Beam review

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

1 #

Beam diagrams
Typical V M diagrams without computing
Visualize deflection as a flexible ruler
Draw shear and bending diagrams left to right;
starting and ending with zero beyond the beam
Uniform load cause downward sloping shear
Point loads cause downward shear offset
Upward reactions cause upward shear offset
Estimate shear area to draw bending diagrams
1 Cantilever beam with point load
2 Cantilever beam with uniform load
3 Cantilever beam with mixed load
4 Simple beam with point loads
5 Simple beam with uniform load
6 Simple beam with mixed load
7 Beam with 1 overhang and point load
8 Beam with 1 overhang and uniform load
9 Beam with 1 overhang and mixed load
10 Beam with 2 overhangs and point loads
11 Beam with 2 overhangs and uniform load
12 Beam with 2 overhangs and mixed load
review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

2 #

Shear effect
1

Beam with square mark to study stress

Shear stress on square

Equivalent split shear stress

Shear stress as tension/compression stress

Equivalent tension/compression stress

cause diagonal tension cracks at beam supports

Isostatic lines combine bending and shear stress

(compressive arch lines and tensile cable lines)
review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

3 #

Shear and bending distribution

1

Beam diagram

Shear diagram

Bending diagram

Shear stress (over beam depth)

Bending stress (over beam depth)

Best location of possible pipe hole:

Zero shear force at mid-span
Zero bending stress at mid-depth

The diagrams reveal an interesting paradox:

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

Linear shear force over beam length

Parabolic shear stress over beam depth
Parabolic bending moment over beam length
Linear bending stress over beam depth

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

4 #

Girder optimization
1 Stepped bending diagram used to optimize:
2 Steel girder with plates welded outside flanges

3 Steel girder with plates welded inside flanges

4 Concrete girder with rebar lengths as required

5 Parabolic girder reflecting bending moment

6 Tapered girder approximates bending moment

6
review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

5 #

Overhang effect
1 Simple beam

2 Beam overhangs reduce bending moment

~1/3 overhangs equalize positive and negative bending
Overhangs can provide synergy with architectural design
Overhangs reduce bending up to ~ 600%
review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

6 #

Overhang/span ratio
Beams with overhangs are most efficient if positive and
negative bending are equal (optimal cross section use)
Find ratios C/L for equal positive and negative bending
1 Beam with uniform load and two overhangs
+M = Abs (-M)
Considering the Area Method
Positive shear must be 2 times negative shear
+V = 2-V
L/2 = 21/2C = 1.414 C
L = 2.828 C
L-x= C
1

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

Beam with uniform load and one overhang

X = 21/2C = 1.414 C
L = C+X = 1+1.414 C
L = 2.414 C

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

7 #

Alternate beams
1. Simple beam
Span: L = 48
48

2.
10

28

Beam with overhangs

Span L = 28, overhangs C = 10

10

Note:
Columns for beam with overhang may define circulation

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

8 #

Deflection formulas
= slope of the tangent of the elastic curve
= maximum deflection.
1

Cantilever beam with point load

= (PL)(L/2)/(EI)
= 2/3 L
= 1/2 PL2/(EI)
= 1/3 PL3/(EI)

Cantilever beam with uniform load

= (WL/2)(L/3)/(EI)
= 3/4 L
= 1/6 WL2/(EI)
= 1/8 WL3/(EI)

Simple beam with point load

= (PL/4)(L/4)/(EI)
= 1/3 L
= 1/16 PL2/(EI)
= 1/48 PL3/(EI)

Simple beam with uniform load

= (WL/8)(2/3 L/2)/(EI) = 5/16 L
= 1/24 WL2/(EI)
= 5/384 WL3/(EI)

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

9 #

Beam formulas
The formulas include for common beams:
M = bending moment
V = shear
= deflection

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

10#

Deflection vs. span

The formulas

V=wL

M = w L2/8

= (5/384) wL4/EI
reveal:
V increases linearly with L
M increases quadratic with L
increases to the 4th power with L
If L doubles increase

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

16 times !

1
2

Beam with = 1
Double span with = 16

3
4
5

Short span: shear V governs

Medium span: bending M governs
Long span: deflection governs

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

11#

Deflection vs. I

review
19Beam
Beam
review

Copyright G G Schierle, 2011

(moment of inertia)

Type of beam

1 Single board

2 Twin board

1/2

3 Twin board glued

1/8

4 Four boards glued

1/64

64

ProfEsc
Schierle
press
to end, for next, for previous slide

12#