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) Using standard Thermodynamic values, calculate the enthalpy of the reaction of the
combustion of methane gas with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and liquid water.
Chemical Equation:
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) => CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + heat
given :
Hf H2O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol , Hf CO2(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol,
Hf CH4(g) = -74.87 kJ/mol , Hf O2(g) = 0 kJ/mol
Solution:
Hrxn =[2 * Hf H2O(l) + Hf CO2(g) ]+ [2 * Hf O2(g) + Hf CH4(g)]
Hrxn = [2*(-285.83 kJ) + (-393.51 kJ)] [(2*0 kJ) + (-74.87 kJ)]
Hrxn = -890.3 kJ/mol
answer: Therefore the enthalpy of the reaction is -890.3 kJ/mol.
2.) If 1.6g of CH4 reacts with oxygen gas to form water and carbon dioxide what is the
change in entropy for the universe? Reaction Equation: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
solution :
S System =SProducts SReactants
S System =[(.21374 kJ/mol)+(2* .06995 kJ/mol)]-[(2*.20507 kJ/mol)+( .18626 kJ/mol)]
S System = -.24276 kJ/mol
H System =HProducts HReactants
H System = [( -393.509 kJ/mol)+(2* -285.83 kJ/mol)]-[(2*0)+( -74.87 kJ/mol)]
H System = -890.229 kJ/mol
S Surroundings =HSystem /T
S Surroundings = -890.229/298
S Surroundings = -2.9873 kJ/mol
S Universe= S Surroundings S System
S Universe= -2.9873 kJ/mol (-.24276 kJ/mol)
S Universe = -2.745 kJ/mol
answer: Therefore the change for the entropy of the universe is -2.745 kJ/mol
3.) Find the change is Gibbs Free Energy for the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide to form liquid water and sodium chloride at 31 C.
First you must write the chemical equation for the reaction: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ->H2O(l) +
NaCl.
HRxn =HProducts HReactants
HRxn =[(-285.8+(-411.54)) kJ/mol]-[(-167.16 + (-470.1) kJ/mol]
HRxn = -60.05 kJ/mol
SRxn =SProducts SReactants
SRxn=[(0.06991+ 0.07238) kJ/molK]-[0.0565 + 0.0482 kJ/molK]
SRxn = 0.03759 kJ/molK
Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15
=31 + 273.15
= 304.15 K
G=H-TS.
G= -60.05 KJ/mol 304.15 K *(0.03759 KJ/molK) = -71.4830
4.) There is a house hold heater that operates at 4 V and at 35 and is used to heat up 15g
of copper wire. The specific heat capacity of copper is 24.440 J/mol/K. How much time is
required to increase the temperature from 25C to 69C?
It is important to know the equation in circuitry that calculates power: P=V2/R, which is derived
from the equation V=IR. We will also be using q=mCsT.
solution:
P=V2/R
P=(4)2/35
q=mCsT
q=(15)(24.440)(69-25)
P=.457 J/s
q= 16130.4 J
We now know how many joules of heat must be added to the copper wire to increase the
temperature and we know how many joules of energy are given off by the heater per second. We
divide to find the number of seconds.
Time=(16130.4 J)/(0.457 J/s) = 35296.3 seconds
5.) What is the equilibrium constant for the formation of N2O4 gas from NO2 gas
molecules? The temperature of the reaction is 310.5K.
First, the balanced equation must be written:
2NO2(g) -> N2O4(g)
solution:
K=e^[-G/RT]
K is the equilibrium constant, e is the numerical value 2.718, G is the change in Gibbs free
energy in J/mol
R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in K
H System =HProducts HReactants
H System=[9.08 kJ/mol]-[2*33.1 kJ/mol]
H System = -57.12 kJ/mol
Also, the T used is not room temperature, but the temperature given in the problem the
temperature at which the reaction takes place.
G=H-TS
G=[-57.12]-310.5[-0.1757]
G = -2.565 kJ/mol or -2565 J/mol
6) what is thermodynamics?
answer: Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to
energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, internal energy, entropy,
and pressure) that characterize materials and radiation, and explains how they are related and by
what laws they change with time.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a
third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set
of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium
with each other if spontaneous molecular thermal energy exchanges between them do not lead to
a net exchange of energy.
First law of thermodynamics: The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal
to the difference of the heat supplied to the system and the work done by it: U = Q W
The first law of thermodynamics asserts the existence of a state variable for a system, the internal
energy, and tells how it changes in thermodynamic processes. The law allows a given internal
energy of a system to be reached by any combination of heat and work
Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location
to a hotter location.
Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of the
system approaches a minimum value.
The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the
impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This law provides an absolute reference
point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the
absolute entropy. Alternate definitions are, "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a
system is smallest at absolute zero," or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of
temperature by any finite number of processes".
adding the enthalpies gives (-393.5 kJ/mol + 395.41 kJ/mol) = + 1.91 kJ/mol
Since the
11.) Using Hess Law, the enthalpy of reaction of the major process of steam reforming can
be determined.
CH4(g) + H2O(l) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
H = ??
Using the two postulates, given enough information, we are able to solve the enthalpy of reaction
of an untabulated equation.
Using the reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen gas and reaction of methane decomposition;
1) CO(g) + H2(g) C(graphite) + H2O(g)
2) C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
H = -131.3 kJ
H = -74.8 kJ
Steps
1.
1.
2.
1.
3.
H = +131.3 kJ
H = +74.8
Final Equation:
CH4(g) + H2O CO + 3H2
H = +74.8 kJ + 131.3 kJ
4.
Add the final enthalpies to the two fixed up equations and receive the enthalpy of
the unknown equation: H = +201.1 kJ CH4(g) + H2O CO + 3H2
H = 201.1
kJ
16.)If John pushes a tricycle 50 feet with a force of 5 Newtons how much work did he do on
the tricycle?
solution:
Convert 50 feet to meters: 50 feet x .3048 meters/feet = 15.24 meters.
W = F * D: 5 Newtons * 15.24 meters
W = 76.2 Joules.
17.) How far, in meters, would a box travel if pushed with 7 newtons of force and 15 Joules
of work is done on the box?
solution:
W=F*D
D = W/F
D = 15 Joules/7 Newtons
D = 2.14 meters.
18.) How much work is done by a gas that expands from 2 liters to 5 liters against an
external pressure of 750 mmHg?
answer:
V = Vfinal - VInitial = 5 L - 2 L = 3 L
Convert 750 mmHg to atm:
750 mmHg * 1/760 (atm/mmHg)
=0 .9868 atm.
W = pV
W = -(0.9868 atm)(3 Liters)
W= -2.96 L atm.
19.) How much work is done by .54 moles of a gas that has an initial volume of 8 liters and
expands under the following conditions: 30oC and 1.3 atm?
answer:
First we must find the final volume using the idela gas law:
pv = nRT
v = (nRT)/P
v = [(.54 moles)(.082057(L atm)/ (mol K))(303K)] / (1.3 atm)
v= 10.33 L
V= Vfinal - Vinitial
V= 10.3 Liters - 8 Liters
V= 2.3 Liters
W = pV
W= - (1.3 atm)(2.3 Liters)
W= -3 L atm.
20.) How much work is done by a gas (p=1.7 atm, V=1.56 L) that expands against an
external pressure of 1.8 atm?
answer:
.
Given p1,V1, and p2, find V2:
p1V1=p2V2 (at constant T, n)
V2= (V1* P1) / P2
V2= (1.56 L * 1.7 atm) / 1.8 atm
V2= 1.47 L
W = - p * V = - 1.8 atm *
Now, V = V2 - V1
W = - 1.8 atm * (1.47 1.7) L
W =0.414 L atm.
21.) Who is the father of thermodynamic?
A.) Michael Faraday B.) Nicolas Lonard Sadi Carnot
answer : B.)
22.) Which one of the following is TRUE?
A.) Evaporation of perspiration occurs to help control human body temperature. This process is
hindered at low relative humidities as opposed to high relative humidities.
B.) Water vapour in air typically has a partial pressure that is less than 3% of atmospheric
pressure.
C.)The temperature at which condensation first forms on a cooled surface is called wet bulb
temperature.
D.) For a given temperature the partial pressure of water vapour in air is normally greater than
the saturated water vapour pressure.
answer: B.
References:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants
/Acid_and_Base_Strength
http://facultyfp.salisbury.edu/dfrieck/htdocs/212/rev/acidbase/arrhenius.htm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Exa
mple_Problems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics#Laws_of_thermodynamics
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamisc_Cy
cles/Hess'_Law
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Entr
opy
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Enth
alpy
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Work
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Diff
erential_Forms_of_Fundamental_Equations
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Aqueous_Solutions_
Of_Salts
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Calculating_Equilibri
um_Concentrations_And_Ph_From_Ka
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/PH_Scale
http://www.seethesolutions.net/practice-exams-topic/25/
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/howtosolveit.html#Nuclear
http://sst.nsu.edu/chm224/practice/c4pp16.html
http://studentzoneonline.com/Chemistry/Chemical-Equilibrium.aspx
http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/equil/equil.htm
http://www.thebigger.com/chemistry/nuclear-and-radiation-chemistry/what-is-nuclearchemistry/
http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/core/questions/questions.cfm?Course=chem&TopicC
/ode=09
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/howtosolveit.html#Nuclear
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/laws_of_thermodynamics/quiz1690.html
http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/blacidquiz.htm?lastQuestion=9&answers=1&s
ubmit=Next+Question+%3E%3E&ccount=8
23.) The Laws of Thermodynamics dictate the specifics for the movement of ___________
and ______________.
a.)energy, motion
b.) heat, work
c.)light,heat
d.)none of the above
answer: B
24.) There are three Laws of Thermodynamics. Which of the following is NOT one of these
laws?
a.)conservation of energy
b.)direction of conservation
c.)reaching absolute zero
d.)none of the above
answer: D
25.)True or False? The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy output is
equal to the amount of heat supplied.
a.)True
b.)False
answer: A
27.)True or False? The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in all energy
exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the
state will always be less than that of the initial state.
a.)TRUE
b.)FALSE
answer: A
29.)The second law of thermodynamics states that energy _________ out and
disperse rather than staying concentrated.
a.)spread
b.)stays
answer : A
30.)The Third Law of Thermodynamics refers to a state known as absolute zero
. This is the bottom point on the ___________ temperature scale.
a.)Celsius
b.)Kelvin
c.)Fahrenheit
answer: B