Bihar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

11/8/2014
Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bihar
Coordinates: 25.37N 85.13E
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bihar (/bhr/; Hindi: , Urdu:

, Hindustani
pronunciation: [bar]) is a state in Northern
India.[4][5] It is the 12th largest state in terms of
geographical size of 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and
3rd largest by population. It is bounded by Uttar
Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern
part of West Bengal to the east, and by Jharkhand to
the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by
the river Ganges which flows from west to east.[6]
Bihar has forest area of 6,764.14 km2,[7] which is
7.2% of its geographical area. In 2000, southern Bihar
was separated from Bihar to form the new state state
of Jharkhand.[8] Close to 85% of the population lives
in villages. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age
of 25,[9] which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar was a centre of power, learning and culture in
ancient and classical India.[10] From Magadha arose
India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire,
as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to
religions, Buddhism.[11] Magadha empires, notably
under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large
parts of South Asia under a central rule.[12] Its capital
Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important
centre of Indian civilization. Close to Patna, Nalanda
and Vikramshila were centres of learning which were
established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in
Bihar, and are counted as amongst the oldest
international universities of the time.
Bihar
State
Seal
Location of Bihar in India
Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged behind other

Indian states in terms of its social and economic
development.[13][14][15] Economists and social
scientists claimed that this is a direct result of the
policies of the central government, such as the Freight
equalization policy,[16][17] its apathy towards
Bihar,[9][18][19] lack of Bihari sub-nationalism
(resulting in no spokesperson for the state),[17][20][21]
and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British
East India Company.[17] The state government has
however made significant strides in developing the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar
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state.[22] The improved governance has led to an

economic revival[23] in the state through increased
investment in infrastructure, better health care
facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a
diminution in crime and corruption.[24][25]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Ancient
2.2 Medieval
Map of Bihar
2.3 Colonial Era
Coordinates (Patna): 25.37N 85.13E
2.4 Pre and post Independence

3 Geography and climate
3.1 Flora and fauna
4 Demographics
Country
Region
India
North India
Established
1912 as Bihar and Orissa

Province
1936 as Bihar
Capital
Largest city
Districts
Patna
Patna
38 total
5 Government and administration

5.1 Politics
6 Economy
6.1 Agriculture
7.1 Language and literature
Government
Governor
Chief Minister
Legislature
Parliamentary
constituency
High Court
7.2 Arts and crafts
Area
7.3 Performing arts
Total
94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi)
7.4 Cinema
Area rank
12th
7.5 Religion
Population (2011)[1]
6.2 Industry
6.3 Income distribution: north-south
divide
7 Culture
7.6 Festivals
7.7 Cuisine
8 Media
9 Transportation
9.1 Railways
9.2 Airways
D. Y. Patil
Jitan Ram Manjhi (JDU)
Bicameral (243 + 75 seats)
40
Patna High Court
Total
Rank
Density
103,804,637
3rd
1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi)
Time zone
UN/LOCODE
ISO 3166 code
Vehicle registration
IST (UTC+05:30)
INBR
IN-BR
BR
HDI
0.41[2] (low)
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9.3 Roadways
HDI rank
21st (2011)
9.4 Inland Waterways
Literacy
63.4% (28th)
73.4% (male)
53.3% (female)
Hindi, Urdu, Maithili
10 Tourism
11 Education
Official language(s)
12 See also
Website
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Etymology
gov.bih.nic.in
(http://gov.bih.nic.in)
Symbols of Bihar[3]
Animal
Bird
Flower
Tree
Ox(
)
Sparrow(
)
Marigold()
Peepal()
The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara
(Devanagari: ), which means "abode". The region roughly
encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the
abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods.
Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabakat-i-Nasiri
that in 1198 AD, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town now
known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km away from Bodh Gaya.[26][27]
Later, Bakhtiyar learned that the town was a college, and the word for
college is bihar.
History
Ancient
Different regions of Bihar like Magadha, Mithila, Anga, Vaishali are
mentioned in different religious texts and epics of ancient India. The
power centre of ancient Bihar was around the region of South-West
Bihar called Magadha, which remained the centre of power, learning,
and culture in India for 1000 years.
The Mahabodhi Temple, among

the four holy sites related to the
life of the Lord Buddha and
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Haryanka dynasty founded in 684 BC ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir), two
well known kings were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru who imprisoned his own father to get the throne.
Ajatashatru founded the city of Patliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and
conquered Vajji another powerful Mahajanapada north of Ganges with their capital at Vaishali. Vaishali
was ruled by Licchvi who had a republic form of government where king was elected from the number of
rajas. Haryanka Dynasty was followed by Shishunaga dynasty and later Nanda Dynasty replaced them with
a vast empire from Bengal to Punjab.
The Nanda Empire was replaced by Maurya Empire. India's first empire, the Maurya empire as well as
Buddhism arose from the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan empire, which originated
from Magadha in 325 BC, was started by Chandragupta Maurya who was born in Magadha, and had its
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capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The Mauryan Emperor, who was born in Patliputra (Patna) is believed
to be one of the greatest rulers in the history of India and the world.[28][29]
Bihar remained an important place of culture and education during the next 1000 years. The Gupta Empire
that originated from Magadha in 240 AD is referred as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics,
astronomy, commerce, religion and Indian philosophy.[30] Bihar and Bengal was invaded by Rajendra
Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.[31][32]
Medieval
The Buddhism in Magadha declined completely with the invasion of
Muhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khilji, during which many of the viharas and the
famed universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila were destroyed, and thousands
of Buddhist monks were massacred during 12th century.[33][34][35] In 1540 the
great Pathan of Bihar, Sher Shah Suri, from Sasaram, Bihar, took the reins of
North-India. He was the first person who defeated the Mughals and army of
Humayun, making Delhi as his capital. The Mughals had to leave India during
his rule.
Kalidasa's Sanskrit play

Abhijnakuntalam
The tenth and the last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna.
After the downfall of Mughal Empire, Bihar came under Nawabs of Bengal.
Colonial Era
After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to
administer, and collect revenue or tax) for Bihar, Bengal and Odisha. The rich resources of fertile land,
water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th
century. A number of Agrio based industries (http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-basedenterprenureships) had been started in Bihar by the foreign entrepreneurs. Bihar remained a part of the
Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as a
separate province. Since 2010, Bihar has celebrated its birthday as Bihar Diwas on 22 March.[36] In 1935,
certain portions of Bihar were reorganised into the separate province of Orissa.
Pre and post Independence

Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In
April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the
exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followed
received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan
Sinha.[37][38]
In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement) was an important
consequence of the Freedom Movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand
Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilize peasant grievances against
the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across
the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session
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of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.[39] This
movement aimed at overthrowing the feudal zamindari system instituted by the British. It was led by
Saraswati and his followers Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Rahul Sankrityayan, Pandit Karyanand Sharma, Baba
Nagarjun and others. Pandit Yamuna Karjee along with Rahul Sankritayan and a few others started
publishing a Hindi weekly Hunkar from Bihar, in 1940. Hunkar later became the mouthpiece of the peasant
movement and the agrarian movement in Bihar and was instrumental in spreading it.
Bihar played a very important and vital role in the Independence of India. Much revolutionary activity took
place in Bihar during the movement for Indian independence, and Champaran, especially, figured largely in
that movement. MK Gandhi and many other leaders of the independence movement held marches and
rallies in Bihar. Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur is the most famous independence activist of Bihar.
Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra,
Punjab and Assam after independence.[40][41]
Geography and climate
Bihar has a diverse climate. Its temperature is subtropical in general,

with hot summers and cool winters. Bihar is a vast stretch of fertile
plain. It is drained by the Ganges River, including its northern
tributaries Gandak and Koshi, originating in the Nepal Himalayas and
the Bagmati originating in the Kathmandu Valley that regularly flood
parts of the Bihar plains. The total area covered by the state of Bihar is
94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi). the state is located between 24-20'-10" N ~
27-31'-15" N latitude and between 83-19'-50" E ~ 88-17'-40" E
longitude. Its average elevation above sea level is 173 feet (53 m).
The Ganges divides Bihar into two unequal halves and flows through
the middle from west to east. Other Ganges tributaries are the Son,
Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu. Though the Himalayas
begin at the foothills, a short distance inside Nepal and to the north of
Bihar, the mountains influence Bihar's landforms, climate, hydrology
and culture. Central parts of Bihar
have some small hills, for example
the Rajgir hills. To the south is the
Chota Nagpur plateau, which was
part of Bihar until 2000 but now is
part of a separate state called
Jharkhand.
Mountain of Ashrams, near
Sena Village, at Buddha
Gaya
Bihar is very cold in the winter,

with the lowest temperatures
being in the range from 010 C
(Sitting left to right) Rajendra

Prasad and Anugrah Narayan
Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi's
1917 Champaran Satyagraha
River Map of Bihar
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(3250 F). Winter months are December and January. It is hot in the summer, with average highs around
3540 C (95104 F).
Flora and fauna
Climate
Classification
Avg. temperature
Bihar has notified forest
Summer
area of 6,764.14 km2
(2,612 sq mi), which is
Winter
7.2% of its geographical
Flooded farmlands in
Precipitation
area.[7] The sub
northern Bihar during the
Himalayan foothill of
2008 Bihar flood
Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the
Champaran district are another belt of moist
deciduous forests. These also consist of scrub, grass and reeds. Here the
rainfall is above 1,600 millimetres (63 in) and thus promotes luxuriant Sal
forests in the area. The most important trees are Shorea Robusta, Sal
Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the
Saharsa and Purnia districts.[42] Shorea Robusta (sal), Diospyros
melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose
(Asan), Terminalia bellayoica (Bahera), Terminalia Arjuna (Arjun),
Pterocarpus Marsupium (Paisar), Madhuca indica (Mahua) are the common
flora across the forest of Bihar.
ETh
27 C (81 F)
34 C (93 F)
10 C (50 F)
1,200 mm (47 in)
Bauhinia acuminata, locally

known as Kachnaar
The Ganges River dolphins, or "sois" are found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra. This river dolphin is the
national aquatic animal of India. It is now considered amongst the most endangered mammals of the region.
The dolphins range from 2.3 to 2.6 meters in length. They have impaired vision due to the muddy river
water but use sonar signals to navigate. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, near Bhagalpur is set up
to ensure the protection of this species.
Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, covering about 800 km2 (309 sq mi) of forest, is the 18th
Tiger Reserve of India and is ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population.[43] It has a diverse
landscape, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and faunal composition, along with the prime
protected carnivores.
Demographics
After the 2001 Census, Bihar was the third most populated state of India with
total population of 82,998,509 (43,243,795 male and 39,754,714
female).[1][45] Nearly 85% of Bihar's population lived in rural areas. Almost
58% of Biharis were below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. The
density was 881. The sex ratio was 919 females per 1000 males. Mostly,
Biharis belong to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups along with few
Dravidian-speaking and Austroasiatic-speaking people mostly in
Chhotanagpur Plateau (now part of Jharkhand). Since ancient times, Bihar has
attracted migrants and settlers including Bengalis, Turks from Central Asia,
Persians, Afghans and Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British
Population growth
Census
Pop.
1951
29,085,000
1961
34,841,000 19.8%
1971
42,126,000 20.9%
1981
52,303,000 24.2%
1991
64,531,000 23.4%
2001
82,999,000 28.6%
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2011 103,805,000 25.1%

India in 1947.[46] Bihar has a total literacy rate of 63.82% (75.7% for males
and 55.1% for females), recording a growth of 20% in female literacy over the Source:Census of India[44]
period of a decade.[47][48]
At the 2011 census, the density has surpassed 1,000 per square kilometre, making Bihar India's densestpopulated state, but is still lower than West Java or Banten of Indonesia.
Government and administration

The constitutional head of the Government of Bihar is the Governor, who is
appointed by the President of India. The real executive power rests with the
Chief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of
political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the
Government.
The head of the bureaucracy of the State is the Chief Secretary. Under this
position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative
Service, Indian Police Service, and different wings of the State Civil
Vidhansabha Building, Patna
Services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a High
Court which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the
government are located in the state capital, Patna.
The state is divided into nine divisions and 38 districts, for administrative purposes.
Politics
See also: Political parties in Bihar, Elections in Bihar and List of politicians from Bihar
The first Bihar ministry during British regime from 1 April 1937 to 19
July 1937 was led by Premier Mohammad Yunus. The second Bihar
ministry in 1937 and the first, second Bihar governments after
Independence were led by Sri Krishna Sinha and Anugrah Narayan
Sinha. Subsequently, Bihar gained an anti-establishment image and it
was often projected as prone to low discipline and anarchy. Castebased politics came to the fore, with power initially being in the hands
of the Yadavs, Bhumihar Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha and Brahmin
communities. For two decades, the Indian National Congress governed
the state hand-in-glove with the central government of Indira Gandhi. It
was at this time that Chandrashekhar Singh became chief minister and
politicians such as Satyendra Narain Sinha deserted Congress for the
Janata Party due to ideological differences. There were occasional
breaks in Congress governance, as in 1977. In between, the socialist
movement tried to break the stranglehold of the status quo under the
leadership of Mahamaya Prasad Sinha and Karpoori Thakur. This did
not flourish, partly due to the impractical idealism of these leaders and
partly due to the machinations of the central leaders of the Congress
Party who felt threatened by a large politically aware state.
Krishna Sinha (right) with

Anugrah Narayan Sinha during
swearing-in ceremony of
independent Bihar's first
government on 15 August 1947
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Janata Dal came to power in the state in 1990 on the back of its victory at the national stage in 1989. Lalu
Prasad Yadav became Chief Minister after defeating Ram Sundar Das, a former chief minister from the
Janata Party and a protege of upper caste Janata stalwarts. Yadav gained support among the masses through
a series of popular and populist measures. Socialists such as Nitish Kumar disassociated themselves from
Yadav, who by 1995 was both chief minister and president of his party, the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD).
Yadav was later subject to various charges of corruption leading him to quit the post of chief minister. Soon
after his wife Rabri Devi was elected in his place. The administration is believed to have deteriorated
during this period.
By 2004, 14 years after Yadav's victory, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword
for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from
mafia-dons they patronize, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[50] In
2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent
poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[51]
In 2005, as disaffection mounted, the RJD was voted out of power and replaced by a coalition headed by his
former ally, Nitish Kumar.
Currently, there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which
comprises Bharatiya Janata Party, Lok Janashakti Party,and the Rashtriya Lok Samatha Party. RJD-led
coalition which includes Janata Dal United and Indian National Congress. There are many other political
formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, but is weakened now.
The CPM and Forward Bloc have a minor presence, along with the other extreme Left.
In the 2010 state elections Bihar's current Chief Minister Nitish Kumar-led government won 206 seats out
of 243 seats. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, Kumar's
manifesto was based on economic development, curbs on crime and corruption and greater social equality
for all sections of society. This was the at the time of election and immediately afterwards. Since 2010, the
government has confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as schools buildings.[52]
Simultaneously they introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.[53] It has also legislated for a twohour break on Fridays, including lunch, to enable Muslim employees to pray and thus cut down on postlunch absenteeism by them.[54]
Economy
Gross state domestic product of Bihar for the year 2011/2012 has been around 2622.30 billion INR. By
sectors, its composition is:
Agriculture = 22%
Industry = 5%
Services = 73%.
The economy of Bihar is largely service-oriented, but it has a significant agricultural base. The state also
has a small industrial sector. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a very high growth (in the excess of
10%), making Bihar the fastest growing major state of India.
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Agriculture
Year
Bihar accounts for 71% of

India's annual litchi
production. [57]
A village market
Gross State Domestic

Product
(millions of Indian
Rupees)[55]
Bihar lies in the riverine plain of the

Ganga basin area and is endowed with
1980 73,530
fertile Gangetic alluvial soil with
abundant water resources, particularly 1985 142,950
ground water resources. This makes
1990 264,290
Bihar's agriculture rich and diverse,
1995 244,830
although it has never reached its full
2000 469,430
potential. Rice, wheat, and maize are
the major cereal crops of Bihar, while 2005 710,060
[56]
arhar urad, moong, gram, peas, lentils,
and khesaria are some of the pulses
crop cultivated in Bihar. Bihar is the largest producer of vegetables,
especially potatoes, onions, brinzle, and cauliflower. In fruit cultivation, it
is the largest producer of litchi, the third largest producer of pineapples
and a major producer of mangoes, bananas, and guava. Sugarcane and jute
are the other two major cash crops of Bihar.
Industry
Bihar has a very small industrial base compared to the other Indian states including neighbouring
Jharkhand. The state of Bihar accounts for nearly about 8.5% of India's population and about 3% of its
landmass. In percentage terms of industrial units, Bihar holds only around 1% of factories installed in India.
In terms of output value, less than 1% of India's industrial output comes from Bihar. The industrial sector
contributes about 5% to the GDP of Bihar, while the share of industrial sector in India's GDP is around
20%. Bihar's industrial sector is dominated by small household and cottage industries. Agro-based
industries are major constituents of industrial sector in Bihar.
Bihar has emerged as brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in the
state. Three major firms United Breweries Group, Danish Brewery Company Carlsberg Group and
Cobra Beer are to set up new units in Patna and Muzaffarpur in 2012.[58]
Bihar has significant levels of production of mango, guava, litchi, pineapple, brinjal, cauliflower, bhindi,
and cabbage.[59] Despite the state's leading role in food production, investment in irrigation and other
agriculture facilities has been inadequate. Historically, the sugar and vegetable oil industries were
flourishing sectors of Bihar. Until the mid-1950s, 25% of India's sugar output was from Bihar. Dalmianagar
was a large agro-industrial town. There were attempts to industrialise the state between 1950 and 1980: an
oil refinery in Barauni, a motor scooter plant at Fatuha, and a power plant at Muzaffarpur. However, these
were forced to shut down due to certain central government policies (like the Freight Settlement Policy)
which neutralised the strategic advantages of Bihar. Barauni is still one of the few old industrialised towns
in the state. Hajipur, near Patna, remains a major industrial town in the Bihar, linked to the capital city
through the Ganges bridge and good road infrastructure.
The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.[60] The Finance Ministry has given top priority to
create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries. Further developments
have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, the new software
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park in Patna, and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to
Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna registered company called the Security and Intelligence Services (SIS)
India Limited[61] took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American
conglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.[62] The capital
city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.[63]^ The State
Government is setting up an Information Technology (IT) City at Rajgir in Nalanda district.[64]
Additionally, India's first Media Hub is also proposed to be set up in Bihar.[65]
Income distribution: north-south divide

In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger and Begusarai were the three best-off out of a total of 38
districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of 31,441, 10,087 and
9,312, respectively in 200405.[66]
Culture
Language and literature
Hindi - the co-official national language, with English - and Urdu are constitutionally recognized languages
of the state.[67] Urdu - which is the mother tongue of Muslims, who form about 17% of the state's
population - is very much secondary to Hindi in official use, although nearly 25% people in Bihar read and
write Urdu. It was only recently that Maithili was also included as one of the state's official languages,
although such use of it is negligible. Maithili is one of the Bihari languages Maithili, Angika, Magadhi,
Bhojpuri which a majority of the people speak. Presently, Bihari languages are considered one of the five
subgroups of Hindi, although Maithili was declared a separate language. Bihari languages are considered to
be derived from the language of the erstwhile Magadha state Magadhi Prakrit, along with Bengali,
Assamese, and Oriya. Bhojpuri, a language related to Standard Hindi, is used as a lingua franca; and many
throughout the state speak it as their first language. Surajpuri is spoken in northeastern districts such as
Kishanganj.
Arts and crafts

Mithila painting is a style of Indian painting practised in the Mithila region of Bihar - especially Darbhanga
and Madhubani districts - where powdered rice is coloured and used as a pigment. Tradition states that this
style of painting originated, according to the Ramayana, when King Janak commissioned paintings to
celebrate the marriage of his daughter, Sita, to Lord Ram. The painting was traditionally done on freshly
plastered mud walls of huts, but now it is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Mithila painting
mostly depicts men and their association with nature. There are scenes and deities from ancient epics,
including Krishna, Ram, Shiva, Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Natural objects like the sun, the moon, and
religious plants like tulsi are much painted. Finally, there are scenes of royal courts and social events, such
as weddings. Generally no space is left empty in the composition. Traditionally, painting was one of the
skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila region, mainly by
women. The painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones in
people's lives, such as birth, Upanayanam (sacred thread ceremony), and marriage. There are many
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renowned Mithila artists, such as Smt. Bharti Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi, the late Sita
Devi, and others, who have brought an intellectual element to their paintings. Bharti Dayal is considered
one of the greatest Madhubani painters, as her art is a unique amalgamation of heritage and modernity.
Not less in importance or expressiveness is the ancient and historically significant Manjusha Art, or
Manjusha Kala, or Angika Art, an art form of the Anga region of Bihar, originating in the old Anga
kingdom, which encompassed present-day Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and the Terai area of Nepal.
Manjushas - temple-shaped boxes, with eight pillars (but see referenced video); made of bamboo, jute-straw
and paper; and containing, or decorated with (again, see video), paintings of gods, goddesses, snakes and
other characters (dubbed "snake paintings" by foreigners) - are used in the Bihula-Bishahari Puja,
celebrated in Bhagalpur, usually in August, in remembrance of Bihulas tale of love and sacrifice, and to
appease the snake goddess (Manasa or Bishahari) and gods (Ngas).[68][69] A notable Manjusha artist is
Jahar Dasgupta, born in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand (formerly Bihar).
The Patna School of Painting or
Patna Qalaam, some times also
called Company Painting, is an
offshoot of the well-known Mughal
Miniature school of painting, which
flourished in Bihar during the early
18th to the mid-20th centuries. The
practitioners of this art form were
descendants of Hindu artisans of
A painting of the city of Patna, on
Mughal painting who facing
the River Ganges, Patna School of
persecution under the Mughal
Painting
Emperor Aurangzeb and who found
refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna
during the late 18th century. The Patna painters differed from the
Mughal painters, whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes,
Madhubani painting by Bharti
in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes, scenes of Indian daily
Dayal
life, local dignitaries, festivals and ceremonies, and nature scenes. The
(http://www.bhartidayal.com)
paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica, but the
style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is this
school of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts, Patna, under the leadership
of Shri Radha Mohan, which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar.
In caning and weaving, artisans of Bihar are skilful in creating articles
using local materials. Baskets, cups, and saucers made from bamboostrips or cane reed painted in vivid colours are commonly found in
Bihari homes. A special container woven out of Sikki Grass in the
north, the pauti, is a sentimental gift that accompanies a bride when she
leaves her home after her wedding. The weavers of Bihar have been
practising their trade for centuries. Among their products in common
use are cotton dhurries and curtains. These are produced by artisans in
central Bihar, particularly in the Patna and Biharsharif areas. These
colourful sheets, with motifs of Buddhist artefacts, pictures of birds,
animals, and/or flowers, gently wafting in the air through doors and
Artisans selling their work near

GPO Patna.
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windows, blown by a cool summer breeze, used to be one of the most soothing sights as one approached a
home or an office. Bhagalpur is well known for its sericulture, manufacture of tussah silk yarn, and
weaving it into lovely products.
Performing arts
Bihar has contributed to Indian
(Hindustani) classical music and has
produced musicians such as Bharat Ratna
Ustad Bismillah Khan, who, however,
left Bihar at an early age. Dhrupad
singers like the Malliks (of the
Darbhanga Gharana), and the Mishras (of
the Bettiah Gharana), who were
Magahi folk singers
patronised by the Zamindars of
Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah
Darbhanga and Bettiah respectively, have
Khan, from Dumraon, Bihar
produced masters like Ram Chatur
Mallik, Abhay Narayan Mallik, and Indra Kishore Mishra. While perhaps
not as well-known and commercially successful as those of the Dagar school of Dhrupad, these masters
have kept the Dhrupad tradition in perhaps the purest form.
Gaya is another centre of excellence in classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties.
Pandit Govardhan Mishra - son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer - is perhaps the
finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India today, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh,
founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar. Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his
memoir, that Champanagar, Banaili, was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand
Sinha of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself one of the finest
exponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.[70] Singh, in another book on Indian classical music,
has written that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great
singers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from Kumar
Sahib, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas!, he did not have such ability himself." [free
translation of Hindi text].[71][72]
Bihar has a very old tradition of folk singing, sung during important family occasions, such as marriage,
birth ceremonies, festivals, etc. The songs are usually sung by groups without the accompaniment of
musical instruments, although Dholak, Bansuri and, occasionally, Tabla and Harmonium are sometimes
used. The most famous folk singer has been Padma Shri Sharda Sinha. Bihar also has a tradition of lively
Holi songs known as Phaguwa, filled with fun rhythms.
During the 19th century, when the condition of Bihar worsened under the British misrule, many Biharis had
to emigrate as indentured labourers to the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sad plays
and songs called birha became popular, in the Bhojpur area, thus Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas incorporating this
theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.[73]
Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are many folk
dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as Dhobi Nach (nach meaning dance), Jhumarnach, Manjhi,
Gondnach, Jitiyanach, More Morni, Dom-Domin, Bhuiababa, Rah Baba, Kathghorwa Nach, Jat Jatin,
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Launda Nach, Bamar Nach, Jharni, Jhijhia, Natua Nach, Nat-Natin, Bidapad Nach, Sohrai Nach, and Gond
Nach.
Theatre is another form in which the Bihari culture expresses itself. Some forms of theatre with rich
traditions are Bidesia, Reshma-Chuharmal, Bihula-Bisahari, Bahura-Gorin, Raja Salhesh, Sama Chakeva,
and Dom Kach. These theatre forms originate in the Anga region of Bihar.
Cinema
Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of Magadhi-,
Maithili-, as well as Angika-language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialog was Ganga Jamuna,
released in 1961.[74] Bhaiyaa, the first Magadhi film, was released in 1961.[75] The first Maithili movie was
Kanyadan released in 1965,[76] of which a significant portion was made in the Maithili language.
The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe
Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan
Kumar.[77] 1963's Lagi nahin chute ram was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than
Mughal-e-Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India. Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is another of the
most famous Bhojpuri-language movies. However, in the following years, films were produced only in fits
and starts. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges",
1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not
commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.
In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to tentatively support a dedicated industry. Films such
as Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983,
directed by Kalpataru) continued to have at least sporadic success at the box office. However, this trend
faded out by the end of the decade, and by 1990, the nascent industry seemed to be completely finished.[78]
The Bhojpuri film industry took off again in 2001 with the super hit Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart",
directed by Mohan Prasad), which vaulted the hero of that film, Ravi Kissan, to superstardom.[79] This
success was quickly followed by several other remarkably successful films, including Panditji Batai Na
Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada
Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). In a measure of the Bhojpuri film industry's rise, both
of these did much better business in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits
at the time, and both films, made on extremely tight budgets, earned back more than ten times their
production costs.[80] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk
singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. In 2008, he and Ravi Kissan are still the leading actors
of Bhojpuri films, and their fees increase with their fame. The success of their films has led to a dramatic
increase in Bhojpuri cinema's visibility, and the industry now supports an awards show[81] and a trade
magazine, Bhojpuri City,[82] which chronicles the production and release of what are now over one hundred
films per year. Many of the major stars of mainstream Bollywood cinema, including Amitabh Bachchan,
have also recently worked in Bhojpuri films.
Religion
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Gautam Buddha attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya in
Bihar. Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and the last Tirthankara of
Jainism, was born in Vaishali around the 6th century BC.[83]
A typical Hindu Brahmin household would begin the day with the
blowing of a conch shell at dawn.
In rural Bihar, religion is the main component of popular culture.
Shrines are located everywhere at the foot of trees, at roadsides, etc.
Religious symbols or images of deities can be found in the most
obscure or the most public places. From the dashboard of a dilapidated
taxi to the plush office of a top executive, holy symbols or idols have
their place.
Buddha's statue at Bodh Gaya's

temple
There is a wide variety of religious festivals. While some are celebrated all
over the state, others are observed only in certain areas. Bihar is so diverse
that different regions and religions have something to celebrate at some
time or other during the year. So festivals take place round the year. Many
of these are officially recognised by the days on which they take place
being proclaimed as government holidays.
Festivals
Chhath, also called Dala Chhath, is an ancient and major festival in Bihar.
It is celebrated twice a year: once in the summer, called the Chaiti Chhath,
and once about a week after Deepawali, called the Kartik Chhath. The
latter is more popular because winters are the usual festive season in North
India, and Chhath, being an arduous observance requiring the worshippers
Vishnupadh Temple, Gaya,
to fast without water for more than 24 hours, is easier to do in the Indian
Bihar
winters. Chhath is the worship of the Sun God. Wherever people from
Bihar have migrated, they have taken with them the tradition of
Chhath. This is a ritual bathing festival that follows a period of
abstinence and ritual segregation of the worshiper from the main
household for two days. On the eve of Chhath, houses are scrupulously
cleaned and so are the surroundings. The ritual bathing and worship of
the Sun God takes place, performed twice: once in the evening and
once at the crack of dawn, usually on the banks of a flowing river, or a
common large body of water. The occasion is almost a carnival, and
besides every worshipper, usually women, who are mostly the senior
ladies of the household, there are numerous participants and onlookers,
The Morning Worship Dala
all willing to help and receive the blessings of the worshiper. Ritual
Chhath.
rendition of regional folk songs, carried on through oral transmission
from mothers and mothers-in-law to daughters and daughters-in-law,
are sung on this occasion for several days running. These songs are a great mirror of the culture, social
structure, mythology and history of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Chhath being celebrated at the crack of
dawn is a beautiful, elating spiritual experience connecting the modern Indian to his ancient cultural roots.
Chhath is believed to have been initiated by Karna, the king of Anga Desh (modern Bhagalpur region of
Bihar).
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Among ritual observances, the month-long Shravani Mela, held along a 108-kilometre route linking the
towns of Sultanganj and Deoghar (now in Jharkhand state), is of great significance. Shravani Mela is
organised every year in the Hindu month of Shravan, that is the lunar month of JulyAugust. Pilgrims,
known as Kanwarias, wear saffron coloured clothes and collect water from a sacred Ghat (river bank) at
Sultanganj, then walk barefooted 108 km (67 mi) to the town of Deoghar, there to bathe a sacred
ShivaLingam. The observance draws thousands of people to Deoghar from all over India.
Teej and Chitragupta Puja are other local festivals celebrated with fervor in Bihar. Bihula-Bishari Puja is
celebrated in the Anga region of Bihar. The Sonepur cattle fair is a month-long event starting approximately
half a month after Deepawali and is considered the largest cattle fair in Asia. It is held on the banks of the
Gandak River in the town of Sonepur. The constraints of the changing times, and new laws governing the
sale of animals and prohibiting the trafficking in exotic birds and beasts, have eroded the once-upon-a-time
magic of the fair.
Besides Chhath(mostly celebrated in Bihar), all major festivals of India are celebrated in Bihar, such as
Makar Sankranti, Saraswati Puja, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha (often called Eid-ul-Zuha in the Indian
Subcontinent), Muharram, Ram Navami, Rath yatra, Rakshabandhan, Maha Shivaratri, Durga Puja
(celebrated with a grandeur akin to the neighbouring state of Bengal), Diwali, Kali Puja/Shyama Puja/Nisha
Puja (celebrated in the Mithilanchal region of the north), Kojagra (also celebrated in the Mithilanchal
region), Laxmi Puja, Christmas, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha Purnima, Jivitputrika, Chitragupta Puja,
Gurpurab, Bhai Dooj, and several other local festivals, as well.
Cuisine
Bihari cuisine (Hindi: , Urdu:
)is eaten in Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh,
Bangladesh, and Nepal, as well as Mauritius, Fiji, some cities of Pakistan, Guyana, and Trinidad and
Tobago, as these last are destinations of large Bihari emigration. Bihari cuisine is predominantly vegetarian
because traditional Bihar society - influenced by Buddhist and Hindu values of non-violence - did not eat
eggs, chicken, fish and other animal products. However, meat and sea food are also common, the latter due
to the number of rivers in Bihar.
Dairy products are consumed frequently throughout the year, including yogurt (dahi), buttermilk (mattha),
lassi, ghee, chanch and butter. The cuisine of Bihar is similar in large extent to North Indian cuisine but is
influenced by other East Indian cuisines, such as Bengali. Bihari cuisine is seasonal; with watery foods such
as watermelon, and sherbet made of the pulp of the wood-apple fruit, being consumed mainly in the
summer months; and dry foods, prepared with sesame and poppy seeds, in the winter months.
Some dishes which Bihar is famous for include Sattu Paratha, which are parathas stuffed with fried
chickpea flour, chokha (spicy mashed potatoes and/or brinjal ), fish curry, Bihari kebab, and Posta-dana ka
Halwa (or Khas-khas ka Halwa ( ), sweet poppy seed pudding), litti chokha is a very
famous cuisine in Bihar . It is an all year food prepared by putting the litti{sattu stuffed in atta(mixture of
flour and water)}on burning woods or burning dry cowdung . When prepared, the litti is dipped in ghee and
eaten with chokha. The food is best eaten while hot.
Media
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Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published from Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan
Bhatta, a Maharashtrian Brahman settled in Biharsharif.[84] Hindi journalism in Bihar, and specially Patna,
could make little headway initially. It was mainly due to lack of respect for Hindi among the people at
large. Many Hindi journals took birth and after a lapse of time vanished. Many journals were shelved even
in the embryo.[85] But once Hindi enlisted the official support, it started making a dent into the remote areas
in Bihar. Hindi journalism also acquired wisdom and maturity and its longevity was prolonged. Hindi was
introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[84][86]
Urdu journalism and poetry has a glorious past in Bihar. Many poets belong to Bihar such as Shaad
Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and many more. Shanurahman, a world famous radio announcer,
is from Bihar. Many Urdu dailies such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara publish from Bihar at this time. There is
a monthly Urdu magazine called "VOICE OF BIHAR" which is the first of its kind and becoming popular
among the Urdu speaking people.
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly
magazine named Bharat Ratna was started from Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi,
Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[87] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand
Tripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary
figures of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of
Bihar.[84][88]
Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar. It started the
monthly journal, Magadhi, which was later renamed Bihan.
Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Aaj, Nayee Baat and Prabhat Khabar are some of the popular Hindi news papers
of Bihar. National English dailies like The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Navbharat Times, The
Telegraph and The Economic Times "(Mithila Today)" have readers in the urban regions.
Transportation
Railways
Bihar is very well-connected by railway lines to the rest of India. Most
of the towns are interconnected, and they are also connected directly to
Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai (as well as most other major cities in
India). Daily or weekly trains connect major cities in India. Nepal
Railways operates two railway lines: a 6 km broad gauge line from
Raxaul in India to Sirsiya Inland Container Depot or Dry Port near
Birganj in Nepal and a 53 km 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge line
from Jaynagar in India to Bijalpura in Nepal. The latter line is
composed of two sections: 32 km between Jaynagar and Janakpur and
21 km from Janakpur to Bijalpura. The Janakpur line is used largely for
passengers and the Sirsiya (Birganj) line only for cargo freight.
Map showing national inland

waterways-1 and various river
ports or terminals along its
stretch.
Airways
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Bihar has three operational airports at Patna, Gaya Airport, and Purnea Airport. The Patna airport is
categorised as a restricted international airport, with customs facilities to receive international chartered
flights. The Gaya Airport is an international airport connected to Colombo, Singapore, Bangkok, Paro and
more.
Roadways
The state has a vast network of National and State highways. East-West
corridor goes through the cities of Bihar (Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga-Purnia
NH57) 46 lanes. There are tourist buses operates for few places from
Patna under Bihar State Tourism Corporations, there is well known and
trusted Car Rental Services from www.eazeecab.com which operates
majorly in Bihar, Including Gaya, Bodhgaya and Patna.
Patna river port on national

inland waterways-1 at Gai
Ghat
Inland Waterways
The Ganges navigable throughout the year was the principal river
highway across the vast north Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of
accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in
the ancient period; it served as a conduit for overseas trade, as goods
were carried from Pataliputra (later Patna) and Champa (later
Bhagalpur) out to the seas and to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its
natural links it embraces all the major rivers and streams in both
north and south Bihar.[89]
Steamers and dredgers at Gai

Ghat, Patna
In recent times, Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the Ganges between Allahabad and
Haldia to be a national inland waterway and has taken steps to restore its navigability.
Tourism
Trolley ride in Rajgir
Bihar is one of the oldest inhabited places in

the world, with a history spanning 3,000
years. The historically rich culture and
heritage of Bihar can be observed from the
large number of ancient monuments spread
throughout the state. Bihar is visited by
many tourists from around the world,[90]
with about 24,000,000 (24 million) tourists
visiting the state each year.[90]
Remains of the ancient city

of Vaishali
In earlier days, tourism in the region was purely based on educational

tourism, as Bihar was home of some prominent ancient universities like Nalanda University & Vikramala
University.[91][92]
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Bihar is one of the most sacred place for various religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and
Islam. Mahabodhi Temple, a Buddhist shrine and UNESCO World Heritage Site is also situated in Bihar.
Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna, was one of the longest river bridges in the world in early 80s.
The Sasaram is a part of Rohtas District. The language spoken in this area is [Bhojpuri,Hindi and English]
It is one of the India's leading tourist destinations, and the city is home to an array of famous tourist
attractions.
Education
Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the
ancient universities of Nalanda (established in 450 CE), Odantapur
(established in 550CE) and Vikramshila (established in 783 AD).[93] This
tradition of learning may have been had stultified by the period of
Turkic invasions c. 1000 CE at which point it is believed major
education centres (now maintained by reclusive communities of
Buddhist monks removed from the local populace) were put out of
operation during the Turkic raids originating from central Asia .[94]
The current state of education and research is not satisfactory
though the current state government claims big achievements in
school education.
Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of
the British rule when they established Patna University (established
in 1917) which is the seventh oldest university of the Indian
subcontinent.[95] Some other centres of high learning established by
the British rule are Patna College (established in 1839), Bihar
School of Engineering (established in 1900; now known as National
Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College
(1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College,
Patna (1928) among others.
The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in the

Sasaram town of Bihar state, India.
IIT Patna Students carrying the

Institute Flag at the annual Inter IIT
Sports Meet
After independence Bihar lost the pace in terms of establishing a

centre of education. Modern Bihar has a grossly inadequate educational infrastructure creating a huge
mismatch between demand and supply. This problem further gets compounded by the growing aspirations
of the people and an increase in population. The craving for higher education among the general population
of Bihar has led to a massive migration of the student community from the state.
Bihar, with female literacy at 53.3%, is striving to climb as the government has established educational
institutions. At the time of independence, women's literacy in Bihar was 4.22%. Bihar has a National
Institute of Technology (NIT) in Patna and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Patna. A recent
survey by Pratham[97] rated the absorption of their teaching by the Bihar children better than those in other
states.The best talent pool of engineers is in Delhi, Bihar and Jharkhand says the National Employability
Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014 [98] by Aspiring Minds, which makes Bihar one of the top three
states producing best Engineering Graduates in terms of Quality and Employability [99]
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As of December 2013, there are 7 government engineering

colleges in public sector and 12 engineering colleges in the
private sector in Bihar,besides government aided BIT Patna and
Women's Institute of Technology, Darbhanga. The overall
annual intake of these technical institutes offering engineering
education to students in Bihar is merely 6,200.[100][101] [102] In
Bihar, the government colleges are located at Muzaffarpur,
Bhagalpur, Gaya, Darbhanga, Motihari, Nalanda and Saran
(Chhapra). All institutes are recognized by All India Council for
Technical Education (AICTE) affiliated with Aryabhatta
Knowledge University (AKU). As it is, the foundation stone of
eighth engineering college of the state government,named
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Engineering College was laid on 22
December 2013 at Begusarai,[103][104] while the process to create
infrastructure for two new engineering colleges one each at
Madhepura and Sitamarhi has started.[105][106]
Literacy rate from 1951 to 2011[96]

Year
Total
Males
Females
1961
21.95
35.85
8.11
1971
23.17
35.86
9.86
1981
32.32
47.11
16.61
1991
37.49
51.37
21.99
2001
47.53
60.32
33.57
2011
63.82
73.39
53.33
NIT Patna is the sixth oldest engineering college of India. Its origin
can be traced to 1886 with the establishment of a survey training
school and subsequent renaming it to Bihar college of Engineering
in 1900. A graduate level curriculum was introduced in 1924. It was
Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute Of
renamed Bihar College of Engineering in 1932. In 2004 the
Technology
government of India upgraded the college to National Institute of
Technology (NIT) status, as the state of Bihar had lost its only
Regional Engineering College (REC), located at Jamshedpur, when
Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000. By 2002, the Indian
government decided to upgrade all RECs to NITs, with the aim of
having at least one NIT per state. Bihar College of Engineering was
the first institute to be directly upgraded to NIT status. In 2007, it
was granted Institute of National Importance status in accordance
with the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007. Bihar
established several new education institutes between 2006 and 2008.
BIT Mesra started its Patna extension center in September 2006. On
NIT Patna Main building
8 August 2008, IIT was inaugurated in Patna with students from all
over India these are also prominent engineering colleges in
Bihar.[107] NSIT opened its new college in Bihta, which is now emerging as a new education hub in Bihar,
in 2008.[108][109] BCE, Bhagalpur and MIT, Muzaffarpur National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research (NIPER)[110] is being set up in Hajipur. On 4 August 2008, National Institute of Fashion
Technology Patna was established as ninth such institute in India.[111] Chanakya National Law University a
law university and Chandragupt Institute of Management was established in later half of 2008. Steps to
revive the ancient Nalanda University as Nalanda International University is being taken; countries like
Japan, Korea and China have also taken initiatives. The Aryabhatt Knowledge University in Patna is framed
to which all the engineering as well medical colleges are affiliated in Bihar. The A.N. Sinha Institute[112] of
Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.
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Bihar is pioneer in the field of yoga with its internationally renowned institute Bihar School of Yoga in
Munger.
Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the Government of Bihar have initiated a unique
program to establish a center of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a finishing school to equip
students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The center
aims to attract every youth of the state to hone up their technical, professional and soft skills and prepare
them for the present industry requirement/job market.[113]
Bihar also has Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) and Institute of Hotel
Management (a Central govt Unit) in Hajipur.
Bihar also has Munshi Singh College in Motihari, East Champaran, Bihar. Website is
http://munshisinghcollege.org.in and Khemchand Tarachand College (KCTC) College in Raxaul, its
website is http://www.kctcraxaul.org.in/
The Central University of Bihar (CUB) is one of the sixteen newly established Central Universities by the
Government of India under the Central Universities Act, 2009 (Section 25 of 2009).[1] The university is
located at the premises of Birla Institute of Technology, Patna (BIT Campus, P.O.- B.V. College, Patna
800 014).[2] The university is likely to be relocated to Panchanpur, approximately 10 km from Gaya on
Defence land to be transferred soon. Keeping in view of the permanent location of the university at Gaya, it
has been decided to launch new academic programmes at Gaya. It operates from a temporary campus on the
grounds of Birla Institute of Technology, Patna. The university will now have its own campus in Gaya. On
28 February 2014, Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar laid the foundation stone of the Central University of
Bihar at Gaya.[3] It will be spread in 300 acre campus One of India's premier medical institute AIIMS
Patna started functioning in Patna. It is in line with AIIMS, New Delhi.
See also
India
Outline of India
Index of India-related articles
Bibliography of India
India Wikipedia book
History of India
Timeline of Bihar
Bihari languages
Anti-Bihari sentiment
Bihari people
Bihari culture
List of people from Bihar
Bihar Sthapana Diwas
20/29
11/8/2014
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Further reading
Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan
Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion,
17701870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press,
1999.
Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser
along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar
Publishers, paperback, 2005).
Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter
Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
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11/8/2014
Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic
and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by
Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited,
Bangalore.
Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi,
Patna.
Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP's total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974).
Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987).
Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980).
Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982).
Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, ISBN
81-241-0143-4.
Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st
Edition, April 2000).
Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, Publications
Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 19291942, PhD
Thesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication).
Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.
N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.
N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.
Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi,
Allahabad.
Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.
Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).
Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi,
2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X.
Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81260-2627-2.
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Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press,
1992
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External links
Official website (http://www.biharonline.gov.in)
Bihar (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Bihar) at DMOZ
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar&oldid=632402537"
Categories: 1912 establishments in India Bihar Urdu-speaking countries and territories
This page was last modified on 4 November 2014 at 10:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a
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Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 25.37N 85.13E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar (/bhr/; Hindi: , Urdu:

Location of Bihar in India

Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged behind other

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

state.[22] The improved governance has led to an

2.3 Colonial Era

Coordinates (Patna): 25.37N 85.13E

2.4 Pre and post Independence

1912 as Bihar and Orissa

5 Government and administration

7.1 Language and literature

7.2 Arts and crafts

7.3 Performing arts

94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi)

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

9.4 Inland Waterways

The Mahabodhi Temple, among

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kalidasa's Sanskrit play

Pre and post Independence

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Geography and climate

Bihar has a diverse climate. Its temperature is subtropical in general,

Bihar is very cold in the winter,

(Sitting left to right) Rajendra

River Map of Bihar

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Flora and fauna

Bauhinia acuminata, locally

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2011 103,805,000 25.1%

Government and administration

Krishna Sinha (right) with

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar accounts for 71% of

Gross State Domestic

Bihar lies in the riverine plain of the

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Income distribution: north-south divide

Arts and crafts

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Artisans selling their work near

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Buddha's statue at Bodh Gaya's

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map showing national inland

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Patna river port on national

Steamers and dredgers at Gai

Trolley ride in Rajgir

Bihar is one of the oldest inhabited places in

Remains of the ancient city

In earlier days, tourism in the region was purely based on educational

Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in the

IIT Patna Students carrying the