ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is
the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish
and has a high melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable. Chromium does not
occur freely in nature. The main chromium mineral is chromite. As was mentioned earlier,
chromium compounds can be found in waters only in trace amounts. The element and its
compounds can be discharged in surface water through various industries. It is applied for
example for metal surface refinery and in alloys. Stainless steel consists of 12-15% chromium.
Chromium metal is applied worldwide in amounts of approximately 20,000 tons per year. It
may be polished and it does not oxidize when it comes in contact with air. Chromium may be
present in domestic waste from various synthetic materials. Through waste incineration it
may spread to the environment when protection is insufficient.

AIMS
THEORY

Chromium that is deposited on highroads originated from brake and dusts and
exhaust of automobile engine can unfavourably permeate into any water straems nearby via
flowing rainwater. Lakes and water streams which is nearer a typical congested with
automobiles areas are the most susceptible areas to be contaminated by such chromium.
Due to its cancer-risk character and toxicity even at mere concentrations, a lot of federal
environmental agencies are doing researches to determine its presence in many
environmental samples. Thus, in this experiment absorption spectroscopy will be used to
detect the concentrations of Chromium (VI) in a water sample.
Absorption spectroscopy operates on the measuring principle of light. Absorption
spectroscopy refers to spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation,
as a function of frequency or wavelength, due to its interaction with a sample. The sample
absorbs energy, i.e., photons, from the radiating field. The intensity of the absorption varies

as a function of frequency, and this variation is the absorption spectrum. Absorption

spectroscopy is performed across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Absorption spectroscopy measuring priciple of light before and after it passes
through an aqueous metal solution. The amount of light absorbed by the chemical species in
the sample is equivalent to the difference in the amount of light before it enters the sample
and after it exits the sample. For the purpose of light to be absorbed by chemical species,
the light must be set to a specific wavelength. Every chemical species absorbs distinct
wavelengths of light. In absorption spectroscopy, the wavelengths of light absorbed by the
in solution are detected.
In this experiment, standard stock solutions are prepared by diluting 300 parts per
million (p.p.m) of Chromium (VI) standard solution Five standard stock solutions being
prepared from the concentrated Chromium (VI) standard solution with range from 15 p.p.m
to 300 p.p.m. To calculate the dilute solutions volume needed, the solution dilution formula
can be used:
M1V1 = M2V2
M 1 : is a concentration of standard Chromium (VI) solutions, which is 300 p.p.m.
V1 : is volume of distilled water needed to dilute Chromium (VI) solutions
M2 : is a concentration of stock solution of Chromium (VI) solutions, which are 15, 45, 75,
150 and 300 p.p.m.
V2 : is a volume of volumetric flask which is 50mL
Quantitative analysis using spectroscopy is based on Beer-Lambert Law. Beer-lambert
Law states that absorbance value depends on total quantity of the absorbing compound in
the light path through the cuvette. Thus, if we plot a graph of absorbance versus
concentration of the compound solution, we get a straight line passing throught the origin.
A compound w ith high molar absorbance is very effective at absorbing light. Hence, low

concentrations of a compound and high molar absorbance can be easily detected by the
spectroscopy.The Beer-Lamberts Law
A = LC
A : is absorbance value from the spectroscopy
: molar absorbance (L/mol.cm)
L : path length of the cuvette in which the sample is contained
C : Concentration of the compound in solution (mol/L)

APPARATUS & MATERIAL

PROCEDURES
RESULT & CALCULATION
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFFERENCE
APPENDIX