area immediately and call 9-1-1.
A small fire involving a flammable liquid can be controlled with a class B fire extinguisher. Never try to extinguish
a flammable liquid fire with water. This could cause the fire to spread. Do not try to control a fire involving
compressed gases such as butane or propane. They are extremely dangerous. For a large fire involving a
flammable liquid, evacuate the area and call 9-1-1.

http://cityofpasadena.net/Fire/Flammable_Substances/
Flammable liquids give off vapour that can easily be ignited at normal working
temperatures. A combustible liquid does not catch fire as easily as a flammable
liquid.Under WHMIS,a flammable liquid has a flash point*under 37.8 C (100 F). A
combustible liquid has a flash point,above normal workng temperature,from 37.8 to 93.3
C (100 to 200 F).

Glossary of Terms

Flash Point The lowest temperature at which a liquid "burns". At the flash point the
liquid gives off enough vapour to form a flammable air-vapour mixture near its surface.
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The lowest concentration of vapour in air that will burn or
explode upon contact with a source of ignition. Ignition Source(s) Common ignition
sources include sparks, flames,friction,and hot surfaces."Hidden"sources include static
electricity,light switches,and other electrical devices such as power tools.

Hazards of Flammable/Combustible Liquids

Fire or Explosion - A fire/explosion requires fuel (such as flammable vapour),air,and an
ignition source*.
Remember there are many hidden ignition sources. Always assume there are ignition
sources around you.
The best protection from fire/explosion is to minimize the amount of flammable vapour
and mists released into the workplace air in order to prevent the buildup of a flammable
atmosphere.
Combustible liquids used in high temperature processes can be as hazardous as
flammable liquids.
Other Hazards - Even if you are working well below the lower explosive limit
(LEL)*,remember that many of these liquids can also pose health hazards and be
reactive.

Working Safely with Flammable Materials

CONSULT the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for information about the hazards and
necessary precautions for the materials you are using.
PREVENT the release of flammable vapours and mists into the workplace air to minimize
fire/explosion risk.
USE only in well-ventilated areas.
KEEP containers closed.
USE the smallest amount of flammable liquid necessary in the work area.
CLEAN up spills immediately.
USE non-sparking ventilation systems and equipment.
GROUND all metal drums,transfer vessels,hoses and piping to prevent buildup of static
charge.Ground clips must contact bare metal.

USE only containers and dispensing equipment (faucet, pump,drip can)that are approved
for use with flammable liquids.
PRACTICE good housekeeping by keeping areas clear of materials that can burn.
REPORT leaks,spills and ventilation failures to your supervisor immediately.
UNDERSTAND and PRACTICE emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
DO NOT HEAT containers or distribution systems containing flammable or combustible
liquids.
DO NOT USE flammable or combustible liquids for anything other than their intended
uses.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/occup-travail/whmis-simdut/flam-comb-liquidseng.php

343 Flammable and Combustible Liquids

(Hazard Class 3)
343.1 Definition
The terms used in the standards that apply to Hazard Class 3 are defined as follows:
a. Flammable Liquid means a liquid that has a flashpoint of not more than 141 F (60.5 C), or
any material in a liquid phase that has a flashpoint at or above 100 F (38 C).
b. Combustible Liquid means any liquid that does not meet the definition of any other hazard
class and has a flashpoint above 141 F (60.5 C) and below 200 F (93 C). A flammable
liquid with a flashpoint at or above 100 F (38 C) that does not meet the definition of any
other hazard class may be reclassified as a combustible liquid per 49 CFR 173.120(b).
Note: A liquid with a flashpoint above 200 F (93 C) is not regulated as a hazardous
material and may be mailed subject to the general packaging requirements in DMM
601.1-7, provided it possesses no characteristics of another hazard class.

343.2 Mailability and Packaging

343.21 Requirements for Flammable Liquids
The following conditions apply:
a. International Mail. Flammable liquid is prohibited.
b. Domestic Mail via Air Transportation. Flammable liquid is prohibited.
c. Domestic Mail via Surface Transportation. Flammable liquid with a flashpoint of 20 F (7 C)
or below is prohibited. Other flammable liquid is permitted if the material can qualify as an
ORMD material and meet the criteria in Exhibit 343.21. A mailable flammable liquid must be
prepared according to Packaging Instruction 3A in Appendix C, as applicable.
Exhibit 343.21

Flammable Liquids
Flashpoint

Mailability

20 F (7 C) or
below

Not acceptable for mailing.

Above 20 F (7 C)
but not more than
73 F (23C)

Acceptable (with restrictions) for domestic mail via surface transportation only. Follow
requirements for Packaging Instruction 3A in Appendix C, as applicable.

Above 73 F (23 C)
but less than 100 F
(38 C)

Acceptable (with restrictions) for domestic mail via surface transportation only. Follow
requirements for Packaging Instruction 3A in Appendix C, as applicable.

100 F (38 C) and

up
to 141 F (60.5 C)

Acceptable (with restrictions) for domestic mail via surface transportation only. Follow
requirements for Packaging Instruction 3A or 3B in Appendix C, as applicable.
Note: If the flashpoint is between 100 F (38 C)
and 141 F (60.5 C), the liquid may be eligible to
be reclassed as a combustible liquid.

Over 141 F
(60.5 C)

See combustible liquids in 343.22. Follow requirements for Packaging Instruction 3A in

Appendix C.

343.22 Requirements for Combustible Liquids

The following conditions apply:
a. International Mail. Combustible liquid is prohibited.
b. Domestic Mail via Air Transportation. Combustible liquid is permitted if the material can
qualify as a consumer commodity material and meet the criteria in Exhibit 343.22. Packaging
Instruction 3B in Appendix C must be followed, as applicable.
c. Domestic Mail via Surface Transportation. Combustible liquid is permitted if the material can
qualify as a consumer commodity material (for air or surface), or ORM-D (for surface only),
and meet the criteria in Exhibit 343.22. Packaging Instruction 3B in Appendix C must be
followed, as applicable.
Exhibit 343.22

Combustible Liquids
Flashpoint

Mailability

Below 100 F (38C)

Not a combustible liquid. See flammable liquids in 343.21.

100 F (38 C) but not

more than 141 F
(60.5 C)

A flammable liquid that may be eligible to be reclassified as a combustible liquid

under
49 CFR 173.120(b). See 343.1. Acceptable (with restrictions) in domestic mail via
surface transportation only. Follow requirements for Packaging Instruction 3B in
Appendix C, as applicable.

Above 141 F (60.5 C)

but not more than
200 F (93 C)

Acceptable (with restrictions) for domestic mail via air transportation or surface
transportation. Follow requirements for Packaging Instruction 3B in Appendix C, as
applicable.

Above 200F (93C)

The material is not regulated as a hazardous material. Such nonregulated materials

must be properly and securely packaged to prevent leakage under the general
packaging requirements in DMM 601.2.0.

343.23 Nonmailable Flammable and Combustible Liquids

When flammable liquids and combustible liquids that are nonmailable under 343.21 or 343.22 are
found in the mailstream, the procedures in POM 139.117 must be followed if the materials present an
immediate threat to persons or property.
The following materials are nonmailable:
a. All flammable liquids having a flashpoint of 20 F (7 C) or below are prohibited from mailing.
b. Gasoline (UN1203) is a flammable liquid that normally has a flashpoint of 50 F. Gasoline is
nonmailable under any circumstances.

343.24 Mailable Flammable and Combustible Liquids

The following are mailable:

a. Paint or a related item (UN1263) classified as a flammable or combustible liquid is generally

acceptable for mailing provided the material can qualify as a consumer commodity material,
or ORM-D (for surface only), and is sent within the quantity limitations and packaging
requirements stated in 343.21 or 343.22, as applicable. Also see 343.26. Mailpieces must be
prepared following Packaging Instruction 3A or 3B in Appendix C, as applicable.
b. Latex Paint or a similar waterbased paint product that is not flammable or combustible is not
regulated as a hazardous material, and therefore is not restricted. Also see 343.26.
Mailpieces must be properly packaged under DMM 601.1-7.
c. Canned Heat (Sterno) is a flammable liquid that normally has a flashpoint from 40 F (4 C) to
80 F (27 C). It is permitted if the material can qualify as a consumer commodity material or
ORM-D (for surface only), and is sent within the quantity limitations and packaging
requirements stated in 343.21. Mailpieces must be prepared following Packaging Instruction
3A in Appendix C.
d. Cigarette Lighter Fluid is a flammable liquid that normally has a flashpoint between 20 F (7
C) and 55 F (13 C). It is permitted only in domestic mail via surface transportation provided
the fluid can qualify as a consumer commodity material or ORM-D, and is sent within the
quantity limitations and packaging requirements stated in 343.21. Mailpieces must be
prepared following Packaging Instruction 3A in Appendix C.
e. Diesel Fuel (NA1993) is a combustible liquid that normally has a flashpoint between 110 F
(43 C) and 190 F (88 C). It is acceptable for mailing provided the fluid can qualify as a
consumer commodity material or ORM-D (for surface only), and the liquid is sent within the
conditions in 343.22. Mailpieces must be prepared following Packaging Instruction 3B in
Appendix C.
f. Fuel Oil (NA1993) is a flammable liquid that normally has a flashpoint below 100 F (38 C).
The specific flashpoint must be accurately identified by the mailer before a mailability
determination can be made. Fuel oil is acceptable if the material can qualify as a consumer
commodity material or ORM-D, and is sent within the quantity limitations and packaging
requirements stated in 343.21 or 343.22, as applicable. Mailpieces must be prepared
following Packaging Instruction 3A in Appendix C.
g. Adhesives and Cements (UN1133) that are classified as flammable or combustible liquids are
mailable only if the material can qualify as a consumer commodity material or ORM-D (for
surface only), and the applicable conditions in 343.21 or 343.22 are met. Mailpieces must be
prepared following Packaging Instruction 3A or 3B in Appendix C, as applicable.
Note: Some adhesives and cements are extremely toxic and may be classified as
Division 6.1 toxic substances. Division 6.1 materials are mailable only as permitted
in346.21.
h. Cleaning Agents and Solvents that are classified as flammable liquids are mailable only if the
material can qualify as a consumer commodity material or ORM-D (for surface only), and the
applicable conditions in 343.21 can be met. Mailpieces must be prepared following Packaging
Instruction 3A in Appendix C.
Note: Some cleaning agents and solvents are extremely toxic or corrosive and may be
classified as either a Division 6.1 toxic substance or a Class 8 corrosive. Division 6.1 toxic
materials and Class 8 corrosives are permitted only within the conditions
of346.21 and 348.2 respectively.
i. Model Fuel (for glowplug engines) is a flammable liquid that has a flashpoint ranging from
65 F to 75 F. It is acceptable if the material can qualify as a consumer commodity material
or ORM-D (for surface only), is sent within the quantity limitations, and meets the packaging
requirements stated in 343.21. Mailpieces must be prepared following Packaging Instruction
3A in Appendix C.
j. Waxes and Polishes have a wide range of flashpoints. The flashpoint and toxicity must be
accurately identified by the mailer before mailability can be determined. Any waxes or
polishes that are flammable or combustible liquids are permitted to be mailed, provided the
material can qualify as a consumer commodity material or ORM-D (for surface only) and the
applicable conditions in 343.21 and 343.22 are met. Mailpieces must be prepared following
Packaging Instruction 3A or 3B in Appendix C, as applicable.

343.25 Cigarette Lighters

A cigarette lighter equipped with an ignition element and containing fuel is classified as a Class 3
flammable liquid. A cigarette lighter containing a flammable gas is classed as a Division 2.1
flammable gas. A cigarette lighter that contains either flammable liquid or flammable gas is permitted
only in the domestic mail via surface transportation with prior written approval and within these
conditions:
a. The design of the lighter and its packaging are approved by the DOT Associate Administrator
for Hazardous Materials Safety, per 49 CFR 173.21(i) and 173.308, and a DOT Approval
Number (LAA****) is issued.
b. The prospective mailer of the lighter submits to the PCSC manager a written request for
authorization to mail the lighter, accompanied by a legible photocopy of the official DOT
notice conveying the approval described in 343.25a, along with a specimen of the actual
lighter, the packaging materials in which each lighter is to be mailed, and the number of
mailpieces and mailing location; the mailer receives from the PCSC manager a letter
approving the requested authorization for mailing.
c. The packaging must be designed to protect the lighters sparking mechanism from accidental
ignition caused by friction or external pressure during transport. Packaging Instruction 3C in
Appendix C must be followed.
d. When presented for mailing, the address side of the mailpiece must prominently display the
proper shipping name Lighter(s) or Lighter(s) for Cigarette followed by the DOT Approval
Number (LAA****) and the marking Surface Only or Surface Mail Only, all preparation and
packaging requirements in the PCSC managers approval letter must be met. A legible
photocopy of the PCSC managers approval must accompany the mailing at the time of
deposit.
e. A shippers declaration for dangerous goods is not required.

343.26 Paints, PaintRelated Materials, and Inks

The following definitions apply:
a. Paint (UN1263) is the proper shipping name and description for paint, lacquer, enamel, stain,
shellac, varnish, liquid aluminum, liquid bronze, liquid gold, liquid wood filler, and liquid
lacquer base. Paintrelated material (UN1263) is the proper shipping name and description
for a paintthinning, paintdrying, paintreducing, or paintremoving compound.
See 343.24a and 343.24b for mailability.
b. Inks are defined as colored liquids used for writing, drawing, etc., and liquids and pastes used
in printing. Printing inks usually are mixtures of finely divided pigments, such as carbon black
suspended in a drying oil. Inks having hazardous characteristics are generally classified as
combustible or flammable liquids and are mailable, provided they can qualify as a consumer
commodity material or ORM-D (for surface only), and meet the applicable requirements
in 343.21 or 343.22. Mailpieces must be prepared using Packaging Instruction 3A or 3B in
Appendix C, as applicable. In addition, the following conditions apply:
1. Regardless of the size or type of container, the primary receptacle(s) containing inks
must be cushioned with sufficient absorbent material to take up all liquid contents in
case of leakage.
2. The primary receptacle(s) and the absorbent cushioning material must be packed
within a sealed, leakproof outer packaging.
3. Inks that are flammable or combustible liquids must meet the quantity restrictions,
packaging requirements, and air or surface transportation conditions that apply
under 343.2.
Note: Inks that do not possess any hazardous characteristics are not regulated as
hazardous materials and are mailable if properly prepared under the requirements for
packaging liquids in DMM 601.1-7.

343.27 DOT Special Permit Authorization (SP 9275)

On April 17, 2014, the Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration division removed, via Federal Register final rule (March 18, 2014 79 FR 15033-15046),

the requirement to apply for Special Permit 9275 (DOT-SP 9275) when shipping products containing
ethyl alcohol.
Manufacturers and distributors currently holding approved permits in accordance with DOT Special
Permit 9275 (DOT-SP 9275), and current authorization from the USPS manager, Product
Classification, may continue to mail under these approvals until further notice. This allows the mailer
to use Priority Mail, First-Class Mail, First-Class Package Service, or Parcel Select service for
shipping in compliance with all DOT regulations in DOT-SP 9275 and the following mailing
requirements:
a. Once approved, the mailer must present a copy of its approval letter from the manager,
Product Classification (to be kept on file at the office of mailing) at the time of its first mailing
at any given Postal Service facility. The Postal Service has the right to refuse mailings not
supported by a DOT authorization letter.
b. The mailer will enter parcels using Priority Mail, First-Class Mail, First-Class Package Service,
or Parcel Select service via a Postal Service authorized manifest mailing system (MMS) (see
DMM 705.2.0).
c. The mailer must label each parcel on the address side with USPS Approved DOT-SP 9275
using at least 14-point type.
d. The mailer must tender only parcels weighing 10 pounds or less. Each inner package
(receptacle) may not exceed 16 ounces of flammable liquid or 1 pound of solids containing
flammable liquid.
e. The mailer must ensure that the addressee of each parcel is notified that the addressee is not
authorized to remail the contents of the parcel via the Postal Service under DOT-SP 9275.
The mailer must include the following notice:
Flammable liquids contained in these packages may be mailed only by consumers (the addressee) via
surface transportation in accordance with USPS Publication 52, section 343. Full responsibility rests
with the mailer to comply with all postal and nonpostal statutes and regulations regarding mail.
Information regarding postal statutes, regulations, and mailing requirements is available from your local
Postmaster or district manager, Business Mail Entry, and at the Postal Services mailing standards
website at pe.usps.com.

f.

The mailer must comply with the warning and labeling requirements set forth in 21 CFR 700,
740.1, and 701.3 when mailing each parcel.

343.3 Marking and Documentation

Parcels containing mailable flammable or combustible liquids must be marked as follows:
a. For air transportation, parcels containing mailable Class 3 materials must bear the DOT
square-on-point marking. The top and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border
forming the square-on-point must be black, and the center must be white or of a suitable
contrasting background. The symbol Y must be black, located in the center of the squareon-point, and clearly visible. Mailpieces must also be marked with the proper shipping name
Consumer Commodity and identification number ID8000. Each mailpiece must also bear
an approved DOT Class 9 hazardous material warning label (see
Exhibit 325.2b). A properly completed shippers declaration for dangerous goods prepared in
triplicate must be affixed to the outside of the mailpiece.
b. For surface transportation, parcels containing mailable Class 3 materials must be plainly and
durably marked on the address side with Surface Only or Surface Mail Only and ORM-D,
immediately following or below the proper shipping name (e.g., Consumer Commodity).
Optionally, mailpieces may be marked with an approved DOT limited quantity square-on-point
marking (see Exhibit 325.2a). The top and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the
border forming the square-on-point must be black, and the center must be white or of a
suitable contrasting background. Surface shipments containing qualifying ORM-D material
bearing the square-on-point limited quantity marking are not required to be marked with the
shipping name and identification number. A shippers declaration for dangerous goods is not
required for mailable Class 3 materials sent via surface transportation.
c. Markings must be durable, legible, and readily visible, and must be applied on at least one
side or one end of the outer packaging. The border forming the square-on-point must be at
least 2 mm in width, and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm, unless the
package size requires a reduced size marking of no less than 50 mm on each side.

d. Cigarette lighters must be marked as specified in 343.25.

e. Flammable liquids mailed under DOT-SP 9275 must be marked as specified in 343.27.
http://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c3_020.htm

A flammable mixture can be classified for explosion protection under several key characteristics
including its Relative Density, Flash Point, Flammable Limits, Ignition Energy and Ignition
Temperature. In order to ensure correct assessment in terms of risk and correct selection of
apparatus to be used in the Explosive Atmospheres, it is important to understand all of the particulars
of the flammable materials being handled in any process plant. For example, it may be vital to know
the temperature of ignition by hot surfaces, the flash point, or the lower explosive limit of the
flammable mixture that a particular process will become exposed to before accurate and proper risk
assessments can be made. The data relating to the particulars of a given substance may be extracted
from recognised standards that define the characteristics of the most commonly handled or known
substances. The definitions of the main characteristics are shown below.
Relative Density : The density of a gas or a vapour relative to the density of air. The result would be
displayed in reference to air having a value equal to 1.
Flash Point : The minimum temperature at which a liquid give off sufficient vapour to form an
explosive atmosphere when tested in a set of standard test apparatus.
Flammable Limits : The upper and lower percentages of gas / air mixture at normal atmospheric
temperature and pressure which will burn if ignited.

Ignition Energy
The spark energy which will ignite the most easily ignited mixture of a test gas with air at atmospheric
pressure in a set of standard test apparatus. The spark energy of the ignition is also related to the
intensity of explosion, i.e. a highly flammable gas mixture can be ignited with a low energy spark to
create a high intensity explosion. Ignition Temperature (Auto Ignition Temperature) Ignition
temperature, or AIT as it is also known, is defined as the lowest temperature determined by a
standardised method, at which the most explosive mixture of the given substance and air will
automatically ignite when in contact with, or in the presence of, a heated surface. In this situation the
flammable mixture spontaneous combustion will occur without the presence of an independent
ignition source.
The Ignition Temperature of flammable materials (gases, vapours and liquids) is defined in IEC
60079, along with the corresponding gas group. Examples of ignition temperatures for commonly
occurring flammable mixtures are town gas (surface methane)/air, which ignites at over 600C, and
petrol/air which ignites at approximately 250C.
http://www.cmp-products.com/flammable_material_properties.php

FIRE SAFETY (PETROLEUM AND FLAMMABLE MATERIALS EXEMPTION) ORDER

O4
G.N. No. S 82/2005
REVISED EDITION 2008

(2nd June 2008)

[16th February 2005]

Citation
1. This Order may be cited as the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials
Exemption) Order.
Definitions
2.
(1) In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires
Class III petroleum and cylinder have the same meanings, respectively as in
regulation 2(1) of the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations
(Rg 7);
[S 547/2013 wef 01/09/2013]

[Deleted by S 547/2013 wef 01/09/2013]

eating place means any place that is not enclosed and is used for the sale or supply, or
the consumption within that place, of meals prepared at one or more individual stalls
within that place, and in which any other business carried on is ancillary and
subsidiary to the provision of such meals, such as a canteen, cafeteria, food court or
hawker centre, and includes such other place of a similar kind approved by the
Commissioner;
enclosed, in relation to any place, means any place that has a ceiling or roof and is,
except for doors and passageways, completely enclosed by walls or windows,
whether permanently or temporarily;
factory has the same meaning as in the Workplace Safety and Health Act (Cap. 354A);
restaurant means any place that is enclosed, is used for the sale or supply and
consumption within that place of meals prepared in a kitchen or in stalls set aside
from the dining area in that place, and in which any other business carried on is
ancillary and subsidiary to the provision of such meals;
stall means any table, shed or structure in, at or on which food or drink is or to be
offered for sale, or from which food or drink is or to be sold, other than food or drink
brought thereto in an impermeable container and offered for sale in the same
container.

(2) In this Order, the symbols specified in the first column of the following table
shall have the meanings specified in relation to those symbols in the second column
of the table:
First column

Second column

Symbol

Meaning

litre

kg

kilogram

Storage of petroleum below certain quantities exempt

3. The storage or keeping of any class of petroleum
(a)
not exceeding the quantity specified in the First Schedule for that class of petroleum;
and
(b)
solely for any purpose specified in the First Schedule for that class of petroleum,
shall be exempt from the requirement of a licence under section 35 of the Act and
the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations (Rg 7).
Storage of flammable materials below certain quantities and in certain forms
exempt
4.
(1) The storage or keeping of any flammable material
(a)
not exceeding the quantity specified in the second column
Second Schedule for that flammable material, and solely for the purpose

of the

(i)
of use in any process of manufacture, mixing, blending, cleaning, painting, testing or
other general manufacturing process of any product, goods or materials, whether or
not specified in the Third Schedule; or

(ii)
of warehousing or storage for reward for persons other than the occupier of the
premises used for storing; or
(b)
not exceeding the quantity specified in the third column of the Second Schedule for
that flammable material, and solely for the purpose
(i)
of or for use in a hospital, nursing home, clinic, pharmacy, or such other
establishment providing medical facilities; or
(ii)
of or for use in any laboratory,
shall be exempt from the requirement of a licence under section 35 of the Act and
the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the storage or keeping in any quantity of any
product specified in the Third Schedulecontaining any flammable material shall be
exempt from the requirement of a licence under section 35 of the Act and the Fire
Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations.
Exempt mixed storage of petroleum or flammable materials
5. The mixed storage or keeping of any petroleum and flammable material, or
more than one flammable material, in separate containers or compartments within
any premises shall be exempt from the requirement of a licence under section 35 of
the Act and the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations (Rg 7),
if
(a)
where all the substances are solids, their aggregate weight does not exceed 20 kg;
(b)
where all the substances are liquids, their aggregate volume does not exceed 40 L;
(c)

where all the substances are gaseous, their aggregate weight does not exceed 10 kg;
or
(d)
where the substances are in mixed states, their aggregate weight does not exceed 20
kg.
Exempt mixtures containing petroleum or flammable material or both
6. The storage or keeping of any mixture with a flashpoint of more than 60C
containing either any petroleum, any one or more flammable materials, or both
petroleum and any one or more flammable materials, shall be exempt from the
requirement of a licence under section 35 of the Act and the Fire Safety (Petroleum
and Flammable Materials) Regulations.
[S 189/2014 wef 01/09/2013]

Exemption for requirement for dispensing to be in or on licensed premises

7. For the avoidance of doubt, the dispensing of petroleum or flammable material
in or on any premises shall be exempt from the requirements that dispensing be
carried out in or on licensed premises and in accordance with the provisions of the
storage licence for the licensed premises and the conditions specified therein (under
section 36(a) and (b) of the Act, respectively) if, throughout the duration of that
dispensing, the storage or keeping of petroleum and flammable materials in or on
those premises remains exempt from the requirement for a licence under section 35
of the Act and the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations.
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=CompId%3A575
f1c65-44b1-4b14-9026f61a857d639d%20ValidTime%3A20141018000000%20TransactionTime%3A201410180
00000;rec=0