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r n o u r :W A S H I N G T O NS T A T EU N I V E R S I T Y - P r . , l l m a n
Contents
Psychotherapy
Transversality
II
24
Anti-Psychiatryand Anti-Psychoanalysis
+5
6o
Psychoanalysis
and the StrugglesofDesire
6z
Bz
III
The Planeoi'Consistency
r20
IntensiveRedundanciesand ExpressiveRedundancies
r30
Subjectless
Action
r35
Machinic Propositions
t+4
ConcreteMachines
I54
r63
t75
208
2t7
Becoming a Woman
233
lntroduction
.- "J 6"
253
242
zGz
(withEricAlliez) 273
CapitalisticSystems,Stntcturesand Processes
z88
Glossary
Index
29r
Introduction
Introduction 3
L'lncorucient
machinique,
in his most recentstill unpublished writings and in the
chapter on 'Capitalist Systems,Structuresand Processes'(as yet unpublished in French) in this book. He tells me that his view of theory is that it has
an essentiallycreative function, like art. The aim of theory is to produce new,
more heuristictheoreticalobjectsand he quotesthe inventionofpolyphonyin
music. In the left France of rg8z everyonewants to invent new theoretical
objects.Guattari hassucceededin inventingsome- in fact quite a number of
them.
In this writing, individuals,groupsand'the society'arenot denied,but the
desiring machines operate in the spacesbetweenthese 'entities'. Guattari's
writing itselfissuesfrom this sort ofinterspace and is directed back again into
these'spacesbetween', which are the spaceswhere things are agendes.Then,
by a curious but comprehensiblelogic, the writing itself becomesagencement.
The reader will have to rvork out the meaning of this term lrom the text itself
and the Glossary,l but I shall simply note here that one of the ways that
Guattari vsesagencemenl
is closeto the way that Ert ing Goffman describesthe
everydaylife organization of experience,in FrameAnajsis tor example. But if
one searchesfor analogies between Guattari's position and positions in
'Anglo-Saxon'social
thought,one is hard-pressedto find equivalences
ro the
conceptof rule in, say, ethno-methodologyor in P. Winch's Wittgensteinorientated rule-following approach. The closestone can get is in the conception ofa'plane of consistency'that Guattari develops.
The questionfor Guattari, and the restof us, is how to undo the erstwhile
emancipatory rhetoric of much of the seriesof social revolutionary a{hrmations of the r96osand early r97os.How to re-think what thought might be.
We may havewidely differenrresponses
ro this question,bur one thing is sure:
from now on, in no conceivablelvay can Fdlix Guattari's extensiveand
intenseresponsebe left out ofaccount.
The selectionof articlesin this book deliberatelyomits a number of pieces,
all ofthem interestingbut having many local references
directedat a French
public. The English-languagereader may find some difficulty with the
author's terminology, though theseearlier writings by no means present the
problem of Guattari's later and conjoint work. One might object ro someof
the language and remark that there is a perfectly good philosophical and
scientificlanguagethat has by no meansbeenexhaustedthrough 2,5ooyears
of history,but we should norjump to the conclusionthar Guattari is guilty of
stylisticpen,ersitv.As with Deleuzehis totally explicit aim is to desrructurea
consciousness
and a rationality over-sureofitselfand thus too easyprey to
subtle,and not so subtle,dogmatisms.
The boundariesbetweenthe forms olhuman and non-humanmatter that
t. Referenceshould be made ro the verl,useful and lucid account ol'agencementgivenh
Dialogue.r:
GillesDeleuze,ClairePamet,!-lammarion, r977, pp. 84-9r.
Inroductlon
Fdlix
that clear-cut'Ifwe chooseto foliow
we encounterin the world are never
we
is.because
it
regions of ambiguitv
Guattari in his nornadisrnthrough
emerges
that
clarity
rewarding
u'-t t"rnittttttlu
elimpse from very early on
ihroucl, this highlv orieinal rr'riting'
DAV'D COOPER
Silence.Panic. HE mustn't hear. It should be shut; it's all over. He? Who?
Why, my father surely, lying on his death bed. He is waiting for her to join
him. There's a problem with the electric connection- the lampis going to go
out; it's all over. In the nick of time I manageto reconnectthe thing.
I'm nine; it is a few months belore the outbreak of war. I am in Normandy,
at my (maternal)grandmother's.We are listeningro rhe 'traitor of Stuttgart',
Jean Hdrold Paquis. My grandfather (grandmother has remarried), a vast
and kindly old man, is sitting on the toilet. The door is open so that he can
hear the radio. N{y cutting-out box is by his feet - little paper dolls I make
clothesfor. Grandpa's head hangs right down, onto his knees,and his arms
flop besidehim. Is he touchingmy toys?I want to shoutour to him. Silence.I
turn my head, slowly - an eterniry - towards rhe light on the radio. A terrible
crash. He's fallen onto the floor. Grandmother screams.It's a stroke.Turn off
the radio. Call the neighbours.I'm alonein the dark. Crying, crying.
'Want
to haveone last look at him?'There's a newspaperover his head, to
keepoflthe flies.There's a newspaperover thejam Grandmother'sj ust made
- to keepoffthe flies.
A dead body on top ofthe cupboard where rhe pots ofjam are kept.
I gave them a poem to put in his cofhn. 'What rhymes with bonheur?'He
had
answered,'Instead otfeuille moile,you can just put lesfailles semeurent','But
you can't sav that, Grandpa.' 'You can if I say so!' I would have to ask
someoneelse.I loved him a lot, but he might not know somerhinglike that.
He'd beena worker. An amazing man. A striker. They'd gone on strike at
,, N{onceau-les-Mines.There'd been fighting. Some peoplewere killed.
I
Institutional Psychotherapy
Transversality'
r,
t2
Institutional PsychotheraPY
Transversality
r3
t+
Institutional Ps1'chotheraPy
Transversality l5
individual in the group as a being with the power of speech,
and thus to
re-examinethe usual mechanism of psycho-sociological
and structuralist
descriptions'It is also, undoubtedly,a rvay ofgettingback to the theories
of
,training
bureaucracy,self-nranagement,
grorpr'und ,o on, r.vhichregularly
lail in their object becauseof their scientistic.efu.al to involve
meaniirsand
c o n t e nt .
I think it convenientfurther to distinguish,in groups,berween
the .manilest content' - that is, what is said and done, rhe atrirudesof
the difrerenr
members, the schisms, the appearanceof leaders, of aspiri'g
leaders,
scapegoats
and so on - and the 'latent content',which can be discoieredonlv
by interpreting the various escapesofmeaning in the order ofphenomena.
w e m a y d e f i n et h i s l a t e n t c o n t e n ra s ' g r o u p d e s i r e ' :i t m u s t b e
articurated
with the group'sspecificlorm of love and death instincts.
Freud said rhat in serious neurosesthere was a disrocation
of the fundamentalinstincts;the probrem facing the analystwas ro relncegrate
them in
sucha way as to dispel,say,the sympromsof sado-masochism.
io undertake
suchan operation,the very structureofinstitutionswhoseonly
existenceas a
body is imaginary requires the setting-up or institutional means
for the
purpose- though it must not be forgottenthat thesecannor
claim to be more
than svmbolic mediationstending by their very nature to
be broken down
into some kind of meaning. It is not the same as what
happens in the
psychoa'al'1ictransference.
The phenomenaof imaginari,porr.rrionure not
graspedand articularedon the basisofan anarvsr'sinterpreiation.
The group
phantasyis essentiallysymbolic,whateverimagerymay te
dra*n utong"uyri.
Its inertia is regulated onry by an endressreturn to rhe
same inJolubr"
problems.Experienceof institutional therapeuticsmakes
it clear that indi'idual phantasizingne'er respectsthe particular nature
of this svmbolic
planeofgroup phantasy.on rhe conrrary)it tries to absorbit.
and to'overla1.
it with particular imaginingsrhar are 'naturaily' to
be found in the various
roles that could be srructured by using the signifiers
circurated by the
collective.
This 'imaginarf incarnation'ofsomeof the signifyingarticulations
ofthe group - on the pretextoforganization,e{ficiency,presrlse,
or, equally,
ofincapacity,non-qualification,erc. - crystailizesth..iru.tu-."
ur'u *toti,
hindersits possibilitiesfor change,determinesits featuresand
irs ,mass,,and
restrictsro the urmost its possibiritiesror dialoguewith anything
that might
tend to bring its 'rulesof the game, into question:in short,it proiuces
ull ih.
conditionsfor degeneratinginto what we have calleda clependent
group.
The unconsciousdesire ol a group, lor jnstance the ,pi.lot,
gioup in a
traditionalhospital,as expressionof a death insti,cr, wili probJly
not ue
suchas can be statedin words, and will producea whole.ung.
of ,y*pto_..
Thoughthosesymptomsmay in a sensebe ,articulatedlike I language,
and
describable-ina structurar context, to the extent that thev tend
to d"iseiisethe
r6
Institutionai Psvchotherapv
Transversality | 7
alcohoiismamong one lot ofnurses perhaps,or the generallyunintelligent
behaviourofanother (for it is quite true, as Lacan pointsout, that stupidity is
anotherway of expressingviolent emotion). It is surely a kind olrespectfor
the m),steryembodiedin neurosesand psychoses
that makesthoseattendants
in our moderngra,,eyard degradethemsell'esand thus pay negativehomage
to the messageof thosewhom the entireorganizationof our societyis geared
to disregarding.Not everyonecan a{Iord, like some psychiatrists,to take
refugein the higher reachesofaestheticismand thus indicate that, as lar as
theyare concerned,it is not life'smajor questionsrhat they aredealingwith in
their hospitalwork.
.
Group analysiswill not makeit its aim to elucidatea statictruth underlying
this symptomatology,but rather to create the conditions lavourable to a
particular mode of interpretation,
identical, lollowing Schotte's view, to a
transference.
Translerenceand inter.pretationrepresenta symbolicmode ol
intervention,but u,emust rementberthat they are not somethingdone by an
individual or group rhat adopts the role of'analvst, lor the purpose.The
interpretationmav rvellbe given by the idiot of the ward if he is able to make
his voiceheardat the right time, the time rvhena parricularsignifierbecomes
activeat the levelofthe structureas a rvhole,lor instancein organizinga game
of hop-scotch.One has to meet interpretarionhalf-way.One must therefore
- psychological,sociological,pedagogicalor
rid oneselfofallpreconceptions
even therapeutic.In as much as the psychiatristor nurse wields a certain
amountofpower, he or she must be consideredresponsiblelor destroyingthe
possibilities
ofexpressionofthe institution'sunconscioussubjecti'ity.A fixed
transference,
a rigid mechanism,Iike the relationshipof nursesand patients
with the doctor, an obligatory, predetermined,'territorialized,transference
onto a particularrole or stereotype,is worsethan a resistanceto analysis:it is
a wav of interiorizing bourgeoisrepressionby the repetitive,archaic and
artificialre-emergence
ol the phenomenaof caste,w,ith all the spellbinding
and reactionarygroup phantasiesthey bring in their train.
As a temporarysupport set up to preserve,at leastfor a time, the objectof
our practice,I propose to replacethe ambiguous idea of the institutional
transferencewith a new concept: transaersalitl,t
in the group. The idea of
transversality
is opposedto:
(a) verticality,as describedin the organogrammeof a pyramidal structure
(leaders,assistants,
etc.);
(b) horizontality,as it existsin the disturbedwards ofa hospital,or) even
more,in the senilewards; in other words a stateof afrairsin which thinss and
peoplefit in as bestthel,can with the situationin which they find themselves.
Think of a field with a lence around it in rvhich there are horseswith
adjustableblinkers: the adjustment of their blinkers is the 'coefEcientof
transversality'.
Ifthey are so adjustedas to makethe horsestotally blind. then
rB
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
will takeplace'Graduallv,
presumablva certain traumaticlorm of eucor:nter
about more easily' Let
moving
them
envisage
as the flaps'areopened,one can
terms of affectivitv'
in
one.another
to
relate
people
how
us try to inragine
porcupines' no one can
A.cor.li.,g to Schopenhauer'slamous parable of the
stand being too closeto his fellow-men:
to protectthemhuddledtogetlrer
One lreezingwinterday, a herdofporcupines
pricked
eachother
their
spines
But
warmth
combinid
theil
by
coid
s"lue,ugoin.tihe
thev
howeler,
conrinued,
cold
the
since
,o puint"rttuthat thevsoonclrewapartagain.
prickingpainful'This
lound
the
they
more
onie
and
more,
once
together
haclto drarv
just the right
alternatemovingtogetherand apart went on until thev discovered
o
evils
both
from
thenr
preserve
distanceto
of
degreeof blindne-ss
In a hospital,the'coeticient of transversality'isthe
the
that
suggest
each of the people present. However, I would
^official
that resultsfrom it'
acl.iustingofail the blinkers, a'd the overt communication
the level of the medicai
clependsalmost automaticallyon rr'hat happens^at
administratorand
the
financial
sr"rperintendent,
nursing
superintendent,the
There may' of
base'
so on. Hence all mo'emeni is lrom the summit to the
'pressurelrom the base', but it never usually managesto
course,be some
must
make any changein the overallsiructureof blindness.An1'modification
role, and a. reperson's
each
ol
redefinition
structural
of
a
be in tcrrns
people remain fixated on
orientation of the whole institution' So long as
themselves'
!hemselves,they neverseeanything
of
Transversaliiy is a dimension that"' tries to overcome both the impasse
pureVelticalityandthato|merehorizontality:ittendstobeachier'edwhen
and, aboveail, in
there is rnaximum communicationamong differentlevels
working towards'
is
group
independent
an
different meanings. it is this that
Myhypotl.,esisisthis:itispossibletochangethevariouscoe{ficientsofunFor example,
.or..iou, transversalityat ihe variousie'els of an institution.
consisting of
circle
the
within
place
the overr communicarion that takes
on an exremain
may
house'doctors
the
and
the medical superintendent
is
transversality
of
coefncient
its
that
appear
it
may
ancl
ievel,
tremely lormal
ue.ylo*.ontheotherhandthelatentandrepressedcoefficientexistingat
nurses have more
department level may be found to be much higher: the
genuinerelationshipsamongthemselves,.invirtueofra'hichthepatientscan
- and remember this
irake transferencesthat havi a therapeutic effect' Now
though o|
is still hypothetical- the multiple coefhcientsof transversa]it,v,
transversality
of
level
fact,
the
In
differing intensity, remain homogeneous'
determines how
.*iuting"in the group that has the real power unconsciously
are regulated'
of
transversality
levels
other
of
the exiensive fou.iUiti,i.r
- there were a strong coefficient of
unusual
be
would
it
though
Suppose
6. ParergaundParalipornna,Partl I,'Gleichnisse und Parabeln''
Transversality
rg
tra.nsversality
among the house-doctors:since thev generallyhave no real
powerin the running of the institution, that,strongcoefEcientwould remain
latent,and would be lelt only in a very small area. If I may be permitted to
apply an analogv lrom thermo-dvnamicsto a spherein which matters are
determinedbv sociallinesofforce,I would say thar the excessive
insrirurional
entropy of this stare of transversalityresults in the absorption of any
inclinationto lessenit. But do not forget that the fact that we are convinced
that one or severalgroups hold the key to regulatingthe latent transversality
of the institution as a whole doesnot mean that we can identify the group or
groupsconcerned.They,arenot necessarily
the sameasthe o{icial authorities
of the establishmentwho control onlf its ofEcialexpression.It is essentialto
distinguishthe real power from the manifestpower. The real relationshipof
lorceshas to be analysed.Everyoneknows that the law ofthe State is not
made by the ministries; similarly, in a psychiatric hospital, defactopower mav
elude the o{Ecial representativesof the law and be shared among various
sub-groups- the ward. the specialistdepartment, even the hospital social
clubor the stallassociation.It seemseminentlydesirablethat the doctorsand
nurseswho are supposedto be responsiblefor caring for the patientsshould
securecollectivecontrol over the managementof thosethings beyond rules
and regulationsthat determinethe atmosphere,the relationships,everything
that really makesthe institution tick. But you cannorachievethis merely by
declaringa reform; the best intentions in the world are no guaranteeof
actuallygettingto this dimensionof transversalitv,
If the declaredintention of the doctors and nursesis to have an ellect
beyondmerely that of a disclaimer,their entireselvesas desiringbeingsmust
be involvedand brought into questionby the signifyingsrrucrurethey face.
This could lead to a decisivere-examinationof a whole seriesof supposedly
establishedtrurhsi why does the State rvithhold grants?Why does Social
Securitypersistentlyrefusero recognizegroup rherapy?Though essenrially
liberal, surelv medicine is reactionary when it comesto matters of classification and hierarchy- as indeed are our trade-unionfederations,though they
are in theory more {o the left. In an institution, the effective, that is
unconscious,source of power, the holder of the real power, is neither
permanentnor obvious. It has to be flushedout, so to say, by an analytic
searchthat at times invol'es huge detoursby way ofthe crucial problenrsof
our time.
If the analysisof an institution consisrsin endeavouringto make ir aware
that it shouldgain control ofwhat is being said, any possibilityofcreative
inten'entionwill dependon its initiatorsbeingable ro existat the point where
'it
shouldhavebeenable to speak'so as to be imprinted by the signifierof the
group - in other words to accept a form of casrrarion.This wound, this
barrier,this obliterationoftheir powersofimagination leadsback,ofcourse,
20
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
to underlie any
to an analysis of the objects discovered.bv.Freudianism
laeces'pents
breast'
subject:
the
bl'
order
p"*iUi. ^r.".ption of the svmbolic
detachable;but it alsoleads
and so on, all ofrvhich are at leastin phantasy
to the
oi'the role of all ihe transitionalobjectsTrelated
back to an anal_vsis
living
worth
life
makes
that
all
*^rftl.g machine, the television,in short
picture
the
with
starting
objects'
part
these
,oauy.furrf,..more' the sum ofall
is itselfthrown daily onto the
of the body as the basistbr sell--identification'
Exchangethat dealswith shares
market asibclder,alongsidethe hiddenStock
all the rest lndustrial society
and
sport
aestheticism,
in pseudo-eroticism,
its need- satisfvinglrom the
by
fate
ofour
control
Lincollsclous
thus secut'es
in
death instinct to disjoint ever'vconsumer/producer
foinr oi ui.t of the
great
a
becoming
itself
find
would
,u.h u *'u1' that ultimatel,vhumanity
God of the Econornyshall
lragmented body held togeti.reronly as the.suPreme
'the order of
to fit into
symptom
a
social
force
ro
pointl't's
decree.It is, then,
basis; it ivould be like taking an
;hd;', Ibt it.,ut i. in the last resort its only
timesa day and shuttinghim u.l
hundred
oUr..rionutrvhowasheshis handsa
his svmptomatologyonto pantc
displace
would
he
in a rootn without a sink
and unbearableattacksofanxietl"
will it be possiUteOnly i{'there ts a certain deg'ee '->fttansversalitv
1t119tt
re-thinking- to set golng
continual
to
o,liy to. a titne, sinceall this is subject
as a
group
of using the
real
un u,-tutyti.processgiving individuals a
.hope
and
group
the
both
u'ill manifest
mirror. When that huppei', the individual
to
revealed
will
be
he
chain'
himsel{.If the group hejoins actsas a signifying
other
the
on
lf'
dilemmas
neurotic
himselfas he is bevondhi' i*ugi'.'u'l'and
alienated'caughtup in its
f-,".a, fr. happenstojoin u g,n,i that is profoundlv
his
narcissismreinlorced
will have
own distorted imagery, tit ntu'otit
silently devoting
continue
can
L.1'onOhis wildest hopes,while the psychotic
h i m s e l f t o h i s s u b l i m e u ' ' i u " " u l p u t ' i o n ' ' T h e a l t e r n a t i v e t o a n i n t e join
rvention
the
that an individual would
;i ;;; il"p-"nalvtic kind is the possibility
group's
the
to
access
thus gain
g.oup-u. both listener and speaker' and
i n w a r d n e s as n d i n t e r P r e t t '
Ifacertaindegreeoftransversalitybecomessolidlvestab]ishedinan
in-thegroup: the delusionsand
institution,a new kind ofdialogue ca"tegin
patient
maniGstationswhich havehithertokept the
all the other unconscrous
inakindofsolitaryconfinementcanachieveacollectivemodeo|expresston.
Themodificationo|theSuper.egothatlspokeofearlieroccursatthemoment
to emerge where social
rea<1'v
when a particular model of lunguugt'is
a
ritual' To consider the
as
structures have been hitherto functioning only
is
to posethe problem of
process
a
in
such
oossibilitv oftherapists intervening
to someextent a radical
presuppose
in
turn'
would,
;;;;t;;;;;tit.r'Ji.rt
than it is given by Winnicott
7. I use this term in a more general sense
Transversality 2r
translormationin the presentpsychoanalyticmovement- which has certainl"'not up to now been much interestedin re-centringits activity on real
patientswhere they actually are, that is. lor the most part, in the sphereof
hospitaland communitv psychiatry.
The social statr:s of medical superintendentis the basis of a phantasv
alienation,settinghim up as a distantpersonage.How couldsucha personbe
persuadedeven to accept, let alone be eager, to have his every move
questioned,without retreating in panic? The doctor who abandons his
phantasystatusin order to place his role on a svmbolicplane is, on the other
hand,well placedto effectthe necessarysplitting-upof the medicalfunction
into a number of different responsibilitiesinvolving variouskinds of gror"rps
'totemization'
and individuals,The object of that function movesawav lrom
andis transferredto diflerentkinds ofinsritutions,extensions
and delegations
ofpower.The very lact that the doctor could adopt sucha splitting-upwould
thus representthe first phaseolsetting up a structureoftransversality.His
'articulated
role,now
like a language',rvouldbe involvedwith the sum of the
grouprsphantasiesand signifiers.Rather than eachindividual acting out the
's
comedyof life for his own and other people benefit in line with the reification
of the group, transr,ersalityappearsinevitably to demand the imprinting of
eachrole. Once firmly establishedby a group wielding a significantshareof
Iegalandrealpower, this principleofquestioningand re-definingrolesis very
likely,ifapplied in an analytic context,to have repercussions
at every other
levelas well. Such a modificationo[ego idealsalso modifiesthe introjectsol
the super-ego,and makes it possibleto set in motion a tvpe of castration
complexrelated to different socialdemandsfrom thosepatientspreviously
experienced
in their familial, professionaland other relationships.To accept
'put
being
on trial', being verbally laid bare b.v others, a certain type of
reciprocalchallenge,and humour, the abolition ofhierarchicalprivilegeand
soon- all this will tend to createa new group law whose'initiating' eflectswill
bring to light, or at leastinto the halllight, a number of signsthat actualize
transcendental
aspectsofmadnesshithertorepressed.Phantasies
ofdeath, or
ofbodily destruction,so important in psychoses,
can be re-experienced
in the
rvarmatmospherecfa group, eventhough one might have thought their late
wasessentiallyto remain in the controiof a neo-societywhosemissionwas to
exorcisethem.
This said, however,one must not lose sight of the lact that, even when
pavedrvith the bestintentions,the therapeuticendeavouris still constantlyin
danger of foundering in the besotting mythology of 'togetherness'.But
showsthat the bestsafeguardagainstthat dangeris to bring to the
experience
surfacethe group's instinctual demands. These force everyone,whether
patient or doctor, to consider the problem of their being and destiny. The
groupthen becomesambiguous.At one level,it is reassuringand protective,
't"trr-rl,.a
:1n'l3
.:::
Transversalit,v 2g
prodr'rcealterations in the group's level of tolera'ce towards
individual
dive.gences,
and result in crisesover lnystifiedissuesthat will endanger
the
group'sfuture.
The role olgroup analystis to revealthe existenceofsuch situations
and to
.
leadthe group as a whoie to be lessready to evadethe lessonsthey
teach.
It is rny hvpothesisthat thereis nothing inevitableabout the
bureaucratic
self-mutilationof a subject groupJor its unconsciousresort to
mechanisrns
that milirareagainstits potentiarrransversaliry.
They depend,rrom the first
moment,on an acceptanceof the risk _ which accompanies
the emergenceof
any phe'omenonofrear meaning- ofhaving to conrronti.rutionutity]
aeuii,
and the othernessofthe other.
A fragmented balance.sheet
To lollo'v so many other speakerson the themeof society,the responsibilitv
of
i n d i v i d u a l s ,m i l i t a n t s ,g r o u p sa n d s . o n , c r e a r e sa c e r t a i ni n h i b i t i o n .
It is a
minefield. with questionershidden in fortifieddug-outswairing to atrack
r.,ou:
what right has he to speak?what businessis it olhis? rvhat is.-he
getting at?
And professionalacademicsare there too, to recall ,,o, to n.,oJ.rtr,,.1nd
systematicall,v
to restrict a'v approach to theseproblems that is remorely
ambitious.
N o t e v e na m b i t i o u s n, e c e s s a r i l b
v ,u t r e r a t e dt o r e s p o n s i b i l i t yF.o r e x a m p r e .
we ma,vstudy this or that text of \{arx or Freud, we mav studl it rn
depth,
seeingit in the cortext ofthe generaltrendsolthe period; but very leru
people
will agree to pursue that study into its bearing on the present
day, on its
inrplicarion.s
for. sav, rhe de','elopment
of iinperlrism and rhe Third r\,orld,
or a particular current schoolofthousht.
In diflerentplacesand dilrerentci.crn,srancesI haveput fb^vard
crifrerent
ideas. For ir-)stance
I have spokenof the'intrr-rjects
o|the super-ego,,of the
capacitvofdependentgroups ro allorvthe individuar super-ego
a rl.eerein. I
h:rve tried to suEgestprocedureslor instit'tional analtisis.sieki'g
more or
lesssuccessiulll,
to introduceflexibilirv.Today I $,ant to go further, but once
a g a i n t h e r e i s r h i s i n h i b i t i o n .T h e b e s tw ^ y r o r a c k l e ; t i . , t t t , i n t .
ro rrv ro
expressmy ideasjustas they come into mv head.
T'hefirst quesrionis: rvharcan ir possibrydo for 'them,?Do I reaily
needto
sav any more, and ro exposemvselfyet again?The peopleand groups
I ha,".e
know'and arsi-redrvith go about their businesswith little
concern for
institutional analvsis:histo'y takesits course,and all groups tend
to follow
th.eir,routine
unti.ltheir path is divertedin somer.vayor other by an obstacle,
wlretherironr wirhin or without.
No, that is 'ot precisel,v
true: the 'rilitant groupswith whom I am stiil in
touch, institurionaltherap'groups and the groupi in the FGERI,2
have not
r.Firstgivenasaralktoaworkinggroupatl_aBorde
i n r 9 6 6 , a n d p u t r n r o w r t l i n g i n - { p r irl9 6 g .
2 FiddrationdesCroupesd'tucleetdeRechercheInsrirutionelle(FcderationifInsiiruriJnal
Stud1,and ResearchGroups), producing rhe retiew Rcchercfus,
published in paris.
26
Institutional Psychotherapv
lVhelea porr'erful
impetushasbeerr
givento grouplormation
neuroses
maydiminish
and at all eventstemporariiv
disappear
attemptshavealso
fsavsFreud].Justifiable
neuroses
beennradeto turn thisantagonism
berween
andgrouplormationto therapeutic account.
Eventhosewhodo notregretthedisappearance
from
ofreligious
illusions
the civilizedworld of todayu'ill admit that so longas theywerein forcethey ollered
thosewho were bound by them the mostpowerfuiprotectionagainstthe dangerof
Nor is it hardto discernthatall thetiesthatbindpeopleto mvstico-religious
neurosis.
or phiiosophico-religious
sectsandcomrnunities
areexpressions
ofcrooked
curesofali
kinds of ileuroses.
All of this is correlatedwith rhecontrasrbetweendirectlysexual
impulsions
andthosewhichareinhibitedin theiraim.s
As you see.Freud did not dissociatethe problem of neurosislrom what is
expressedin the term'collective grouping', For hirn there is a continuity
betweenthe statesof being in love, hvpnosisand group formation. Freud
might u'ell authorize me to say whatever I liked lrom a lree associationof
thesethemes.But the hard-linersonceagainseizethe microphone:'That's all
very well when you're talking ofneurosis or even institutional therapy, but
have no right to say'u,hatever
vou pleasein the highly responsiblefield of
1'r-'u
the classstruggle. . .'
The point upon which I ibel most uncertain,and militant groupsare most
intransigent,is that of the group's subjectivity.'. . . production also is not
orlly a particlllar production.Rather,it is alwavsa certainsocialbodv, a rodal
:subject,
whrch is active in a greater or sparser totalitv of branchesof production.'t'Oh yes, I am well aw,arethat when N{arx talks like that of a social
subiect he does not mean it in the way I use it, involving a correlateof
phantasizing,and a rvholeaspectofsocial creativitywhich I have soughtto
sum up as'transversality'.All the same,I am glad to find in \{arx- and no
longer the 'young Marx'- this re-emergence
of subjectivity.
!!'ell nort'. this quotations gzrtnehas repercussionson a register of the
unconsciouslevel. I have only to read them out, and the spectreof guilt
recedes,the statueof the Commander the victim of intemperance,all is wellI can now sav rvhateverI like on my own account.I am not going to tr.vto
produce a theory basing the intrinsic interlinking ofhistorical processes
on
the demandsof the unconscious.To me that is too obvious to need demonstrating.The u,holelabric of m1,inmost existenceis made up of the eventsof
corltemporaryhistorl'- at leastin so far as they have affectedme in various
wavs. Nly phantasieshave been moulded by the'r936 complex', by that
wonderful book of Trotsky's, M) Ltft,by all the extraordinaryrhetoricof the
Liberation, especiallvthose of the 1,outh hostelling movementJanarchist
5 . F r e u d , G r o u p P s l c h o L o g a n d t h e A n a l 2 tshi seEo gf o( r 9 z r ) , e d . J . S r r a c h c y , i n V o l . x v i i i o f t h e
C o m p l e t eW o r k s . H o g a r t h P r e s s ,t 9 5 5 . p p . 6 7 - r 4 3 .
6. Karlil1arx,/arroduclionrotheCriliqueofPoliticalEconomlli35T),publishedasrhelnrroducrionin
Grundrisst(Pelican Marx Library, rg73).
qB Institutional PsychotheraPv
halllcinate history, and wars and classconflictswill becomethe meansof
his/her own sell-expression.
All this ma1'be true of madness'vou maY say, but histor.v,the history of
socialgroups,has notl-ringto do with such madness.Here again, I show my
fundamentalirresponsibility.If only I could content myself rvith itemizing
the various areasofphantasy in which I can find securitylBut then I would
remain condemned to going back and lorth in a dead end, and would have to
admir that I have merely vielded to the external constraintsthat were part
and parcel of each ef the situationsthat made me. Underlying my different
options - being-lor-historv, being-for-a-particular-group' being-for-literature - is there not some searchfor an unthinking answerto what I can only
call being-lor-existence,being-lor-suffering?
The child, the neurotic, everv one of us, starts by being denied any true
of selt fcr the individual can only speak in the context of the
possessi,rn
discoursecf the Other. To continue with the quotation lrom Freud I gave
earlieron,
bv hisorvnsymptomformations
a neuroticisobligedto replace
I1'heis leftto himself,
He creates
his own rvorldoi
{iom ivhichhe is exclr-rded.
the sreatgrouplormations
and thus
imaginationlor himself.hts orr'llreligion,his own svstemof delusions,
of
waywhichis clearevidence
in a distorted
of hr-rmanity
theinstitutions
recapitulates
q
sexualinlpulsions
partplavedbv thcclirectl;'
theciominating
The establisheddiscourseofthe groupsofyoung peoplethat I belongedto,
the establisheddiscourseof the workers'organizationsI encounteredin the
filties, the philosophicaldiscourseofthe bourgeoisuniversity,literary disand its own
eachhad its own consistency
course,and ail the other discourses,
to
trv
and make
to
it
in
order
myself
that
I
adapt
demanded
and
each
axioms,
it m1' own. At the same time, these successiveattempts at mastering
discoursesactualll, lbrmed me by lragmenting me - since that fragmentation
itselfwas, on the plane of the imaginary,simply the first beginningof a more
proibund reuniting. After reading a novel, I would find a whole new world
openin{ trp belble me in, say,a vouth hostel,quite anotherin politicalaction
and so on. My behaviourIVasthus affectedby a kind of poli morphism with
more or less perverseimplications. Diflerent social bodies of relerencewere
expectingme to make a decisionon one level or another. and to become
establishedin someidentifiablerole - but identifiableb,vwhom?An intellectual?A militant?A prolessionalrevolutionary?Perhaps,but in the distanceI
'You are going to be a psychoanalyst.'
beganto hear somethingsaying,
Note. however. that these different orders must not be seen on the same
ievel. A certain tvpe of group initiation has its own special imprint: real
q. Freud. ()roup Ps-rchologlt
and the 'lnal1sisofthe Ego,p. t4t.
3o
InstitutionalPsychotheraPv
s r o d u c ei n s t i t u t i o n s ; t hcer e a t i v er u m b l i n g s
o l e c o l l d s a yt h a r r e y o l u t i o n p
that ulrleashedthe French revolution rvere luxuriant in this respect'But
bewareof spelling revolution with a capitai R. Things happenedby way of
modilications,and any masterplan remainedentirel)'abstractand
successive
constitunever put into eflect:this is evident in, for instance,the successive
tions drafted bv the French revolution.Only with the historvof the rvorkers'
movementsince lvlarx have we seena consciousplan settingout to produce
institutional lnodelsfor reorgauizingthe structureof the Statenon-r"rtopian
witl'r a view to its I'uturer',itheling awa.v- for starling up a revolutionary
power, for setting up political and trade-union bodies aiming (at least in
theorv) to fuifil the demands of the class struggle' It is noteworthy that
organizationalproblems have olten more truly engenderedsplinter groups,
major battles, even schisms,than have ideologicaldivergences;and with
Lelinism, the problem of organizationbecamethe primordial one. Debates
abor-rtthe party line, the signifiedand the signification\'\'erevery often no
more rh,{l'la lront to conceallvhat was at issueat the levelof the organization'
ai signifier,which at timeswent down to the tiniestdetail.Who shouldconrol
rl.risor that authority?Horv should the unions be relatedto the Party?What
tvasto be the role ofthe soviets?
of
There is of course a generai problem about the subjectiveprocesses
'breakthroughgroups' tl-rroughout
history,but for the moment I r'r'antsimply
to fbcusthe idea ol the subjectgroup on the birth ofrevolutionarygroups,ru
These groups make a spccial point of linking. or tr)'ing to link, theit
theil revolutionaryprogramme. Hisorg:rnizationoptions ver)' closel,v
"vith
event that was stifled by the
great
creative
to
one
torically,,we can point
hegemonyof stalinism in the USSR and in the Communist International.
Even today, most revolutionarytendenciesstili seeorganizationalproblems
in the lramework within which thev were lormulated fift,vvearsago by Lenin.
Irnperialism,on the other hand, seemsto have been capableof producing
relative institutional solutions enabling it to escapefrom even the most
catastrophicordeals.After the crisisof I929 it producedthe Nen' Deal; after
and re-mould
tl-reSecondWolld \\rar it was able to organize'reconstruction'
effected
partial
measures)
only
were,
These
olcourse.
relations.
iuternational
bv tria.l and error, since the dominant imperialism had lormulated no
consistentpolicy or aims. But in the terms of production,thev have enabled
inrperialism to remain considerablvin advance ol the so-calledsocialist
Statesin its capacity for institutional creativity. But in the socialistStates
of the maior projectsofreform since r956 hasi-etseenthe light ofday. In
nor"re
this respectit is the diflerencethat is crucial.At the time olthe first Five Year
Plan, Russia r.vasintroducing capitalist Productionplans into its lactories
r o . l t u o u l d b e p a r t i c u l a r l vi n t c r e s t i n gt o a p p l v r h i s i d e a t o p o p u l a r r e l i g i o u sh e r e s i e s
32
Institutional Psychotherapy
g4
Institutional Psychotherapv
36
Institutional Psychotherapy
,.r'herezrs
it may be someone- anvone- else who has the characteristics
demandedby the phantasyworld of this particulargroup.Similarlv' the great
leadersof history were peopleu'ho servedas somethingon which to hang
'be
'be
When Jojo, or Hitler, tells people to
Jojos' or
society'sphar.rtasies.
of
kind
Hitlers', thel' a;" not sPeakingso much as circulatinga particular
find
we
shall
that
particularJojo
inrage to be used in the group:'Through
ourselves.'But who actually saYSthis?The whole point is that no one sa2sit,
becauseif one were to saVit to oleself, it would becomesomethingdifferent.
At the level of the group's phantasystructure' we no longer {ind language
'I' and an other through words and a
operating in this way, setting up an
system of significations.There is, to start rvith, a kind of solidification,a
settirrg inro a mass; thisis us,and other people are different, and usually not
worth bothering with - there is no communication possible.There is a
territorializationof phantas;-,an imagining of the grouP as a body, that
absorbssubjectivity into itself. From this there flow all the phenomenaof
nrisunderstanding,racism, regionalism,nationalism and other archaisms
that have utterly defeatedthe understandingofsocial theorists
.AndrdN{alrauxoncesaid on televisionthat the nineteenthcenturylvasthe
centLrryof internationalism,whereasthe twentiethis the centarvof national'
ism. He might have added without exaggerationthat it is also the centuryof
regionalism and particularism. In sornebig cities in America' going from one
s6eet into the next is like changing tribes. Yet there is an ever-increasing
uliversalitv of scientific signifiers;production becomesmore worldwide
everv day; every advancein scholarshipis taken uP b.vresearcherseveryrvhere; it is conceivablethat there might one dav be a single supgr'
inlormation-machinethat couid be usedfor hundredsof thousandsoldi{IerIn the scientificfield, ever.vthingtoda) is shared:the sameis
ent researchers.
tiue of literature,art and so on. However,this doesnot mean that we are not
a generaldrawing inwards in the field. not of the real, but the
n,itnessir.rg
imaginary, and the imaginary at its most regressive.In fact, the two
phenomenaare complementary:it isjust when thereis most universalitythat
n,e feel the need to return as lar as possible to national and regional
'de-code'and
Cistinctness.The more capitalism follows its tendency to
,cle-territorialize',
artificial
the more does it seek to awaken or re-arryaken
territorialitiesand residual errcodings,thus moving to counteractits own
teDdency.
How can we understand these group functions of the imaginary, and all
their variations?How can we get away from that persistentcouple:machinic
universalityand archaicparticularitY?My distinctionbetweenthe two types
ol-groupis not an absoluteone. I sa.vthat the subjectgroup is articulatedlike
a languageand iinks itself to the sum of historicaldiscourse,rvhereasthe
dependent group is structured according to a spatial mode, and has a
38
Institutional Psychotherap.v
40
Institutional Psychotherapv
+2
Institutional Psychotherapy
4+
Institutional Ps,vchotherapy
Psychiatryand Anti-Psychoanalysis'
+6
Institutional Ps-vchotheraPY
has marked
But what irasreally beenirnportant is the way ant'i-psychiatry
a beginning of awareness,not only in the generalpublic, but even amgng
,mental health workers', In my view, the discover,volthe link
p.of."..ionui
has been
betlveen ps-vchiatricrepressionand other forms of repression
repercussions
its
all
felt
having
far
lrom
u'e
are
and
significant,
.,]or*ourl,u
-vet.
has been paftl)'r'itiated bv certain schoolsof
However, that zrrvareness
a
it
good excuseto knock psychiatrv- leavingit to
who
found
psychoanaiysis
-be
a
undersroodthat we, with our little couches,cure peoplervithout laying
hand on thenr,without ever hurting anvbodv'
'68, in the sensethat NIay
t.-1.n.:Anti-psychiatrycan be connectedwith lv'Iav
';68
hospitals,like prisons,
Mental
*u, essentiallyan artack on institutions.
which, though
institutions
up
locked
people
rvereinstitutions for.keeping
in the middle of a ton'n, peopleliterally did not see'
r-rsually
r.c.: Doubts abor.rtprisonsand mental hospitalswere still very uncertainin
with friendslike
at the time having verv livelv discussiotls
i 968. I r.ernember
repressedthen
be
ing
militants
the
,,iai' Geismaror SergeJuly;we tried to see
criminalsin
poor,
the
was
su{Ieringwho
else
ason the samelevelaseveryone
ez \'Iarch
the
lormer
\'et
e'en
patients.
psl'chiat'ic
Katangais,2
the
gaol,
'Political
ipontun.i.t, ,"ho ,uerejoini.g up with the Maoists were saying,
prisoners,yes,and common law prisoners,ofcourse but not drug addictsl
they can be manipudangerous,
thev're
denoutrced,
musi
be
b'ug addicts
l"t.j by the police,'and so on. lVhen ia'etried to talk about so-calledpolitical
questionsin the samebreath as the problemsof madness,we were thought to
that surprisesno one.But
be eccentricif not positivelydangerous.Nowada-vs
with the settingup of the
point,
this
we
reached
that
after'68
time
ir was sorrre
'68 therewasalot
GIp:r anclother acti'ities of that kind. During the eventsof
the employers
and
universities
the
of uphea!al in psvchiatric circles but
'colleqes
thel'called
what
of
moyement
that
up
tIe1'set
soondealt rvith rhat:
'Garde-Fou','Les Cahierspour la Folie', and the
of psychiatry'.The GIA,a
,..t ull came on the scene much later, more or less in the wake of what
Foucar-rltancl Deleuzerveredoing in relation to prisons.l\lemory can play
',68 mav rvell have Iiberated all sorts of re"'olutionarY
funny rricks! N{ay
attitudes,but people'sminds were still full of the bad old ideas,and it took
drug
some time to open them up on problenrslike madness,homosexuality,
so
on'
and
liberation
women's
addiction,delinquency,prostitution'
'[
' K a t a n e a i s ' w a s t h e n i c k n a m eg i v e n t o t h e g a n g so f t o u g h sw h o u ' e n t i n t o t h e S o r b o n n e
z. he
cluringthestudelrtoccuPationandbeatupthestudentsandl'andalizedthebuildings'Thename
comes from the Katangan rebelsofthe Congoiesewar'
c. Grotto for Inlormation about Prisons
lVlentai Hospitals
4. Group for In{brmation about
48
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
He is stuffedwith
window, or takesdrugs, he is declaredto be schizophrenic'
(One wonders
another'
as
good
,.u,lquitiir.r., o, -.ihudone, one thing is as
of
complexities
myriad
the
to
better
Preserve
whetirerit might not have been
in a number of
closed
been
have
hospitals
psychiatric
The
the old nosolo"gyl)
being exercisedin
States,but that doesnot prevent psychiatricrePression's
of psych-iatric
in
systems
involved
other wa-vs. People can then become
control*ithoutu,"'y.ef..encetopsychiatricclassifications(tramps,down.
a great many neuroticsJand
and-outs,the old and so on). On the other hand,
'mad' under the old psvchiatric
as
even thoser+ho rvould have beendescribed
at all, lut -g.!de;go
classifications, no longer go through the hospitals
given tranquillizers'
and
by
doctors
home
at
uisi[d
are
or
psychoanalvsrs,
'raving lunatic' has becomea thing olthe past'.psychoanalyrhe
f
hougn
ir..
ticmadne"sscanbefioundalmosteveryr-l.here.Somepsychoanalystsmakethe
in a three-1'ear-old
ludicrous cla.imthat they can diagnoseschizophrenia
hospital- which is
psychiatric
the
trashes
nowadays
everyone
chilcl!Almost
notjust the
problem'
but it is r-rotenough.What is at issueis an overall
good,
'io.pltul,
lorms of
various
the
and
community'
the
but psychiaric care in
without finding
no"vadays
tongue
olthe
slip
a
make
can't
you
psychoanalr'srs:
Worst of all' someone
.orn. totul strangerinterpreting it to you mercilessll'
armoury'
psychratrrc
like M6nie Grdgoireis part of the new
saying, then, is.that the psychiatric institution has
1.-1.1,:\{hat ,vou're
vanished only to reappear in a more subtie way?
rne is that all the great
n.c.: Ycs, miniaturized. And rvhat also strikes
which used !o consistof a
repressiveorganizationslike schoolsor the army'
to
become lragmented and
siigle institu"tional whole, are now tending
very sooneveryone
mistake:
Illich's
is
this
,.uite.ed all over the place.I think
own school,his own
his
repression,
of
mini-instrument
his
own
will become
army. The suPer-egowill invade everything'
relationshipsof force'
ir ,f,. gr.^t ..piessive entities there were still real
every individual is
ones'
small
the
In
struggle'
of
possibilities
and there"fore
influencesand feelingsthat
bound hand and lbot by systemsofrelationships'
caseimpl'vother lorms of
there is no getting to g.lp, with, and which in any
,liberation,l As i see it, the policy of community psychiatry and.psychocorresponds to -the most
analysis (and the two are now closely related)
surveillanceand control'
sophisticatedtechnocratic lorms of population
find itself' And
eventually
will
Por*'er still seekins itself, but Power that
- aPart lrom
power
of
in,terrns
failure
a
still
ittougtl the community policy is
make a lresh start What
the fi-eldof child psychiatry it could quite easily
no policemen at street
could be *o.. p.if..t than a repressionwhich needs
via one's work' one's
unobtrusively
corners, but works permanentlYand
Anti-Psychiatryand Anti-Psychoanalysis 49
it is gradually
neighbours,everywhere?The same goeslor psychoanalysis:
gettingto be everywhere- at school,at home,on television.
3.-j.n.:But it's taken someknocks- especiallyfrom Deleuzeand yourself,in
your Anti-Oedipus.
r.c.: Don't you believeitl The psychoanalysts
have remainedquite impervious. Naturally enough: you try asking butchers to stop selling meat for
ideologicalreasons- or to becomevegetarians!Besides,from the consumer's
point ofview psvchoanalysisworks. It works verv well indeed,and people
keep coming back for more, It makes senseto pay a lot for anything so
eflective- rather like a drug. And it raisesone a fraction in the social scale,
which has a certain attraction, too. Anti-Oedipas
was barely noticed. What is
quite funny is that, when the book came out, the PsychoanalyticalSociety
recommendedpeoplejust to ignore it, and the whole thing would blow over.
Which is preciselywhat happenedl No, the most tangible e{Iectof Anti-Oedipus
was that it short-circuitedthe connectionbetweenpsvchoanaiysis
and the
left.
\4'hat strikes me is that the two chief victims of the critique of
1.-.J.e.:
institutionsin the past lew years have beenour two great beardedfathers,
N{arx and Freud. A lot of people have attacked Marx. But you and Gilles
Deleuzehave made a specialassaulton Freud - becausethe institution of
psychoanalysis,
in whateverlorm, l.rFreud.
r.c.: \'es, it is Freud - but in Franceit is alsoLacan. Psychoanalysis
came to
France very late, when men like Lagache or Boutonnier arrived at the
universitl',Belorethe w'arpsychoanalysis
barelyexistedin France.But it has
caught up since then. It had tremendousresistanceto overcome,but was
finally acceptedeverywhere,in Sainte-Anne,in all the laculties;evengeneral
publishersare pouring it out. In other countries,on the other hand, the
Freudianmovementhas beendead lor ten years.In the USA they still talk
aboutJung,but it's onl.vpart o[their lolklore,Iike psychedelicmassageor Zen
Buddhism.One might think the samething will happenin France.I doubt it.
In Francethe Freudian establishmenthas had a great new leaseoflife rvith
Lacanism.Lacanismisn'tjust a re-readingof Freud; it's somethingfar more
despotic,both as a theoryand an institution,and far more rigid in its semiotic
subjectionofthosewho acceptit. In fact,it could easilylead to a resurgence
of
psychoanalvsis
all over the world, starting with the United States.Not only
hasLacan comeout ofhis ghetto,but I think it is quite on the cardsthat he or
his successorsmay one da.v manage to set up a real Psychoanalytical
International.
I think in future. Lacanism will come to be seenas distinct lrom Freudianism.Freudianismwas defensivein its attitude to medicine,to psychiatry,
50
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
ffi-ar.
\2
Institutional PsYchotheraPv
54
Institutional Psvchotherapy
subjectivity u'hose methods are nothing if not subtle. He does not take
Occlipus seriously enough: rvithout a frontal attack on this yital tool of
one can make no decisivechangein the economyof
capitaiist repressiot-i,
C e s i r eo. r , t h e r e f o r et.h e s t a t u so f m a d n e s s
concerned rt'ithfluxes- the flux of shit, of
Nlary Barnes'sbook is constantl,v
urine, ol'n-rilk,of paint - but, signifrcar]tlv,it barely mentions the flux of
moltev. \te never discoverquite holv the set-upoperatesfrom this point of
view. Who controlsthe money,who decideswhat to buy, who getspaid?The
commur-rityseemsto live on air: \{ary's brother Peter,who is undoubtediy
caught up in a lar deeperschizoprocessthan she is, cannotat first copewith
t h e b o h e n r i a nl i l e s t y l e o f K i n g s l e v H a l l . I t i s t o o n o i s r ' ,t o o m e s s v ,a n d
anvhow he wants to remain fit {br rvork.
him - he nzustcome and live with her at Kingslev
But his sisrertorr.Ilents
Hall. Ht:rs is the unremitting proselytismof regression you'll see,You'll
to
the end of your
you'll
get
paint,
makelour journe1,,1ou'Il be able to
He feelsno
rvay.
in
a
different
is
disturbing
madness
Peter's
Bur
madness.
enthusiastnfor rushing into this sort oladventure. This nrav weli rellectthe
dilferencebenveena real schizophrenicjournevand a lamilialist regression
'human
along pett,vbourgeoislines. The schizois not so much attracted to
warn)th'. His concernsare elsewhere,among the more de-territorialized
fluxes- the flux of miracie-workingcosmicsigns,but aisoof monetarvsigns,
T h r s c h i z ou n d e r s t a n drsh ev a l u eo f m o n e v- e v e ni f h e u s e si t i n c u r i o u sw a Y s
-just as he understandsevervother realitl'.He doestrotplav at beinga baby.
MLrneyis to hirn a means of rei'erencelke anv other, and he needs as manv
refere.ce svstemsas he can get, precise\vin order !o preser'e his a\oolhess.
For him, exchangeis a meansof avoiding interchange.In short, peter told
them to buggeroirwith their interl-ering
e'croachi'g conrmu'ity - he wanted
no such threat to his particular relationshipto desire.
N{ary'slamilialistneurosisis somethingvery d.ifferent:
shervascontinually
settingLrplittle farnilial territorialiries,in a kind of 'ampire greedlor ,human
*'armth'. she attached herself to the other's image: fbr insrance,she had
previouslyaskedAnna Freud to take her into anaiysis,but in lrer nrinclwhar
that meant was that she and her brother would move in with Anna Freud
and becomeher children. She set out to do rhe same thins with Ronnie and
Jo..
Familialism means magically denying the social realitv, avoiding all
connectionwith real fiuxes.All that remains possibleis dreaming, and the
e'ciosed hell of the conjugo-familialsystem.or even,in momenrsof jntense
crisis,a iittle urine-soakedcornerto retreatto, alone.This was N'IaryBarnes's
rnode of operation ar Kingslev Hall, as an apostleof Laingian therapv, a
revolutionaryof madness,a professional.
Her confessions
teach us more than we would learn from readinga dozen
psvchoanalyticar
rransference,
rikea kind oichurnior creamingoffth.r.dii,
of desire'leavesthe patientdangring
i.
passion
rvhich,thoughlessdangerous";;ig;;inothingness, a narcissistic
thanRussianroulette,
readsifsuccessful to thesamesortolirreuersibre
fixationon unin",po.,"nt
detailswhichends
by'withdrawing
him fromall other.o.iufinr..i_.rr,r.
We havebeenawarefor a longti,n.
tfrri-ifr...
badlywith the mad:their.interiret;;;;;;l;;sestir...liting.processesr,r,ork
are toodifrerentfrom
theprevailingsocialcoordina,...
n,ui^i rrrsri., nt,, instead
of rejecting
thismethod,theytriedto improve
theprocesi, ii o.o.. ro makethem
more
tn:.itent interpretation
of theanalyticiCte_a_tcte
was
:5::i::
replaced
by a
co'ectrve and noisv_ interpretarion,
a kind of delirium ;;;;il;;:r:
Certainli,themethodwuseflectiue,in
"f
;';;';;y,'""
longermerely
a kind of
mirror-game
berween
thewordsof thepatientani th. ril.n..
of
the
analvst,
it
introduced
objects,movemenrs
and a certainbal;
g."u,,..g..,,ron;il:,:i:::ffi:,tJli:J::
+"ilil;'i;;"*',
l..*f"l":g
entirely
n.* pru*i.,
anew
semiotic,
rrrl."g ^*"il#il:f:il:,ffi,l:
56
Institutional Psychotherapy
58
Institutional Psychotherapy
Dunod, r 966
Psychoanalysis
and the StrugglesofDesire 63
64
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
nornrs
area.Freuclianism,in the guiseola science,setsup as its unquestioned
- the myth of a
subjectivation
bourgeois
prodr..
rhat
things
verv
the
a signifving
n...uru,-u castiatio,,oidesire, in terms of the Oedipal triangle'
65
66
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
67
relatedtodesire.Thisdoesnotmeanjhowever,th:rtthereisnomoretobe
Dr Huber and his wife spent some years in prison, in an almost total isolation which even ajudge
said about rhe textsofFreud and i\{arx'
describedas inhuman, By treating them first as insane and then as terrorists (becauseof their
T h e q u e s r i o n i s j u s t i v h a t u s e t o m a k e o | t h e m . A s w i t h e v e r v t h e o r y , t h e r e raponse to police provocation they were compared with the Baader-Meinhofgroup), they could be
as a meansof
brought beforea special tribunal opemting on Nazi principles.
are two;ays in which they could be used The text can be used
links
betweenone
the
The defencewas paralysed. One ofthe lar.yers, Eberhardt Becker, was accusedofcomplicity,
connections,
social
real
identifying and illumir.rating
and charged. -Another,Jorg Lang, was imprisoned. All the lawy'erswho supportcd them were
to tailor
as
wa-v
a
such
in
be
used
can
the
theory
or
next;
the
.r.rggi. and
harassedand removed by one means or another. Lawyers were appointed who only saw the
r e a l i t yt o f i t t h e t e x t
documentsin the casea lorrnight before it opened,wherero the press had had them from the fint.
relation-ship
the
explain
to
they
try
r.r'hen
People are often verv dogmatic
The accused rejected their serviccs.
way out of this
On 7 November r g7z, the day the trial opened in Karlsruhe, the three accusedwere brought in on
betw"en lr{arxism and Freudianism.I believethat the only
sretchers (two between the threeofthem), tied hand and foot. The Hubers, who had not seenone
blindalle-vliesintalkingashonestl.vaspossibleabouttherealityofthe
anotherlor fifteen months, were bullied and violently separated,and finally expelledfrom the court,
conflicts- but they must be e{Iectiveconflicts'
AslongaSwepreserveacleardir,iding.linebetw.eenprivateli|eand.public
and ciass
life, we ihull g.t nowhere. To clariiy political commitmenrs
massof words' requires
a
in
oneself
burying
merely
*ithout
commitments,
discussionattheler,elofone'sday-to-dayactir,'ity,beittheactivityofa
theaccuscd.He, even beforc he had got outside the court building, was anested, abused,beaten up
and left without medical attention for hours, A medical certificatelater issuedbv Karlsruhe hosoital
describedseveredamage, some to the skull.
68
Institutional PsychotheraPY
69
7o
Institutional PsYchotheraPY
7r
him the potential murderer of his brother, But was it really his brother as
such, that particular member of his family, that he meant? Clearly, the
intensitiesof desire must be linked to normally acceptedsystemsof representation,but encounterslike this can lead in two directions,can express
two sorts of politics. The first will use them as so many sign machines for
expressingintensitiesof everykind. The small child says,'I'm going to cut off
mv brother's head.' And he at once switchesto a totally di{Ierentplan - he
might perhapsdecideto go offto rhe moon with him. We then discoverthat
his hared for his brother is coextensivewith his love lor him.
But this is not really a 'discovery'at all. The hatred was not'masking' the
Iove. It isjust that a new connectionhas produced a new possibility.The
hatred rvhen diflerently 'driven'has producedlove. The unconsciousholds
nothing that can be denied,nothing ofwhich one can say later that it caused
the personto feelambivalent.It has not changedits mind, but merelypassed
on to somethingelse.It is thus nonsenseto say that the child is polymorphouslv perverse,etc. Pulling the headoffone'sdoll, wanting to strokeone's
mother's tummy - theseare not things that can properly be related to the
'whole
objects'of acceptedlogic.They do not involvethe child's responsibility as such. The repressiveanalytic attitude, founded upon 'normalized'
representations,
will systematicallytake him at his word, and reify what he
hassaid: 'He wanted to kill his brother,he desireshis mother,he meanswhat
he says.he is incestuous.'All the agentsof the story- the child, the brother
and the mother - will then becomefixed in the domain of representation.If
you say to a child: 'You've brokenthe headoffyour doll - and you know quite
well that it cost us a lot to buy it lor you!', then you are lorcing her into the
systemof economicvalues,so that gradually all her objectswill be seenin
relation to the categoriesof the prevailing reality, the prevailing order. All of
reality then becomesimprisonedin the schemaof dualist values- good/evil,
expensive/inexpensive,
rich/poor, uselul/useless
and so on.
The unconscious,however,despiteits rejectionofnegativityand ofall the
dualistsystemsrelatedto it, despiteits ignoranceof loveor hatred,or what is
commandedor what forbidden,is led to make its own kind of investigationof
this crazy world of acceptedvalues.It dealswith the problemsas bestit can.
It sneaksaround them. It sets up the leading characterson the domestic
scene,the representatives
of the law, like so many grimacingpuppets. But it is
primarily in the directionof this world of socialrepresentations
that we must
obviouslv look lor the intrinsic perversionofthat system. Psychoanalvsishas
not managed to escapethis perversion of the normal world. From the very
first, it sought to control desire. The unconscious always appeared to it
something bestial and dangerous. None of the successivelormulations of
Freud has ever abandoned this position.-Libidinal energ"ymust be converted
to the Manichean svstem of accepted values, it must produce normal
72
Institutional Psychotherapy
maltar
form
a-si9nifyinq
ssmioticp
ot exo16ssion
of content
ffi
\
-s] "y?
a-Bomiotic 6ncodings
F o r H j e l r n s l e r ,a, s u b s t a n c ei s s e m i o t i c a l l l ' l o r m e d
when its lorm is proj e c t e do n t o m a t t e r o r m e a n i n g ' a s a n e t t h a t i s s t r e t c h e do u t p r o j e c t si t s
shadorvolrto an unbroken surlace'(cl. Prolegontines).
As rveknou', signi{iing
chainssetgoing.at the ler"elofthe substanceofexpression,a limited rangeol
r l - a l k s i l c n a t t h e P a r i s F r e u d i a n S c h o o l h c l d i n I - a M o t t e , N o v e m b e r r g 7 j . P u b l i s h e di n
Snniotex!.
71
Institutional Ps.vchotherapl'
composition is
siqns - discretizecland digitalized signs rvhoseformal
to me that
Il
seems
contents.
signified
of
their
{.:on3o,n..1
to the fbrmalizarion
distinction
Hjelmsler"s
in
assimilating
over-hastv
ha,;e
been
the linguists
distinction between the
betrveenexpressicinilrrd content rvith Saussure',s
the separation betweeu
of.fact,
point
signifier and what is signified. In
substances,to the
formed
senrioticallv
and
mltter
lormed
a-semiotically
independentlv of the relationship betrveen
exterrt th;rt it is estaLtlishecl
ol
expressloiland conten[,opensthe wa)' to a study ofsemioticsindependent
zol
preciseil''
which
are
miotics
se
'
to
sav,
that
is
serniologies
the si.e;nitving
careful not to
basei ort the bi-pc-,larityof signilier and signified' Bv being
brought to
n'e
are
coniuseinstirutionalsemioticswith signitiing semiotics'
call
I
lvhat
fiom
both
riistinguishone liorr the other, ancl to separate
"r'ill
n o n - s e m i o t iecn c o d i n g s .
2
Let me onceagain summarizemy suggestedclassification
code' or any
ger:etic
the
is
(r\.:'v-on-.vemiotic
example of these
cncodings..\n
of the
independently
functions
u'hich
encoding,
()i'r,ltat
u,e cail natural
ti,pe
the
forrnaiize
code
oi
lorms
These
substance.
semiotic
of
any
{:nnstitutior
arena-oi'inaterialintensitiesrvithoutrecourseto any autonomousor translatprojecting
2[]s 6erieoiinscription' One must avoid tlre semioticmistakeof
,inscription'onto the world of nature.There is no genetic
t h e i c l r : ao f
,hanciwriting'.']'hesecondverticalcolumn of our table is not involved.3
These are based upon systemsof signs' on sub(ti Signifiing semiologies.
on the
srancesloim".l semioticallyand ha'ing a relationshipof lormalization
- svmbolic
kinds
trvo
of
are
The-v
expression
and
of
of
cotrtent
plane l,-c,th
and semiologiesof sienification
serniologies
substancernto play
rcmioiogieri
,.1 S-lmhottc
" These bring various t,vpesof
olgesture
. of mime, of
semiorics
are
thete
instancr.
l,-,p.imiti"e societieslfor
ofthe
creation
The
so
on'
aud
ofritual
body,
the
on
inscriptions
o{
p,ruru..,
i,rorld'of childhood or the'world'ol'madness also brings into plav several
into any
non-centred semiotic circles that can never be fully translated
preserve
will
therefore
substances
semiotic
ofsignification.
universalsystem
r)'pe of
specific
to
a
corresponds
that
territoriality
autonornous
certain
a
jr,uis.sance,a
lt
r . I n s u c r : t r : c i i r q s e c r i o n s w e s h ab lel r e t u r n i n g m a n y t i m e s ! o t h i s a t t c m p t t o c i a s s i f v e n c o d i n g s
t h i s c l a s s i h c a t i oonu t .
r r a si n i a c l d u r i i l g r h er v r i t i r g o f t h e s ev a r i o u sa r t i c l e st h a t I g r a d u a l l vu ' o r k e d
'rhich I initialiv
and orlr' ,irtc,, ihen hut" I been abie to unifv the various viewpoins from
it
approachcd
'3.
those of form and
lVhether there are in non-semioric encodings strata that correspond to
complex
certaini'v
conteni i. a {tueslion llt unnot go illto here Ler us say merely that therc
"r
s,vstemsolar!icuiation in genctic coc{es,
; Ajol'thatgrasirsoneisbeing(specificallvusedtohringoutthesenseofgraspinginrelationto
trritorialitv t.
76 InstitutiorralPsychotherapy
relationshipsof production and generationbetweenthe semiotic machine
and the rlate riai tluxesthat are being radica.llvaltercd'
in other
of representation,
The signifyingmachinewas basedon the s.vstem
,ords oi-, a productio' of semiotic redundancl' that created a world oi
of images,analoguesand schematain placeof real intensities
quasi-obiecrs,
uno muitipticities.The signifyinge{Iectproducedbv the conjunctionof the
a
two forn,,ilir,,rs* of the signifier and the signified was thus caught in
veritable vicior.iscircie, with the semiotic fluxes atld the material fluxes
neutralizingeachorher in the sphereofrepresentation.A rvorldofdominant
out of the signilying re-te;ritorializationsthat
signi6catioriwas establisheci
resulredfrom the, as it rr,ere, self-mutilationolthe semioticmachineseffected
ol.
by their being cenrredsolely on the signifying machine that machine
autonomous
an
on
functioned
The
signifier
illusion anil impotentization.
referringback to itself,*'hile realitv was to be
stratllm olits own, ceaseiessly
ibun,l a iong rvavarvaylrorn the semioticfiuxes.An individuatedsubjectivitv
'a
emergeclironr the rvorkingsof that signifvingm;rchine;iD Lacan'sphrase'
signifier icpresentsthe subject for another signifier'. It rva.san ambiguotts,
divicledsutrjectivitv:in its unconsciousaspectit took part in a processol
semiotic de-territorializationthat $,'asat work in the linguistic machines,
prcpariug thenl to become a-signi$,ingsemiotic machines,"r'hcreasin its
aspectit u,asbaseclon rhe re-territorializationolsignificanceand
"on..io".
interpretation.
'I'his
positiL.nof the subject changesradically rn'hena-signifuingsemiotics
comc ro tlre forefront. The u,orld of rnental representation(u'hich Frege
or'reference'(at the peakofogden and
contrasisrvith conceptsand ob.iects)
Richards's tr.iangle,swhich is interposed between the symbol and the referent) then no longer functions to centre and over-encodesemiotics Signsare
involved in things prior to representation.Signs and things engageone
nnorher inclependentlyof the subjectivecontrol rhat agentsol individual
utteranceclaim to have over them.
A collectiveagenc)/ofutter'anceis then in a positionto deprivethe spoken
w1rrclol its {Lnctionas inraginarysupPortio the cosmos.It replacesit with a
collectivevoice thar combines machinic elementsof all kinds human,
by a
utterance
of
semlotic,technologicai,scientific,etc. The illusion specific
side-e{Iect
a
merely
having
been
as
can
seen
be
human subjectuu.ri.h.u,and
pfoduced and manipulated by political and economic
oi the sre,ternenis
systems.
I r is gerrerallythought that children, the mad and the primitive are forced
(ges,o .*pi.r. thenrselvesthroughthe rnedium ol'second-le'el' semiotics
of a
masterv
the
to
no
access
have
they
because
tr,res, c.i,,, and so on)
q Ch. OgJtn ancl l, r\. RicharCs, TheMeantngafMecring, London' tq:3'
77
.-.
;8
Institutional Psvchotherapv
,EsH11*2_Jt
/illlv
8o
lnstitutional PsychotheraPY
Br
Introduction
Structurnlistanalysestrv to mask the basicduality betweenconrentand form
Lrl attending only to form, setting the content in parentheses,believingit
lcgitimate to separate rvork relat.ingto content lrom u'ork relating to lornr.
'firis
is one wav of r:rganizirrgthe niconnaissance
of the political origins of the
lvav contentis lormaiized.What u,eshould be doing is to comparea political
genealoeyof significativecontentswith the wavs in which the speechacts of
translcrrmationaland generative grammars are produced. Structuralists
seemio find no problem of semantics.Tfie semanticcomponentappearsor
d(-)es
not appear at this or thatjuncture, but they take it as read, as going
without sayine,and neverquestionit as such.
No one is concernedto discoverthe particular lorm ofstructuring ofeach
tvpe r,'fcontent;the!'are by u'ay of believingrhat the problemof lormalizingit
onl"' a1rps315
once it is caught up in the form/content relationship,and
e\rerythins to do u,ith determining the origin of that lormalism is then
translerredto the signifier,the chainsofsignifiers.Yet it is alw,aysa specific
politicai and social order that moulds them. There is nothing auromatic
about the structuringofcontents:the socialsituationis not a superstructural
content rnechanicallydeterminedbv an economicinfrastructure)any more
than the semantic territorv is mechanicallv determined by a signi$,ing
structure' or the various manilestationsof a primitive societv bv the
elementarvstructuresol'lamilial relationships.
J'crtll to explain complexsocio-historical
structuresin termsof a mechanism oi'exchange,
or lan{uagein ternrsofa svstemoflogical transformation,or
desirein terms of the operation ola signilyingsystemand rhe phantasiesit
generates,is to trl' to avoid questioningthe operationsofporr,erthat control
the socialsphereat every level. It is not a matter ofproducing a universal
form:riismas such.but of the way a svstemof power comesto usethe meansol
a sigiriiyingformalismto uni{i'all the variousmodesof expression,
and centre
thernaround irs orvn 'fundamentai'values- respectlor propertv.lor persons,
i . F r o n : a c o ur s eq iv c n r o t h e s t u d e nt s a r R c e d H a l l , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s it l , N e w Y o r k . p a r r so i - i t
h a v r S r r r r p u b l i s h c Ci t S e m i t t t c a
x tn, d i n a n i s s u eo f Q ai n I r o n o u ro f C h r i s r i a n M e t z - .N { r r . i q 7 5 .
'right'
lor ranks, lor sexual.racial and age hierarchies,for the
of the ruling
produc!.ion
classto seizethe meansof
lrom the workersand so on.
In reality, therefiore,
we are neverdealingt,ith an abstractstructure,a kind
of ideal game of chess,a iogical mould shaping all significantcontents.All
contents,before being structured by language,or 'like a language',are
structured at a multitude of micro-politicallevels.It is preciseiythis lact
which justifies the lact that a micro-politicalrevolutionaryaction makesit
possibleto relati',,izethe'dominant significations'and to neutralizethe forms
of indication and regulationput forward bf the structuralists.Denying the
lunction of power in representationimplies a refusal to make a micro-political
commitmentwhereverit may be needed,in other rvordswhereverthere is a
signification.
lVhat we ha.,'eto do, then, is to get rid of this great oppositionbetweenthe
contentand the form, rvhichresultsin separatingthe two and.leavingthem in
some sensindependentof one another, and, on the contrary, try to find
connecringpoints,points ofmicro-politicalantagonismat everylevel.Every
power lormation organizesits own s.vstemof verbal packagingfor what it has
to say. The expressionmachine,which extendsover all theseformations,is
to centralizeand rendertranslatthereonly to normalizelocalficrmalizations,
able the unchanging signification recognizedby the dominant order, to
demonstratea ionsensus- what Louis Hjelmslev terms the level of the
immediatesubstance,and definesas a collectiveapperception.
What goeson betweencontent and lorm is the stabilizingof the relation'
ships of de-territorialization.The a-signify'ingsign machine, the sl,stemof
figuresof expression(still using Hjelmslev'sterms), comesinto existenceat
the point where all signifyingsemiologiesmeet. Its role is similar to the role
the State plays in relation to the variousfactionsofthe bourgeoisie,that of
orderingand hierarchizingthe pretensionsofthe diflerentiocal groups.The
non-signifyingexp{essionmachine (on the level of the signifier) organizesa
system of empty words and interchangeabilityfor all the territorialized
systems of words produced by the manifold local agenciesof power. (We may
instancethe power of the lamily over the production of nice speech,or the
powerof the schoolover the productionof nice writing, discipline,competition, hierarchy, etc.) Thus, bv means of a non-signifvings)'stemof expressiona moderateregime of de-territorializationbecomesstabilized,and
capturesand regulatesrelativede-territorializations
of lormalisrnsofcontent.
FranqoisJacob suggeststhat 'natural' encodingmight function in three
dimensions.Todorov reckonsthat symbolicsemiologiesspecificallyinvolve
two dirnensions.Only linguistic encoding is left functioning on a linear
svstem(and in a wav that FrangoisJacob insistsmust be carefullydistinguishedlrom geneticencoding,which is relativelylessde-territorialized).If
we lollorvtheseauthors,then, we ma.vbelievethat the modesof encodinggo
86
Institutional Ps.vchotherapy
BB InstitutionalPsychotherapy
of'a realitv made impotent, and its imrrobilization establishesthe rvorld of
dominant sienificationsand receivedideas.
T h i s o p e r a t i o no { ' c o n t r o l l i n a
g l l t h e i r r t e n s i vm
e u l t i p l i c i t i e cs o n s t i t u t e tsh e
fir'st act cri political violence. The relation between the sienifier and the
significd(which Peirceseesas corl\'entional,Saussureas arbitrarr,)is at root
merelv the expressionof authorit,vby meansof signs.The expressionof the
conrext,of what is implied and presupposed,
in other words of all that relates
rnorc or lessclosel.vto the interactiono{'authority'andof desire,is dismissed
bl,specialistsin the human sciencesas being outsidethe termsof their studv,
'offthe
subject',rather as a judge misht cail to order a witnesswho will not
stick to the questionbeingasked,or a sroup of policemenwili lorciblv remove
bystandersr'r'hoare watching them ill-treatingsomeone.The establishment
of meanings.of rvhat is to be understood.has to remain the businessof
authoritv.
Tools of expressionare plovided tor thosewho usethernin the same',vavas
spadesand picks are handed or,rtto pnsoners.The pensar"rdexercisebooks
given to schoolchildrenare toolsof production,and teachinqis proerammed
to produce onlv a certain tvpe olacceptablesignifications.There can be no
ol which no one must plead
escape,The first commandment of the 1211,,
ignorance, is Lused above all on the need for evervone to realize the
importanceof the dorrinant signi6cations.
All the intensitiesof desiremust be
subject to the rule of the formalizing duo, expressionand content, as
elaboratedin the context of pre',,ailingproduction relations.Apart from
madnessand t-rtherescapesfrorn the rneaninglessness
olthe sYstem.that is.
The Signs Pervade even Physical Fluxes
trt is not easv io extricate oneself from the politics of signification and
i n t e r p r e t a t i o nI.n t h e h u m a n s c i e n c e sa, c e r t a i nf a s h i o no f a p i n g ' s c i e n t i f i c
rigour'. wirich draws attention ar.vavlrom the political issues at stake,
inevitablv leads to a concealeddependenceon those metaphvsicalparal o e i s m sa. l w a v st h e s a m e ,t h a t b e a ro n r e a i i t y - t h e s o u la n d s i g n i f i c a t i o n .
f'ake. fbr instance,the researchinto communicationnow eoing on in the
U n i t e d S t a t e s :w h a t i s i r b u t a n o b j e c t i v i s tt r a p , a l a l s e a l t e r n a t i v et o
The researchersrvorking at the l\{ental Repsychoannlltic sub.jectivism?
search Institute of Palo Alto, w,ith Gregory Bateson. exarnine on.ly the
'behaviour' the_vbelievecan be consideredas a 'term of communication'.'
Transposirrethe subdivisionsuggestedby Carnap and Morris into syntactics, semanticsand pragmatics, thev end bv separating,in the name of
s e n r a n i i c rosn, ed i m e n s i o no f c o m m u n i c a t i o nw. h i l es t i l l m a i n t a i n i r rag c e r t a i n
. . B e a v i n .D . . l a c k s o n ,P r n g m a t i cott l l u n a n C o m m u n i t a t i o\ V
r . P . \ \ ' a t z l a r v i c k . . JH
n ,. W . N o r t o n ,
N c u Y o rk . r o i l :
go
Institutional Psychotherapy
intersections,identi{v certain fixed points, stabiiizethe structuresand provide a reassuringfeelingof hai.'ingat last got hold olsomethingquasi-eternal
in the human sciences,while at the sametime absolvingthe researcherfrom
all political responsibility.This certainlyseemsto be the sensein which one
could understandone leaturethat is common to the di{Ierentdisciplinesthat
usethis method,in which we may find the kev to the motivationbehindsuchat first sisht surprising.-mergersas that ofpsvchoanalysis
and behaviourism
in Bateson, that of a linguistic dominated b1, diachronic phonology and
Lacanian psychoanalysis
in Laing, that of the epistemological
tradition and
Nlarxism in Althusser,and so on.
Our aim is not to blur the differences
among the varioussemioticmachines,
but, on the contrary,to seeas clearl_v
aspossi.ble
rvhatis specificto each,nor to
make one dependenton another as does a thinker like Benvdniste- who
concludesthat sinceeverysemiologl'ofa non-linguisticsvstemhas to make
use of languageas an interpreter, it 'could onl.v exist through and ln the
semioiosycillanguage'.'With this in rrind, I proposethe lollowing classific;rtion of'the modesof encoding:non-semiotic'natural' encoding,signifi,ing
semioloqies,
and non-signilyingsemiotics.
r" Non-semiotic'natural'
chains of encoding
q2
Institutional Psl'chotheraPY
94 Institutional PsvchotheraPv
a blackhok in
anythingtltat can be described,an anxiety withou" an object'
the
black hole
But
wl'richthe st:n:ioticcomponerltsno longer act or exist
u'hat is^
and
irnpasse'
an
produccs a blar:k hole, the irlpasse produces
ol
instance
an
that
possibilitv
the
is
preventecl,
be
lnusl
,l,,rr]ling here, and
'modern' way - in other
a
in
operating
itself,
establish
might
cono.i.n-..
de-territorialize
uords, thar ;, iigr,ilj'ing semioticmight be in a position to
personological
it-universal
upon
irnposing
by
every unique ;,oiir:i"noldesire
in sonleu'ay couple
that
of
deicticsl
use
making
ail
by
above
and
,p..ifr.,r,i,,nr,
aggravatedwhen
rhe rrttclau*: to the subjectof the statement This dangeris
(b'v
death' dreams'
nature
in
let
loose
are
the sienifiedwitirout any referent
oldenotasvstem
territorialized
entire
ofthe
stabilitv
v,itchlrafi, erc.).'1'he
being repla.ced
of
danger
is
in
systern
semiotic
group
The
risk.
ar
i:i
then
r.i,:n
denotation'
b y a s y s t e m , ; l c o n s c i e n coef,i n d i v i d u a i i z e dt' o t a l l l ' t r a n s p a r e n t
-Ilhe
fou'dations'
verv
at
its
threatened
is
utterance
territoriaiized
collecii",,e,
The word
The .TaeuariWhat has he/it l;ecome,now'that this being is dead?
a word
alitl',
re
ci.c.,laie-.in people'sheads-- a word without a corresponding
life,
semictic
or.'n
lives
its
that
that respt,nclionlv to itself: a doubleno\^,exists
pounce
to
point'
relerellce
alternatil'e
sr)me
uPon
poinl to settle
reacll'aran1..
to
oltject.to underminethe dominant representatlonsr
upon any atnbisr.tt-,tts
machines'
desiring
of
the
of porveranclseizecontrol
expr,.ipriatethe-sources
.l-lte
organizationof the uttelance, as n'ell as the indi'iiduation
ter,.it0flnlizecl
fundamentallvor
c{'the subjectof the utieralce, thus seemt0 me to depend
has with'
production
desiring
thar
societv
given
in
a
reiationship
t!it spe,,ific.
to avert
in
motion
set
tLi: more cr lcssde-territorializediluxesand the rneans
thcrr.
g. Collective organizations of a-signifying semiotics
does not
fhe s\:,tem of signs lLlses.thealltononly of its stratification'but
refelringit to
it
merell'stops
of
encoding:
mode
the
naturai
fe
ro
tr.rrn
therebv
inlormation rvill be dissociatedfrom signification.
the signifier.Hencelbr.tl'r
of the
To bJrrc,r'ua phrase of Abrahan \'{oles" it becomesa measure
beopposition
marked
more
is
a
There
systems.s
machinic
r:umplexit-vlrf
is
clearlT
i.\!'een.on tlt.- one hand, the redtrndantforms in lvhich meaning
tendsto elude
spelleclour anci,on the other, an informativeexpressionwhich
'understand' in the equations of
to
nothing
ail unr.lerst:rnding(there is
r , r w l l a t e \ ' ' r t c r m c x p r { s s e st h i s b e s tt r l w h o e l e r i s t a l k i n g '
;. Or'.:lutlitcs'cr'gcar-lcvcrs'
in relation to thc patterns of
B. I rrusr makc it clear thar N{olesonlv envisagesthat dissociation
c
o
m
p l e x i t y ' o f am a c h i n e ( b a s e d
t
h
e
'
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
i
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
i
s
l
c
d
h
e
i
r
.
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
i r : r r : e p r i 0 ob; u i . t o
w i t h t h e ' f u n c t i o n a lc o m p l e x i t ' v '
o u , l , a i i , , q r " n . 1 t i t h r v h i c hi t s v a r i o u sc o n r p o n e npt a r t sa r e u s e d )
various functions occur'l Thioie dt
of on or(,tnirti (based on thc frequency with u'hich its
'':\l"attt'., ''
la7! P B?
n
t
t
D
c
n
'
r
t
i
.
t
h
i
t
i
g
r
r
,
1.1,?p'i
98
Institutional PsychotherapY
roo
Institutional Psychotherapy
scnsesub!ecterlto a controlledCe-territorialization.
The anti-productionof
significationand sLrbjectivation
partiall,vre-territorializesthe semioticprocess.Ii is not a questionofradical neutralization,ho*'ever:the semioticsof
significationalsoimplv settingon loot a de-territorialization
of consciousness
rvl'richr,vill continue to plav a leading role in the most adr.'anced,most
artificial,moslnodern, most scientificmachinic conjunctions-In the caseof
senriotics'with n number of articulations)one
a politicri o1'nr:-rn-signifying
wiil tirus preservea certain partiai use lor signifyingsemiologies.
Thel'will
rhen function in :pite of their re-territorializingeffectsof significationand
'fhey
u'ill rnerely lose their function of over-encodingthe
subjecti'.'ation.
systemsof'sernioticproduction that used to lall under the despoti.sm
of the
signifier.
as I am trying to, twci semiotic politics, I u,ant to
In di.stirreuisiring.
deterrnineurrder what conditionscertain semioticareas- in sciences,arts,
revolution, sexuality, etc. - could be removed from the control of the
could get beyondthe svstemofrepresentationas
Cominant representations,
such -- since that s),stemseparatesdesiringproduction from production ibr
exchange,and alierratesit as prevailingproductionrelationsdemand.
Lct us look asain at the three tvpesofsynthesiswe usedin order to identifv
and articulateproduction and representation:
what is set going by the processesof
r " At the lev,:l of connecliue
,)nlheses,
uon-scmioticencodingis tl-reabstractmachines- that is, machinicprocesses
'doing'
'thinking',
and
indepenCent of dichotomies between
between
fepresentationaud production.The machinicsnsemust here be understood
in vectorialterms:the senseindicatesa mode of polyvocalconnectionamong
the machinic fluxes.Multiplicities of intensitycannotbe lumped togetheror
territorializedaiong any one systemofsignification.Each producesits own
and this production of meaning,which does not contain the
spercifications,
processitself but developsas it were alongsideit, trans"'ersalli'.
outside all
systemsof representation,is noneother than what we havedesignatedas the
organlessi:ody.
r. With disjunctite
slnthr.rrr,the formalism of representationis establishedin
pride of place. Particular signil\,ingsubstancestake over the functioningof
a[.rstract
machines;they take contlol. organizeand 'discipline'the connective
Though in their conscious,destructiveaspectthev are machinesof
svntheses.
de-territorialization,they are at the sametime structuresof re-territorialization becauseofthe systemofdouble articulationthat producestheir e{Iectsof
one movesback
significationand subjectivation.With disjunctivesyntheses,
and forth benr,eenthe dead end of iconic impotentization and a deten-itorializing diagrammatization capable of being reconnectedto rhe
synthesis.
connecti\re
IOrm:
r02
Institutional Psychotherapv
r03
r06
lnstitutional PsychotheraPY
r07
r . l n i t i a l l y i n t e n d e dl o r t h e F r e u d i a n S c h o o li n P a r i s i n r 9 6 9 , a n d p u b l s h e d i n C h a n g en, o . t e
( S e u i l )r, 9 7r .
r. To adopt the categoriessuggestedby Gilles Deleuze,structure, in the sensein which I am using
it here, would relate to the generality characterized by a posirion oiexchange or substitution of
p a r t i c u l a r i t i c sw
, h e r e a s t h e m a c h i n e w o u l d r e l a t e t o t h e o r d e r o f r e p e t i t i o n ' a s b e h a v i o u ra n d
'1D
viewpoint rel a t ive to a singul ari ty tha t can not be changedor replaccd' fJ,ire.nu
et ripitition,Presses
Universitaires de France, I 969, p. 7). Of Deleuze's three minimum conditions determining
strucrurein general, I shall retain only the first two:
(r)Theremustbeatleasttwohetcrogeneousseries,oneofwhichisdefinedasthesignifierandrhe
orheras the signi6ed.
(c) Each of these series is made up of terms that exist oni1, through their relationship with one
another.
His third condition, 'tx,o heterogeneousseriesconvergingupon a paradoxical element that actsso
as to di{lerentiare them', relates,on thc contrary, exclusivelyto the order of the machine (Logiquedu
s a r oM
, inuit, t969,p.63).
'a'.
lr,r
tr)A^a/J2_
r r6
currency,but a
the group, one phantasyreflectsanotheriike interchangeable
currencyrvith no recognizablestandard.no ground ofconsistencvwherebyit
can be related.even partiallv, to anything other than a topologyofthe most
purely generalkind. The group-as astructure-phantasizeseventsby means
of a perpetual and non-responsiblecoming and going between the general
and the particular. A leader,a scapegoat,a schism,a threateningphantasy
from another group - anv of theseis equatedwith the group subjectivity.
Each e'rentor crisiscan be replacedby anothereventor crisis,inauguratinga
further sequencethat bears,in turn, the imprint of equivalenceand identity.
Today's truth can be related to yesterday's,for it is always possibleto re-write
history. The experienceof psychoanal,vsis,
the starting up of the psychoanalvtic machine.makesit clear that it is impossiblelor the desiringsubjectto
preservi such a s-vstemof homologt,and re-writing: the only function of the
translerencein this case is to reveal the repetition that is taking place, to
operatelike a machine- that is in a u'av that is the preciseoppositeof a group
eflect.
The group's instinctualsystem,becauseit is unableto be linked up to the
petit 'a' returning to the surfaceof the phantasy body
desiring rnachine - objets
- is doomed to multiply its phantasy identifications.Each of these is
structuredin itself,but is still equivocalin its relationshipto the others,The
fact that they lack the diflerentiating factor Gilles Deleuze talks of dooms
thenr to a perpetuai process of merging into one another. Any change is
precluded, and can be seen only between
structural levels. Essentially, no
break is any iongeraccepted.That the structureshaveno specificidentifying
rnarksmeansthat the;' become'translatable'into one another,thus developing a kind of indefinite logical continuum that is peculiarly satisfvingto
obsessionals.The identification of the similar and the discoveryof diflerence
at group level function according to a second-degreephantasy logic. It is, for
example, the phantasy representationof the otlter group that will act as the
locatingmachine.In a sense,it is an excessof logicthat leadsit to an impasse.
This relationshipolthe structuressetsgoing a mad machine,madder than
the maddestoflunatics, the tangentialrepresentationofa sado-masochistic
logic in which everythingis equivalentto everythingelse,in which truth is
always somethingapart" Political responsibilityis king, and the order of the
generalis radically cut offfrom the order of the ethical.The ultimate end of
group phantasy is death - ultimate death, destruction in its own right, the
radical abolition of any real identifving marks, a state of things in which not
merely has the probiem oftruth disappeared forever but has never existed
evenas a problem.
This group structure representsthe subject for another structure as the
basis of a subjectivitv that is clogged up, opaque, turned into the ego.
Whereas,for the individual, it was the object of unconsciousdesire that
I i8
l'epresentthe subject lor another machine. But one can no longer then
continueto say ofhistory, as the site ofthe unconscious,that it is'structured
like a ianguage'exceptin that there is no possiblewritten lorm ofsuch a
language.
It is, in fact, impossibletc systematizethe real discourseof history, the
circurnstance that causesa particular phase or a particular signifier to be
representedby a particular event or social group, by the emergenceofan
individual or a discovery,or whatever. in this sense'we must consider,d
priori, that the primitive stagesolhistory are u'here trurh is primarily to be
sought; historv does not advancein a continuousmovement:its structural
phenomenadevelop accordingto their own peculiar sequences,
expressing
and indicating signifying rensionsrhar remain unconsciousup to the point
where they breakthrough.That point marksa recognizable
breakin rhe rhree
dimensions of exclusion, perseveranceand threat. Historical archaisn-rs
expressa reinlorcing rather than a weakening ofthe structural eflect.
That And16Malraux could say that the twenriethcenturyis the centuryof
nationalism,in contrast to the nineteenth,which was that of internationalism, was becauseinternationalism.lacking a structural expressionthat
matched the economicand social machineriesat work within it, withdrew
into nationalism,and then further, into regionalismand the varioussortsof
particularism that are developingroday, even within the supposedlyinternational communistmovement.
The problem olrevolutionary organizationis the problem ofsetting up an
institutional machine whose distinctive leatures would be a theory and
practice that ensuredits not having to depend on the various socialstructures
- above all the State strucrure, which appears to be the keystone of the
dominant production relations, even though it no longer correspondsto the
meansolproduction. What entrapsand deceivesus is thar it looks today as
though nothing can be articulated outside rhat structure. The revolutionary
socialist intention to seizecontrol of political power in the State,which it sees
as the instrumental basisof classdomination, and the institutional guarantee
cf pri..rateownership of the meansof production, has been caught injust that
trap. It has itself becomea trap in its turn, for that intention, though meaning
so much in terms ofsocial consciousness,
no longer correspondsto the reality
of economic or social forces.The institutionalization of 'world markets' and
the prospect ofcreating super-Statesincreasesthe allure ofthe rap; so does
the modern reformist programme of achieving an ever-greater 'popular'
control ofthe economic and social sub-wholes.The subjectiveconsistencyof
society,as it operatesat every level ofthe economy,society,culture and so on,
is invisible today, and the institutions that express it are equivocal in the
extreme. This was evident during the revolution of lvlay I 968 in France,when
the nearest approximation to a proper organization of the struggle rvas the
'Prdsence
des Scvthes', Crilique,December t97 t.
t_
I26
r28
trntensiveRedundanciesand Expressive
R.edundancies'
r32
r34
Subjectless Actionr
One can alwaysreplaceany pronoun with 'it',2 which coversall pronominalin', be it personal,demonstrative,possessive,
interrogativeor indefinite,
whether it refersto verbsor adjectives.'It'representsthe potentialarriculation of those linked elementsof expressionwhose contents are the least
formalized, and thereforethe most susceptibleof being rearrangedto produce
the maximum ofoccurrences.'It' doesnot representa subject;it diagrammatizesan agency.It doesnot over-encodeutterances,or transcendthem as do
the various modalitiesofthe subjectofthe utterance;it preventstheir lalling
under the tvrannv of semiologicalconstellations',vhoseonl1,function is to
evokethe presenceof a transcendentuttering process;it is the a-signifying
semiologicalmatrix of utterances- the subj ectpar excelLence
of the utterancesin so lar as thesesucceedin lreeingthemselvesfrom the swavolthe dominant
personal and sexual significations and entering into conjunction with
machinicagenciesof utterance.
One can alwa;,sunderstandan I-ego underlyingany pronominalfunction.
A supposedutterer externalto the languageusedis then taken to be making
its imprint on the discourse,and that imprint is what is called the subjectof
the utterance.A flux ofpure subjectivitytranscendsthe statementsmade and
processes
them accordingto the dominant economicand socialnorms. This
operation begins rvith a spiit in the 'it', the pretendeddiscovery that ,it'
containsa hidden cogito,a thinking I-ego. The elementsof expressionare
taken over by an uttering subject. An emptv redundancy, a second-degree
redundancy appears alongside all the redundanciesof expression.The
phonic expressionno longer evokesa gestural,postural, ritual, sexual,etc.
expression.
It has first to rurn back upon itself,cut itselfofrlrom the collective
desiringproduction, and becomearrangedon separate,hierarchizedsemiologicalstrata. The splitting of the I-ego is the point of origin of sysremsof
reciprocal articulation - double articulation - between redundancies of
contentand redundanciesof signifyingexpression.
The materialand semiotic
r . G i v e n a t t h e r 9 7 4 N I i l a n C o n f e r e n c e,,P s y c h a n a l y scet S i m i o t i q u e , , r o , / r g .
z The French is r/, which means both he and it, The nearest approximation to this in English
seemsto me to be 'it', but readers will find this section clearer if thev bear in mind rhat ,ir' can be
usedto mean he, or it ro a subject, or the indefinite 'it'of'ir is raining', 'it is tue'.
lrrarcLator)
r36
SubjectlessAction
tg7
to
brokedesireup into subjectand object has failed,despiteits absoluteness,
that hastruly
abolishitsellin the paroxysmofjov ofa machinicconsciousness
broken all territorial moorings. (We do, however,6nd such consciousness
without ties in certainextremeeffectsofschizophrenia,drugs, trances,etc.)
Thenceforth these territorial remnan!s reorganize themselves into asigniff ing particles; they rvill provide the raw material for a-signifying
semiotic machines beyond the reach of the impotentizing attacks of the
reflexiveconsciousness.
In one sense,the Cartesianswereright: therogllodoes
mark a radical escapelrom the system of coordinatesof time, space and
substancegoverningrepresentation.But the cogilois still a fiction,for all that,
a machine-fiction.The processofmaking consciouscarriesdesireto such a
pitch ofexcess,ofirrecoverablefinal de-territorialization,
ofdetachmentlrom
all reference-points,
that it no longer has any'thingto hang on to, and has to
inrprovisewhatever expedientsit can to avoid being destroyedin its own
nothingness.It is not even a questionofa binary oppositionbetweenbeing
is at once both all and
and nothingness,of all or nothing; consciousness
nothing.The forceofdesire,at this blazingpoint ofnothingness,wearsitself
out upon itself- a kind ofblack hole ofde-territorialization.
F rom then on thereare two possibilities:that of asceticism,
of castration,or
that of a ne\{' economy of de-territorialization with super-povrerful signmachinescapableof coming into direct contactwith non-semioticencodings.
Such sign-machines in some \4ay take hold ol the absolute de-terriand set it to w,orklor artitorializationofthe representationalconsciousness
ficialmachinic forces- forcesmanipulating a flux of 6gureswhich become,
i n a n e u ' q u a n t i c f o r m , t h e b e a r e r so l t h a t a b s o l u t e d e - t e r r i t o r i a l i z ation.
Rather than adopting Lacan's overdoneoppositionbetweenreaLigand the
real, I preler to borrow Hjelmslev's terminology, and suggest that the
alternative is benveena dominantrealitystratified by the various semiological
substances
of the contentand the form, and'non-semioticallyformed'intensiue
(though let it be noted that being'non-semiotically
materials
formed'doesnot
'scientifically
imply for Hjelmslev that they are therefore
lormed').3
One can, then, distinguishseveraltypesofde-territorialization:
- an absolute
de-territorialization,either in global form with the instanceof
consciousness,
or in quantic lorm with non-signifyingmachines;
-an intensiae
de-territorialization,at the levelof material fluxes;
- a relatiue
de-territorialization,at the level of signifyingsemiologiesand
mixedsignif ing/a-signify'ing
semiotics,whoseaim is to securecontrolof the
e{Iects
of de-territorializationby meansof semioticstrata dependingon the
signif,ving
machine.
q. Cf. Louis Hjelmslev, Esscis/ inguistiques,
Editions de Minuit, r 97 r, p. 58.
tiltr
i$l
ii
r38
T'or.,u'ards
a New Vocabulary
SubjectlessAction
r 39
SubjectlessAction
r43
MachinicPropositions I45
Machinic Propositionsl
I+6
MachinicPropositions r47
Nlachinic propositions have no hierarchy: they do not start from the simple
and work up to the complex.There is complexityin their most elementary
'Machistages,and their totalitiesmay well function in an elementaryway.
principles,
postulate
is
nor
does
any
transcennics' not basedon universal
it
dent larv.The objectis not to establisha machiniclogic,bur onlv to graspthe
way phvlums and rhizomesfunction. Sincethe stratawhere they appearare
inseparable,machinic propositionskeep cutting acrossthem, establishing
highly differentiatedlines ofescape (lines ofpositive de-territorialization).
These,in return, will becomea foundationlor coordinqtingthem in space,
time and substance(coordinatesof negativede-territorialization).Machinic
propositionscannot be 'simplified'or'reduced' like mathematicalformulae
or logicalstatements.But when they are not re-absorbedinto a black hole of
positive de-territorialization,or formed into a network of lines of escape
unrelatedto anv strata, they accumulateto form residualblocsthat provide
the raw material lor constructing strata. trVethus passfrom a systemoflatent
quanta, inherent in the lines ofescape,to a stratifiedconstructionin which
the lines are arrangedto fit togetherin a s.vstemof multiple articulation.In
the first, virtuality, continually fluctuating with the threat ofa black-holestyle abolition) ensures the possibilitiesof opennessand rearrangement
representedby the line ofescape;in the second,the quanta are rearrangedin
blocks(infinite-limited-discontinuous)in systemsolarticulation from stratum to stratum, Discontinuity among the strata replaces the intensive
nrenral olrjectnor a material one.
'degrees'of existenceor
quantic regime (finite-contiguous-continuous-unlimited).+ We have, then,
This t-'eingso, thefe is no occasionto consider
' d c g r e e s ' o f t r u t hE. t e 2 t l f i f n t e x i s l s , a n d e t ' e r y t h i n g i s t r u c : t h e u n i c o r n e x i s t s i nto
a trvofold stratification: a molar, visible stratification, relating to
o nconsider
e
matter, life, sign machines,etc., and a transversal,molecularstratification
particular stratum of machirtic propositionsand one particular s1'stemof
that captures the energy ofde-territorialization, and lorcesit to spin round on
discoursequite as much as the horse or the dinosaur exist in others.The
its own axis rather than letting it escape)in eflectlike a black hole.So,all the
orqanlessbodv ofexistence,the existenceofthe pure objectbe.vondbeing and
processes
ofde-territorialization- absolute,relativeand so on - will have in
non-beirrg,is not an undifferentiatedunivelsalcategor) It is the point ofall
one $'ay or another to adjust to the state of stratification of machinic
u'ithout coordinates(the plane of conabsract, machinic clilTerentiations
'belore'beingcaughtin the movement
propositions,sincethere is no way ofmaking the fluxeszol have beenstratified
sistency).The intensivemultiplicities,
an
abstract
asthey have been;thus, unlike the abstract machinism, thisis afait accompli,
anothel!
constitute
a
to
from
one
stratr-tm
ofexistence
of'coordinates
subjectionto eventsfor the machinic phylum which we shall later compare
r n a t t e ro f p u r e d i { I e r e n t i a t i o n .
with the function of concretemachines.In the last analysis,at the level of
The functionine of machines, therefore, cannot be reduced eithei to
machinicagenciesin action, the distinction betweenabstractmachine and
logical/nrathematicalarticulations.or to stratified manifestationsthat we
'science'.
phenomenological
stratification disappears:it is as though the positive de-territorialization of
of
r.r'ith
the
aid
sorne
to
explore
have
should
theabstractmachinismand the negativede-territorializationof the stratumof logir: and phenontenologr',what is needed here is a scienceof
Ir-rsteacl
- in other r,vordsa s,vstemof arranging nlachinicpropositionsthat
to-stratum articulations neutralize one another without there being any
machinics
questionof a'dialecticalsynthesis',
cannot be reduced to loeical/mathematicalstaiementsor the realms of
phenornenoloev.
z . A l e x i u s M e i n o n q ( r 8 5 3 - r g z o ) . a p i o n e e ri n o b j e c tt h e o n . H i s m o s t i r n p o r t a n tw o r k s a r e. 0 b e r
Annnltnenltqoz), l'lune Studieni r8;.;-gr), and UberGrynstinlr hdhrerOrdnunglt9ggit
Seuil, I 974, p. 34
a. Ldr;rrardLinsky, Le Prablimedelo riJlrence,
I48
lv{achinicPropositions t49
Positive de.territorialization;
negative de.territorialization
Proposition
t - Positiuede-territoriali<ation
T'hisis fbund in its pure statein the black hole.But it is a basiccomponentof
propositionsolinrensiveflux (line ofescapeand line ofabolition). In reality,
'yet' a proposition- but that
positive de-territorializationis not
does not
mean that it is an anti-proposition:it exists as much before as after an)'
propositionalitv.
z - Positionalitymachines
Proposition
These demonstrate the impossibiiitl' of black holes as a proposition of
exisrence.
Positivede-territorializationcannotexist apart from the machinic
propositionsthat negate it. The first pro-positionalagency that connects
these two tvpes of de-territorialization is the extensiae
fux. At the level of
systemsof stratification,machinesof positionalitywill later be specifiedas
propositionsof interaction,of crystallization,of catalysis,of moulding, of
reproduction,of diagrammatice{Iectand so on.
Propositton
<erl - 0r t - Intetuiucfuxes
This proposition,an anti-dialecticparadox,shouldbe presentedbeforethose
relatingto de-territorializations,
even though it can exist only in association
with machinesof extensivepropositionaliry.The intensivefluxesconstitute
thechannelolnegotiation ofpositive territorializationlor the other propositrons.
Proposi
ti on3 - A bstract machines
Theserepresentthe peculiar mode ol quantic organizationof the positive
de-territorialization
ofthe intensivefluxes.The negativede-territorialization
of the positionality propositions (proposition z) is thus 're-positivized'.
Positivede-territorializationis quantifiedand put into operationin the fluxes
andstrata accordingto machinic formulae that cut acrossand overtakethe
(Thereis, obviouslv,no necessary
link
systemofcoordinatesand substances.
betweenone propositionand the next, but only a machinicaction.Thus what
was,at the level of proposition e, for example, determination by negative
positionality,determination b_v"
encoding, by the creation of lack, by objectivation, bl' representation,etc. - all ol which appeal to much 'later'
propositionsof stratification- gives way to the return of sheer positive
de-territorialization.There is thus no.4uf ebung;propositionr, in connection
with the propositions of stratification, functions as an abstract machine of
breaking off and innovation without preserving any of the 'gains' of deFrom the standpointofpositive de-territorialization,there
territorialization.
isneverany establishedgain, but only the residuumofmachinesand strata.)
Abstract machinescan equally be defined,much later on (seeproposition
r7), as resulting lrom the conjunction ofseveral processesofpositive deterritorialization,rvhich implies the possibility and autonomv of certain
pr0cesses.
r50
of de-territoriaLi<atirtn
Prorhosition
4 - Thenatureancispeed
De-territorializatiol is positive and absolute in the case of black holes,
qganric in the caseoflines ofescape,negative,continuousand di{lerentialin
the caseof relationshipsamong strata, and non-existentin the caseof the
organlessbody ol the stratifications.The speedol de-territorializationalso
brings into play propositionalcomponentsthat would onl.venter the scene
,later' in a dialecticalphenomenologv- in other words stratifyingdeterminations. For the relationshiP
n r g a t i \ . ed e - t e r r i t o r i a l i z a t t o n
Positivede-territorialization
rvill be totaliy diilerent both in nature and in rh.vthrnaccordingto the strata
rvithin which it operates(strata of elei'gy, biologicalstrata, semiotrcstrata
a n ds o o n ) .
There w'ill be a positive speed when an action becomesrelativelv deterritorialized,and a legative one when it is relativelvre-territorialized.In
the latter case,it is as though positiveenergv were spinninground on its o,,r'r.l
axis. and the orsanlessbody of the stratum would then be functioningas a
kinclofanti-biack hole,while the plane ofconsisten6 could be definedas the
might happen
area rvherepositivede-territorializatiolrs
B . S T R - A T AP R O P O S I T I O N S
poinn oJintetui['t
Propositir,tn
5 - Tlu mecti.ng
These constitutethe points ofreturn, ofoscillationbetrveenthe propositions
'knots' underlie the
ofpositive and ofnegative de-territorialization.These
the negativede-territorializingpowerolthe strata,in
Strata,or rnoreprecisel,v
to becomestatements
as rnuch as theyforcethe positivede-territorializations
of abstlirctvirtrralitv.5
Proposition6 - Redundancies
knotsofintensity that composethe actual
This brings us to the second-degree
fabric of the strata. We can distinguishthreelevelsof stratification:
of intensitl';
(a) The moiecularIevelof the meeting-Points
(b) The levelof molar redundancl: the organizatiotrbetweenthe meetingpoints, which produces an inter-stratum entitv turned in upon itsell' an
'faceanti-black hole ({br example,concretemachines,distinctivefeatureof
n e s s ').
r e l a t i o nt o t l l e s l r a t a p r o p o s r l r o n s
5 . \ ' i r t u ; i l i t v h e r eb e c o m e s ' s t ' c o n c l a r , v ' i n
C . P R O P O S I T I O N SO F T O T A L I T Y . O F O B I E C T A N D O F S P E C I E S
Proposition
B - Polari4tions
Theseresult lrom the counter-effectofmachinic interaction propositionson
systemsof stratified redundancy We talk of polarization it,hen speedsol
r52
MachinicPropositions I53
Propositiont 4 - Encodings
Theseresultfrom the interactionofstratawhosespeedolde-territorialization
is negativeand which bring into operatione{Iectsofobjectsand totalities.
Propositianr5 - Encodedreproductions
T h e s ea r e a s y s t e mo f r e d u n d a n c yt h a t r e s u l t si n t h e p r o d u c t i o no f s p e c i e s
functioningon the basisofa negativede-territorialization.
Propositiont6 - Diagrammaticprocesses
Theseresult lrom the conjunctionofstrata propositionswith objectpropositionshaving de-territorializingspeedsofopposite tendencies,dominated by
positiveescapelines and leading to the production o1'objects,totalitiesor
s p e c i eus i t h t w o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
( t ) they are reproduceable;
ir) thev thernselvesconstitute a lresh stratum that is more deterritorializedthan the srata and objectsofthe original organization.
Here *'e once again find the paradox ol the linking of propositionsinto a
rhizome:the dizigrammaticreproductionin lact appearsto depend on the
encodedreproduction,despite being more 'innovative' and'creative', becausethe surplus values of encodingremain dependenton the strata. But
there have to be stratum and object propositions if the positive deterritorializationof the diagrammatic processes
is to introduce its semiotic
mutationsinto the machinic agencies- and r,'iceversa.Nor must we lorget
t h a t ' d i a g r a m m a t i s m ' i tso b e l o u n dj u s t a s m r . l c ho u t s i d es e m i o t i ce n c o d i n g s
(in geneticmutations,lor example),
Proposition
t7 - Abstractmachines
These result lrom the conjunction of positive processesof de-rerritorialization.
Thus, abstract machineshave a twolold origin: a 'natural' origin at the
levelof propositionsof flux (no. 3); and an 'artificial',diagrammaticorigin, at
the level of propositions of object (no. I6), which 'implies' their being
extendedover all the systemsofstratification.
In reality there is no 'before'or 'after'; like diagrammatism,the abstract
ofcoordinates,ofstrata and ofobjectslrom
machinescLrtacrossthc s1'stems
all directions.
Concrete Machines
Concrete Machines'
r 55
fluxes,semioticfluxesas expressed
materiallyand so on. But sucha blueprint
is onlv ofinterestir so lar as its arriculationsare sufficientlyde-territorialized
and can be made to correspondwith the de-territorializedarticuiationsofrhe
materialsof expression.Diagrammatizarionconsistsin this interchange,at
the most de-territorialized level, between these two sorts of deterritorialization. If the high points of de-territorialization of the semiotic
systemsare to be able to combine with thoseof the material systemsin this
way, the relevantfeaturesof the materialsof expressioninvolved- their raw
materia.ls,ue might say - must be compatible with the nature of the
articulatoryfearuresof de-territorialization
of the materialfield.The semiotic
Ievelof expressionmust be able to'support' the type of machinicconsistency
of the material (or social)system,and nor abandonit in any way. To take a
simpleexample:vou cannotmake a mould lor a kev out olj ust anything- you
needa particular kind of wax; if vou w.ere to try doing it rvith mashedpotato,
,voucould not hold or transferthe diagrammaticoutline that makesthe ke1,
what it is- If vou lvant to reproducethat outline on paper you need a brush
that is not too broad, and ink that is neither too thin nor too thick. In other
rvordsyou must choosematerialsof expressionsuited to the featuresof the
machinismyou want to transfer.Diagrammatic redundancythus depends,
on the one hand, on the de-territorializingarticulations of the various
materialand semioticstrata that are to be connectedtogether(aluminium,
steel,information, equations,etc.) and, on the other, on the capacityof the
materialsof expressionto use, to activate, to organize that system of
connection,
What I have called the redundanciesof representationdo not functionon
the basisof such diagrammaticconjuncrions,nor do they work lor anl,and
evervmachinic agency.For instance,a picture or a portrait organizesno
machinrcconjunction between the element of de-territorializationof the
subjectreproducedin it and the materialofexpression;a portrait alwaysadds
somethingto its model, as well as transforming its materials into the
substances
ol expression.A picture produced by a computer, lor example,
wouldbe vely di{Ierent:it would correspondto a convention,quiteindependent of the 'creative' idea of the person rlho programmed it; in this case
anythingadded rvould be superfluous,for the ideal ofsuch a diagram is to
allowfor the Ieastpossibleinertia on the part ofthe meansofexpression,and
to transmit a messagebasicallvreducedto a binary encoding.In diagrammatism.semanticor signifyingresidualsubstanceseither of the object or of
themeansofexpressionare alwayssuperfluous.Semanticismor significance
will be toleratedonly temporarily, and the expectationis always that they
will be reducedwith the advanceoftechnologicaland scientificprogress.
The concrete machines of actuai faces, scenery, etc. bring both types of
redundancy
into play (redundancyofrepresentationand of diagrammarism).
r56
Concrete Machines
t57
! 58
-I'owirds
a New Vocabulary
ConcreteMachines I59
of general equivalenceof rnoney capital. The great, supposedlys)'mbolic,
signification* the Signifier,Capital, the Libido,
operatorsofsecond-degree
etc. never exist in themselves,but operateonly in dependenceon concrete
machines. Thus, it is not enough to sal that a cerlain form of deterritorializedmonotheism,of the type codifiedby St Paul and St Augustine'
is to be seenin relationto the influx ofcapitalismthat appearedafter the first
industrial revolutionof the twelfth centurv' One must also note the production of new significations,of new interpretati"'ecoordinalesat th level of
the accompanyingconstellationsofcharacteristics,the things that actuaily
made the system go in one direction rather than another: with the Desert
Fathers,there was a risk that it would disappearaltogetherin pursuit ofthe
spiritual;with other heresies,the son was territorializedat the expenseofthe
father; at another time, it had to choosebetrveenseeingl\lary as mother of
God or mother olhumanity; a! another, the decisionhad to be made not to
venerateimagesof Christ for their own sake;and so on. It was via all sortsof
'negotiations'ofthis kind on the
concretemicro-political
Part olthe theological machines that there came to be defined the right to life, the possible
survival of animal-becoming, child-becoming, female-becoming,body(of music,lor example) and so on. The
beconring,all the intensity-becomings
can never be validly deof capitalisticrePreserttation
macro-redundancies
scribedin termsof a singledualisticlogic- based,for instance,on the symbol
of the phallus.The phallusbecamea general operatorof authority only to the
'masses'of
extentthat it remaineddependenton collectionsofactual realities,
events,producedby concretemachines and the samecan be said ofall the
other part objectsof psychoanalysis.
The reasonlor consideringconcretemachinesis that they should make it
far harder lor us to try to describehistory in termsofsignifications,aboveall
of significationssimilar in nature to a particular level of a major power
formation.What one has to examinehere is the whole genealogicalperspective; indeed there is probably no genealogl'that can account for madness,
illegalism,shutting up children and so on rvithout referenceto concrete
machinesthat carne into being independentof the relationshipsof molar
fbrces,concreternachinesexisting independentlyoflarge-scaiebalancesof
power,olthe diachronicimplicationsof the machinicphylum in the sphereof
theeconomv,of demography,of rvar machines,etc.Would it be legitimateto
that one particular poetic madness,one molecuiarfolly, might have
belier.'e
originatedthe diseasedstrain ofcourtly love?You may objectthat this is not a
vital problem,or perhapsthat the time was ripe for the thing to happen.But
surelyit is at the levelofsuch individual madness,and at that levelonly, that
among the various
ivecan hope to discoverthe links, the inter-relationships
concretemachinesthat have metabolizedthe significationsof the period, as
much in termsof the literarv,the eroticand the aestheticasof the military, the
ConcreteMachines
I6l
existingprior to dillerentiationsof fluxesand encodings,and to diflerentiarionsamong natural, symbolic,signifyingand a-signifyingcodes.My distinction benveen macro-redundancyand micro-redundancy,in the specific
instanceolsemiotic encodings,in lact coversthat of signifl ing semioticsand
svnrbolicsemiotics,but we shall go on to use it in a rnore general way,
applying it to the totality ola-semiotic lormed matter; its main interest
"vill
then consistin the problem of whether the eflectof diagrammaticconcrete
machinescan be transferredoutside the particular caseof non-signifying
sernioticsto w'hichwe have up to now restrictedit.
It goesrvithout safing that the loregoingconsiderationsin no senseimply
any prirnacyof the molecularover the molar economyat the levelof concrete
for a verv powerfulmolecular
rnachines.Indeed, though it mav be necessary
machine to exist (a revolutionary movenlent,sav) in order to produce a
diagrammaticline of escapervithin a molar stratification,it may on the other
hand be necessaryfor a vast molar concretemachineto be set up to produce
rhetiniestdiagrammatice{Iect(suchas a poetry machine).Most olthe time,
in any case,such 'effects'wili work in both directions:for example,the rvhole
of La Borde must function as a concretemachine in order that, at a given
moment,somepeculiarity,a wa1'of taking a cigaretteor of handing someone
a dish, can relarero the leyelofcoljunctions eflectedbV psvchotics'modesof
semiotization.Conversely,horvever,thosesame psychoticsmust be able to
that it
function as concretemachines to make La Borde the kind of agenctment
is. To produce a concretemachine, then, can involve tremendouslorces,a
kind of semiotic Pierrelatte extracting lrom territorialized ore the deterritorializedmolar substanceupon which irr turn the production of deterritoriaiizedmolecularparticlesdepends.A productive force can thus be
consideredas much fi'om the viewpoint of rt'hat it specificallyproducesas
lrom that of its macro-scopicorganization.
There ale always two aspectsto the presentationol'a face: one turned
open to a rhizomatic deploymentof semiotic
towardsmrcro-redundancies,
svstems,and the other towards redundanciesof representation,which is
where connectionscan alwa;'s be eflected with the hierarchy of power
lormations- the actual laceone seesthen becomingequivalentto the public
presentationof the lace of authority. That pubiic lace is a mask, lor the true
is ashamed,and must keep hiding the
faceof power, in a capitalists-vstem,
to produceanalogies
hollowness
ofits principles;it has to clothe,to represertt,
lor the diaerammatism it territorializesin an arbitrarily chosensystemof
classarrd caste.This contradictionaccountslor the fascinationofthe figures
of rhe judge, the cop, the teacher and so on, and the mvstely of their
diagrammaticcounterparts- the thief, the prostitute,the delinquent.The
keyto the mysteryof the lacepresentedby capitalismand the individuationof
subjectivitl,is undoubtedlythe u'av it is continuallyoscillatingbetweenthe
I62
r64
I66
I68
'Iowards
a New VocabularY
are responsiblefor your own actions.There are all sortsofthings you can do,
starting with fucking up yourself and everything around you . . .' Signification is alwaysan encounterbetweenthe lormalizationofsystemsof values,
ofinterchangeabilitvand ofrules ofconduct, bv a particularsocietvand an
machine which in itself has no meaning - which is, let us say,
expressior-r
a-signil,ving-that automaticallyproducesthe behaviour,the interpretations,
,,vantedb.vthe system.
the responses
The system of double articulation, introduced by lvlartinet, masks the
rel'erencetosignifyingsemiologiesExperts,technocratsofthemind'repreprofounddisparitybetweenthe lormalizationoperatingat the levelof content
sentativesol'themedicaloracacle'nicestablishmentsrr'illnotlistentosuch
and
that operatingat the leveI of form. At the latter (which lvlartinetcallsthe
ofs-vstenr
entire
has worked out an
ior*. of expression.Psychoanai.vsis
level
of
of the second articulation), the sounds, the systemsof distinctive
range
same
to
the
whatever
it can relateeVervthing
interpretation',r'hereb)'
so
oppositions
or the a-signifving figures of Hjelmslev, form an extremely
and
order
it
svmbolizes
phallus,
is
a
tree
a pine
universalrepresentations:
eflectivemachine, what I u'ould call a diagrammatic machine,that seizes
take controL
experts
these
itlterchangeabilitv
of
systems
such
on. By imposing
upon all the creative operationsof languageand imprisons them in one
and others to try to
of the symboliJsemiologiesused by children, the mad
ing
particular
syntax.At what he cal.lsthe levelof the first articulation,of written
signif
the
But
can'
they
as
best
sal'eguardthelr econom'vol desire
u'ords,sentences,
semanticand pragmaticinterpretations,there takesplace
them:
it
tells
be:
them
leave
not
will
establishment
.e*iology of the ruling
is
conjunction,
the
re-centringand the hierarchizationof all power formathe
thiit
'Tftis isleally what vou wanted to sav You don't believeme' but
The
my
to
a specilictypeofequivalences
and ofsignifications.
tions
so
as
organize
adjusting
on
go
I'll
probablv becuuseI am explessingmyself badlv'
'structuralize'
power
systematize
linguistic
machine
is
there
to
or
those
all
vour
that
principle
the
accePt
to
actuali.v
int.rpr.t^tion until I can g.i
"ou
lormations; it is basically a tooi lor the use of the law, morality, capital,
symbolicexpressionsareuniversallytranslatable.,Forthepsychoanalvst,it
of
religion,etc. From the first,words and phrasesget their meaningonlyby wav
all
expressions.
has now becomea crucrallf important questionof power:
ofa
particular syntax, a rhetoric that is territorialized upon eachofthese local
interpretattve
same
t\e
ol
control
desire must be made to come ullder the
to
power
formations.But only the use of a more generallanguagethat oversubmit
kinds
all
of
individuals
deviant
language,This is his way o|making
encodesall theselocal languagesand dialectsmakesit possiblefor a social
specializes
pslchoa'alyst
the
that
is
this
it
and
pow.er,
ruling
of the
tt.,e-io\^/.
and economicstatemachineto seizepower at a more totalitarianlevel.It is to
in.
the extent that the two kinds of lormalization(that of the linguisticmachine
l.hisbringsuStotheproblenro|therelationbetweensignificationand
In
as an a-signifyingmachine,and that of power formationsas the producersof
significations
impose
and
produce
porver
of
power. All stratifications
signifiedcontent)becomeinteriinkedvia a signifyinglanguagethat we get a
escapethis rvorld of the
..rtui,t exceptional.ircr-rtuntut peoplemanageto
after
meaningful world - that is to say a realm of significationin harmony with the
consciousness
dominant signification- lor instance,a Personrecovering
ofjolts'
social,
economicand moral coordinatesof the ruling power.
series
in
a
then'
but
is'
he
t'here
therapy wonders
electro-convulsive
Structuralists,especiallyAmerican structuralists,are not interestedin
crossesbackor.er.thett-,,.,t.'otaofsigrrifications'Heremembershisname.arrd
socialorigins underlying the lormalizationof significations,and claim that
of significationof the
graduaiiy fits back into place all the different asPects
they arise lrom profound semiotic structures. It is hard to say rvhere thev
world.
of
think
the meaning comesfrom - it seemsto have landed out of the blue. Let
this
threshold
cross
to
attempr
an
in
Peopleresort to aicohol or drugs
this
me say again that meaning never comes from language as such, from
But what exactly is
dominant significatronsin the op-positedirection
proloundsymbolicstructuresor the mathematicsof the unconscious.Meanredundancl'
of
systenls
threshold, tf,is crossing point of all the various
when
ing is deternrinedby very real socialpower formationsthat can be identified
morning
every
on
we
Put
encodingand signsof al'isorts?What is it that
threshold
by anyone who caresto take the trouble to do so. SupposeI come into the
That
so
on?
and
nationalitv
we get up identity. sex, profession,
expression room wearing a long gown: in itselfit meansnothing, but if I am doing it to
ofsymbolic
components
various
the
of
re-centring
consistso1'the
ofdesire
shon'thatI am a transvestiteit doesmeansomething.Ifeveryoneelsepresent
sounds,bodies;,ofeverythingin the economy(the world oi'gestures,
'come on now, pull yorrrself is also a transvestite,there is no problem; but if, say, a conferenceofclergy
its
own.
that is threatening to break out on
wearing cassocksis taking place, then it r,r'iilhave quite a diflerent meaning.
this particularjob' You
toqether.There you are, in this particular marriage'
systemo|expression(inwhichwordsareindirectinteractionlvithother
hascertainlynot beenany
forms ofexprlssion- ritual, gestural,musical,etc')
peoplesresistedthe
,h. poor". lor that. it is aiguable, in fact, .that some
of somelorms
intrusion
the
resisted
comingol a wrltten language*(juttut thev
rvou.Id
system
asignifying
such
that
feared
of technologr')becausetiey
Children and the
desire'
of
mocle
and
lile
of
rvay
traditional
destroy their
most to them without
*.n,uily ill often express rhe things that matter
r7a
not too
In a rnental hospital,it could be interpreteddifferently'again:
u,ell today - wearing a dressagain.' In other words for a man to wear a skirt
r n e a n so n e t h i n g i f h e i s a . j u d g eo r a p r i e s t ,a n o t l r e ri f h e i s a l u n a t i c ,i e t
another if he is a transvestite.Significationis alrvavsinseparablelrom the
por.verposition.Supposeyou were to bring your shit to someoneon a dish:
atrddisgusting,buI to a therapistit
ordinarv peopleu'ould find it meaningless
which
could be a goodsign.It would representa gift, or an important message
would unfortunatelytend to adapt to fit his o*'n systemof
the psvchoa.nal,vst
interpretations('He's trving to explain his transference
, I atrt his mother, he
i s r e g r e s s i n g. . ' , e t c . ) .
In modern societies(be they capitalist or bureaucratic socialist), all
are centredupon the educatingof the rvorklorce. This is
svmbc'licsenriologies
a processthat startsin irrlancy:\4,esetoulselvesver;'earlyon to do battlelvith
the child's own logic and methodsof semiotization.The child is continuallv
startingwith
s-vsterns)
being drivcn frorn side to side bv contradictorvpo\ryer
his or.'npowerover himself,his gifts,his own leelings,his u ish to run, his rvish
to draw - all of'which are in contradictionwith his wish to becomean adult.
On top ofall this there are the constraintsthat burden the porverrelationsof
tiretarrily and indirectlv burden him too. Tl-rereis a wholemazeof contradictory powersthrough which the child must thread his waf in order to develop
his owr-rsemioticcomponentsofdesire,to disciplinethem, to bendthem to the
direction clecleedby the signifiing semiologiesof the donrinant porver- in
other u,ords, to castrate them. Sometimesthe entire s)'stemshatters,and
thereis conlusion,panic. neurosis.the vis.itto the psvchiatristand all the rest.
The third distinction I have suggestedis between signifving and asrgnilving semiotics.Following Charles SandersPeirce,semioticianshave
concluded that the systernof images (icons) and the svstem of diagrams
should be brought togetherunder a singleheading,sincefor them a diagram
at oncemore and
is no more than a simplifiedimage. But an imagerepresents
less than a diaqram: ar-rimage reproducesa great many aspectsthat a
diagram doesnot include in its lepresentation,while a diagramincludes- lar
more preciselyand efficientl;'than an image - the articulationsrvherebya
s-vstemoperates.In my vier.v,there{bre,one must separatethe two, placirlg
the image alongside symbolic semiotics,and making diagrammatism a
semiotic categorv on its own, a category/of a-signifvingsemiotics- u hich is ol'
the utmost importance becauseit is rvhat we seeat work in the world of the
sciences,ol music, of the econom,vand elsewhere.A-signifving,or diagrammatic. semioticsproduce not redundanciesof signification.but machinic
redundancies(theseare rvhat linguistsrefer to when thev talk ofrelational
significations).To explain what he means by a diagram, Peircegives the
example of a temperaturecurve, or) at a more complex level, a systemof
algebraicequations.The signsfunction in placeofthe objectsthey relateto,
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