Internal Combustion Engines

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Internal Combustion Engines

by H. B. Keswani1
Created by
Nagireddy Anveshreddy
B tech
Mechanical Engineering
SASTRA University
College Teacher
Dr. M. Venkatesan
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya Potti
May 8, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Internal Combustion Engines
Author: H. B. Keswani
Publisher: Standard Book,New Delhi
Edition: 4
Year: 2003
ISBN: 81900893511
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 INTRODUCTION
10
3 AIR STANDARD CYCLES
14
4 FUEL AIR CYCLES AND REAL CYCLES
40
5 VARIABLE SPECIFIC HEAT
42
6 COMBUSTION CHARTS
51
8 COMBUSTION
54
9 SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
77
11 FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
92
14 THE DIESEL ENGINE
99
15 FUEL INJECTION
101
16 COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES 110

18 SUPERCHARGING
113
19 TWO STROKE ENGINES
118
23 TESTING OF ENGINES
120
25 GAS TURBINES
140
26 JET PROPULSION
164
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.26
3.30
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . .
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . .
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY . . . . .
THERMAL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . .
FUEL CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
AUR STANDARD EFFICIENCY . . . . . .
FUEL CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY . . . . . . .
HEAT AND WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TEMPERATURE AND EFFICIENCY . . .
PRESSURE AND HEAT . . . . . . . . . . .
WORK DONE AND EFFICIENCY . . . . .
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE . . . . . .
CYLINDER SIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMPRESSION RATIO . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY
MAXIMUM HORSE POWER . . . . . . . .
5
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10
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12
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
23
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
Exa
Exa
Exa
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Exa
Exa
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Exa
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Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.31
3.32
3.33
4.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.10
6.1
6.2
6.3
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
AIR FUEL RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AIR GAS RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FRICTION HORSE POWER . . . . . . . . . .
WORK DONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHANGE IN AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY
WORK DONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERCENTAGE OF STROKE . . . . . . . . .
PERCENTAGE OF STROKE . . . . . . . . .
CHANGE IN ENTHALPY . . . . . . . . . . .
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE . . . . . .
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT . . . . . . . . .
PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AIR AND VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MASS OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . .
PERCENTAGE COMBUSTION . . . . . . . .
PARTIAL PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANALYSIS BY WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AIR SUPPLIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION . . . . . . . .
EXCESS AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VOLUME OF GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VOLUME OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AIR FUEL RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THEORETICAL RATIO OF DIAMETER . .
SECTION AT THE THROAT . . . . . . . . .
6
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35
36
38
40
42
43
43
44
45
46
47
49
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
70
71
72
73
75
77
78
78
79
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
14.1
14.2
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
16.1
16.2
16.3
18.1
18.2
18.3
19.3
23.1
SIZE OF THE VENTURI . . . . . . . . .

FUEL CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . .
DIAMETER OF JET . . . . . . . . . . .
AIR FUEL RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . .
VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PETROL CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . .
AIR FUEL RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . .
THROAT PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . .
DROP IN PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . .
ORIFICE DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . .
ORIFICE DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . .
POWER DEVELOPED . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLEARANCE VOLUME . . . . . . . . .
CYLINDER PROPERTIES . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RATIO OF MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QUANTITY OF FUEL . . . . . . . . . .
QUANTITY OF FUEL . . . . . . . . . .
QUANTITY OF FUEL . . . . . . . . . .
SIZE OF PUMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PUMP DISPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . .
PUMP DISPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . .
PLUNGER STROKE . . . . . . . . . . .
DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMOUNT OF FUEL . . . . . . . . . . .
DELAY TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY . . .
PRESSURE AND AIR CONSUMPTION
PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN IMEP . .
PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN BHP . .
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMAL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . .
7
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80
81
82
83
84
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
100
101
101
102
103
104
104
105
106
107
108
110
111
112
113
114
115
118
120
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
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Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
23.16
23.17
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
25.10
25.11
25.12
25.13
25.14
25.15
25.16
25.17
25.18
25.19
25.20
25.22
26.1
26.2
INDICATED HORSE POWER . . . . . . .

CALORIFIC VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . .
BHP OF ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMAL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . .
FUEL CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . .
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HEAT BALANCE SHEET . . . . . . . . .
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY . . . . . . .
BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
HEAT LOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OVERALL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NET OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HP DEVELOPED . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMAL EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . .
FLOW RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FLOW RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FLOW OF AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
POWER OTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AIR FUEL RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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121
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
131
132
133
135
137
138
140
141
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143
143
144
145
147
148
149
150
152
153
154
155
156
158
160
161
162
164
164
Exa 26.3
Exa 26.4
Exa 26.5
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
POWER AND THRUST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
166
167
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Scilab code Exa 1.1 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
// I n p u t d a t a
BHP =51 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
N =1000 // Speed i n r . p .m
FHP =17 // F r i c t i o n h o r s e power i n h . p
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
IHP =( BHP + FHP ) // I n d i c a t e d H o r s e power i n h . p
mn =( BHP / IHP ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i s %i
p e r c e n t , mn )
Scilab code Exa 1.2 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

1 clc
10
2
3
4
5
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7
8
9
10
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12
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17
18
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20
21
22
clear
// Data t a k e n from Ex . No . 1
N =1000 // Speed i n r . p .m
FHP =17 // F r i c t i o n h o r s e power i n h . p
O1 = BHP /2 // H a l f o f b . h . p o u t p u t i n h . p
O2 =10 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
// Case ( i )
IHP1 =( O1 + FHP ) // I n d i c a t e d H o r s e power i n h . p
mn1 =( O1 / IHP1 ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Case ( i i )
IHP2 =( O2 + FHP ) // I n d i c a t e d H o r s e power i n h . p
mn2 =( O2 / IHP2 ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e when i t
d e l i v e r s \n ( a ) H a l f t h e b . h . p o u t p u t i s %3 . 0 f
p e r c e n t \n ( b ) 10 b . h . p i s %3 . 0 f p e r c e n t ,mn1 , mn2
)
Scilab code Exa 1.3 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
Fc =220 // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n gm/ ( b . h . p h r )
CV =10600 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n k c a l / kg
hf =( Fc /1000) * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / h r
11
9 O =632 // Output i n t e r m s o f k c a l / h r
10 bn =( O / hf ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
11
12 // Output
13 printf ( Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,
bn )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 THERMAL EFFICIENCY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
IHP =45 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
Fc =13 // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n l i t r e s / h r
g =0.8 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f o i l
nm =80 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
CV =10000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n k c a l / kg
BHP =( IHP * nm ) /100 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
hi =( Fc * g * CV ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / h o u r
In =(( IHP *4500*60) /(427* hi ) ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l
e f f i c i e n c y in percent
14 Bn =( In *( nm /100) ) // Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
15
16
17
// Output
printf ( I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f
p e r c e n t \n Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f
p e r c e n t ,In , Bn )
Scilab code Exa 1.5 FUEL CONSUMPTION

12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
In =28 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
mn =75 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
Bn =(( In /100) *( mn /100) ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
in percent
11 I =( BHP /( Bn /100) ) *((4500*60) /427) // I n p u t i n k c a l / h r
12 Fc =( I / CV ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h r
13
14
15
// Output
printf ( F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e i s %3 . 2 f kg /
h r , Fc )
13
Chapter 3
AIR STANDARD CYCLES
Scilab code Exa 3.1 AUR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

1 clc
2 clear
3 // I n p u t d a t a
4 p =[1 ,8] // P r e s s u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g and end o f
c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg /m3
5 g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
6
7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
8 r =( p (2) / p (1) ) ^(1/ g ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
9 n =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
in
percent
10
11
12
// Output
printf ( A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f an e n g i n e w o r k i n g
on t h e Otto c y c l e i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,n )
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
clear
D =0.25 // Bore i n m
L =0.45 // S t r o k e i n m
Cv =5 // C l e a r a n c e volume i n l i t r e s
g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
IHP =32 // I n d i c a t e d H o r s e power i n h . p
m =14 // Gas c o n s u m p t i o n i n m3/ h r
CV =4000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f g a s i n k c a l /m3
Vs =(3.14/4) * D ^2* L // S t r o k e volume i n m3
Vc = Cv /1000 // C l e a r a n c e volume i n m3
r =( Vs + Vc ) / Vc // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
na =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
q =( m * CV ) /60 // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / min
aI =( IHP *4500) /427 // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f I . H . P i n k c a l /
min
itn =( aI / q ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
rn =( itn / na ) *100 // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( The a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t
\n I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t
\n R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,na , itn ,
rn )

1 clc
2 clear
15
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
r =6 // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
It =0.6 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o
an =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
11 In =( It *( an /100) ) // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
12 SFC =((4500*60) /(427* CV * In ) ) // S p e c i f i c f u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / I . H . P . h r
13
14
15
// Output
printf ( S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f kg / I . H . P .
h r , SFC )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 RATIO

1 clc
2 clear
4 T =[100+273 ,473+273] // T e m p e r a t u r e s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g
and a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
6
8 an =(1 -( T (1) / T (2) ) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d
e f f i c i e n c y in
percent
9 r =( T (2) / T (1) ) ^(1/( g -1) ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
10
11
12
// Output
printf ( The c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f \n A i r
s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i s %i p e r c e n t ,r , an )
16
Scilab code Exa 3.5 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

1 clc
2 clear
4 T1 =45+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
compression in K
5 p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg
/cm2
6 T2 =325+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K
7 T3 =1500+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
volume h e a t a d d i t i o n i n K
9
11 r =( T2 / T1 ) ^(1/( g -1) ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
12 an =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
in
percent
p2 =( p1 * r ^ g ) // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n
kg /cm2
p3 =( p2 *( T3 / T2 ) ) // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
volume h e a t a d d i t i o n i n kg /cm2
p4 = p3 / p2 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n
i n kg /cm2
T4 = T3 / r ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c
expansion in K
t4 = T4 -273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c
expansion in degree C
// Output
\n T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n
i s %i d e g r e e C \n P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
17
a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i s %3 . 0 f kg /cm2 ,an , t4 , p4 )
Scilab code Exa 3.6 HEAT AND WORK

1 clc
2 clear
5
6
7
compression in K
p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg
/cm2
p2 =15 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f a d a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n
i n kg /cm2
T3 =2000+273 //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g t h e c y c l e i n
K
Cv =0.17 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg .K
8
9
10
12 T2 = T1 *( p2 / p1 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
adabatic compression in K
13 na =(1 -( T1 / T2 ) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
percent
q =( Cv *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
W =(( na /100) * q ) // Workdone p e r kg o f a i r i n k c a l
W1 =(4.28* W ) // Workdone p e r kg o f a i r i n kg .m
p3 =( p2 *( T3 / T2 ) ) // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
volume h e a t a d d i t i o n i n kg /cm2
p4 =( p3 * p1 ) / p2 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c
e x p a n s i o n i n kg /cm2
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The h e a t s u p p l i e d i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / kg o f
a i r \n ( b ) The workdone i s %i k c a l / kg o f a i r \n (
c ) The p r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n
18
i s %3 . 2 f kg /cm2 ,q ,W , p4 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
k =5 // Cut o f f t a k e s p l a c e a t 5% o f t h e s t r o k e
c =((( k /100) *( r -1) ) +1) // Cut o f f r a t i o
na =(1 -((1/ r ^( g -1) ) *(( c ^g -1) /( g *( c -1) ) ) ) ) *100 // A i r
standard e f f i c i e n c y in percent
// Output
printf ( The a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
, na )
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
clear
p1 =1.05 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T1 =15+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =33.4 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c
c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg /cm2
7 r =5 // The r a t i o o f e x p a n s i o n
8 Cp =0.238 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ /
kg . K
9 Cv =0.17 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg .K
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
r1 =( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ g ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
k = r1 / r // C u t o f f r a t i o
T2 =( p2 / p1 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) * T1 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
adiabatic compression in K
T3 = T2 * k // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
heat addition in K
T4 = T3 *(1/ r ) ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
adiabatic expansion in K
qa =( Cp *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
qre =( Cv *( T4 - T1 ) ) // Heat r e j e c t e d i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
nt =(( qa - qre ) / qa ) *100 // I d e a l t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
// Output
printf ( The i d e a l t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
p e r c e n t , nt )
i s %3 . 1 f
Scilab code Exa 3.9 TEMPERATURE AND EFFICIENCY

1 clc
2 clear
4 p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
5
6
7
8
9
s u c t i o n s t r o k e i n kg /cm
2
T1 =30+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f s u c t i o n s t r o k e
i n kg /cm2
T3 =1500+273 //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g t h e c y c l e i n
K
Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
.K
20
11
13 T2 = T1 * r ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
adiabatic
compression in K
s =((( T3 / T2 ) -1) /( r -1) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s t r o k e
a t which c u t o f f o c c u r s
r1 =( r /( T3 / T2 ) ) // E x p a n s i o n r a t i o
T4 = T3 /( r1 ) ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
nt =(( qa - qre ) / qa ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The p e r c e n t a g e o f s t r o k e a t which c u t
o f f t a k e s p l a c e i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n ( b ) The
t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f e x p a n s i o n s t r o k e i s %3
. 0 f K \n ( c ) The t h e o r e t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 0 f
p e r c e n t ,s , T4 , nt )
Scilab code Exa 3.10 PRESSURE AND HEAT

1 clc
2 clear
/cm2
compression in K
6 r =14 // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
7 p4 =2.7 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f e x p a n s i o n i n kg /cm2
8 Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
.K
21
10
12 p2 = p1 * r ^ g // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg /
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
cm2
s =((( r *( p4 / p2 ) ^(1/ g ) ) -1) /( r -1) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f
s t r o k e when t h e f u e l i s c u t o f f i n p e r c e n t
T2 =( T1 *( p2 / p1 ) ) / r // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
compression in K
T3 =( T2 * r *( p4 / p2 ) ^(1/ g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
q =( Cp *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The maximum p r e s s u r e a t t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e
c y c l e i s %3 . 1 f kg /cm2 \n ( b ) The p e r c e n t a g e o f
w o r k i n g s t r o k e a t which t h e h e a t s u p p l y t o t h e
w o r k i n g f l u i d c e a s e s i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n ( c ) The
h e a t r e c e i v e d p e r kg o f w o r i n g s u b s t a n c e d u r i n g
t h e c y c l e i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / kg ,p2 ,s , q )

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
clear
d =0.25 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n m
L =0.35 // S t r o k e i n m
Cv =1500 // C l e a r a n c e volume i n c . c
s =5 // c u t o f f r a t i o t a k e s p l a c e a t 5 p e r c e n t o f
stroke
7 a =1.4 // E x p l o s i o n r a t i o
8 g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
9
11 Vs =(3.14/4) * d ^2* L // S t r o k e volume i n m3
22
12 r =( Vs *10^6+ Cv ) / Cv // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
13 k =( Cv +(( s /100) * Vs *10^6) ) / Cv // Cut o f f r a t i o
14 na =(1 -((1/( r ^( g -1) ) ) *(( a * k ^g -1) /(( a -1) + a * g *( k -1) ) ) ) )
*100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
15
16
17
// Output
printf ( The a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i s
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , na )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
clear
d =0.2 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n m
L =0.4 // S t r o k e i n m
r =13.5 // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
a =1.42 // E x p l o s i o n r a t i o
s =5.1 // Cut o f f o c c u r s a t 5 . 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t r o k e
g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
Vs =(3.14/4) * d ^2* L *10^ -6 // S t r o k e volume i n c . c
Vc = Vs / r // C l e a r a n c e volume i n c . c
k =((( s /100) * Vs ) + Vc ) / Vc // Cut o f f r a t i o
ASE =(1 -((1/( r ^( g -1) ) ) *(( a * k ^g -1) /(( a -1) + a * g *( k -1) ) ) )
) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( The a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i s
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , ASE )

23
1 clc
2 clear
4 x =[2/3 ,1/3] // The d u a l c y c l e
5
6
7
8
9
a t k e s twot h i r d s o f i t s
t o t a l h e a t s u p p l y a t c o n s t a n t volume and one
t h i r d at constant p r e s s u r e
p3 =43 //Maximum p r e s s u r e o f t h e c y c l e i n kg /cm2
p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t i n t a k e i n kg /cm2
T1 =15+273 // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
.K
10
11
12
14 T2 = T1 * r ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
in K
kg /cm2
T3 = T2 * p3 / p2 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
q23 = Cv *( T3 - T2 ) // Heat added a t c o n s t a n t volume i n
k c a l / kg
q34 =(1/2) * q23 // Heat added a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n
k c a l / kg
T4 =( q34 / Cp ) + T3 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
pressure heat supply in K
T5 =( T4 *(( p1 *( T4 / T3 ) ) / r ) ^( g -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f e x p a n s i o n i n K
na =(1 -(( Cv *( T5 - T1 ) ) /(( Cv *( T3 - T2 ) ) +( Cp *( T4 - T3 ) ) ) ) )
*100 // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
T =[ T1 -273 , T2 -273 , T3 -273 , T4 -273 , T5 -273] // T e m p e r a t u r e
at the f i v e c a r d i n a l points in degree C
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e f i v e c a r d i n a l
p o i n t s o f t h e c y c l e a r e : \n p o i n t 1 i s %3 . 0 f
24
d e g r e e C \n p o i n t 2 i s %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \n p o i n t 3
i s %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \n p o i n t 4 i s %3 . 1 f d e g r e e C \n
p o i n t 5 i s %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \n\n ( b ) The i d e a l
t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t
,T (1) ,T (2) ,T (3) ,T (4) ,T (5) , na )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t i n t a k e i n kg /cm2
T1 =100+273 // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
q =400 // Amount o f h e a t added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
.K
12
14 T2 =( T1 * r ^( g -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
compression in K
15 p2 =( p1 * r ^ g ) // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n
kg /cm2
16 T3 = T2 *( p3 / p2 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
17
18
19
20
qv =( Cv *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat added a t c o n s t a n t volume i n
k c a l / kg
qp =( q - qv ) // Heat added a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n k c a l /
kg
T4 =( qp / Cp ) + T3 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
k =( T4 / T3 ) // Cut o f f r a t i o
25
21 T5 = T4 /( r / k ) ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
expansion in K
22 qv2 = Cv *( T5 - T1 ) // Heat added a t c o n s t a n t volume i n
k c a l / kg
23 W =q - qv2 // Workdone i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
24 na =( W / q ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
25
26 // Output
27 printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e f i v e c a r d i n a l p o i n t s
o f t h e c y c l e a r e : \n p o i n t 1 i s %3 . 0 f K \n p o i n t
2 i s %3 . 0 f K \n p o i n t 3 i s %3 . 0 f K \n p o i n t 4 i s
%3 . 0 f K \n p o i n t 5 i s %3 . 0 f K \n\n The a i r
s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t ,T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 , T5 , na )
Scilab code Exa 3.15 WORK DONE AND EFFICIENCY

1 clc
2 clear
5 p1 =0.955 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e
6
7
8
9
s t a r t o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg
/cm2
T1 =85+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e s t a r t o f c o m p r e s s i o n
in K
x =(1/30) // C o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e h e a t r e c e p t i o n c o n t n u e s
f o r 1/30 o f the s t r o k e
Cp =0.238 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ /
kg . K
Cv =0.17 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg . K
10
11
12
26
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
in K
kg /cm2
T3 = T2 *( p3 / p2 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
T4 =( T3 *(( p1 + x *( r -1) ) / p1 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
constant pressure heat supply in K
T5 = T4 *(( p1 + x *( r -1) ) / r ) ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end
of expansion in K
qs =( Cv *( T3 - T2 ) ) +( Cp *( T4 - T3 ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
W =( qs - qre ) // Workdone i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
an =(( qs - qre ) / qs ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
// Ouptut
printf ( The wordone p e r kg o f a i r i s %3 . 2 f k c a l \n
The i d e a l t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,W ,
an )

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
clear
p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e o f a i r i n t a k e i n kg /cm2
T1 =50+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n t a k e i n K
v =(1/14) // Volume c o m p r e s s e s by i t a d i a b a t i c a l l y o f
i t s o r i g i n a l volume
7 x =2 // D u r i n g t h e f i r s t s t a g e , t h e p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e s
a t c o n s t a n t volume t o t w i c e t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e
a d i a b a t c c o m p r e s s i o n , and d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d s t a g e
t h e volume i s i n c r e a s e d t w i c e t h e c l e a r a n c e
volume a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
27
8 r =(1/ v ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
9 Cp =0.237 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /
kg . K
10 Cv =0.169 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg .
K
11 g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
12
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
in K
kg /cm2
p3 = x * p2 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f t h e h e a t a d d i t i o n a t
c o n s t a n t volume i n kg /cm2
T3 = T2 *( p3 / p2 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
T4 =( T3 * x ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o n s t a n t
T5 = T4 /( r / x ) ^( g -1) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
expansion in K
qs =( Cv *( T3 - T2 ) ) +( Cp *( T4 - T3 ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
na =(( qs - qre ) / qs ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
T =[ T1 -273 , T2 -273 , T3 -273 , T4 -273 , T5 -273] // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e f i v e key p o i n t s i n d e g r e e C
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e f i v e key p o i n t s
o f t h e c y c l e a r e : \n p o i n t 1 i s %3 . 0 f K = %3 . 0 f
d e g r e e C \n p o i n t 2 i s %3 . 0 f K = %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \
n p o i n t 3 i s %3 . 0 f K = %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \n p o i n t 4
i s %3 . 0 f K = %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \n p o i n t 5 i s %3 . 0 f K
= %3 . 0 f d e g r e e C \n\n ( b ) The i d e a l t h e r m a l
e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,T1 , T (1)
,T2 , T (2) ,T3 , T (3) ,T4 , T (4) ,T5 , T (5) , na )
28
Scilab code Exa 3.18 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
n =6 // S i x c y l i n d e r e n g i n e
Vc =110 // C l e a r a n c e volume i n c . c
a =0.66 // E f f i c i e n c y r a t i o r e f e r r e d t o t h e a i r
standard cycle
N =2400 // Speed i n r . p .m
m =9.9 // Mass o f p e t r o l i n kg
8
9
10
11
12
14 Vs =( r * Vc - Vc ) // Swept Volume i n c . c
15 na =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d
percent
16 nt =( na /100) * a // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
17 IHP =( nt * CV * m *427) /(4500*60) // I n d i c a t e d H o r s e Power
in h . p
18 pm =((( IHP / n ) *4500*100*2) /( Vs * N ) ) // A v e r a g e i n d i c a t e d
mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
19
20
21
// Output
printf ( The a v e r a g e i n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e
p r e s s u r e i n e a c h c y l i n d e r i s %3 . 3 f kg /cm2 , pm )
Scilab code Exa 3.19 CYLINDER SIZES

1 clc
29
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clear
n =4 // Four c y l i n d e r e n g i n e
N =3000 // Speed i n r . p .m
pm =13.5 // I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm
2
9 // Bore i s e q u a l t o s t r o k e
10
12 // c a s e ( i )
13 d1 =(( BHP *100*4500* n *2) /( n *( nm /100) * pm * N *3.14) ) ^(1/3)
// C y l i n d e r b o r e o r s t r o k e l e n g t h i n cm
14
15 // Case ( i i )
16 d2 =(( BHP *100*4500* n ) /( n *( nm /100) * pm * N *3.14) ) ^(1/3)
*10 // C y l i n d e r b o r e o r s t r o k e l e n g t h i n cm
17
18
19
// Output
printf ( The c y l i n d e r s i z e s f o r a b o r e e q u a l t o
s t r o k e o f a f o u r c y l i n d e r i n c a s e o f \n ( i ) Four
s t r o k e e n g i n e i s %3 . 1 f cm \n ( i i ) Two s t r o k e
e n g i n e i s %3 . 0 f mm ,d1 , d2 )

1 clc
2 clear
4 T =[50+273 ,345+273] // T e m p e r a t u r e s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g
and end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
5 g =1.4 // r a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
6 IHP =25 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
7 m =5.44 // Mass o f f u e l consumed p e r h o u r i n kg
30
8 CV =10300 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n k c a l / kg
9
11 na =(1 -( T (1) / T (2) ) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
in
percent
r =( T (2) / T (1) ) ^(1/( g -1) ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
qIHP =( IHP *4500) /427 // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f I . H . P i n
k c a l / min
q =( m * CV ) /60 // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e i n k c a l / min
Ith =( qIHP / q ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
nr =( Ith / na ) *100 // E f f i c i e n c y r a t i o
// Output
\n The c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f \n I n d i c a t e d
t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n E f f i c i e n c y
r a t i o i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,na ,r , Ith , nr )
Scilab code Exa 3.21 COMPRESSION RATIO

1 clc
2 clear
4 CV =10000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f p e t r o l i n k c a l / kg
5 pe =[30 ,70] // P e r c e n t a g e o f c o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e s i n
6
7
8
9
10
11
percent
p =[1.33 ,2.66] // P r e s s u r e s i n t h e c y l i n d e r
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e s i n kg /cm
2
n =1.33 // P o l y t r o p i c c o n s t a n t
rn =50 // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
g =1.4 // r a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
31
12 v =( p (2) / p (1) ) ^(1/ n ) // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c v o l u m e s

13 r =(( pe (2) /100) *v -( pe (1) /100) ) /(( pe (2) /100) -(( pe (1)
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
/100) * v ) ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
percent
ith =( rn * na ) /100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
q =(4500*60) /(427*( ith /100) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / i
. h . p . hr
Sc =( q / CV ) // S p e c i f i c c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / i . h . p . h r
// Output
printf ( C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f \n S p e c i f i c
c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f kg / i . h . p . h r ,r , Sc )
Scilab code Exa 3.22 EFFICIENCY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
n =4 // Four c y l i n d e r f o u r s t r o k e
d =7.5 // Bore i n cm
L =8.75 // S t r o k e i n cm
n1 =55 // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
g =1.4 // r a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
N =2400 // Speed i n r . p .m
pm =7 // Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
m =9 // Mass o f f u e l p e r h o u r i n kg
CV =10500 // C a l o r i f i c V a l u e i n k c a l / kg
an =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
17 In =( an * n1 ) /100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
32
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
p e r c e n t . I n t e x t b o o k , a n s w e r i s wrong
BHP =( pm *(3.14/4) * d ^2*( L /100) *( N /2) * n ) // Brake h o r s e
power i n kg .m/ min
Bth =(( BHP *60) /(427* CV * m ) ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l
nm =( Bth / In ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
Sc =((4500*60) /(427*( Bth /100) * CV ) ) // S p e c i f i c
consumption i n g/ i . h . p . hr
// Output
printf ( I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t \n Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t \n M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t
\n S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f kg / i . h . p .
h r ,In , Bth , nm , Sc )
Scilab code Exa 3.26 PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

1 clc
2 clear
5 v =1 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n c r e a s e s by 1
percent
7
9 e =(1 -(1/ r ^( g -1) ) ) // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
10 dee = -(((1 - e ) *( g -1) * log ( r ) *( v /100) ) / e ) *100 // Change i n
e f f i c i e n c y to the o r i g i n a l
11 x = -( dee ) // For Output p u r p o s e
12
13
14
efficiency
// Output
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i s e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f
p e r c e n t i . e . , a d e c r e a s e o f %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,dee , x )
33
Scilab code Exa 3.30 MAXIMUM HORSE POWER

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
N =210 // Speed i n r . p .m
d =0.3 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e p i s t o n i n m
L =0.4 // S t r o k e i n m
v =2.5 // C l e a r a n c e volume i s 2 . 5% o f t h e s w e p t volume .
But i n t e x t b o o k i t i s g i v e n wrong a s 25%
CO =19.7 // P e r c e n t a g e o f CO g a s
H2 =28.8 // P e r c e n t a g e o f H2 g a s
CO2 =14.4 // P e r c e n t a g e o f CO2 g a s
N2 =37.1 // P e r c e n t a g e o f N2 g a s
x =0.875 // T o t a l m i x t u r e a t N . T . P a d m i t t e d p e r s u c t i o n
s t r o k e i s 0 . 8 7 5 o f t h e t o t a l volume b e h i n d t h e
p i s t o n a t t h e end o f t h e s t r o k e
tn =35 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
CVH2 =13200 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f H2 p e r kg i n k c a l
CVC =2540 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f c a r b o n b u r n i n g from CO
t o CO2 i n k c a l / kg
de =1.293 // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
mC =12 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c a r b o n
mO2 =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f O2
mH2 =2 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f H2
mCO =28 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f CO
16
17
18
19
20
21
23 a =((100/21) *(( CO2 /100) +(( CO /2) /100) ) ) // A i r p e r cu .m
24
25
26
27
o f g a s i n cu .m
Vm =( a +1) // Volume o f m i x t u r e p e r cu .m o f g a s i n cu .m
Vs =((3.14/4) * d ^2* L ) // Swept volume i n cu .m
Vc =( Vs * v ) /100 // C l e a r a n c e volume i n cu .m
V = Vc + Vs // T o t a l volume i n cu .m
34
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
VC = V * x // Volume o f c h a r g e a d m i t t e d p e r s t r o k e i n cu .m
VM = VC *( N /2) // Charge volume p e r m i n u t e i n cu .m
VG =( VM / Vm ) // cu .m o f g a s p e r m i n u t e
vH2 =( VG *( H2 /100) ) // Volume o f H2 p e r m i n u t e i n cu .m
vCO =( VG *( CO /100) ) // Volume o f CO p e r m i n u t e i n cu .m
CVH2cum =( mH2 * CVH2 ) /( vH2 *1000) // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f H2
p e r cu .m i n k c a l
CVCO =( CVC *(2* mC ) /(2* mCO ) ) // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f CO p e r
kg i n k c a l
CVCOcum =( mCO * CVCO ) /( vH2 *1000) // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f CO
p e r cu .m i n k c a l
qH2 =(16.09* CVH2cum ) // Heat i n c h a r g e due t o H2 i n
kcal
qCO =(11* CVCOcum ) // Heat i n c h a r g e due t o CO i n k c a l
qt =( qH2 + qCO ) // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e i n k c a l
qu =( qt *( tn /100) ) // Heat u t i l i s e d i n k c a l
hp =( qu *427) /4500 //H . P d e v e l o p e d
// Output
printf ( Maximum h o r s e power t h a t can be d e v e l o p e d i s
%3 . 1 f H . P , hp )
Scilab code Exa 3.31 AIR FUEL RATIO

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
vCH4 =65 // C o m p o s i t i o n by volume o f CH4
vH2 =2 // C o m p o s i t i o n by volume o f H2
vN2 =2 // C o m p o s i t i o n by volume o f N2
vCO2 =31 // C o m p o s i t i o n by volume o f CO2
O2 =5.3 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f O2 i n d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s when
analysed in orsat apparatus
9 N2 =83 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f N2 i n d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s when
35
10 CO =0.3 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f CO i n d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s when

11 CO2 =11.4 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f CO2 i n d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s
when a n a l y s e d i n o r s a t a p p a r a t u s
12 an =79 // A i r c o n t a i n s 79% by volume o f n i t r o g e n
13
15 a =(100/(100 - an ) ) *((( vCH4 /100) *2) +(( vN2 /100) *(1/2) ) )
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
// T o t a l a i r r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f 1
cu .m o f g a s i n cu .m
xCO =( CO /2) //O2 r e q u i r e d t o burn t h e CO i n cu .m
xCO2 = CO //CO2 f o r m e d i n cu .m
tO2 = O2 - xCO // T o t a l O2 i n cu .m
tN2 = N2 // T o t a l N2 i n cu .m
tCO2 = CO2 + xCO2 // T o t a l CO2 i n cu .m
T = tO2 + tN2 + tCO2 // T o t a l m i x t u r e i n cu .m
pCO2 =( tCO2 *100) / T // P e r c e n t a g e o f CO2 i n p e r c e n t
mm =( a *100) // Minimum a i r s u p p l y r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e
c o m b u s t i o n o f 100 cu .m o f t h e g a s i n cu .m
an2 =( an /100) * mm //N2 f o r t h i s a i r i n cu .m
tn2 =( an2 + vN2 ) // T o t a l N2 i n cu .m
v =((( vCH4 + vCO2 ) *100) / pCO2 ) -( vCH4 + vCO2 + tn2 ) // I n c r e a s e
i n a i r s u p p l y f o r r e d u c t i o n i n p e r c e n t a g e o f CO2
i n cu .m
pea =( v *100) / mm // P e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r . I n
t e x t b o o k i t i s g i v e n wrong a s 2 6 . 7 p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( ( a ) t h e a i r f u e l r a t i o by volume t o g i v e
c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n i s %3 . 3 f \n ( b ) t h e
p e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r a c t u a l l y used in the
t e s t i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,a , pea )
Scilab code Exa 3.32 AIR GAS RATIO
36
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clc
clear
Vs =9.45 // Swept volume i n l i t r e s
Vc =2.32 // C l e a r a n c e volume i n l i t r e s
m =4.25 // Consumption o f g a s p e r h o u r i n cu .m
N =165 // Speed i n r . p .m
bhp =5.62 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
nm =73.4 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
CV =3500 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n k c a l p e r c u b i c m e t e r
vn =0.87 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
tV =( Vs + Vc ) *1000 // T o t a l volume i n c . c
rc =( tV / Vc ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
na =(1 -(1/ rc ^( g -1) ) ) *100 // A i r a t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
W =( bhp *4500) /427 // Workdone p e r m i n u t e i n k c a l
Iw =( W /( nm /100) ) // I n d i c a t e d work i n k c a l / min
q =( m /60) * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / min
ith =( Iw / q ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
rn =( ith / na ) *100 // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
Vm =( Vs *1000) * vn // Volume o f m i x t u r e t a k e n i n p e r
stroke in c . c
Vg =( m *2*10^6) /(60* N ) // Volume o f g a s t a k e n i n p e r
stroke in c . c
Va =( Vm - Vg ) // Volume o f a i r t a k e n i n p e r s t r o k e i n c . c
agr =( Va / Vg ) // A i r g a s r a t i o
CVc =( CV /( agr +1) ) // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f c h a r g e i n k c a l
// Output
printf ( R a t i o o f a i r t o g a s u s e d i s %3 . 2 f \n
C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f 1 cu .m o f t h e m i x t u r e i n t h e
c y l i n d e r i s %3 . 1 f k c a l ,agr , CVc )
37
Scilab code Exa 3.33 FRICTION HORSE POWER

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clc
clear
d =18 // Bore i n cm
l =37.5 // S t r o k e i n cm
N =220 // Speed i n r . p .m
// Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
// F i r i n g
pp =5.9 // P o s i t i v e l o o p
pn =0.248 // N e g a t i v e l o o p
// M i s s i n g
nn =0.432 // N e g a t i v e l o o p
ex =100 // E x p l o s i o n s p e r m i n u t e
vg =0.101 // Gas u s e d i n cu .m p e r m i n u t e
tc =( N /2) // The number o f c y c l e s
nw = ex // Number o f w o r k i n g c y c l e s
nm =( tc - nw ) // Number o f m i s s i n g c y c l e s
ihp =(( l /100) *(3.14/4) *( d ^2/4500) ) *(( pp - pn ) *(100 - nn ) )
// Net I . H . P i n h . p
fhp =( ihp - bhp ) // F r i c t i o n h o r s e power i n h . p
W =(( pp - pn ) *(3.14/4) *( d ^2*( l /100) ) ) // Workdone p e r
f i r i n g done i n kg .m
Wp =( nn *(3.14/4) * d ^2*( l /100) ) // Workdone p e r pumping
s t r o k e i n kg .m
n =(( fhp *4500) +( Wp * tc ) ) /( W + Wp ) // Number o f s t r o k e s
gf =( vg / nw ) // Gas p e r f i r i n g s t r o k e i n cu .m
gl =( n * gf ) // Gas p e r m i n u t e a t no l o a d i n cu .m
// Output
38
30
printf ( F r i c t i o n h o r s e power o f t h e e n g i n e i s %3 . 2 f
\n Gas c o n s u m p t i o n a t no l o a d i s %3 . 3 f cu .m/ min ,
fhp , gl )
39
Chapter 4
FUEL AIR CYCLES AND
REAL CYCLES
Scilab code Exa 4.1 WORK DONE

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clc
clear
l =38 // S t r o k e i n cm
p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e s t a r t o f c o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e i n
kg /cm2
T1 =90+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e s t a r t o f c o m p r e s s i o n
stroke in K
x =0.75 // P i s t o n t r a v e l l e d 0 . 7 5 o f t h e c o m p r e s s i o n
stroke
n =1.32 // C o m p r e s s i o n c u r v e i n d e x
wa =0.0125 // Weight o f a i r i n kg
10
11
12
14 Vs =(3.14/4) * d ^2* l // Swept volume i n c . c
15 V1 =( Vs + Vc ) // Volume i n c . c
16 V2 =(1 - x ) * Vs + Vc // Volume i n c . c
40
p2 = p1 *( V1 / V2 ) ^ n // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T2 =( T1 *( p2 / p1 ) *( V2 / V1 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
W =(( p1 * V1 - p2 * V2 ) /( n -1) ) *10^ -2 // Workdone i n kg .m
dI = wa *0.17*( T2 - T1 ) // Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y i n
kcal
21 q =( dI +( W /427) ) // Heat i n k c a l
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24
// Output
printf ( When t h e c y l i n d e r h a s t r a v e l l e d %3 . 2 f o f t h e
c o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e , \n The volume i s %3 . 0 f c . c \
n The p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kg /cm2 \n T e m p e r a t u r e i s
%3 . 0 f K \n\n The workdone on t h e g a s i s %3 . 2 f kg
.m \n\n Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y b e t w e e n t h e two
p o i n t s i s %3 . 3 f k c a l ,x , V2 , p2 , T2 ,W , dI )
41
Chapter 5
VARIABLE SPECIFIC HEAT
Scilab code Exa 5.2 CHANGE IN AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

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6
clc
clear
n =1.41 // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x o f t h e medium
cv =0.17 // Mean S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n
k c a l / kg / d e g r e e C
7 x =2 // P e r c e n t a g e w i t h which s p c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n c r e a s e s
8 R =29.3 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n mkg/ kg / d e g r e e
C
9 J =427 // M e c h a n i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f h e a t i n kg .m/ k c a l
10
12 e =(1 -(1/ r ^( n -1) ) ) // A i r s t a n d a r d
efficiency
n e g l e c t i n g the v a r i a t i o n in s p e c i f i c heat
13 debye =(( x /100) *((1 - e ) / e ) *( R /( J * cv ) ) * log ( r ) ) *100 //
R a t i o o f de and e i n p e r c e n t
14
15
16
// Output
printf ( The c h a n g e i n a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
42
c y c l e i s %3 . 3 f p e r c e n t , debye )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 WORK DONE

1
2 clc
3 clear
5 //Cv = 0 . 1 2 5 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 5T where Cv i s
S p e c i f i c heat at
c o n s t a n t volume and T i s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C
7 T =[100+273 ,50+273] // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
9
11 function y = f ( x ) ,y =0.125+(0.00005* x ) , endfunction
12 I = J * intg (303 ,373 , f )
13
14 // Output
15 printf ( The work done i s %i m. kg / kg o f g a s ,I )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 PERCENTAGE OF STROKE

1 clc
2 clear
4 af =25 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
5 cv =[0.17 ,0.00004] //Cv = 0 . 1 7 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 4T where Cv i s
S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume and T i s t h e
temperature in K
43
/cm2
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23
compression in K
CV =10000 // H e a t i n g v a l u e o f f u e l i n k c a l / kg
n =1.35 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
R =29 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n mkg/ kg .K
J =427 // M e c h a n i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f h e a t i n kg .m/ k c a l
T2 =( T1 * r ^( n -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
compression in K
a =( cv (2) /2) // For s o l v i n g T3
b = cv (1) +( R / J ) // For s o l v i n g T3
c =( - T2 * cv (1) ) -(( cv (2) /2) * T2 ^2) -(( R / J ) * T2 ) -( CV /( af +1)
) // Foe s o l v i n g T3
T3 =( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -(4* a * c ) ) ) /(2* a ) // S o v i n g f o r T3 i n K
pc =((( T3 / T2 ) -1) /( r -1) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e c u t o f f
// Output
printf ( The p e r c e n t a g e o f s t r o k e a t which t h e
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e c o m b u s t i o n s t o p s i s %i p e r c e n t
, pc )
Scilab code Exa 5.5 PERCENTAGE OF STROKE

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clc
clear
af =25 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
cv =[0.17 ,0.00004] //Cv = 0 . 1 7 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 4T where Cv i s
temperature in K
44
8 T2 =800+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K
9 R =29 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n mkg/ kg / d e g r e e C
11
13 CVm =( CV /( af +1) ) // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f m i x t u r e i n k c a l /
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kg
cpv =( R / J ) // D i f f e r e n c e i n mean s p e c i f i c h e a t s i n k c a l
/ kg mol . K
a =( cv (2) /2) // For s o l v i n g T3
b = cpv + cv (1) // For s o l v i n g T3
c =( - T2 *( cpv + cv (1) ) ) -(( cv (2) /2) * T2 ^2) - CVm // Foe
s o l v i n g T3
T3 =( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -(4* a * c ) ) ) /(2* a ) // S o v i n g f o r T3 i n K
s =(( T3 / T2 ) /( r -1) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s t r o k e
// Output
printf ( The p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s t r o k e a t which t h e
c o m b u s t i o n w i l l be c o m p l e t e i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,s )
Scilab code Exa 5.6 CHANGE IN ENTHALPY

1 clc
2 clear
4 T =[500 ,2000] // Change i n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 x =[11.515 , -172 ,1530] //Cp=11.515 172/ s q r t (T) +1530/T
i n k c a l / kg mole . K
6 mO2 =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f o x y g e n
7
9 function y = f ( T ) ,y =( x (1) +( x (2) / sqrt ( T ) ) +( x (3) / T ) ) ,
endfunction
10 I = - intg ( T (2) ,T (1) ,f ) // I n t e g r a t i o n
45
11 dh =( I / mO2 ) // Change i n e n t h a l p y i n k c a l / kg
12
13 // Output
14 printf ( The c h a n g e i n e n t h a l p y i s %3 . 1 f k c a l / kg , dh )
Scilab code Exa 5.7 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

1 clc
2 clear
5 s =5 // F u e l i n j e c t i o n s t o p s a t 5% s t r o k e
after inner
head c e n t r e
6 pm =50 //Maximum p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
7 p4 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f s u c t i o n
s t r o k e i n kg /cm
2
8 T4 =90+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
suction stroke
in K
C
10 cv =[0.171 ,0.00003] //Cv = 0 . 1 7 1 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3T where Cv i s
temperature in K
12
14 a =( R / J ) + cv (1) // a v a l u e i n k c a l / kg . mole . K
15 g =( a + cv (2) * T4 ) /( cv (1) + cv (2) * T4 ) // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x o f
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17
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19
20
21
compression
z =1.3 // Rounding o f f z v a l u e t o one d e c i m a l .
T5 =( T4 * r ^( z -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p5 =( p4 * r ^ g ) // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T1 = T5 *( pm / p5 ) // Tmperature i n K
T2 =( T1 *(1+( s /100) *( r -1) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T3 =( T2 *((1+( s /100) *( r -1) ) / r ) ^( g -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n
46
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31
32
33
K
p3 =( p4 *( T3 / T4 ) ) // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
function y = f1 ( T ) ,y = cv (1) +( cv (2) * T ) , endfunction
I1 = intg ( T5 , T1 , f1 )
function y = f2 ( T ) ,y =( a +( cv (2) * T ) ) , endfunction
I2 = intg ( T1 , T2 , f2 ) // I 2 a n s w e r i s g i v e n wrong i n t h e
textbook
qs =( I1 + I2 ) // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r i n k c a l / kg
function y = f3 ( T ) ,y = a +( cv (2) * T ) , endfunction
qre = intg ( T4 , T3 , f3 ) // Heat r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f a i r i n
k c a l / kg
nth =(( qs - qre ) / qs ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( The t e m p e r t a u t e s and p r e s s u r e s a t s a l i e n t
p o i n t s o f t h e c y c l e a r e : \n T1 = %3 . 0 f K p1 =
%3 . 1 f kg /cm2 \n T2 = %3 . 0 f K p2 = %3 . 1 f kg /cm2
\n T3 = %3 . 0 f K p3 = %3 . 1 f kg /cm2 \n T4 = %3 . 0
f K p4 = %3 . 1 f kg /cm2 \n T5 = %3 . 0 f K p5 = %3
. 1 f kg /cm2 \n\n Heat s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r i s
%3 . 1 f k c a l / kg \n\n The t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
c y c l e i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,T1 , pm , T2 , pm , T3 , p3 , T4 , p4 ,
T5 , p5 , qs , nth )
34 // Textbook a n s w e r s a r e g i v e n wrong
Scilab code Exa 5.8 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

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3
4
5
6
clc
clear
c =5 // Cut o f f t a k e s p l a c e a t 5% o f t h e s t r o k e
p1 =1 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg
/cm 2 . I n t e x b o o k , i t i s g i v e n wrong a s 10
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compression in K
p3 =50 //Maximum p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
R =29.3 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n mkg/ kg / d e g r e e
C
cv =[0.171 ,0.00003] //Cv = 0 . 1 7 1 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3T where Cv i s
temperature in K
g1 =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
T2x =( T1 * r ^( g1 -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
function y = f1 ( T ) ,y = cv (1) +( cv (2) * T ) , endfunction
I1 = intg ( T1 , T2x , f1 )
Cv =(1/( T2x - T1 ) ) * I1 // Mean v a l u e o f Cv i n kJ / kg . K
Cp =( Cv +( R / J ) ) // Mean v a l u e o f Cp i n kJ / kg . K
g =1.35 // ( Cp/Cv ) v a l u e and r o u n d e d o f f t o 2 d e c i m a l
p l a c e s f o r c a l c u l a t i o n purpose . Ratio of s p e c i f i c
heats
T2 =( T1 * r ^( g -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
I2 = intg ( T1 , T2 , f1 )
CV =(1/( T2 - T1 ) ) * I2 // Maen v a l u e o f Cv i n kJ / kg . K
CP =( Cv +( R / J ) ) // Mean v a l u e o f Cp i n kJ / kg . K
g2 =1.36 // ( Cp/Cv ) v a l u e and r o u n d e d o f f t o 2 d e c i m a l
p l a c e s f o r c a l c u l a t i o n purpose . Ratio of s p e c i f i c
heats
T2a =( T1 * r ^( g2 -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =( p1 * r *( T2a / T1 ) ) // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T3 =( T2a *( p3 / p2 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T4 =((( r -1) *( c /100) ) +1) * T3 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
g3 =1.3 // Assuming gamma a s 1 . 3 f o r p r o c e s s 45
T5 =( T4 /( r /((( r -1) *( c /100) ) +1) ) ^( g3 -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e
in K
cV = cv (1) +( cv (2) /2) *( T5 + T4 ) // Mean v a l u e o f Cv i n kJ /
kg . K
cP = cV +( R / J ) // Mean v a l u e o f Cp i n kJ / kg . K
g4 =( cP / cV ) // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
T5a =( T4 /( r /((( r -1) *( c /100) ) +1) ) ^( g4 -1) )
48
36 I3 = intg ( T2a , T3 , f1 )
37 function y = f2 ( T ) ,y = cv (1) +( R / J ) +( cv (2) * T ) , endfunction
38 I4 = intg ( T3 , T4 , f2 ) // Textbook a n s w e r i s wrong
39 q = I3 + I4 // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f w o r k i n g s u b s t a n c e
i n k c a l / kg
40
41
42
// Output
printf ( ( a ) T e m p e r a t u r e s a t a l l t h e p o i n t s o f t h e
c y c l e a r e : \n T1 = %i K \n T2 = %3 . 0 f K \n T3 =
%3 . 0 f K \n T4 = %3 . 0 f K \n T5 = %i K \n\n ( b )
h e a t s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f t h e w o r k i n g s u b s t a n c e i s
%3 . 1 f k c a l / kg ,T1 , T2a , T3 , T4 , T5a , q )
43 // Textbook a n s w e r i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 5.10 PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
c =5 // Cut o f f a t 5%
dc =1 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n c r e a s e s by
1%
Cv =0.171 // p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg . K
R =29.3 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n mkg/ kg / d e g r e e
C
k =1.95 // k can be o b t a i n e d from r e l a t i o n de / e=dcv / cv
(1 e / e ) ( g 1) ( ( 1 / g )+l n ( r ) (k g l n k ) / ( k g 1) )
10
11
13 g =( R /( J * Cv ) ) +1 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
14 e =(1 -((1/ g ) *(1/ r ^( g -1) ) *(( k ^g -1) /( k -1) ) ) ) // A i r
standard e f f i c i e n c y of the c y c l e
15 dee =(( -( dc /100) *((1 - e ) / e ) *( g -1) *((1/ g ) + log ( r ) -(( k ^ g *
49
log ( k ) ) /( k ^g -1) ) ) ) *100) // Change i n e f f i c i e n c y due

t o 1% c h a n g e i n cv
16
17
18
// Output
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 3 f p e r c e n t \n T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s
a d e c r e a s e i n e f f i c i e n c y , dee )
50
Chapter 6
COMBUSTION CHARTS

1 clc
2 clear
4 r =7.5 // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
5 // Data from c o m b u s t i o n c h a r t
6 p =[1 ,15.1 ,26.95 ,1.95] // P r e s s u r e
of a i r f u e l mixture
i n kg /cm2
7 T =[60 ,460 ,1150 ,435] // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
a i r f u e l mixture
in K
V =[16.98 ,2.264 ,2.264 ,16.98] // Volume i n m3/ kg
U =[17 ,78.8 ,212 ,80] // I n t e r n a l e n e r g y i n k c a l / kg
S =[0.07 ,0.07 ,0.22 ,0.22] // Entropy i n k c a l / kg . d e g r e e C
8
9
10
11
12
14 n =((( U (3) -U (4) ) -( U (2) -U (1) ) ) /( U (3) -U (2) ) ) *100 //
Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
15 na =(1 -(1/ r ) ^( g -1) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
16
17
// Output
51
18
printf ( Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n A i r
s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,n , na )

1 clc
2 clear
5 p =[1 ,33 ,33 ,1] // P r e s s u r e o f a i r
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
f u e l m i x t u r e i n kg /cm
2
T =[65 ,600 ,1450 ,725] // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r f u e l m i x t u r e
in K
V =[16 ,1.23 ,3.45 ,16] // Volume i n m3/ kg
U =[11.8 ,110 ,295 ,140] // I n t e r n a l e n e r g y i n k c a l / kg
H =[22.7 ,150 ,395 ,225] // E n t h a l p y i n k c a l / kg
S =[0.068 ,0.068 ,0.264 ,0.264] // Entropy i n k c a l / kg .
degree C
r =( V (1) / V (2) ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
q =( H (3) -H (2) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg
qre =( U (4) -U (1) ) // Heat r e j e c t e d i n k c a l / kg
nt =(( q - qre ) / q ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( ( a ) C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s
s u p p l i e d t o t h e c y c l e i s %3 . 0
Heat r e j e c t e d by t h e c y c l e i s
) Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f
)

52
%3 . 0 f \n ( b ) Heat
f k c a l / kg \n ( c )
%3 . 2 f k c a l / kg \n ( d
p e r c e n t ,r ,q , qre , nt
1 clc
2 clear
5 p =[1 ,51.5 ,77.25 ,77.25 ,3.75] // P r e s s u r e
6
7
8
9
10
of air fuel
m i x t u r e i n kg /cm2
T =[16 ,1 ,1 ,1.5 ,16] // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r f u e l m i x t u r e
in K
V =[65 ,745 ,1400 ,2200 ,1030] // Volume i n m3/ kg
U =[14.7 ,135 ,275 ,475 ,197] // I n t e r n a l e n e r g y i n k c a l / kg
H =[21.9 ,85 ,372 ,625 ,280] // E n t h a l p y i n k c a l / kg
S =[0.068 ,0.068 ,0.19 ,0.32 ,0.32] // Entropy i n k c a l / kg .
degree C
11
13 nth =((( U (3) -U (2) ) +( H (4) -H (3) ) -( U (5) -U (1) ) ) /(( U (3) -U
(2) ) +( H (4) -H (3) ) ) ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n

percent
14
15
16
// Output
printf ( Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
53
i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t , nth )
Chapter 8
COMBUSTION
Scilab code Exa 8.1 COMPOSITION

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
C =88.6 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f C i n p e r c e n t
H2 =11.4 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f H2 i n p e r c e n t
w1 =( C /100) // Weight p e r kg o f f u e l o f C i n kg
w2 =( H2 /100) // Weight p e r kg o f f u e l o f H2 i n kg
O1 =(8/3) // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f c o n s t i t u e n t f o r
C i n kg
O2 =8 // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f c o n s t i t u e n t f o r H2
i n kg
O11 =( w1 * O1 ) // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l f o r C i n
kg
O22 =( w2 * O2 ) // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l f o r H2
i n kg
T =( O11 + O22 ) // T o t a l Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l i n
kg
P1 =( w1 + O11 ) // C o m p o s i t i o n o f CO2 i n kg
P2 =( w2 + O22 ) // C o m p o s i t i o n o f H2O i n kg
54
17 w =( T *(100/23) ) // Weight o f
a i r r e q u i r e d i n kg p e r kg
of fuel
18
19
20
// Output
printf ( The w e i g h t o f a i r r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e
c o m b u s t i o n o f l i q u i d f u e l i s %3 . 2 f kg p e r kg o f
f u e l \n \n The c o m p o s i t i o n o f CO2 i s %3 . 3 f kg \n
The c o m p o s i t i o n o f H2O i s %3 . 3 f kg ,w , P1 , P2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.2 WEIGHT OF AIR

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clc
clear
C =12 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c a r b o n
H2 =2 // M o l e c u l a r weght o f H2
O2 =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f O2
C7H16 =(7* C +8* H2 ) // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f C7H16
O2x =(11* O2 ) // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f 22O2
wt =( O2x / C7H16 ) *(100/23.2) // Weight o f a i r i n kg p e r
kg o f f u e l
//Now i n a c t u a l e x p e r i m e n t , we have
// 1 [ C7H16 ] +x [ O2 ] + . . . [ N2 ] = a [ CO2 ] +8[H2O ] +a [ O2 ]
+ . . . [ N2 ]
// T h i s i s t h e new e q u a t i o n w r i t t e n i n v o l u m e s . The
v o l u m e s o f CO2 and O2 b e i n g e q u a l , w i t h no CO
p r e s e n t , and t h e u s u a l a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l l t h e
h y d r o g e n i s b u r n t t o H2O
//Now , i f a l l t h e c a r b o n i s burnt , we must have 7
m o l s o f CO2
x =(7+4+7) // T o t a l number o f m o l s from CO2 , H2O and O2
terms r e s p e c t i v e l y
W =(( x * O2 ) /100) *(100/23.2) // Weight o f a i r i n kg p e r
55
kg o f f u e l
18
19
20
// Output
printf ( The w e i g h t o f a i r i s %3 . 1 f kg p e r kg o f f u e l
which would j u s t s u f f i c e f o r t h e o r e t i c a l l y
c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n \n The r a t i o o f a i r t o f u e l
by w e i g h t a s a c t u a l l y s u p p l i e d i s %3 . 1 f kg o f a i r
p e r kg o f f u e l ,wt , W )
Scilab code Exa 8.3 AIR AND VOLUME

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
H =15 // P e r c e n t a g e o f Hydrogen by volume
CO =25 // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n monoxide by volume
CH4 =4 // P e r c e n t a g e o f methane by volume
CO2 =4 // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n d i o x i d e by volume
O2 =2 // P e r c e n t a g e o f o x y g e n by volume . I n t e x t b o o k i t
i s g i v e n wrong a s 25
9 N2 =50 // P e r c e n t a g e o f n i t r o g e n
by volume
10
12 O21 =( H /100) *(1/2) // Volume o f o x y g e n r e q u i r e d
13
14
15
16
17
i n m3
by 15 p e r c e n t o f H2
O22 =( CO /100) *(1/2) // Volume o f o x y g e n r e q u i r e d i n m3
by 25 p e r c e n t o f CO
CO21 =( CO /100) *1 // Volume o f CO2 p r o d u c e d i n m3 by 25
p e r c e n t o f CO
O23 =( CH4 /100) *2 // Volume o f o x y g e n r e q u i r e d i n m3 by
4 p e r c e n t o f CH4
CO22 =( CH4 /100) *1 // Volume o f CO2 p r o d u c e d i n m3 by 4
p e r c e n t o f CH4
H201 =( CO /100) *2 // Volume o f H2O p r o d u c e d i n m3 by 4
p e r c e n t o f CH4
56
18 TO2 =( O21 + O22 + O23 -( O2 /100) ) // T o t a l v o l .
o f oxygen i n
m3
19 wa =( TO2 *(100/21) ) // T h e o r e t i c a l volume o f
air
r e q u i r e d i n m3
20 vN2 =( wa *(79/100) ) // Volume o f N2 p r e s e n t i n
air in m
3
21 TvN2 =( vN2 +( N2 /100) ) // T o t a l volume o f N2 a f t e r
c o m b u s t i o n o f 1 m3 o f f u e l i n m3
22 xCO2 =( CO21 + CO22 ) //CO2 p r o d u c e d due t o c o m b u s t i o n o f
f u e l i n m3
23 TCO2 =( xCO2 +( CO2 /100) ) // T o t a l volume o f CO2 i n t h e
f l u e g a s i n m3
24
25
26
// Output
printf ( The a i r r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f
one m3 o f t h e f u e l i s %3 . 3 f cu .m \n The d r y f l u e
g a s c o n t a i n s %3 . 3 f cu .m volume o f N2 and %3 . 2 f
cu .m volume o f CO2 ,wa , TvN2 , TCO2 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
C =88.1 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f C i n p e r c e n t
O2 =1.2 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f O2 i n p e r c e n t
w3 =( O2 /100) // Weight p e r kg o f f u e l o f O2 i n kg
C i n kg
13 O2 =8 // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f c o n s t i t u e n t f o r H2
57
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
i n kg
kg
i n kg
T =( O11 + O22 - w3 ) // T o t a l Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l
i n kg
P1 =( w1 + O11 ) // C o m p o s i t i o n o f CO2 i n kg
P2 =( w2 + O22 ) // C o m p o s i t i o n o f H2O i n kg
w =( T *(100/23) ) // Weight o f a i r r e q u i r e d i n kg p e r kg
of fuel
wN2 =( w *(77/100) ) // Weight o f N2 i n w kg o f f u e l i n
kg
T1 =( P1 + P2 + wN2 ) // T o t a l w e i g h t o f a l l p r o d u c t s o f
c o m b u s t i o n i n kg
pCO2 =( P1 / T1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f CO2 by
weight
pH2O =( P2 / T1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f H2O by
weight
pN2 =( wN2 / T1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f N2 by
weight
// Output
printf ( The w e i g h t o f a i r r e q u i r e d t o burn one kg o f
t h e f u e l i s %3 . 1 f kg \n The c o m p o s i t i o n o f
p r o d u c t s o f c o m b u s t i o n by w e i g h t i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t
o f CO2 , %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t o f H2O and %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t
o f N2 ,w , pCO2 , pH2O , pN2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.5 MASS OF AIR

1 clc
2 clear
4 C =85 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f C i n p e r c e n t
58
H2 =15 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f H2 i n p e r c e n t
eO2 =60 // P e r c e n t a g e o f a i r i n e x c e s s
bhp =240 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
nth =30 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
O2 =23 // P e r c e n t a g e o f o x y g e n c o n t a i n e d i n a i r by
weight
11 wC =12 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c a r b o n
12 wH2 =2 // M o l e c u l a r weght o f H2
13 wO2 =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f O2
5
6
7
8
9
10
14
16 mma =(100/23) *((( C /100) *( wO2 / wC ) ) +(( H2 /100) *( wO2 /( wH2
*2) ) ) ) // Minimum a i r i n kg p e r kg o i l
a i r s u p p l i e d i n kg
p e r kg o i l
18 q =(( bhp *(4500/427) ) /( nth /100) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n
k c a l / min
19 mf =( q / CV ) // Mass o f f u e l s u p p l i e d i n kg / min
20 ma =( aa * mf ) // Mass o f a i r s u p p l i e d i n kg / min
17 aa =((100+ eO2 ) /100) * mma // A c t u a l
21
22
23
// Output
printf ( The w e i g h t o f a i r i s %3 . 2 f kg / min , ma )
Scilab code Exa 8.6 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
//C + O2 > CO2
// 12 + 32 > 44
C =12 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c a r b o n
O2 =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f O2
CO2 =44 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f CO2
N2 =28 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f N2
59
10
12 wair =( O2 / C ) *(100/23) // A i r r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f C i n kg
13 wN2 =( O2 / C ) *(77/23) //N2 a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a i r i n kg
14 pCO2 =( CO2 / C ) / CO2 // P a r t s by volume / k f o r CO2
15 pN2 =( wN2 / N2 ) // P a r t s by volume / k f o r N2
16 Tv =( pCO2 + pN2 ) // T o t a l p a r t s by volume
17 ppCO2 =( pCO2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2
18 ppN2 =( pN2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f N2
19
20 // Output
21 printf ( The v o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e f l u e g a s when
p u r e c a r b o n i s b u r n t w i t h a minimum q u a n t i t y o f
a i r i s g i v e n by \n CO2 > %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n N2 >
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , ppCO2 , ppN2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.7 PERCENTAGE COMBUSTION

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clc
clear
C =90 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f C
H2 =3.3 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f H2
O2 =3 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f O2
N2 =0.8 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f N2
S =0.9 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f S
Ash =2 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n o f Ash
eO2 =50 // P e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r
mS =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f s u l p h u r
mCO2 =44 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f CO2
mSO2 =64 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f SO2
mN2 =28 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f N2
60
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
w3 =( S /100) // Weight p e r kg o f f u e l o f S i n kg
C i n kg
O2 =8 // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f c o n s t i t u e n t f o r H2
i n kg
O3 =1 // Oxygen r e q u r e d p e r kg o f c o n s t i t u e n t f o r S i n
kg
kg
i n kg
O33 =( w3 * O3 ) // Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l f o r S i n
kg
T =( O11 + O22 + O33 -( O2 /100) ) // T o t a l Oxygen r e q u i r e d p e r
kg o f f u e l i n kg
ma =( T *(100/23) ) // Minimum a i r r e q u i r e d i n kg
aN2 =( ma *((100+ eO2 ) /100) *(77/100) ) //N2 i n a c t u a l a i r
s u p p l y i n kg
TN2 =( aN2 +( N2 /100) ) // T o t a l N2 i n kg
wt =( ma *( eO2 /100) *(23/100) ) // Weight o f a i r due t o
e x c e s s O2 i n kg
TSO2 =( w3 *( mSO2 / mS ) ) // T o t a l SO2 i n kg
TCO2 =( w1 *( mCO2 / mC ) ) // T o t a l CO2 i n kg
pCO2 =( TCO2 / mCO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f CO2
pSO2 =( TSO2 / mSO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f SO2
pO2 =( wt / mO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f O2
pN2 =( TN2 / mN2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f N2
Tv =( pCO2 + pSO2 + pN2 + pO2 ) // T o t a l p a r t s by volume
ppCO2 =( pCO2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2
ppSO2 =( pSO2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n a t g e volume o f SO2
ppO2 =( pO2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f O2
ppN2 =( pN2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f N2
// Output
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e c o m b u s t i o n o f t h e d r y f l u e g a s e s
61
by volume i s \n CO2 %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n SO2 %3 . 2 f

p e r c e n t \n O2 %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n N2 %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,
ppCO2 , ppSO2 , ppO2 , ppN2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.8 PARTIAL PRESSURE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
clear
C =85 // C o m p o s i t i o n o f C i n p e r c e n t
i =2.7 // I n c o m b u s t i b l e r e s i d u e c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
ma =25 // Mass o f a i r s u p p l i e d i n kg o f a i r p e r kg o f
fuel
pO2 =23 // P e r c e n t a g e o f o x y g e n i n g e m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f
air
pN2 =77 // P e r c e n t a g e o f n i t r o g e n i n g e m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
of air
p =1.03 // T o t a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kg /cm
2
mH2 =2 // M o l e c u l a r weght o f H2
mH2O =18 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f H2O
xCO2 =(( C /100) *( mCO2 / mC ) ) // p e r kg o f f u e l , t h e
p r o d u c t s f o r m e d i n kg
20 xH2O =(( H2 /100) *((2* mH2O ) /(2* mH2 ) ) ) // p e r kg o f f u e l ,
t h e p r o d u c t s f o r m e d i n kg
21 xO2 =((( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) ) +(( H2 /100) *( mO2 /(2* mH2 ) ) ) ) //
Oxygen u s e d i n kg
22 xN2 =( pN2 / pO2 ) * xO2 // A s s o c i a t e d n i t r o g e n i n kg
62
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
mma =( xO2 + xN2 ) // Minimum a i r r e q u i r e d i n kg

ea =( ma - mma ) // E x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d i n kg
XO2 =(( pO2 /100) * ea ) // Mass o f O2 i n e x c e s s a i r i n kg
XN2 =(( pN2 /100) * ea ) // Mass o f N2 i n e x c e s s a i r i n kg
wCO2 = xCO2 / mCO2 // P a r t s by volume f o r CO2
wO2 = XO2 / mO2 // P a r t s by volume f o r O2
wN2 =(( XN2 + xN2 ) / mN2 ) // P a r t s by volume f o r N2
wH2O =( xH2O / mH2O ) // P a r t s by volume f o r H2 )
Tv =( wCO2 + wO2 + wN2 + wH2O ) // T o t a l p a r t s by volume
ppCO2 =( wCO2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2
ppO2 =( wO2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f O2
ppN2 =( wN2 / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f N2
ppH2O =( wH2O / Tv ) *100 // P e r c e n a t a g e volume o f H2O
Tv1 =( wCO2 + wO2 + wN2 ) // T o t a l p a r t s by volume f o r d r y
products
pp1CO2 =( wCO2 / Tv1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2 f o r
dry a n a l y s i s
pp1O2 =( wO2 / Tv1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f O2 f o r d r y
analysis
pp1N2 =( wN2 / Tv1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f N2 f o r d r y
analysis
papH2O =( ppH2O /100) * p // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f H2O i n kg /
cm2
// Output
printf ( The v o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s f o r wet p r o d u c t s
g i v e s ( i n p e r c e n t ) \n CO2 > %3 . 1 f \n O2 > %3 . 1 f
\n N2 > %3 . 1 f \n H2O > %3 . 1 f \n\n The
v o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s f o r dry p r o d u c t s g i v e s ( i n
p e r c e n t ) \n CO2 > %3 . 1 f \n O2 > %3 . 1 f \n N2 >
%3 . 1 f \n\n The p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e v a p o u r i s
%3 . 4 f kg /cm2 , ppCO2 , ppO2 , ppN2 , ppH2O , pp1CO2 , pp1O2
, pp1N2 , papH2O )
Scilab code Exa 8.9 ANALYSIS BY WEIGHT

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clc
clear
CO2 =15 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
CO =2.2 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
O2 =1.6 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
N2 =81.2 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
mCO =28 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f CO2
pCO2 =( CO2 /100) * mCO2 // P r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t f o r CO2
pCO =( CO /100) * mCO // P r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t f o r CO
pO2 =( O2 /100) * mO2 // P r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t f o r O2
pN2 =( N2 /100) * mN2 // P r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t f o r N2
T =( pCO2 + pCO + pO2 + pN2 ) // T o t a l p r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t
ppCO2 =( pCO2 / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
CO2
20 ppCO =( pCO / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
CO
21 ppO2 =( pO2 / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
O2
22 ppN2 =( pN2 / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
N2
23
24
printf ( The a n a l y s i s by w e i g h t i s g i v e n by ( i n
p e r c e n t ) \n CO2 > %3 . 1 f \n CO > %3 . 1 f \n O2 >
%3 . 1 f \n N2 > %3 . 1 f , ppCO2 , ppCO , ppO2 , ppN2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.10 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

1 clc
2 clear
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CO2 =10.9 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
CO =1 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
O2 =7.1 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
N2 =81 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
T =( pCO2 + pCO + pO2 + pN2 ) // T o t a l p r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t
ppCO2 =( pCO2 / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
CO2
19 ppCO =( pCO / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
CO
20 ppO2 =( pO2 / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
O2
21 ppN2 =( pN2 / T ) *100 // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r
N2
22
23
printf ( The g r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s i s g i v e n by ( i n
p e r c e n t ) \n CO2 > %3 . 2 f \n CO > %3 . 2 f \n O2 >
%3 . 2 f \n N2 > %3 . 2 f , ppCO2 , ppCO , ppO2 , ppN2 )

1 clc
2 clear
4 CO2 =10 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
5 N2 =80 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
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C =80 // Carbon c o n t e n t o f t h e f u e l i n p e r c e n t
O2 =100 -( N2 + CO2 ) // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n
percent
T =( pCO2 + pO2 + pN2 ) // T o t a l p r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t
ppCO2 =( pCO2 / T ) // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r CO2
ppO2 =( pO2 / T ) // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r O2
ppN2 =( pN2 / T ) // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r N2
wC =( ppCO2 *( mC / mCO2 ) ) // Weight o f c a r b o n p e r kg o f
e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kg
WC =(( C /100) / wC ) // Weight o f e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r kg o f
f u e l b u r n e d i n kg
wa =( WC -( ppCO2 + ppO2 + ppN2 ) ) // Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d
p e r kg f u e l i n kg
// Output
printf ( Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f f u e l i s %i
kg , wa )
Scilab code Exa 8.12 AIR SUPPLIED

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6
clc
clear
CO2 =12 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
CO =4 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
N2 =84 // V o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
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T =( pCO2 + pCO + pN2 ) // T o t a l p r o p o r t i o n a l w e i g h t
ppCO2 =( pCO2 / T ) // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r CO2
ppCO =( pCO / T ) // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r CO
ppN2 =( pN2 / T ) // Weight p e r kg o f e x h a u s t g a s f o r N2
wC =(( ppCO2 *( mC / mCO2 ) ) +( ppCO *( mC / mCO ) ) ) // Weight o f
c a r b o n p e r kg o f f l u e g a s e s
pC =((6* mC ) /(6* mC +7* mH2 ) ) // P e r c e n t a g e by w e i g h t o f
c a r b o n i n C6H14
we =( pC / wC ) // Weight o f e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r kg o f f u e l
i n kg
wa =( we -( ppCO2 + ppCO + ppN2 ) ) // Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d
p e r kg o f f u e l i n kg
tw =((100/23) *((( mO2 / mC ) * pC ) +(( mO2 /(2* mH2 ) ) *0.163) ) )
// T h e o r e t i c a l amount o f a i r r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e
c o m b u s t i o n o f C6H14 i n kg
exc =( wa - tw ) // E x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f f u e l i n
kg
// Output
printf ( E x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f f u e l i s %3 . 1 f
kg ( d e f i c i e n t ) , exc )
Scilab code Exa 8.13 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
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clc
clear
C =84 // G r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
H2 =12 // G r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
S =1.5 // G r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
O2 =1.5 // G r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o m p o s i t i o n i n p e r c e n t
ma =20 // Mass o f a i r i n kg
pC =4 // P e r c e n t o f c a r b o n i n t h e f u e l which i s b u r n t
t o form CO
mS =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f S
mSO2 =64 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f SO2
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20 mm =((100/23) *(( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) +( H2 /100) *( mO2 /(2* mH2 )
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) +( S /100) *( mO2 / mS ) -( O2 /100) ) ) // Minimum a i r i n kg /

kg o f f u e l
//When 20 kg o f a i r i s s u p p l i e d
xCO2 =(( C /100) *( mCO2 / mC ) ) // Mass o f CO2 i n kg
xSO2 =(( S /100) *( mSO2 / mS ) ) // Mass o f SO2 i n kg
xO2 =((23/100) *( ma - mm ) ) // Mass o f O2 i n kg
xN2 =((77/100) * ma ) // Mass o f N2 i n kg
nCO2 =( xCO2 / mCO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f CO2
nSO2 =( xSO2 / mSO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f SO2
nO2 =( xO2 / mO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f O2
nN2 =( xN2 / mN2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f N2
T =( nCO2 + nSO2 + nO2 + nN2 ) // T o t a l p a r t s by volume
pCO2 =( nCO2 / T ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2
pSO2 =( nSO2 / T ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f SO2
pO2 =( nO2 / T ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f O2
pN2 =( nN2 / T ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f N2
// 4% o f a v a i l a b l e c a r b o n i s b u r n t t o CO t h e n p e r kg
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of fuel
yCO2 =(( C /100) /(1+( pC /100) ) ) *( mCO2 / mC ) // Mass o f CO2
i n kg
yCO =((( C /100) -(( C /100) /(1+( pC /100) ) ) ) *( mCO / mC ) ) //
Mass o f CO i n kg
yO2 =(( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) ) // Mass o f O2 i n kg
eO2 =( yO2 -((( C /100) /(1+( pC /100) ) ) *( mO2 / mC ) +((( C /100)
-(( C /100) /(1+( pC /100) ) ) ) *( mO2 /(2* mC ) ) ) ) )
nnCO2 =( yCO2 / mCO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f CO2
nnCO =( yCO / mCO ) // P a r t s by volume o f CO
nnSO2 =( xSO2 / mSO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f SO2
nnO2 =(( xO2 + eO2 ) / mO2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f O2
nnN2 =( xN2 / mN2 ) // P a r t s by volume o f N2
TT =( nnCO2 + nnCO + nnSO2 + nnO2 + nnN2 ) // T o t a l p a r t s by
volume
ppCO2 =( nnCO2 / TT ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2
// Output
printf ( Minimum w e i g h t o f a i r r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e
c o m b u s t i o n o f 1 kg o f t h e f u e l i s %3 . 1 f kg / kg o f
f u e l \n\n P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume when
%i kg o f a i r i s s u p p l i e d ( i n p e r c e n t ) \n CO2 >
%3 . 1 f \n SO2 > %3 . 1 f \n O2 > %3 . 1 f \n N2 > %3
. 1 f \n\n The p e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2 when %i
percent of the carbon in the f u e l i s burnt to
form CO i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,mm , ma , pCO2 , pSO2 , pO2 , pN2
, pC , ppCO2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.14 EXCESS AIR

1 clc
2 clear
4 C =85 // C o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t i n p e r c e n t
5 H2 =14 // C o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t i n p e r c e n t
69
6 x =50 // P e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r
7 Ta =[70+273 ,500+273] // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
a i r e n t e r i n g and
leaving in K
Cp =0.24 // Mean s p e c i f i c h e a t o f a i r i n kJ / kg . K
qC =8080 // Heat l i b e r a t e d i n k c a l / kg
qH2 =34250 // Heat l i b e r a t e d i n k c a l / kg
a =23 // A i r c o n t a i n s 23% by w e i g h t o f O2
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20 mm =((100/ a ) *(( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) +( H2 /100) *( mO2 /(2* mH2 ) )
) ) // Minimum a i r r e q u i r e d i n kg / kg o f f u e l
21 Q1 =(( C /100) * qC +( H2 /100) * qH2 ) // Heat i n k c a l / kg
22 ea =(( x /100) * mm ) // E x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d i n kg / kg
23 Q2 =(( mm /2) * Cp *( Ta (2) - Ta (1) ) ) // Heat i n k c a l / kg
24
25 // Output
26 printf ( ( a ) Minimum q u a n t i t y o f a i r n e c e s s a r y
fuel
fuel
fuel
for
t h e c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f 1 kg o f f u e l i s %3 . 2 f
kg / kg o f f u e l \n ( b ) Heat r e l e a s e d p e r kg o f f u e l
when t h e c a r b o n i s b u r n t t o CO2 and h y d r o g e n i s
b u r n t t o H2O i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / kg f u e l \n ( c ) Heat
c a r r i e d away by t h e e x c e s s a i r i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / kg
f u e l ,mm , Q1 , Q2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.15 VOLUME OF GAS

1 clc
2 clear
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12
CO =17 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
H2 =53.4 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
CH2 =28.8 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
O2 =0.8 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
ea =30 // P e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r
v =1 // Volume i n m3
ta =((100/21) *(( CO /100) /2+( H2 /100) /2+( CH2 /100) *2 -( O2
/100) ) ) // T h e o r e t i c a l a i r i n m3/m3 o f g a s
13 aa =((1+( ea /100) ) * ta ) // A c t u a l a i r i n m3/m3 o f g a s
14 Vg =( v + aa ) // Volume o f g a s a i r m i x t u r e i n m3/m3 o f
gas
15
16
17
// Output
printf ( T o t a l q u a n t i t y o f a i r r e q u i r e d i s %3 . 2 f m3/
m3 o f g a s \n The volume o f g a s a i r m i x t u r e i s %3
. 2 f m3/m3 o f g a s ,ta , Vg )
Scilab code Exa 8.16 VOLUME OF AIR

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9
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12
13
clc
clear
CH4 =20 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
C2H4 =2 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
H2 =50 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
CO =16 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
CO2 =4 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
O2 =1.5 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
N2 =6.5 // P e r c e n t a g e v o l u m e t r i c
v =6.8 // Volume o f a i r s u p p l i e d
gas
71
analysis
analysis
analysis
analysis
analysis
analysis
analysis
i n m3 p e r m3 o f c o a l
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mmO2 =((2* CH4 ) +(3* C2H4 ) +( H2 /2) +( CO /2) ) - O2 // Minimum

m o l e s o f O2
mCO2 =( CH4 +(2* C2H4 ) + CO + CO2 ) // M o l e s o f CO2
mH2O =((2* CH4 ) +(2* C2H4 ) + H2 ) // M o l e s o f H2O
mN2 =( N2 +(79/21) * mmO2 ) // M o l e s o f N2
ma =((100/21) *( mmO2 /100) ) // Minimum a i r i n m3/m3 o f
gas
ea =( v - ma ) // E x c e s s a i r i n m3/m3 o f g a s
tm =( mCO2 + mN2 + ea ) *2 // T o t a l m o l e s o f d r y p r o d u c t s p e r
100 m o l e s o f g a s
pCO2 =( mCO2 / tm ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f CO2 by volume i n
dry f l u e g a s e s
// Output
printf ( Minimum volume o f a i r n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e
c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f 1 m3 o f c o a l g a s i s %3 . 2 f
m3/m3 o f g a s \n P e r c e n t a g e volume o f CO2 i n
d r y f l u e g a s e s i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,ma , pCO2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.17 VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION

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14
clc
clear
C =86 // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n
H2 =14 // P e r c e n t a g e o f Hydrogen
ea =20 // P e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r
O2 =23 // Weight o f o x y g e n i n a i r i n p e r c e n t
72
15
17 ma =((100/ O2 ) *(( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) +( H2 /100) *( mO2 /(2* mH2 )
18
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) ) ) // Minimum w e i g h t o f a i r r e q u i r e d i n kg / kg
petrol
// P r o d u c t s o f c o m b u s t i o n by w e i g h t p e r kg p e t r o l
XCO2 =( C /100) *( mCO2 / mC ) //CO2 i n kg
XH2O =( H2 /100) *( mH2O / mH2 ) //H2O i n kg
XO2 =( XCO2 + XH2O -1) *( ea /100) //O2 i n kg
XN2 =( ma *(1+( ea /100) ) *((100 - O2 ) /100) ) //N2 i n kg
XT =( XCO2 + XH2O + XO2 + XN2 ) // T o t a l w e i g h t i n kg
// P e r c e n t a g e a n a l y s i s by w e i g h t
xCO2 =( XCO2 / XT ) *100 //CO2
xH2O =( XH2O / XT ) *100 //H2O
xO2 =( XO2 / XT ) *100 //O2
xN2 =( XN2 / XT ) *100 //N2
// P e r c e n t a g e by w e i g h t t o m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
xxCO2 =( xCO2 / mCO2 ) //CO2
xxH2O =( xH2O / mH2O ) //H2O
xxO2 =( xO2 / mO2 ) //O2
xxN2 =( xN2 / mN2 ) //N2
xxt =( xxCO2 + xxH2O + xxO2 + xxN2 ) // T o t a l p e r c e n t a g e by
weight to molecular weight
// P e r c e n t a g e by volume
pCO2 =( xxCO2 / xxt ) *100 //CO2
pH2O =( xxH2O / xxt ) *100 //H2O
pO2 =( xxO2 / xxt ) *100 //O2
pN2 =( xxN2 / xxt ) *100 //N2
// Output
printf ( V o l u m e t r i c c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t s o f
c o m b u s t i o n ( i n p e r c e n t ) \n CO2 > %3 . 1 f \n H2O >
%3 . 1 f \n O2 > %3 . 2 f \n N2 > %3 . 2 f , pCO2 , pH2O
, pO2 , pN2 )
73
Scilab code Exa 8.18 WEIGHT

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clc
clear
bhp =20 // Brake h o r s e i n h . p
N =320 // Speed i n r . p .m
C =84 // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n
H2 =16 // P e r c e n t a g e o f h y d r o g e n
bth =30 // Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
W =( bhp *4500) /427 // Work done i n k c a l
Wc =( W *2) / N // Work done p e r c y c l e i n k c a l
qs =( Wc /( bth /100) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r c y c l e i n k c a l
wf =( qs / CV ) // Weight o f f u e l u s e d p e r c y c l e i n kg
tO2 =(( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) +( H2 /100) *( mO2 /(2* mH2 ) ) ) // T o t a l
O2/ kg f u e l i n kg
24 mw =( tO2 /(23/100) ) // Minimum w e i g h t o f a i r r e q u i r e d i n
kg / kg f u e l
25 aw =( mw *2) // A c t u a l w e i g h t o f a i r s u p p l i e d i n kg / kg
fuel
26 wac =( aw * wf ) //Wt . o f a i r s u p p l i e d / c y c l e i n kg . I n
t e x t b o o k , i t i s g i v e n wrong a s 0 . 1 2 4 5 kg
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// Output
printf ( ( a ) t h e w e i g h t o f f u e l u s e d p e r c y c l e i s %3
. 6 f kg \n ( b ) t h e a c t u a l w e i g h t o f a i r t a k e n i n
p e r c y c l e i s %3 . 4 f kg ,wf , wac )
74

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clc
clear
CO2 =8.85 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
CO =1.2 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
O2 =6.8 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
N2 =83.15 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by volume
C =84 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t
H2 =14 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t
aO2 =2 // P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t
//O2 r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l
xC =(( C /100) *( mO2 / mC ) ) //C
xH2 =(( H2 /100) *( mO2 /(2* mH2 ) ) ) //H2
xO2 = -( aO2 /100) //O2
ttO2 =( xC + xH2 - xO2 ) // T h e o r e t i c a l t o t a l o x y g e n r e q u i r e d
i n kg / kg f u e l
twa =( ttO2 /(23/100) ) // T h e o r e t i c a l w e i g h t o f a i r i n kg
/ kg f u e l
// C o n v e r s i o n o f v o l u m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e f l u e g a s
into a weight a n a l y s i s
// P e r c e n a t g e by volume mol . wt
xxCO2 =( CO2 * mCO2 ) //CO2
xxCO =( CO * mCO ) //CO
75
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xxO2 =( O2 * mO2 ) //O2

xxN2 =( N2 * mN2 ) //N2
xxt =( xxCO2 + xxCO + xxO2 + xxN2 ) // T o t a l
// P e r c e n t a g e by w e i g h t
yCO2 =( xxCO2 / xxt ) *100 //CO2
yCO =( xxCO / xxt ) *100 //CO
yO2 =( xxO2 / xxt ) *100 //O2
yN2 =( xxN2 / xxt ) *100 //N2
wcd =(( yCO2 /100) *( mC / mCO2 ) ) +(( yCO /100) *( mC / mCO ) ) //
Weight o f c a r b o n / kg o f d r y f l u e g a s i n kg
wdf =(( C /100) / wcd ) //Wt . o f d r y f l u e g a s / kg f u e l i n kg
wxf =( wdf *( yO2 /100) ) // Weight o f e x c e s s O2/ kg f u e l i n
kg
weO2 =( wxf /(23/100) ) // Weight o f e x c e s s a i r i n kg / kg
fuel
was =( twa + weO2 ) // Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d / kg f u e l i n kg
// Output
printf ( Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d p e r kg f u e l b u r n t i s
%3 . 2 f kg , was )
76
Chapter 9
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

1 clc
2 clear
4 d =0.001 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e j e t i n m
5 vd =104 // V e n t u r i d e p r e s s i o n i n cm o f w a t e r . I n
t e x t b o o k , i t i s g i v e n a s 10 cm
6 Cd =0.65 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
7 g =0.76 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f p e t r o l
8 w =1000 // Weight o f w a t e r p e r one cu .m i n kg
9
11 pa =( vd /100) * w // V e n t u r i d e p r e s s i o n i n kg /m2
12 dp =( g * w ) // D e n s i t y o f p e t r o l i n kg /m3
13 wf =(((3.14* d ^2) /4) * Cd * sqrt (2*9.81* dp * pa ) ) /10^ -3 //
P e t r o l d i s c h a r g e i n gm/ s e c n e g l e c t i n g n o z z l e l i p
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// Output
printf ( The w e i g h t o f p e t r o l d i s c h a r g e d i s %3 . 2 f gm/
s e c , wf )
77

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clc
clear
d1 =0.075 // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n m
Ca =0.93 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f a i r f l o w
d2 =0.005 // O r i f i c e d i a m e t e r i n m
Cf =0.68 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f f u e l d i s c h a r g e
ap =1 // Approach f a c t o r
dp =0.15 // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n kg /cm2
da =1.29 // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
df =720 // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m3
// C a l c u l t i o n s
w =(((3.14/4) * d1 ^2) /((3.14/4) * d2 ^2) ) *( Ca / Cf ) * sqrt ( da /
df ) // The a i r f u e l r a t i o n e g l e c t i n g t h e n o z z l e l i p
// Output
printf ( The a i r f u e l r a t i o n e g l e c t i n g t h e n o z z l e l i p
i s %3 . 1 f ,w )
Scilab code Exa 9.3 THEORETICAL RATIO OF DIAMETER

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clc
clear
dp =753 // D e n s i t y o f p e t r o l i n kg /m3
C =[0.84 ,0.7] // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e f o r a i r and
fuel respectively
78
8
10 A =1/( af *( C (2) / C (1) ) * sqrt ( dp / da ) ) // R a t i o o f a r e a s
11 d = sqrt ( A ) // R a t i o o f d i a m t e r o f j e t t o d i a m e t e r o f
venturi
12 x =(1/ d ) // R e v e r s e o f r a t i o
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// Output
printf ( The r a t i o o f d i a m e t e r o f j e t t o d i a m e t e r o f
v e n t u r i i s 1 : %3 . 1 f ,x )
Scilab code Exa 9.4 SECTION AT THE THROAT

1 clc
2 clear
4 D =[10 ,12] // D i m e n s i o n s o f
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6
7
8
f o u r c y l i n d e r i n 10 cm 12
cm
n =4 // Four c y l i n d e r
N =2000 // Speed i n r . p .m
d =0.03 // V e n t u r i t h r o a t i n m
nv =70 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i n
percent
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10
11
13 Vs =(3.14/4) *( D (1) /100) ^2*( D (2) /100) // S t r o k e volume
o f one c y l i n d e r i n m3
14 Va =( Vs * n *( nv /100) *( N /2) ) // Volume o f
a i r drawn p e r
m i n u t e i n m3
15 w =( Va * da ) /60 // Weight o f a i r drawn p e r s e c
16 dp =(( w /((3.14/4) * d ^2* Ca ) ) ^2/(2*9.81* da ) ) // V e n t u r i
d e p r e s s i o n i n kg /cm2
17
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19
// Output
printf ( The v e n t u r i d e p r e s s i o n i s %3 . 1 f kg /m2 , dp )
Scilab code Exa 9.5 SIZE OF THE VENTURI

1 clc
2 clear
4 D =[8.25 ,11.5] // D i m e n s i o n s o f
5
6
7
8
four cylinder in 8.25
cm 1 1 . 5 cm
n =4 // Four c y l i n d e r
N =3000 // Speed i n r . p .m
v =150 // V e n t u r i d e p r e s s i o n i n cm o f w a t e r
nv =80 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i n
percent
Cf =0.7 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f f u e l o r i f i c e
df =700 // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m3
dw =1000 // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m3
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17 Va =((3.14/4) *( D (1) /100) ^2*( D (2) /100) * n *( nv /100) *( N
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24
/(2*60) ) ) //Maximum amount o f a i r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h

t h e v e n t u r i i n m3
vd =( v /100) * dw // V e n t u r i d e p r e s s i o n i n kg /m2
va =( Ca * sqrt ((2*9.81* vd ) / da ) ) // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
d = sqrt (( Va / va ) *(4/3.14) ) // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r o f v e n t u r i
in m
Af =1/( af *( va / Va ) * sqrt ( df / da ) *( Cf / Ca ) ) // Area o f
o r i f i c e i n m2
df = sqrt (( Af *4) /3.14) *1000 // D i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e i n mm
// Output
80
25
printf ( The s i z e o f v e n t u r i i s %i kg /m2 \n The

d i a m e t e r o f f u e l o r i f i c e i s %3 . 2 f mm ,vd , df )

1 clc
2 clear
3 D =[7.5 ,10] // D i m e n s i o n s o f
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f o u r c y l i n d e r i n 7 . 5 cm
d i a m e t e r and 10 cm s t r o k e
n =6 // S i x c y l i n d e r
pC =84 // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n i n v o l a t i l e f u e l
pH2 =16 // P e r c e n t a g e o f h y d r o g e n i n v o l a t i l e f u e l
dc =(38.5/1000) // D i a m e t e r o f t h e t h r o a t o f t h e c h o k e
tube in m
N =3000 // Speed i n r . p .m
nv =0.8 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n r a t i o
p =0.914 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e t h r o a t o f t h e c h o k e t u b e i n
kg /cm2
T =15.5+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e t h r o a t o f t h e c h o k e
tube in K
Ts =273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f 0 d e g r e e C i n K
ps =1.027 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Ra =29.27 // U n i v e r s a l g a s c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kg .m/ kg .
K
Rf =9.9 // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r f u e l i n kg .m/ kg . K
pO2 =23 // C o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t o f o x y g e n i n a i r i n
percent
pN2 =77 // C o m p o s i t i o n by w e i g h t o f n i t o g e n i n a i r i n
percent
mH2 =2 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t oh H2
18
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23 Vm =((3.14/4) *( D (1) /100) ^2*( D (2) /100) * n *( N /2) * nv ) //
81
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31
32
33
Volume o f m i x t u r e s u p p l i e d p e r s e c i n m3
qa =((100/ pO2 ) *((( pC /100) *( mO2 / mC ) ) +(( pH2 /100) *( mO2
/(2* mH2 ) ) ) ) ) // Q u a n t i t y o f a i r r e q u i r e d f o r
c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f f u e l i n kg
vf =( Rf * Ts ) /( ps *10^4) // S p e c i f i c volume o f v o l a t i l e
f u e l i n m3/ kg
va =( Ra * Ts ) /( ps *10^4) // S p e c i f i c volume o f a i r i n m3/
kg
wf =( Vm /( qa * va + vf ) ) // Flow r a t e o f f u e l i n kg / min
Fc =( wf *60) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h o u r
da =( p *10^4) /( Ra * T ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r a t t h e t h r o a t o f
t h e c h o k e i n kg /m3
Va =(( qa * wf ) /((3.14/4) * dc ^2* da *60) ) // Speed o f a i r a t
t h r o a t i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 1 f kg / h r \n (
b ) The s p e e d o f t h e a i r t h r o u g h t h e c h o k e i s %3 . 1
f m/ s ,Fc , Va )
Scilab code Exa 9.7 DIAMETER OF JET

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9
clc
clear
mf =7.5 // Consumption o f p e t r o l p e r h o u r
gf =0.75 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f f u e l
Tf =25+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f f u e l i n K
dc =22 // d i a m e t e r o f c h o k e t u b e i n mm
l =4 // Top o f t h e j e t i s 4 mm a b o v e t h e p e t r o l l e v e l
i n t h e f l o a t chamber
10 Ca =0.82 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e f o r a i r
11 Cf =0.7 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e f o r f u e l
12 R =29.27 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kg .m
82
/ kg . K
13 p =1.03 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
14
16 da =( p *10^4) /( R * Tf ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
17 dp =( gf *1000) // D e n s i t y o f p e t r o l i n kg /cm3
18 dpa =(( af * mf *10^6) /(60*60*3.14* Ca *( dc /2) ^2) )
^2/(2*9.81* da ) // Change i n p r e s s u r e i n kg /m2

19 df = sqrt (( mf /(60*60* Cf * sqrt (2*9.81* dp *( dpa -(( l /100) *
dp ) ) ) ) ) *(4/3.14) ) *1000 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e f u e l j e t
i n mm
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22
// Output
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f t h e j e t o f t h e c a r b u r e t t o r i s %3
. 2 f mm , df )

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15
clc
clear
td =7.5 // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n cm
fd =0.5 // D i a m e t e r o f f u e l o r i f i c e i n cm
Cd =0.7 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
l =5 // N o z z l e l i p i n mm
x =1 // Approach f a c t o r
dpa =0.15 // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n kg /cm2
dp =720 // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m3
afr1 =(((3.14* td ^2) /(3.14* fd ^2) ) *( Ca / Cd ) * sqrt ( da / dp ) )
// A i r f u e l r a t i o
16 afr2 =((3.14* td ^2) /(3.14* fd ^2) ) *( Ca / Cd ) * sqrt (( da * dpa )
83
/( dp *( dpa -(( l /100) *( dp /10^6) ) ) ) ) // A i r f u e l r a t i o

17
18
19
// Output
printf ( The a i r f u e l r a t i o \n ( a ) n e g l e c t i n g n o z z l e
l i p i s %3 . 2 f \n ( b ) n o z z l e l i p i s t a k e n i n t o
a c c o u n t i s %3 . 2 f , afr1 , afr2 )
Scilab code Exa 9.9 VELOCITY

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18
clc
clear
fd =0.5 // D i a m e t e r o f f u e l o r i f i c e i n cm
l =5 // N o z z l e l i p i n mm
x =1 // Approach f a c t o r
dpa =0.15 // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n kg /cm2
dp =720 // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m3
v = sqrt (2*9.81*( l /1000) *( dp / da ) ) // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n
m/ s
// Output
printf ( V e l o c i t y o f a i r f l o w i s %3 . 1 f m/ s ,v )
Scilab code Exa 9.10 PETROL CONSUMPTION

1 clc
2 clear
84
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7
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10
11
12
13
x =2.8 // H e i g h t a b o v e t h e n o z z l e i n mm
va =58 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
An =1.8 // Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n o f n o z z l e i n mm2
Cd =0.6 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e o f n o z z l e
Ca =0.84 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e o f a i r
dpa =(( va / Ca ) ^2*( da /(2*9.81) ) ) // Change i n p r e s s u r e i n
kg /m2
14 wf =(( An *10^ -6) * Cd * sqrt (2*9.81* dp *( dpa -(( x /1000) * dp ) )
) ) // P e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s e c
15
16
17
// Output
printf ( P e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 4 f kg / s e c , wf )

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clc
clear
d =0.155 // D i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e i n mm
Ca =0.84 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
x =29 // V e n t u r i d e p r e s s i o n
dw =0.89 // Minimum d e p r e s s i o n o f w a t e r i n cm
sa =1.1 // S p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f a i r i n kg /m3
sg =0.72 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f p e t r o l
cyd =[7.75 ,10.75] // C y l i n d e r d i m e n s i o n s i n cm
fc =10.9 // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h r
N =3200 // Speed i n r . p .m
n =4 // Number o f c y l i n d e r s
85
16
18 w =(((3.14/4) * td ^2) /((3.14/4) * d ^2) ) *( Ca / Cd ) * sqrt (( sa
/( sg *1000) ) *( x /( x - dw ) ) ) // A i r f u e l r a t i o
19 Va =(3.14/4) *( td /100) ^2* Ca * sqrt (2*9.81* sa * x *6) //
Volume o f a i r drawn / s e c
20 vn =( Va /((3.14/4) *( cyd (1) /100) ^2*( cyd (2) /100) * n *( N
/(2*60) ) ) ) *100 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
21
22
23
// Output
printf ( A i r f u e r a t i o i s %3 . 1 f \n V o l u m e t r i c
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,w , vn )
Scilab code Exa 9.12 THROAT PRESSURE

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11
clc
clear
af =0.066 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
p =0.83 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e v e n t u r i t h r o a t i n kg /cm2
pd =0.04 // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n kg /cm2
va =245 // A i r f l o w a t s e a l e v e l i n kg p e r h o u r
dpa =1.03 - p // P r e s s u r e a t a i r c l e a n e r i n kg /cm2
d =(1.03 - pd - dpa ) // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e when t h e a i r
c l e a n e r i s f i t t e d i n kg /cm2
12 naf =( af * sqrt ((1.03 - d ) / dpa ) ) //New a i r f u e l r a t i o
13
14
15
// Output
printf ( ( a ) T h r o a t p r e s s u r e when t h e a i r c l e a n e r i s
f i t t e d i s %3 . 2 f kg /cm2 \n ( b ) New a i r f u e l r a t i o
i s %3 . 4 f ,d , naf )
86
Scilab code Exa 9.13 DROP IN PRESSURE

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clc
clear
x =3 // P e t r o l s t a n d s 3 mm b e l o w
Ta =15.5+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
pa =1.027 // P r e s s u r e o f a i r i n kg /cm2
R =29.27 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg . K
sg =0.76 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f f u e l
fc =6.4 // Consumption o f f u e l i n kg / h o u r
jd =1.27 // J e t d i a m e t e r i n mm
Cd =0.6 // N o z z l e d i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n c t
Ca =0.8 // D i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t o f a i r
af =0.066 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
df =( sg *1000) // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m3
da =( pa *10^4) /( R * Ta ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
va = Ca * sqrt ((2*9.81* x * df ) /( da *1000) ) // C r i t i c a l
v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
19 dpa =((( fc /(60*60) ) /((3.14/4) *( jd /1000) ^2* Cd ) )
^2/(2*9.81* df ) ) +(( x /1000) * df ) // Drop i n p r e s s u r e
i n kg /m3
20 dpaw =( dpa /1000) *100 // Drop i n p r e s s u r e i n cm o f w a t e r
21 dj = sqrt ((( fc /(3600* af ) ) /( Ca * sqrt (2*9.81* da * dpa ) ) )
/(3.14/4) ) *1000 // E f f e c t i v e t h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n mm
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// Output
printf ( C r i t i c a l a i r v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s e c \n
E f f e c t i v e t h r o a t d i a m e t e r o f t h e v e n t u r i i s %3 . 1 f
mm \n The d r o p i n p r e s s u r e i n t h e v e n t u r i i s %3
. 2 f cm o f w a t e r ,va , dj , dpaw )
87
Scilab code Exa 9.14 ORIFICE DIAMETER

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clc
clear
ma =6.11 // Flow r a t e o f a i r i n kg / min
mf =0.408 // Flow a r t e o f p e t r o l i n kg / min
Ta =15.5+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
va =97.5 // Speed o f a i r i n m/ s e c
Cv =0.84 // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
x =0.8 // p r e s s u r e a t t h e v e n t u r i i s 0 . 8 o f t h e
p r e s s u r e drop at the choke
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17 rp =(1 -(( va / Cv ) ^2/(((2*9.81* g ) /( g -1) ) * R * Ta ) ) ) ^( g /( g
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-1) ) // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
p2 =( pa * rp ) // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T2 =( Ta * rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
da =( p2 /( R * T2 ) ) *10^4 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
daa = sqrt (( ma /(60* va * da ) ) /(3.14/4) ) *1000 // T h r o a t
d i a m e t e r i n mm
df = sqrt (( mf /(60* Cd * sqrt (2*9.81* dp * x *( pa - p2 ) *10^4) ) )
/(3.14/4) ) *1000 // O r i f i c e d i a m e t e r i n mm
// Output
printf ( T h r o a t d i a m e t e r o f t h e c h o k e i s %i mm \n The
o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r i s %3 . 2 f mm ,daa , df )
88
Scilab code Exa 9.15 ORIFICE DIAMETER

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clc
clear
ma =6.8 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / min
mf =0.45 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f p e t r o l i n kg / min
Ta =20+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
va =97.5 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
Cv =0.8 // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
x =0.75 // p r e s s u r e a t t h e v e n t u r i i s 0 . 8 o f t h e
p r e s s u r e drop at the choke
14 pw =800 // Weight o f p e t r o l i n kg p e r cu .m
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17 rp =(1 -(( va / Cv ) ^2/(((2*9.81* g ) /( g -1) ) * R * Ta ) ) ) ^( g /( g
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-1) ) // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
p2 =( pa * rp ) // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T2 =( Ta * rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
da =( p2 /( R * T2 ) ) *10^4 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
daa = sqrt (( ma /(60* va * da ) ) /(3.14/4) ) *100 // T h r o a t
d i a m e t e r i n mm
df = sqrt (( mf /(60* Cd * sqrt (2*9.81* pw * x *( pa - p2 ) *10^4) ) )
/(3.14/4) ) // O r i f i c e d i a m e t e r i n mm
// Output
printf ( T h r o a t d i a m e t e r o f t h e c h o k e i s %3 . 2 f cm \n
The o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r i s %3 . 5 f m ,daa , df )
89
Scilab code Exa 9.16 POWER DEVELOPED

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clc
clear
d =100 // D i a m e t e r i n mm
L =100 // S t r o k e i n mm
N =1500 // Speed i n r . p .m
ap =13.5 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
x =(7/8) // R a t i o o f volume drawn
nth =22 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
p =76 // P r e s s u r e i n cm o f m e r c u r y
CV =9000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f p e t r o l i n k c a l / kg
l =1524 // A l t i t u d e i n m
dp =2.54 // Drop i n p r e s s u r e i n cm o f b a r o m e t r i c
reading
16 lx =274 // A l t i t u d e r i s e i n m
17
19 Vs =(3.14/4) *( d /10) ^2*( L /10) // Swept volume i n c . c
20 Va =( x * Vs ) // Volume o f a i r drawn i n p e r c y l i n d e r p e r
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stroke in c . c
wa =( Va *10^ -6*( N /2) * n ) // Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d t o t h e
e n g i n e p e r m i n u t e i n kg
wf =( wa / ap ) // Weight o f f u e l consumed p e r m i n u t e i n kg
q =( wf * CV ) // Heat s u p p l i e d t o t h e e n g i n e p e r m i n u t e i n
kcal
P =( q *( nth /100) *427) /4500 // Power d e v e l o p e d a t g r o u n d
l e v e l in H.P
db =( l / lx ) * dp // Drop i n b a r o m e t r i c r e a d i n g a t an
a l t i t u d e o f 1 5 2 4 m i n cm
Pd =( P / p ) *( p - db ) // Power d e v e l o p e d a t 1 5 2 4 m a l t i t u d e
90
in H. P
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// Output
printf ( Power d e v e l o p e d a t t h e g r o u n d l e v e l i s %i H .
P \n Power d e v e l o p e d a t an a l t i t u d e o f %i m i s %i
H . P ,P ,l , Pd )
91
Chapter 11
FOUR STROKE SPARK
IGNITION ENGINE

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clc
clear
d =0.0625 // D i a m e t e r i n m
L =0.09 // S t r o k e i n m
nv =0.75 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
p =1.03 // P r e s s u r e a t N . T . P i n kg /cm2
T =273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t N . T . P i n K
R =29.27 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg .
degree C
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12 Vs =((3.14/4) * d ^2* L ) // Swept volume i n cu .m
13 V =( nv * Vs ) // Volume o f c h a r g e a t N . T . P i n cu .m
14 w =( p *10^4* V ) /( R * T ) // Weight o f t h e c h a r g e i n kg / c y c l e
15
16 // Output
17 printf ( The w e i g h t o f t h e c h a r g e i s %3 . 6 f kg / c y c l e ,
w)
92
Scilab code Exa 11.2 INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY

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clc
clear
n =9 // Number o f c y l i n d e r
d =0.145 // Bore i n m
l =0.19 // S t r o k e i n m
bhp =460 // Brake h o r s e power i n B . H . P
N =2000 // Speed i n r . p .m
x =20 // P e r c e n t a g e r i c h i n m i x t u r e
pC =85.3 // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n
pH2 =14.7 // P e r c e n t a g e o f Hydrogen
nv =70 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
T =15+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
wO2 =23.3 // P e r c e n t a g e o f o x y g e n by w e i g h t i n a i r
hihp =(( bhp /( nm /100) ) *(4500/427) ) // Heat e q u i v a l e n t i n
kcal
Vs =((3.14/4) * d ^2* l *( N /2) * n ) // Swept volume i n c .m p e r
min
cw =( Vs / da ) // Charge w e i g h t o f a i r p e r m i n u t e i n kg
ma =(100/ wO2 ) *(( pC /100) *( mO2 / mC ) +( pH2 /100) *( mO2 /(2*
mH2 ) ) ) //Wt . o f a i r r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f f u e l i n kg
mf =( cw / ma ) // Minimum f u e l i n k g
ith =( hihp /( mf *(100+ x ) /100* CV ) ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d
93
thermal e f f i c i c i e n c y in percent
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31
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// Output
printf ( I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , ith )
Scilab code Exa 11.3 PROPERTIES

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clc
clear
l =8.25 // S t r o k e i n cm
N =4000 // Speed i n r . p .m
la =53.35 // Length o f t h e arm i n cm
t =10 // T e s t d u r a t i o n i n min
br =40.8 //Beam r e a d i n g i n kg
gas =0.455 // g a s o l i n e i n kg . I n t e x t b o o k , i t i s g i v e n
wrong a s 4 . 5 5
wa =5.44 // Rate o f a i r i n kg / min
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21 bhp =(2*3.14* N * br * la ) /(4500*100) // Brake h o r s e power
in B.H.P
22 pb =( bhp *4500) /(( n /2) *( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2* N ) // Brake
23 bsfc =( gas *60) / bhp // Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg / b . h . p . h r
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bsac =(( wa *60) / bhp ) // Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n

i n kg / b . h . p . h r
nb =(( bhp *4500) /( J * gas * CV ) ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l
Vd =((3.14/4) * d ^2* l ) // P i s t o n d i s p l a c e m e n t i n c . c /
cycle
Pd =( Vd /10^6) *( N /2) * n // P i s t o n d i s p l a c e m e n t i n m3/ min
Va =(( wa * R * Ta ) /( pa *10^4) ) // Volume o f a i r u s e d i n m3/
min
nv =( Va / Pd ) *100 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
af =( wa / gas ) // A i r f e l r a t i o
// Output
printf ( ( a ) t h e B . H . P d e l i v e r e d s %3 . 0 f h . p \n ( b )
t h e b .m. e . p i s %3 . 1 f kg /cm2 \n ( c ) t h e b . s . f . c
i s %3 . 3 f kg / b . h . p . h r \n ( d ) t h e b r a k e s p e c i f i c
a i r c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f kg / b . h . p . h r \n ( e ) t h e
b r a k e t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( f )
t h e v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 0 f p e r c e n t \n ( g )
t h e a i r f u e l r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f ,bhp , pb , bsfc , bsac , nb
, nv , af )

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clc
clear
N =2000 // Speed i n r . p .m
m =13.15 // Mass o f f u e l i n kg / h o u r
Vd =655.5 // D i s p l a c e m e n t volume i n c . c
d =12.7 // Manometer d e p r e s s i o n i n cm
//Qa= 0 . 2 3 1 s q r t ( ha ) ; Qa i s t h e f l o w r a t e i n cu .m/ min
and ha i s t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e i n m e t r e s
95
11
13 Qa =(0.231* sqrt ((( d *1000) / da ) /100) ) // Flow r a t e
i n cu .
m/ min
14 Wa =( Qa * da ) // Weight o f a i r i n kg / min
15 Va =( Qa *(2/ N ) *(1/ n ) ) *10^6 // Volume o f a i r drawn i n p e r
c y c l e per c y l i n d e r in c . c
16 nv =( Va / Vd ) *100 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
17 af =( Wa /( m /60) ) // A i r f u e l r a t i o
18
19 // Output
20 printf ( ( a ) t h e w e i g h t o f a i r drawn i s %3 . 3 f kg / min
\n ( b ) v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y t a k i n g a i r i n t o
a c c o u n t i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( c ) t h e a i r f u e l
r a t i o i s %i ,Wa , nv , af )
Scilab code Exa 11.5 CLEARANCE VOLUME

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clc
clear
d =10 // D i a m e t e r i n cm
ihp =20 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
N =1000 // Speed i n r . p .m
nt =30 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
CV =10000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n k c a / kg
// Output
Vs =((3.14/4) * d ^2* l ) // Swept volume i n c . c
Vc =( Vs /( r -1) ) // C l e a r a n c e volume i n c . c
96
percent
18 pm =(( ihp *4500) /(( l /100) *(3.14/4) *( d /100) ^2*( N /2) * n ) )
// P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
19 pc =( ihp *4500*60) /(427*( nt /100) * CV ) // P e t r o l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h r
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21
22
// Output
printf ( C l e a r a n c e volume i s %3 . 1 f c . c \n The a i r
s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n P e t r o l
c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 2 f kg / h r ,Vc , na , pc )
Scilab code Exa 11.6 CYLINDER PROPERTIES

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clc
clear
P =62 // Power i n HP
N =3000 // Speed i n r . p .m
nt =25 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
T =273 // S t a n d a r d a t m o s p h e r e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p =1.03 // S t a n d a r d a t m o s p h e r e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
q =( P *4500) /( J *( nt /100) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / min
F =( q / CV ) // F u e l s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e i n kg
Fc =( F / N ) *(2/ n ) // F u e l s u p p l i e d p e r c y c l e p e r c y l i n d e r
i n kg
20 wt =( af * Fc ) // Weight o f a i r s u p p l i e d p e r c y c l e i n kg
21 d =(((( wt ) * R * T ) /( p *10^4*(3.14/4) *( nv /100) ) ) ^(1/3) )
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*100 // D i a m e t e r i n cm
22
23
24
// Output
printf ( C y l i n d e r b o r e = s t r o k e = %3 . 2 f cm ,d )
98
Chapter 14
THE DIESEL ENGINE
Scilab code Exa 14.1 WEIGHT OF OIL

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clc
clear
c =5 // F u e l c u t o f f i n p e r c e n t o f s t r o k e
w =0.006 // Weight o f c h a r g e i n kg
T4 =912 // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C a b s
q =8300 // Heat i n k c a l
x =[0.258 ,0.000048] // T e m p e r a t u r e e x p r e s s i o n i s 0 . 2 5 8T
+ 0 . 0 0 0 0 4 8T 2 , where T i s i n d e g r e e C a b s
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v4 =1 // Assuming c l e a r a n c e volume a s u n i t y
v1 =1.665 // v1 from f i g . 1 4 . 2 on p a g e no . 352
T1 =( T4 * v1 ) / v4 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C a b s
qp1 =( x (1) * T1 + x (2) * T1 ^2) // C o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e h e a t o f
m i x t u r e a t t e m p e r a t u r e T1 i n k c a l / kg
16 qp4 =( x (1) * T4 + x (2) * T4 ^2) // C o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e h e a t o f
m i x t u r e a t t e m p e r a t u r e T4 i n k c a l / kg
17 qre =( qp1 - qp4 ) // Heat r e q u i r e d by t h e m i x t u r e i n k c a l /
kg
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18 wf =( w * qre ) / q // Weight o f o i l i n kg
19
20 // Output
21 printf ( The w e i g h t o f o i l t h a t must be i n j e c t e d
is
%3 . 6 f kg , wf )
Scilab code Exa 14.2 RATIO OF MASS

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clc
clear
p =1.2 // I n d u c t i o n p i p e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
bp =0.65 // Exhaust back p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Tc =87+273 // Charge t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Te =850+273 // Exhaust t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T1 =111+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
compression in K
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Cw1 =(( bp *10^4) / Te ) // s p e c i f i c h e a t i n kJ / kg . K
Cw2 =(( p *10^4*( r -1) ) / Tc ) // s p e c i f i c h e a t i n kJ / kg . K
T3 =(( g * Te * Cw1 + Cw2 * Tc ) /( Cw1 * g + Cw2 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t3 = T3 -273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C
rw =( Cw1 / Cw2 ) // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
// Output
printf ( The r a t i o o f t h e mass r e s i d u a l s t o f r e s h
c h a r g e i s %3 . 4 f , rw )
100
Chapter 15
FUEL INJECTION
Scilab code Exa 15.1 QUANTITY OF FUEL

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clc
clear
p =720 // H o r s e power i n h . p
N =180 // Speed i n r . p .m
f =250 // F u e l r a t e i n gm p e r h o r s e power h o u r
w =((( f /1000) * p ) /(( N /2) *60* n ) ) *1000 // Weight o f f u e l
p e r c y c l e i n gm/ c y c l e
// Outptut
printf ( The q u a n t i t y o f f u e l t o be i n j e c t e d p e r
c y l i n d e r i s %3 . 2 f gm/ c y c l e ,w )
101
1 clc
2 clear
4 n =4 // Number o f c y l i n d e r s
5 fc =0.215 // Brake s p e c i f i c
f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /B . H .
P hour
6 BHP =400 // Brake h o r s e power i n B . H . P
7 N =250 // Speed i n r . p .m
8 sg =0.9 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y
9
11 Fc =( fc * BHP ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r h o u r i n kg / h r
12 Fcy =( Fc / n ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y l i n d e r i n kg / h r
13 Fcyc =(( Fcy /(60*( N /2) ) ) /( sg *1000) ) *10^6 // F u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y c l e i n kg . I n t e x t b o o k i t
g i v e n wrong a s 0 . 0 2 8 7 i n s t e a d o f 3 . 1 8 5
14
15
16
is
// Output
c y c l e p e r c y l i n d e r i s %3 . 3 f c . c , Fcyc )

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clc
clear
p =450 // Brake H o r s e power i n B . H . P
N =200 // Speed i n r . p .m
f =0.2 // F u e l r a t e i n kg p e r h o r s e power h o u r
g =0.9 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f f u e l
// Output
Fc =( p * f ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r h o u r i n kg / h r
Fcy =( Fc / n ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y l i n d e r i n kg / h r
102
Fcyc =( Fcy /(60*( N /2) ) ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y c l e i n

kg
14 q =( Fcyc /( g *1000) ) *10^6 // Q u a n t i t y o f f u e l i n j e c t e d
per c y l i n d e r per c y c l e in c . c
13
15
16
17
// Output
c y c l e p e r c y l i n d e r i s %3 . 3 f c . c ,q )
Scilab code Exa 15.4 SIZE OF PUMP

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clc
clear
// Data from p r o b l e m 1
p =720 // H o r s e power i n h . p
N =180 // Speed i n r . p .m
f =250 // F u e l r a t e i n gm p e r h o r s e power h o u r
Vo =20 // Volume o f o i l i n t h e s u c t i o n chamber i n c . c
dp =80 // D i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
voi =6 // Volume o f o i l i n t h e i n j e c t o r i n c . c
b =78.8*10^ -6 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y i n cm
2/ kg when p r e s s u r e i s t a k e n a s a t m o s p h e r i c
15
17 w =((( f /1000) * p ) /(( N /2) *60* n ) ) *1000 // Weight o f
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19
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21
fuel
p e r c y c l e i n gm/ c y c l e
Va =( w / g ) // Volume o f a i r p e r c y c l e i n c . c
V1 =( Vo + Va ) // I n i t i a l volume i n c . c
dV12 =( b * V1 * dp ) // Change i n volume i n c . c
// Assuming i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a v e r a g e p r a c t i c e t h a t
s =2d , nv =0.94 and f u l l l o a d i n t h i s pump t y p e x
103
=0.5
22 d =(( voi + dV12 ) /((3.14/4) *2*0.94*0.5) ) ^(1/3) // D i a m e t e r
i n cm
23 l =(2* d ) // S t r o k e i n cm
24
25
26
// Output
printf ( The d i a m e t e r o f t h e pump i s %3 . 2 f cm \n The
t o t a l s t r o k e i s %3 . 2 f cm ,d , l )
Scilab code Exa 15.5 VELOCITY

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clc
clear
p =110 // O i l p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
pc =25 // P r e s s u r e i n t h e c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n kg /cm2
q =0.805 // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t . I n t e x t b o o k i t i s
g i v e n wrong a s 9 . 8 0 5
7 d =0.906 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y
8
10 v =(37.1* q * sqrt (( p - pc ) / d ) ) // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
11
12 // Output
13 printf ( The v e l o c i t y o f i n j e c t i o n i s %3 . 0 f m/ s ,v )
Scilab code Exa 15.6 PUMP DISPLACEMENT

1 clc
2 clear
4 Vf =6.2 // Volume o f f u e l i n c . c
5 l =65 // Length o f f u e l l i n e i n cm
104
6 di =2.5 // I n n e r d i a m e t e r i n mm
7 V =2.75 // Volume o f f u e l i n t h e i n j e c t o r v a l v e i n c . c
8 Vd =0.15 // Volume o f f u e l t o be d e l i v e r e d i n c . c . I n
textbook i t
i s g i v e n wrong a s 0 . 0 4 7
9 p =140 // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
10 pp =1 //Pump p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
11 patm =1.03 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
12 b =78.8*10^ -6 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y
i n cm
13
15 V1 =( Vf +(3.14/4) *( di /10) ^2* l + V ) // I n i t i a l
volume i n c .
c
16 dV =(( b * V1 *( p - pp ) / patm ) ) // Change i n volume i n c . c
17 d =( dV + Vd ) // T o t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p l u n g e r i n c . c
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19
20
// Output
printf ( The t o t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p l u n g e r i s %3
. 3 f c . c ,d )
Scilab code Exa 15.7 PUMP DISPLACEMENT

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clc
clear
Vf =6.75 // Volume o f f u e l i n c . c
l =65 // Length o f f u e l l i n e i n cm
di =2.5 // I n n e r d i a m e t e r i n mm
V =2.45 // Volume o f f u e l i n t h e i n j e c t o r v a l v e i n c . c
Vd =0.15 // Volume o f f u e l t o be d e l i v e r e d i n c . c .
p =150 // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
pp =1 //Pump p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
patm =1.03 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
105
13
15 V1 =( Vf +(3.14/4) *( di /10) ^2* l + V ) // I n i t i a l
volume i n c .
c
18
19 // Output
20 printf ( The t o t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p l u n g e r i s %3
. 3 f c . c ,d )
Scilab code Exa 15.8 PLUNGER STROKE

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clc
clear
Vf =6.75 // Volume o f f u e l i n c . c
l =65 // Length o f f u e l l i n e i n cm
di =2.5 // I n n e r d i a m e t e r i n mm
V =2.45 // Volume o f f u e l i n t h e i n j e c t o r v a l v e i n c . c
Vd =0.15 // Volume o f f u e l t o be d e l i v e r e d i n c . c .
p =150 // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
pp =1 //Pump p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
patm =1.03 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
13 dp =0.75 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e p l u n g e r i n cm
14
16 V1 =( Vf +(3.14/4) *( di /10) ^2* l + V ) // I n i t i a l
volume i n c .
c
19 s =((4/3.14) *( d / dp ^2) ) *10 // S t r o k e i n mm
20
106
21
22
// Output
printf ( The e f f e c t i v e p l u n g e r s t r o k e i s %3 . 1 f mm ,s )
Scilab code Exa 15.9 DIAMETER

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10
clc
clear
p =300 // H o r s e power i n H . P
N =1200 // Speed i n r . p .m
f =0.2 // F u e l r a t e i n kg p e r B . H . P h o u r
ip =200 // I n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
cp =40 // P r e s s u r e i n t h e c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n kg /cm2
pic =33 // P e r i o d o f i n j e c t i o n o f t h e c r a n k a n g l e i n
degrees
11 g =0.83 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f f u e l . I n t e x t b o o k , i t i s
g i v e n wrong a s 0 . 8 9
13
14 // Output
15 Fc =( p * f ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r h o u r i n kg / h r
16 Fcy =( Fc / n ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y l i n d e r i n kg / h r
17 Fcyc =( Fcy /(60*( N /2) ) ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y c l e i n
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25
kg
q =( Fcyc /( g *1000) ) *10^6 // Q u a n t i t y o f f u e l i n j e c t e d
per c y l i n d e r per c y c l e in c . c
I =(( pic /360) *(1/ N ) *60) // I n j e c t i o n p e r i o d i n s e c
df =( g /1000) // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m3
v = sqrt (2*981*(( ip - cp ) / df ) ) // V e l o c i t y o f f u e l t h r o u g h
o r i f i c e i n m/ s
A =( q /( Cd * v * I ) ) // Area o f o r i f i c e i n cm2
d = sqrt ( A /(3.14/4) ) *10 // D i a m e t e r i n mm
// Output
107
26
printf ( The d i a m e t e r o f t h e s i n g l e
i s %3 . 2 f mm ,d )
orifice
injector
Scilab code Exa 15.10 AMOUNT OF FUEL

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clc
clear
pa =1.03 // P r e s s u r e o f a i r i n t a k e i n kg /cm2
Ta =24+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n t a k e i n K
nv =76.5 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
N =1500 // Speed i n r . p .m
ip =125 // I n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
cp =40 // C o m p r e s s i o n p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
q =18.5 // F u e l i n j e c t i o n o c c u p i e s 1 8 . 5 d e g r e e s o f
crenk t r a v e l
16 fsw =760 // F u e l s p e c i f i c w e i g h t i n kg /m2
17 dc =0.94 // O r i f i c e d i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t
18
20 Vs =((3.14/4) * d ^2* l ) // S t r o k e volume i n c . c
21 Va =( Vs *( nv /100) ) // Volume o f a i r s u p p l i e d i n c . c
22 wa =(( pa *10^4* Va *10^ -6) /( R * Ta ) ) // Weight o f a i r
s u p p l i e d p e r c y l i n d e r p e r c y c l e i n kg
f u e l i n j e c t e d per c y l i n d e r per
c y c l e i n kg
24 I =((60* q ) /( N *360) ) // I n j e c t i o n t i m e p e r c y c l e i n s e c
25 F =( wf / I ) // F u e l i n j e c t e d p e r c y l i n d e r p e r s e c i n kg /
sec
26 Af =( F /( dc * sqrt (2*9.81* fsw *( ip - cp ) *10^4) ) ) // Area o f
23 wf =( wa / af ) // Weight o f
108
o r i f i c e i n s q .m
27 df = sqrt ( Af /(3.14/4) ) *1000 // D i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e i n mm
28
29
30
// Output
printf ( Maximum amount o f f u e l i n j e c t e d p e r c y l i n d e r
p e r s e c i s %3 . 2 f kg / s e c \n D i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e
i s %3 . 3 f mm ,F , df )
109
Chapter 16
COMBUSTION IN
COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINES
Scilab code Exa 16.1 DELAY TIME

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13
clc
clear
s =0.005 // D e l a y i n s e c
N =600 // Speed i n r . p .m
dx =[10 ,15 ,20] // Bore d i a m e t e r s i n cm
t =( s / d ) * dx // Time o f d e l a y i n s e c . I n t e x t b o o k , t ( 2 )
i s g i v e n wrong a s 0 . 0 0 0 2 5 s e c i n s t e a d o f 0 . 0 0 2 5
sec
// Output
printf ( The d e l a y t i m e f o r %i cm d i a m e t e r b o r e i s %3
. 5 f s e c \n The d e l a y t i m e f o r %i cm d i a m e t e r b o r e
i s %3 . 5 f s e c \n The d e l a y t i m e f o r %i cm
110
d i a m e t e r b o r e i s %3 . 5 f s e c , dx (1) ,t (1) , dx (2) ,t (2)

, dx (3) ,t (3) )
Scilab code Exa 16.2 PRESSURE

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clc
clear
d =[15 ,60] // Bore i n cm
N =[1600 ,400] // Speed i n r . p .m r e s p e c t i v e l y
q =30 // I n j e c t i o n o f o i l o c c u p i e s 30 d e g r e e s o f c r a n k
t r a v e l in each case
pc =30 // C o m p r e s s i o n p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
d =0.001 // D e l a y t i m e i n s e c
rp =5 // Rapid c o m b u s t i o n p e r i o d i s 5 d e g r e e o f c r a n k
travel
pe =60 // C o m p r e s s i o n p r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f r a p i d
// For s m a l l e n g i n e
It1 =(60/ N (1) ) *( q /360) // I n j e c t i o n t i m e i n s e c
pf1 =(( d / It1 ) +( rp / pc ) ) *100 // P e r c e n t f u e l
// For l a r g e e n g i n e
It2 =(60/ N (2) ) *( q /360) // I n j e c t i o n t i m e i n s e c
pf2 =(( d / It2 ) +( rp / pc ) ) *100 // P e r c e n t f u e l
pr =( pc *( pf2 / pf1 ) ) // P r e s s u r e r i s e i n kg /cm2
mp =( pc + pr ) //Maximum p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
// Output
printf ( P r e s s u r e i n t h e l a r g e e n g i n e i s %3 . 1 f kg /cm
2 , mp )
111
Scilab code Exa 16.3 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

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27
clc
clear
d =105 // Bore i n mm
l =127 // S t r o k e i n mm
N =1800 // Speed i n r . p .m
t =15 // T e s t t i m e i n min
mf =2.75 // Mass o f f u e l i n kg
af =14.8 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
v =0.805 // S p e c i f i c volume i n m3/ kg
bth =(( BHP *4500) /( J *( mf / t ) * CV ) ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l
Vs =((3.14/4) *( d /10) ^2*( l /10) ) // S t r o k e volume i n c . c
Vsw =( Vs * n *( N /2) * t ) // Swept volume i n c . c
Va =( Vsw *10^ -6*( nv /100) ) // Volume o f a i r s u c k e d i n m3
wa =( Va / v ) // Weight o f a i r s u c k e d i n kg
wr =( af * mf ) // Weight o f a i r r e q i r e d i n kg
pei =( wr / wa ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f a i r a v a i l a b l e f o r
combustion
// Output
printf ( Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n
The p e r c e n t a g e o f a i r u s e d f o r c o m b u s t i o n i s %i
p e r c e n t ,bth , pei )
112
Chapter 18
SUPERCHARGING
Scilab code Exa 18.1 PRESSURE AND AIR CONSUMPTION

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clc
clear
d =9 // Bore i n cm
N =2500 // Speed i n r . p .m
Ta =25+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e
compressor in K
q =16800 // Heat r a t e i n k c a l / h o u r
T =60+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r l e a v i n g t h e c o o l e r i n K
p =1.6 // P r e s s u r e o f a i r l e a v i n g t h e c o o l e r i n kg /cm2
t =14.5 // E n g i n e t o r q u e i n kg .m
Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e n k c a l /
kg . K
17
19 BHP =(2*3.14* N * t ) /4500 // Brake h o r s e power i n B . H . P
113
20 IHP =( BHP /( nm /100) ) // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n I . H . P

21 pm =(( IHP *4500) /(( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2*( N /2) * n ) ) // Mean
22
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25
26
27
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30
31
32
e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Vs =( n *(3.14/4) *( d /100) ^2*( l /100) *( N /2) ) // Swept
volume i n m3/ min
Va =( Vs *( nv /100) ) // A s p i r a t e d Volume o f a i r i n t o
e n g i n e i n m3/ min
ma =( p *10^4* Va ) /( R * T ) // A s p i r a t e d mass f l o w i n t o t h e
e n g i n e i n kg / min
mcdT =(( BHP *4500/427) / Cp ) // P r o d u c t o f mass f l o w r a t e
and c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e
msdT =(( q /60) / Cp ) // P r o d u c t o f mass f l o w r a t e and
change in temperature
x =( mcdT / msdT ) // R a t i o
T2 =(( Ta -( x * T ) ) ) /(1 - x ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
mc =( msdT /( T2 - T ) ) // A i r f l o w i n kg / min
// Output
printf ( ( a ) t h e mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kg /
cm2 \n ( b ) t h e a i r c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f kg / min \
n ( c ) t h e a i r f l o w i n t o t h e c o m p r e s s o r i s %3 . 2 f
kg / min ,pm , ma , mc )
Scilab code Exa 18.2 PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN IMEP

1 clc
2 clear
4 IMEP =10 // I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e
p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm
2
5 x =20 // M i x t u r e s t r e n g t h 20% r i c h e r t a n c h e m i c a l l y
correct
6 pIMEP =0.41 // Pumping I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e
p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
7 p1 =0.97 // Charge p r e s s u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
114
8
9
10
11
12
13
T1 =100+273 // Charge t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
compression in K
pm =0.91 // Mean p r e s s u r e d u r i n g t h e c o n d u c t i o n s t r o k e
i n kg /cm2
bn =70 // B l o w e r a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
T2 =50 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e c h a r g e a f t e r d e l i v e r y by
the blower in degree C
dp =0.07 // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n kg /cm2
pi =1.47 // Charge p r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r d u r i n g t h e
i n d u c t i o n s t r o k e i n kg /cm2
Ta =15+273 // A t o m s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pa =1.03 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
14
15
16
17
19 T2x =(((( pi / pa ) ^(( g -1) / g ) -1) /( bn /100) ) +1) * Ta + T2 //
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Temperature i n K
rIMEP =(( pi / pa ) *( T1 / T2x ) ) // R a t i o o f I .M. E . P
gIMEP =( rIMEP * IMEP ) // G r o s s I .M. E . P i n kg /cm2
nsIMEP =( gIMEP +( pi - pa ) ) // Net I .M. E . P s u p e r c h a r g e d i n
kg /cm2
nuIMEP =( IMEP - pIMEP ) // Net I .M. E . P u n s u p e r c h a r g e d i n
kg /cm2
iIMEP =( nsIMEP - nuIMEP ) // I n c r e a s e i n I .M. E . P i n kg /cm
2
pei =( iIMEP *100) / nuIMEP // P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e
// Output
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n t h e n e t I .M. E . P due
t o s u p e r c h a r g i n g i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , pei )
Scilab code Exa 18.3 PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN BHP

1 clc
115
2 clear
4 l =4.5 // C a p a c i t y i n l i t r e s
5 P =20 // Power i n H . P p e r m3 o f
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15
16
f r e e a i r induced per
minute
N =1700 // Speed i n r . p .m
Ta =27+273 // A t o m s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pa =1.03 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
pr =1.75 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
ie =70 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
nb =80 // E f f i c i e n c y o f b l o w e r i n p e r c e n t
.K
17
18
20 Vs =( l /1000*( N /2) ) // Swept volume i n m3/ min
21 uVs =(( nm /100) * Vs ) // U n s u p e r c h a r g e d s w e p t volume i n m
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3/ min
dp =( pr * pa ) // B l o w e r d e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Tc =( Ta * pr ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s e n t r o p i c
compression in K
dT =( Ta +( Tc - Ta ) /( ie /100) ) // Blow d e l i v e r y t e m p e r a t u r e
in K
Va =( Vs *( dp * Ta ) /( pa * dT ) ) // E q u i v a l e n t volume a t f r e e
a i r c o n d i t i o n i n m3/ min
iiv =( Va - uVs ) // I n c r e a s e i n t h e i n d u c e d volume i n m3/
min
iIHP =( P * iiv ) // n c r e a s e i n I . H . P
iBHP =( iIHP *( nm /100) ) // I n c r e a s e i n B . H . P
ma =( dp *10^4* Vs ) /( R * dT ) // Mass o f a i r d e l i v e r e d by
b l o w e r i n kg / min
HP =( ma * Cp *( dT - Ta ) * J ) /(4500*(80/100) ) //H . P r e q u i r e d
f o r blower
116
31 nibhp =( iBHP - HP ) // Net i n c r e s e i n e n g i n e b . h . p

32 pei =( nibhp /( P * uVs ) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e
33
34 // Output
35 printf ( P e r c e n t a g e n e t i n c r e a s e i n B . H . P i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t , pei )
117
Chapter 19
TWO STROKE ENGINES

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7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
d =11.25 // Bore i n cm
N =1800 // Speed i n r . p .m
a =4.5 // A i r s u p p l y i n kg / min
af =14.3 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
ep =1 // Exhaust p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
R =29.27 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg .
degree C
13
15 Vc =(( r /( r -1) ) *(3.14/4) *( d /100) ^2*( l /100) ) // Swept
volume i n m3
16 Wa =( Vc * N * ep *10^4) /( R * Ta ) // I d e a l a i r c a p a c i t y i n kg /
min
17 sr =( a / Wa ) // S c a v e n g i n g r a t i o
18 sn =(1 - exp ( - sr ) ) // S c a v e n g i n g e f f i c i e n c y
118
19 nt =( sn / sr ) // T r a p p i n g e f f i c i e n c y
20
21 // Output
22 printf ( ( a ) I d e a l a i r c a p a c i t y i s %3 . 2 f kg / min \n ( b
) S c a v e n g i n g r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f \n ( c ) S c a v e n g i n g
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 3 f \n ( d ) T r a p p i n g e f f i c i e n c y
%3 . 2 f ,Wa , sr , sn , nt )
119
is
Chapter 23
TESTING OF ENGINES

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19
clc
clear
N =1200 // Speed i n r . p .m
BHP1 =26.3 // Brake h o r s e power i n B . H . P
T =11.3 // A v e r a g e t o r q u e i n kg
CV =10000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f t h e f u e l i n k c a l / kg
m =270 // Flow r a t e i n gm o f p e t r o l p e r B . H . P h o u r
BHP2 =( T *2*3.14* N ) /4500 // A v e r a g e B . H . P on 3 c y l i n d e r s
IHP = BHP1 - BHP2 // A v e r a g e I . H . P o f one c y l i n d e r
TIHP =( n * IHP ) // T o t a l I . H . P
p =(( m /1000) * BHP1 ) / TIHP // P e t r o l u s e d i n kg / I . H . P h r
nth =((4500*60) /(427* p * CV ) ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d Thermal
// Output
printf ( Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , nth )
120
Scilab code Exa 23.2 INDICATED HORSE POWER

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
d =0.1 // D i a m e t e r o f p i s t o n i n m
l =0.15 // S t r o k e i n m
RPM =1600 // Speed i n r . p .m
ap =(5.76*10^ -4) // Area o f p o s i t i v e l o o p o f i n d i c a t o r
d i a g r a m i n s q .m
8 an =(0.26*10^ -4) // Area o f n e g a t i v e l o o p o f i n d i c a t o r
d i a g r a m i n s q .m
9 L =0.055 // Length o f t h e i n d i c a t o r d i a g r a m i n m
10 k =(3.5/10^ -6) // S p r i n g c o n s t a n t i n kg /m2 p e r m
11
13 NA =( ap - an ) // Net a r e a o f t h e
i n d i c a t o r diagram i n sq .
m
14 h =( NA / L ) // A v e r a g e h e i g h t o f d i a g r a m i n m
15 Pm =( h * k ) // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /m2
16 IHP =( Pm * l *(3.14/4) * d ^2* RPM * n ) /4500 // I n d i c a t e d H o r s e
Power
17
18
19
// Output
printf ( I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power o f a f o u r c y l i n d e r two
s t r o k e p e t r o l e n g i n e i s %3 . 1 f , IHP )
Scilab code Exa 23.3 CALORIFIC VALUE

1 clc
2 clear
121
d =0.089 // Bore i n m
l =0.1016 // S t r o k e i n m
vc =3.183 // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
rn =55 // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
m =0.218 // P e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / hp . h r
Pm =(8.4/10^ -4) // I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n
kg /m2
11 N =2500 // Speed i n r . p .m
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14 an =(1 -(1/( vc -1) ) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
percent
nth =( rn * an ) /100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
CV =((4500*60) /( m *( nth /100) *427) ) // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n
k c a l / kg
IHP =(( Pm *(3.14/4) * d ^2* l * N * n ) /(4500*2) ) // I n d i c a t e d
h o r s e power
p =( m * IHP ) // P e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h o u r
// Output
printf ( ( 1 ) The c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f p e t r o l i s %i k c a l
/ kg \n ( 2 ) C o r r e s p o n d i n g p e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3
. 1 f kg / h o u r ,CV , p )
Scilab code Exa 23.4 BHP OF ENGINE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
d =0.2 // Bore i n m
l =0.3 // S t r o k e i n m
N =300 // Speed i n r . p .m
af =5 // A i r t o f u e l r a t i o by volume . I n t e x t b o o k i t
122
is
g i v e n a s 4 which i s wrong
9 nv =78 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
10 CV =2200 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n k c a l / cu .m a t N . T . P
11 bth =23 // Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
12
14 Vs =((3.14/4) * d ^2* l ) // Swept volume i n cu .m
15 c =(( nv /100) * Vs ) // T o t a l c h a r g e p e r s t r o k e i n cu .m
16 Vg =(( c / af ) * N ) // Volume o f g a s u s e d p e r min i n cu .m a t
N.T. P
17 q =( CV * Vg ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / min
18 BHP =(( bth /100) * q ) /(4500/427) // Brake h o r s e power
19
20
21
// Output
printf ( The volume o f g a s u s e d p e r min i s %3 . 3 f cu .m
a t N . T . P \n B . H . P o f e n g i n e i s %3 . 1 f ,Vg , BHP )

1
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6
7
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9
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11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
l =37.5 // S t r o k e i n cm
IPm =5 // I n d i c a t e d Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
ag =6 // A i r t o g a s r a t i o
CV =3070 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f g a s i n k c a l / cu .m
p =0.975 // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
RPM =240 // Speed i n r . p .m
Vs =(3.14/4) * d ^2* l // S t r o k e Volume i n cu .m
123
17 Vg =(1/( r +1) ) * Vs // Volume o f g a s i n
c y l i n d e r i n cu .m
per c y c l e
18 x =( Vg *( p /1.03) *(273/ T ) ) // Volume a t
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Vg cu .m a t p
kg /cm2 and T K a r e e q u i v a l e n t i n cu .m
q =( CV * x ) /10^6 // Heat added i n k c a l p e r c y c l e
IHP =( IPm *( Vs /100) *( RPM /2) ) /4500 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e
power
nth =(( IHP *4500) /(427* q *( RPM /2) ) ) *100 // Thermal
na =(1 -(1/ r ^( g -1) ) ) *100 // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
rn =( nth / na ) *100 // R e l a t i v e e f f e c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( The t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n
The r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n
I n d i c a t e d h o r e s e power i s %3 . 1 f H . P ,nth , rn , IHP )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
d =6.25 // D i a m e t r e i n cm
l =9.5 // S t r o k e i n cm
t =678 // Torque i n kg .m
N =3000 // Speed i n r . p .m
be =0.5 // Brake e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o b a s e d on t h e a i r
standard cycle
13
14
124
Vs =(3.14/4) * d ^2* l // S t r o k e volume i n c . c p e r c y l i n d e r

r =(( Vs + Vc ) / Vc ) // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
na =(1 -(1/ r ^( g -1) ) ) // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
bth =( be * na ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
bhp =(( t /100) *2*3.14* N ) /4500 //B . H . P i n H . P
q =( bhp *(4500/427) ) /( bth /100) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l /
min
21 F =( q *60) / CV // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h o u r
22 P =( bhp *4500*2*100) /( n * Vs * N ) // p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
15
16
17
18
19
20
23
24
25
// Output
printf ( The f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 2 f kg / h o u r \n The
b r a k e mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kg /cm2 ,
F,P)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
clear
t =30 // T r a i l t i m e i n min
m =5.6 // O i l c o n s u m p t i o n i n l
CV =9980 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f o i l i n k c a l / kg
a =8.35 // A v e r a g e a r e a o f i n d i c a t o r d i a g r a m i n s q . cm
l =8.4 // Length o f t h e i n d i c a t o r d i a g r a m i n cm
is =5.5 // I n d i c a t o r s p r i n g s c a l e
L =147.5 // Brake l o a d i n kg
sp =20 // S p r i n g b a l a n c e r e a d i n g i n kg
d =1.5 // E f f e c t i v e b r a k e w h e e l d i a m e t e r i n m
N =200 // Speed i n r . p .m
cyd =30 // C y l i n d e r d i a m e t e r i n cm
l1 =45 // S t r o k e i n cm
mw =11 // J a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg / min
125
19 Tc =35+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f c o o l i n g w a t e r i n K
20
22 mp =( a / l ) * is // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
23 ihp =(( mp *( l1 /100) *(3.14/4) * cyd ^2*( N /2) ) /4500) //
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
bhp =( L *3.14* d * N ) /4500 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
nm =( bhp / ihp ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
F =( m *(60/ t ) * g ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h o u r
Fc =( F / bhp ) // S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /B . H . P/
hour
ith =(( ihp *(4500/427) ) /(( F /60) * CV ) ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d
thermal e f f i c i e n c y in percent
// Output
printf ( ( a ) I . H . P i s %3 . 1 f \n ( b ) B . H . P i s %3 . 1 f \n
( c ) M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( d )
S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 2 f kg /B . H . P/ h o u r
\n ( e ) I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t ,ihp , bhp , nm , Fc , ith )
Scilab code Exa 23.8 HEAT BALANCE SHEET

1 clc
2 clear
4 d =15 // D i a m e t e r i n cm . I n t e x t b o o k
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
it
i s g i v e n wrong
a s 39
f =9.5 // T o t a l f u e l u s e d i n l i t r e s
n =12624 // T o t a l no . o f r e v o l u t i o n s
imep =7.24 // G r o s s i .m. e . p i n kg /cm2
pimep =0.34 // Pumping i .m. e . p i n kg /cm2
L =150 // Net l o a d on b r a k e i n kg
126
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
db =1.78 // D i a m e t e r o f t h e b r a k e w h e e l drum i n m
dr =4 // D i a m e t e r o f r o p e i n cm
cw =545 // C o o l i n g w a t e r c i r c u l a t e d i n l i t r e s
Tc =45 // C o o l i n g w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n d e g r e e C
ihp =(( imep - pimep ) *( l /100) *3.14* d ^2* n ) /(4500*60) // I . H
.P in h . p
q =( f * g * CV ) /60 // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / min
bhp =( L *3.14*( db +( dr /100) ) * n ) /(4500*60) //B . H . P i n h . p
qbhp =( bhp *4500) /427 // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i n
k c a l / min
qw =( cw * Tc ) /60 // Heat l o s t t o j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i n
k c a l / min
dq =( q -( qbhp + qw ) ) // Heat u n a c c o u n t e d i n k c a l / min
// Output
printf ( Heat s u p p l i e d i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / min \n Heat
e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / min \n Heat
l o s t t o j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / min \n
Heat u n a c c o u n t e d i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / min ,q , qbhp , qw , dq
)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
db =1.62 // E f f e c t i v e d i a m e t e r o f t h e b r a k e i n m
t =(38*60+30) // T e s t d u r a t i o n i n s e c
CV =4650 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n k c a l /m3 a t N . T . P
n =8080 // T o t a l no . o f r e v o l u t i o n s
127
10
11
12
13
14
en =3230 // T o t a l number o f e x p l o s i o n s
p =5.75 // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
V =7.7 // Gas u s e d i n m3
T =15+273 // A t m o s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pg =135 // p r e s s u r e o f g a s i n mm o f w a t e r a b o v e
atmospheric pressure
hb =750 // H e i g h t o f b a r o m e t e r i n mm o f Hg
L =92 // Net l o a d on b r a k e i n kg
w =183 // Weigh o f j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg
Tc =47 // C o o l i n g w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n d e g r e e C
15
16
17
18
19
21 ihp =( p *( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2* en ) /(4500*( t /60) ) // I . H . P
in h . p
22 bhp =( L *3.14* db * n ) /(4500*( t /60) ) //B . H . P i n h . p
23 pa =( hb +( pg /13) ) // P r e s s u r e o f g a s s u p p l i e d i n mm o f
Hg
24 Vg =( V *(273/ T ) *( pa /760) ) // Volume o f g a s u s e d a t N . T . P
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
i n m3
q =( Vg * CV ) /( t /60) // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e i n k c a l
k c a l / min
qc =( w /( t /60) ) * Tc // Heat l o s t t o j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r
i n k c a l / min
qra =( q -( qbhp + qc ) ) // Heat l o s t t o e x h a u s t , e t c i n k c a l
/ min
// Output
l o s t t o j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i s %3 . 1 f k c a l / min \n
Heat l o s t t o e x h a u s t r a d i a t i o n e t c . i s %3 . 1 f
k c a l / min ,q , qbhp , qc , qra )
Scilab code Exa 23.10 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

128
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
clc
clear
N =240 // Speed i n r . p .m
n =100 // Number o f t i m e s f i r e s p e r m i n u t e
qc =0.3 // Q u a n t i t y o f c o a l g a s u s e d i n cu .m p e r m i n u t e
h =100 // Head i n mm o f w a t e r
bp =1.03 // B a r o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
ma =2.82 // Mass o f a i r u s e d i n kg p e r m i n u t e
gp =( bp +(100/13.6) *( bp /76) ) // Gas p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Vc =( qc *( gp / bp ) *(273/ T ) ) // Volume o f c o a l g a s a t N . T . P
i n cu .m p e r m i n u t e
Vce =( Vc / n ) // Volume o f c o a l g a s p e r e x p l o s i o n i n cu .m
at N.T.P
va =( ma * R *273) /( bp *10^4) // Volume o f a i r t a k e n i n a t N
. T . P i n cu .m p e r min
V =(( va -((( N /2) -n ) * Vce ) ) /( N /2) ) // Volume i n cu .m
tV =( V + Vce ) // T o t a l volume o f c h a r g e i n cu .m a t N . T . P
Vs =((3.14/4) *( d ^2* l ) *10^ -6) // Swept volume i n cu .m
nv =( tV / Vs ) *100 // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( ( a ) t h e c h a r g e o f a i r p e r w o r k i n g c y c l e a s
m e a s u r e d a t N . T . P i s %3 . 5 f cu .m \n ( b ) t h e
v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,tV , nv )

1 clc
129
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clear
t =30 // D u r a t i o n o f t r a i l i n min
r =9000 // T o t a l number o f r e v o l u t i n s
e =4445 // T o t a l number o f e x p l o s i o n s
mep =5.85 // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Nl =40 // Net l o a d on b r a k e w h e e l i n kg
ed =1 // E f f e c t i v e d i a m e t e r o f b r a k e w h e e l i n m e t e r
tg =2.3 // T o t a l g a s u s e d a t N . T . P i n m3
CV =4600 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f g a s i n k c a l /m3 a t N . T . P
ta =36 // T o t a l a i r u s e d i n m3
pa =720 // P r e s s u r e o f a i r i n mm o f Hg
da =1.293 // D e n s i t y o f a i r a t N . T . P i n kg /m3
Te =350+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n K
Tr =18+273 //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kJ / kg .K
twc =81.5 // T o t a l w e i g h t o f c y l i n d e r j a c k e t c o o l i n g
w a t e r i n kg
22 dT =33 // R i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r
in degree C
23 R =29.45 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg .
degree C
24
26 ihp =( mep *( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2*( e / t ) ) /4500 // I n d i c a t e d
27
28
29
30
31
h o r s e power i n h . p
bhp =( Nl *3.14* r * ed ) /(4500* t ) // Brake h o r s e power i n h .
p
qs =( tg / t ) * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d a t N . T . P i n k c a l
k c a l / min
ql =( twc / t ) * dT // Heat l o s t t o c y l i n d e r j a c k e t c o o l i n g
w a t e r i n k c a l / min
VA =( ta *(273/ Ta ) *( pa /760) ) // Volume o f a i r u s e d a t N . T
. P i n m3
130
WA =( VA * da ) / t // Weight o f a i r u s e d p e r min i n kg
WG =(1.03* tg *10^4) /( R *273) // Weight o f g a s i n kg
Wg =( WG / t ) // Weight o f g a s p e r m i n u t e i n kg
We =( WA + Wg ) // T o t a l w e i g h t o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kg
qle =( We *( Te - Tr ) * Cp ) // Heat l o s t o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n
k c a l / min
37 qra =( qs -( qbhp + ql + qle ) ) // Heat l o s t by r a d i a t i o n i n
k c a l / min
38 nm =( bhp / ihp ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
39 ith =(( ihp *4500) /(427* qs ) ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l
32
33
34
35
36
40
41
42
// Output
printf (
HEAT BALANCE SHEET\n
\n\n Heat s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e
i s %3 . 1 f k c a l / min \n\n Heat e x p e n d i t u r e
( k c a l p e r m i n u t e ) \n 1 . Heat
e q u i v a l e n t o f B.H.P i s
%3 . 1 f \n 2 . Heat
l o s t t o j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i s %3 . 1 f \n 3 . Heat
l o s t in exhaust gases i s
%3 . 1 f \n 4 . Heat
l o s t by r a d i a t i o n , e t c . , i s
%3 . 1 f \n
\n
%3 . 1 f \n
,qs
, qbhp , ql , qle , qra , qs )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
gu =0.135 // Gas u s e d i n m3/ min a t N . T . P
CV =3990 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f g a s i n k c a l /m3 a t N . T . P
dg =0.64 // D e n s i t y o f g a s i n kg /m3 a t N . T . P
au =1.52 // A i r u s e d i n kg / min
131
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
C =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kJ / kg .K
Tr =17+273 //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
cw =6 // C o o l i n g w a t e r p e r m i n u t e i n kg
rT =27.5 // R i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C
ihp =12.3 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
qs =( gu * CV *60) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / h o u r
qbhp =(( bhp *4500*60) /427) // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P
i n k c a l / hr
ql =( cw *60* rT ) // Heat l o s t i n j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i n
k c a l / hr
mg =( gu * dg ) // Mass o f g a s u s e d p e r m i n u t e i n kg
me =( mg + au ) // Mass o f e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r m i n u t e i n kg
qe =( me * C *( Te - Tr ) *60) // Heat c a r r i e d away by e x h a u s t
g a s e s i n k c a l / hour
qun =( qs -( qbhp + ql + qe ) ) // Heat u n a c c o u n t e d i n k c a l / h o u r
// Output
printf ( Heat s u p p l i e d i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / h o u r \n Heat
e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / h r \n Heat l o s t
i n j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / h r \n Heat
c a r r i e d away by e x h a u s t g a s e s i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / h o u r
\n Heat u n a c c o u n t e d i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / h o u r ,qs , qbhp ,
ql , qe , qun )
Scilab code Exa 23.13 BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

1 clc
2 clear
4 n =4 // Number o f c y l i n d e r s
5 r =1 // R a d i u s i n m e t r e
132
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
N =1400 // Speed i n r . p .m
bl =14.5 // Net b r a k e l o a d i n kg
P =[9.8 ,10.1 ,10.3 ,10] // Loads on t h e b r a k e i n kg
d =9 // Bore i n cm
bhp =( bl *2*3.14* r * N ) /4500 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
bhp1 =( P (1) *2*3.14* r * N ) /4500 // Brake h o r s e power i n h .
p
p
p
p
ihp1 = bhp - bhp1 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
ihp =( ihp1 + ihp2 + ihp3 + ihp4 ) // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n
h.p
nm =( bhp / ihp ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
pm =((4500* bhp ) /(( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2*( N /2) ) ) // Brake
// Output
printf ( I . H . P i s %3 . 1 f h . p \n M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
i s %3 . 0 f kg /cm2 ,ihp , nm , pm )

1 clc
2 clear
133
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
N =350 // Speed i n r . p .m
L =60 // Net b r a k e l o a d i n kg
oc =4.25 // O i l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h o u r
jcw =490 // J a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg / h o u r
Tw =[20+273 ,45+273] // T e m p e r a t u r e o f j a c k e t w a t e r a t
i n l e t and o u t l e t i n K
au =31.5 // A i r u s e d p e r kg o f o i l i n kg
Ta =20+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n t h e t e s t room i n K
d =22 // C y l i n d e r d i a m e t e r i n cm
bd =1 // E f f e c t i v e b r a k e d i a m e t e r i n m
CV =10500 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f o i l i n k c a l / kg
pH2 =15 // P r o p o r t i o n o f h y d r o g e n i n f u e l o i l i n
percent
C =0.24 // Mean s p e c i f i c h e a t o f d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s
Cs =9.5 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f steam i n kJ / kg . K
18
19
20
22 ibp =( mep *( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2* N ) /4500 // I n d i c a t e d
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
b r a k e power i n h . p
bhp =( L *3.14* N * bd ) /4500 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
qs =( oc * CV ) /60 // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e i n k c a l
k c a l / min
pqbhp =( qbhp / qs ) *100 // P e r c e n a t g e o f
heat
ql =( jcw /60) *( Tw (2) - Tw (1) ) // Heat l o s t t o c o o l i n g
w a t e r i n k c a l / min
pql =( ql / qs ) *100 // P e r c e n a t g e o f
heat
wH2O =(9*( pH2 /100) *( oc /60) ) // Weight o f H2O p r o d u c e d
p e r kg o f f u e l b u r n t i n kg / min
twe =( oc *( au +1) ) /60 // T o t a l w e i g h t o f wet e x h a u s t
g a s e s p e r m i n u t e i n kg
twd =( twe - wH2O ) // Weight o f d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r
m i n u t e i n kg
qle =( twd * C *( Te - Ta ) ) // Heat l o s t t o d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s /
134
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
min i n k c a l
pqle =( qle / qs ) *100 // P e r c e n a t g e o f
heat
qx =(100+538.9+0.5*( Te -373) ) // Heat i n k c a l / kg
qst =( wH2O * qx ) // Heat t o steam i n k c a l / min
pqst =( qst / qs ) *100 // P e r c e n a t g e o f
heat
qra =( qs -( qbhp + ql + qle + qst ) ) // Heat l o s t by r a d i a t i o n
i n k c a l / min
pqra =( qra / qs ) *100 // P e r c e n a t g e o f
heat
// Output
printf (
HEAT BALANCE SHEET\n
\n\n Heat s u p p l i e d p e r m i n u t e
is
%3 . 0 f k c a l / min 100 p e r c e n t \n\n Heat
expenditure
( k c a l per minute )
(
p e r c e n t ) \n 1 . Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i s
%3 . 1 f
%3 . 1 f \n 2 . Heat l o s t t o
c o o l i n g water i s
%3 . 0 f
%3 . 1 f \n
3 . Heat l o s t t o d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s i s
%3 . 1 f
%3 . 1 f \n 4 . Heat l o s t o f steam i n e x h a u s t
g a s e s i s %3 . 0 f
%3 . 1 f \n 5 . Heat l o s t by
radiation , etc . , is
%3 . 0 f
%3 . 1 f \n
\n
Total
%3 . 0 f
%3 . 0 f
\n
,qs , qbhp , pqbhp , ql , pql , qle , pqle
, qst , pqst , qra , pqra , qs ,( pqbhp + pql + pqle + pqst + pqra ) )

1 clc
2 clear
4 d =20 // D i a m e t e r i n cm
5 l =40 // S t r o k e i n cm
135
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

bt =41.5 // Brake t o r q u e i n kg .m
N =250 // Speed i n r . p .m
oc =4.2 // O i l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg p e r h o u r
jcw =4.5 // J a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg / min
rT =45 // R i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C
au =31 // A i r u s e d i n kg
Te =420 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n d e g r e e C
Tr =20 //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C
Cm =0.24 // Mean s p e c i f i c h e a t o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kJ /
kg . K
17
19 ihp =( mep *( l /100) *(3.14/4) * d ^2*( N /2) ) /4500 // I n d i c a t e d
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
h o r s e power i n h . p
bhp =( bt *2*3.14* N ) /4500 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
q =( oc * CV ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / h o u r
qbhp =( bhp *4500*60) /427 // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i n
k c a l / hour
qfhp =(( ihp - bhp ) *4500*60) /427 // Heat e q u i v a l e n t F . H . P
i n k c a l / hour
qc =( jcw * rT *60) // Heat l o s t i n c o o l i n g w a t e r i n k c a l /
hour
qe =( oc *32* Cm *( Te - Tr ) ) // Heat l o s t i n e x h a u s t g a s e s i n
k c a l / hour
hu =( q -( qbhp + qfhp + qc + qe ) ) // Heat u n a c c o u n t e d i n k c a l /
hour
// Output
printf ( I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i s %3 . 1 f h . p \n Brake
h o r s e power i s %3 . 2 f h . p \n Heat s u p p l i e d i s %3 . 0
f k c a l / h o u r \n Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i s %3 . 0 f
k c a l / h o u r \n Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f F . H . P i s %3 . 0 f
k c a l / h o u r \n Heat l o s t i n c o o l i n g w a t e r i s %3 . 0 f
k c a l / h o u r \n Heat l o s t i n e x h a u s t g a s e s i s %3 . 0 f
k c a l / h o u r \n Heat u n a c c o u n t e d i s %3 . 0 f k c a l / h o u r
,ihp , bhp ,q , qbhp , qfhp , qc , qe , hu )
136

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
ihp =45 // I n d i c a t e d h o r s e power i n h . p
bhp =37 // Brake h o r s e power i n h . p
fu =8.4 // F u e l u s e d i n kg / h o u r
Tc =[15 ,70] // I n l e t and o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f
cylinders in degree C
cj =7 // Rate o f f l o w o f c y l i n d e r j a c k e t i n kg / min
Tw =[15 ,55] // I n l e t and o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f w a t e r
in degree C
rw =12.5 // Rate o f w a t e r f l o w i n kg p e r m i n u t e
Te =82 // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n d e g r e e
C
Tr =17 //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C
Cm =0.24 // Mean s p e c i f i c h e a t o f e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kJ /
kg . K
16
18 q =( fu /60) * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / min
19 qbhp =( bhp *4500) /427 // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f B . H . P i n
20
21
22
23
k c a l / min
ql =( cj *( Tc (2) - Tc (1) ) ) // Heat l o s t t o c y l i n d e r j a c k e t
c o o l i n g w a t e r i n k c a l / min
qe =( rw *( Tw (2) - Tw (1) ) ) // Heat l o s t by e x h a u s t g a s e s i n
k c a l / min
qee =( Te - Tr ) * Cm *( af +1) * fu /60 // Heat o f e x h a u s t g a s i n
k c a l / min
te =( qe + qee ) // T o t a l h e a t l o s t t o e x h a u s t g a s e s i n
k c a l / min
137
24 hra =( q -( qbhp + ql + te ) ) // Heat l o s t
to r a d i a t i o n in kcal
/ min
25 ith =(( ihp *4500) /(427* q ) ) *100 // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l
26 bth =(( bhp *4500) /(427* q ) ) *100 // Brake t h e r m a l
27 nm =( bhp / ihp ) *100 // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
28
29
30
// Output
l o s t t o c y l i n d e r j a c k e t c o o l i n g w a t e r i s %3 . 0 f
k c a l / min \n T o t a l h e a t l o s t t o e x h a u s t g a s e s i s
%3 . 1 f k c a l / min \n Heat l o s t t o r a d i a t i o n i s %3 . 1 f
k c a l / min \n I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1
f p e r c e n t \n Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t \n M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t
,q , qbhp , ql , te , hra , ith , bth , nm )
Scilab code Exa 23.17 HEAT LOST

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
Vs =0.0015 // S t r o k e volume i n cu .m
rc =5.5 // Volume c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
p2 =8 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e i n
kg /cm2
T2 =350+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n
stroke in K
p3 =25 // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
x =(1/30) // F r a c t i o n o f d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by p i s t o n
pa =1/16 // P e t r o l a i r m i x t u r e r a t i o
R =29.45 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg
degree C
138
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
CV =10000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n k c a l p e r kg
Cv =0.23 // S p e c i f i c h e a t i n kJ / kg . K
V2 =( Vs *10^6) /( rc -1) // Volume i n c . c
V3 =( Vs *10^6) * x + V2 // Volume i n c . c
T3 =( T2 * p3 * V3 ) /( p2 * V2 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
W =(( p3 + p2 ) /2) *( V3 - V2 ) // Workdone i n kg . cm
mM =(( p2 * V2 ) /( T2 * R *100) ) // Mass o f m i x t u r e p r e s e n t i n
kg
dE =( mM * Cv *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Change i n e n e r g y i n k c a l
q =( dE +( W /(427*100) ) ) // Heat i n k c a l
qc =(1/(1+(1/ pa ) ) ) * mM * CV // Heat i n k c a l
ql =( qc - q ) / mM // Heat l o s t i n k c a l p e r kg o f c h a r g e
// Output
printf ( Heat l o s t p e r kg o f c h a r g e d u r i n g e x p l o s i o n
i s %3 . 0 f k c a l , ql )
139
Chapter 25
GAS TURBINES
Scilab code Exa 25.2 OVERALL EFFICIENCY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
p =4 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
T3 =1000 // T u r b i n e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p1 =1 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
m =11 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
.K
10 R =29.27 // h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg . K
12
14 Pc =( m * R * T1 *( p ^(( g -1) / g ) -1) ) /75 // Power consumed by
the compressor in H.P

15 Pt =( m * R * T3 *(1 -(1/ p ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) ) /75 // Power consumed
by t h e t u r b i n e i n H . P
16 N =( Pt - Pc ) // Net o u t p u t o f t h e p l a n t i n H . P . I n
t e x t b o o k a n s w e r i s g i v e n wrong
17 T2 =( T1 *( p ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
140
compression in K
18 q =( Cp *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
19 n =((( N *4500) /427) /( q * m *60) ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
of the plant in percent
20
21
22
// Output
printf ( H o r s e power d e v e l o p e d i s %3 . 0 f H . P \n The
o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p l a n t i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t
,N , n )

1 clc
2 clear
4 T1 =15+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
5
6
7
8
a i r e n t e r i n g the
compressor in K
rp =5 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
T3 =700+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a f t e r h e a t i n g i n K
.K
9
11 T2 =( T1 * rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
air after
compression in K
12 T4 =( T3 / rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
13
14
15
16
air after
expansion in K
Wc =( Cp *( T2 - T1 ) ) // Workdone i n t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
Wt =( Cp *( T3 - T4 ) ) // Workdone i n t h e t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg
of air
N =( Wt - Wc ) // Net workdone i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
SHP =( N *427) /75 // S h a f t h o r s e power i n H . P p e r kg o f
air / sec
141
17 q =( Cp *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
18 n =( N / q ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
19
20 // Output
21 printf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f p l a n t i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n The
s h a f t h o r s e power p e r kg o f a i r p e r s e c o n d i s %3
. 0 f H . P ,n , SHP )
Scilab code Exa 25.4 NET OUTPUT

1 clc
2 clear
5 Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
.K
6 m =20.5 // A i r f l o w r a t e i n kg / s e c
7 p =[5.85 ,1.03 ,1.03 ,5.85] // I n l e t and o u t l e t
pressure
o f t u r b i n e and c o m p r e s s o r r e s p e c t i v e l y i n kg /cm2
8 T =[20+273 ,250+273 ,600+273 ,360+273] // I n l e t and o u t l e t
t e m p e r a t u r e s o f t u r b i n e and c o m p r e s s o r
r e s p e c t i v e l y in degree C. In textbook i n s t e a d o f
360 d e g r e e C , 375 d e g r e e C i s g i v e n
9
11 T2 =( T (1) *( p (4) / p (3) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
12
13
14
15
o u t l e t of compressor in i d e a l cycle in K
T4 =( T (3) /( p (1) / p (2) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
outlet of turbine in ideal cycle in K
ic =(( T2 - T (1) ) /( T (2) -T (1) ) ) *100 // I s e n t r o p i c
e f f i c i e n c y of compressor in percent
it =(( T (3) -T (4) ) /( T (3) - T4 ) ) *100 // I s e n t r o p i c
e f f i c i e n c y of turbine in percent
Wc =( Cp *( T (2) -T (1) ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
142
16 Wt =( Cp *( T (3) -T (4) ) ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg
of air
17 N =( Wt - Wc ) // Net workdone i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
18 P =( N *427* m ) /75 // Power o u t p u t i n H . P
19
20 // Output
21 printf ( The n e t o u t p u t i s %3 . 0 f H . P ,P )
Scilab code Exa 25.5 TEMPERATURE

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
clear
nc =80 // A d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n
percent
7 n =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
8
10 T2 =( T1 * rp ^(( n -1) / n ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
outlet of
c o m p r e s s o r i n i d e a l c y c l e i n K . The t e x t b o o k
a n s w e r i s wrong . I n s t e a d o f 456 K, i t i s g i v e n a s
452K
11 T2i =((( nc /100) * T1 ) + T2 - T1 ) /( nc /100) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
the o u t l e t of the compressor in the actual c y c l e
in K
12
13
14
// Output
printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i s
%3 . 0 f K , T2i )
Scilab code Exa 25.6 HP DEVELOPED

143
1 clc
2 clear
4 p1 =5.62 // P r e s s u r e
5
6
7
8
9
o f g a s e n t e r i n g t h e t u r b i n e i n kg /
cm2
T1 =1000+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s e n t e r i n g t h e t u r b i n e
in K
p2 =1.124 // P r e s s u r e o f g a s l e a v i n g t h e t u r b i n e i n kg /
cm 2 . I n t e x t b o o k i t i s g i v e n a s 1 . 2 4 i n s t e a d o f
1.124
n1 =0.8 // I s o t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t u r b i n e i n r a t i o
n =1.36 // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
.K
10
12 T2 =( T1 /( p1 / p2 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
dt =( T1 - T2 ) // I s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n K
adt =( n1 * dt ) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n K
T2i =( T1 - adt ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f a c t u a l
expansion in K
W =( Cp *( T1 - T2i ) ) // Workdone p e r kg o f g a s i n k c a l
q =( W *427) /4500 //H . P d e v e l o p e d p e r kg o f g a s p e r
minute
t2i =( T2i -273) // Exhaust g a s t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C
// Output
printf ( ( 1 ) H . P d e v e l o p e d p e r kg o f g a s p e r min i s
%3 . 2 f \n ( 2 ) Exhaust g a s t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 1 f
d e g r e e C ,q , t2i )

1 clc
144
2 clear
4 pt1 =[1 ,15+273] // P r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
i n l e t o f c o m p r e s s o r i n kg /cm2 and K r e s p e c t i v e l y
5 pt3 =[4 ,650+273] // P r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
i n l e t o f t u r b i n e i n kg /cm2 and K r e s p e c t i v e l y
6 n =[85 ,80] // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c i e s o f t u r b i n e and
compressor r e s p e c t i v e l y in percent
8 Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
.K
9
11 T2 =( pt1 (2) *( pt3 (1) / pt1 (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
T2i =( pt1 (2) +(( T2 - pt1 (2) ) /( n (2) /100) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f a c t u a l c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
T4 =( pt3 (2) /( pt3 (1) / pt1 (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
T4i =( pt3 (2) -(( pt3 (2) - T4 ) *( n (1) /100) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f a c t u a l e x p a n s i o n i n K
Wt =( Cp *( pt3 (2) - T4i ) ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg
of air
Wc =( Cp *( T2i - pt1 (2) ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l
/ kg o f a i r
q =( Cp *( pt3 (2) - T2i ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
nt =( N / q ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e i s %3 . 2 f
Scilab code Exa 25.8 FLOW RATE
145
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
p1 =1.03 // I n l e t a i r p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T1 =15.5+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
rp =5 // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
nc =85 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n
percent
T3 =540+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e g a s e n t e r i n g t h e
turbine in K
p3 =1.03 // P r e s s u r e o f g a s e n t e r i n g t h e t u r b i n e i n kg /
cm2
nt =80 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t u r b i n e i n
percent
O =2500 // Net o u t p u t i n H . P
fp =0.07 // F a l l o f p r e s s u r e t h r o u g h t h e c o m b u s t i o n
chamber i n kg /cm2
g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r b o t h a i r and g a s
. K f o r b o t h a i r and g a s
15
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
a i r a t t h e end
of adiabatic compression in K
T2i =( T1 +(( T2 - T1 ) /( nc /100) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t
t h e end o f a c t u a l c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
T4 =( T3 /(( rp * p3 - fp ) / p3 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
a i r a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
T4i =( T3 -(( T3 - T4 ) *( nt /100) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t
Wt =( Cp *( T3 - T4i ) ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg o f
air
Wc =( Cp *( T2i - T1 ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg
of air
Fl =( O *4500) /(427* N *60) // Flow r a t e f o r 2 5 0 0 H . P i n kg
/ sec
25
146
26
27
// Output
printf ( Flow r a t e o f a i r i s %3 . 1 f kg / s e c f o r a n e t
o u t p u t o f %i H . P ,Fl , O )
Scilab code Exa 25.9 FLOW RATE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
p1 =1 // I n l e t a i r p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T1 =16+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
rp =3.5 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
percent
turbine in K
percent
mc =4 // Mass o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n t o n n e s /
hour
.K
13
end
16
17
18
at
19
20
a i r at the
dt =( T2 - T1 ) // I s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
adt =( dt /( nc /100) ) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
T2i =( T1 +(( T2 - T1 ) /( nc /100) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r
T4 =( T3 / rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t t h e
T4i =( T3 -(( T3 - T4 ) *( nt /100) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r
147
end
at
21 Wt =( Cp *( T3 - T4i ) ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg o f
air
22 Wc =( Cp *( T2i - T1 ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg
of air
24 q =( Cp *( T3 - T2i ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
25 NHP =( N *427* mc *1000) /(60*4500) // Net H o r s e Power
a v a i l a b l e in H. P
26 nt =( N / q ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
27
28
29
// Output
printf ( ( i ) The n e t H o r s e power a v a i l a b l e from t h i s
u n i t i s %3 . 1 f H . P \n ( i i ) The t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
o f t h e p l a n t i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,NHP , nt )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
p2 =4.08 // P r e s s u r e a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg /cm2
nc =80 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r i n
percent
mf =1 // Mass o f f u e l i n kg
ma =80 // Mass o f a i r i n kg
percent
CV =10000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l n k c a l p e r kg
.K
148
16 rp =( p2 / p1 ) // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
a i r a t t h e end
dt =( T2 - T1 ) // I s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
adt =( dt /( nc /100) ) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
q =( mf / ma ) * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r i n k c a l
T3 =( q / Cp ) + T2i // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s a t t h e i n l e t o f
the turbine in K
T4 =( T3 / rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t t h e end
of adiabatic expansion in K
t h e end o f a c t u a l e x p a n s i o n i n K
Wt =( Cp *( T3 - T4i ) *(( ma + mf ) / ma ) ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e
i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
Wc =( Cp *( T2i - T1 ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg
of air
nt =( N / q ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( ( a ) The n e t work o u t p u t o f i n s t a l l a t i o n i s
%3 . 2 f k c a l / kg o f a i r \n ( b ) O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f
t h e p l a n t i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,N , nt )

1 clc
2 clear
4 rp =5 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
5 T3 =580+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s a t t h e
turbine in K
6 p1 =1.03 // I n l e t
a i r p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
149
i n l e t of the
7 T1 =15+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
8 nc =80 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r i n
9
10
11
percent
no =18 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p l a n t i n p e r c e n t
Cpa =0.239 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f a i r a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n kJ / kg . K
Cpg =0.261 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f g a s a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n kJ / kg . K
R =29.27 // h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg . K
g1 =1.355 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r g a s
12
13
14
15
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
a i r a t t h e end
q =( Cpg *( T3 - T2i ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
Wc =( Cpa *( T2i - T1 ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg
of air
Wt =(( no /100) * q ) + Wc // T u r b i n e work o u t p u t i n k c a l / kg
of air
T4i =( T3 -( Wt / Cpg ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t t h e end o f
actual expansion in K
T4 =( T3 / rp ^(( g1 -1) / g1 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
nt =(( T3 - T4i ) /( T3 - T4 ) ) *100 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
turbine in percent
// Output
printf ( I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e i s %3 . 1 f
Scilab code Exa 25.12 FLOW OF AIR
150
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
percent
turbine in K
percent
NHP =2000 // Net h o r s e power i n H . P
fp =0.1 // F a l l o f p r e s s u r e t h r o u g h t h e c o m b u s t i o n
s y s t e m i n kg /cm2
g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r b o t h a i r and g a s
. K f o r b o t h a i r and g a s
14
16 T2i =( T1 * rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
a i r a t t h e end
17 dt =( T2i - T1 ) // I s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
18 adt =( dt /( nc /100) ) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
19 Wc =( Cp * adt ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg o f
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
air
e =(( rp * p1 - fp ) / p1 ) // E x p a n s i o n r a t i o
T4i =( T3 / e ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t t h e end
of adiabatic expansion in K
dt1 =( T3 - T4i ) // I s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
adt1 =( dt1 /( nt /100) ) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n K
Wt =( Cp * adt1 ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
w =( NHP *75) /(427*9.8) // Flow r a t e i n kg o f a i r p e r s e c
// Output
printf ( Flow r a t e i s %3 . 2 f kg o f a i r p e r s e c ,w )
151
Scilab code Exa 25.13 POWER OTPUT

1 clc
2 clear
4 nc =75 // I s e n t r o p i c
e f f i c i e n c y of the compressor in
percent
5 nt =85 // I s e n t r o p i c
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
e f f i c i e n c y of the turbine in
percent
turbine in K
p1 =1 // I n l e t a i r p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T1 =15.5+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
m =2.2 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s e c
Cpa =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f a i r a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n kJ / kg . K
Cpg =0.276 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f g a s a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n kJ / kg . K
g1 =1.33 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r g a s
14
15
16
19
20
21
22
a i r a t t h e end
T4 =( T3 / rp ^(( g1 -1) / g1 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
Wt =( Cpg *( T3 - T4i ) ) // Workdone i n t u r b i n e i n k c a l / kg o f
air
152
23 Wc =( Cpa *( T2i - T1 ) ) // Workdone i n c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg
of air
25 P =( N * m *427) /(75*( nm /100) ) // Power o u t p u t o f t h e p l a n t
in H.P
26
27
28
// Output
printf ( Power o u t p u t o f t h e p l a n t i s %3 . 0 f H . P ,P )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
T1 =15+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
T4 =560+273 //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e
nc =83 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
percent
8 nt =86 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
percent
9 x =75 // Heat e x c h a n g e r making u s e
percent
air in K
of the c y c l e in K
the compressor in
the turbine in
of heat a v a i l a b l e in
11
13 T5i =( T4 *(1/ rp ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
14 dt =( T4 - T5i ) // I s o m e t r i c t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p t h r o u g h
turbine in degree C
15 ta =(( nt /100) * dt ) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n d e g r e e
16
17
18
19
C
T5 =( T4 - ta ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T2i =( T1 * rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
tc =( T2i - T1 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e i n d e g r e e C
T2 =( tc /( nc /100) ) + T1 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
153
20 q =( T5 - T2 ) // A v a i l a b l e h e a t i n e x c h a n g e r i n k c a l p e r
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
kg Cp
T3 =(( q *( x /100) ) + T2 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// Without h e a t e x c h a n g e r
qw =( T4 - T2 ) // Heat s u p p l i e d Cp i n k c a l / kg
tw =( T4 - T5 ) // T u r b i n e work Cp i n k c a l / kg
cw =( T2 - T1 ) // C o m p r e s s o r work Cp i n k c a l / kg
nw =( tw - cw ) // Net workdone Cp i n k c a l / kg
no =( nw / qw ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// With h e a t e x c h a n g e r
qs =( T4 - T3 ) // Heat s u p p l i e d Cp i n k c a l / kg
no1 =( nw / qs ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( The
exchanger
exchanger
available
o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y \n ( a ) w i t h o u t h e a t
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( b ) w i t h h e a t
making u s e o f %i p e r c e n t o f h e a t
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,no ,x , no1 )
Scilab code Exa 25.15 PRESSURE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
p1 =1 // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T1 =15+273 // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =5.5 // P r e s s u r e a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n kg /cm2
T3 =750+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e e n t r a n c e o f t u r b i n e
in K
v =225 // Speed i n m/ s
x =70 // P e r c e n t a g e
in =75 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r i n
percent
.K
154
13
15 T2 =( T1 *( p2 / p1 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
16 at =( T2 - T1 ) /( in /100) // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
in the
compressor in K
T2i =( T1 + at ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T4 =( T3 /( p2 / p1 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
to =( Cp *( T3 - T4 ) ) // T h e o r i t i c a l t u r b i n e o u t p u t i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
ci =( Cp *( T2i - T1 ) ) // A c t u a l c o m p r e s s o r i n p u t i n k c a l / kg
of air
ke =( v ^2/(2*9.81*427) ) // K i n e t i c e n e r g y i n g a s l e a v i n g
t h e e x h a u s t a n n u l u s i n k c a l / kg
dT34 =( ci + ke ) /(( x /100) * Cp ) // Change i n t e m p e r a t u r e i n
K
r =1/(1 -( dT34 / T3 ) ) ^( g /( g -1) ) // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e s
p4 =( r / p2 ) // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
// Output
printf ( The p r e s s u r e o f t h e g a s e s i n t h e t u r b i n e
e x h a u s t a n n u l u s i s %3 . 1 f kg /cm2 , p4 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
p =[1 ,5] // P r e s s u r e s i n atm
T1 =288 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T3 =650+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
er =0.85 // E f f i c i e n c y r a t i o
x =0.72 // E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r
.K
155
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
T2 =( T1 *( p (2) / p (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T2i =( T1 +(( T2 - T1 ) / er ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T4 =( T3 /( p (2) / p (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T4i =( T3 -( er *( T3 - T4 ) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Tc =(( x *( T4i - T2i ) ) + T2i ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
W =(( Cp *(( T3 - T4i ) -( T2i - T1 ) ) ) ) // Workdone i n k c a l / kg
q =( Cp *( T3 - Tc ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d i n k c a l / kg
n =( W / q ) *100 // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
// Output
printf ( The h e a t e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p l a n t i s %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t ,n )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
p1 =1.03 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f a i r i n kg /cm2
T3 =815+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e t u r b i n e
in K
nc =0.83 // A d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r
nt =0.92 // I n t e r n a l e n g i n e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t u r b i n e
nr =0.65 // E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f r e g e n e r a t o r
p2 =2.45 // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T6 = T1 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
.K
g =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t
156
16
18 T2 =( T1 * rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
19 T4 =( T3 / rp ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
20 Wt =( Cp *( T3 - T4 ) ) // I s e n t r o p i c work done i n t h e t u r b i n e
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
Wc =( Cp *( T2 - T1 ) ) // I s e n t r o p i c work done i n t h e
c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
Wr =( Wt / Wc ) // Work r a t i o
nth =(( Wt - Wc ) / qa ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
T2i =( T1 +(( T2 - T1 ) / nc ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T4i =( T3 -( nt *( T3 - T4 ) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Wti =( Cp *( T3 - T4i ) ) // work done i n t h e t u r b i n e i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
Wci =( Cp *( T2i - T1 ) ) // work done i n t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n
k c a l / kg o f a i r
Wri =( Wti / Wci ) // Work r a t i o
qai =( Cp *( T3 - T2i ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
nthi =(( Wti - Wci ) / qai ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
T2ii =( T2i +(( T4i - T2i ) * nr ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
qaii =( Cp *( T3 - T2ii ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
nthii =(( Wti - Wci ) / qaii ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
T5 =( T1 *( p2 / p1 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T7 =( T1 *(( rp * p1 ) / p2 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T7ii =( T7i +(( T4i - T7i ) * nr ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Wcomp =( Cp *(( T5i - T1 ) +( T7i - T6 ) ) ) // C o m p r e s s o r work i n
Wratio =( Wti / Wcomp ) // Work r a t i o
qaa =( Cp *( T3 - T7ii ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
nthe =(( Wti - Wcomp ) / qaa ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
T8 =( T3 *( p2 /( rp * p1 ) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T8i =( T3 -(( T3 - T8 ) * nt ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
157
46 T10 =( T9 /( p2 / p1 ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K

47 T10i =( T9 -(( T9 - T10 ) * nt ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
48 T2iii =( T2i +(( T10i - T2i ) * nr ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
49 Wturb =( Cp *(( T3 - T8i ) +( T3 - T10i ) ) ) // C o m p r e s s o r work i n
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Wratioi =( Wturb / Wci ) // Work r a t i o
qaai =( Cp *(( T3 - T2iii ) +( T9 - T8i ) ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l /
kg o f a i r
nthei =(( Wturb - Wci ) / qaai ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
T7iii =( T7i +(( T10i - T7i ) * nr ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Wratioii =( Wturb / Wcomp ) // Work r a t i o
qaaii =( Cp *(( T3 - T7iii ) +( T9 - T8i ) ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l
/ kg o f a i r
ntheii =(( Wturb - Wcomp ) / qaaii ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
in percent
// Output
printf ( C o n d i t i o n
Work r a t i o
Thermal
e f f i c i e n c y ( i n p e r c e n t ) \n
(a)
%3 . 3 f
%3 . 1 f \n
(b)
%3 . 2 f
%3 . 1 f \n
(c)
%3 . 2 f
%3 . 1 f \n
(d)
%3 . 2 f
%3 . 1 f \n
(e)
%3 . 3 f
%3 . 1 f \n
(f)
%3 . 3 f
%3 . 1 f ,Wr , nth , Wri , nthi , Wri , nthii ,
Wratio , nthe , Wratioi , nthei , Wratioii , ntheii )

1 clc
2 clear
4 p =[1 ,9] // P r e s s u r e s i n a t a
5 T =[25+273 ,1250+273] // Minimum and maximum
158
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
temperatures in K
n =0.83 // C o m p r e s s o r and t u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c i e s
.K
x =0.65 // C y c l e w i t h 65% r e g e n e r a t i o n
// ( a ) Without r e g e n e r a t i o n
ip = sqrt ( p (1) * p (2) ) // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n a t a
T2 =( T (1) *( ip / p (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T3 =( T (1) +(( T2 - T (1) ) / n ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T4 = T (1) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T7 = T (2) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T8 = T7 /( ip / p (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T9 =( T7 -(( T7 - T8 ) * n ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Wc =(2* Cp *( T3 - T (1) ) ) // Work o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n k c a l / kg
of air
We =(2* Cp *( T7 - T8 ) ) // Work o f e x p a n s i o n i n k c a l / kg o f
air
NW =( We - Wc ) // Net o u t p u t i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
qi =( Cp *(( T7 - T6 ) +( T10 - T9 ) ) ) // Heat i n p u t i n k c a l / kg o f
air
nth =( NW / qi ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
29
30
31 // ( b ) C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y w i t h 65% r e g e n e r a t i o n
32 Tg =( T6 +( x *( T12 - T6 ) ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
33 q =( Cp *(( T7 - Tg ) +( T10 - T9 ) ) ) // Heat i n p u t i n k c a l / kg o f
air
34 nthi =( NW / q ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
35
36 // ( c ) C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y w i t h i d e a l
37 Eg = T12 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
159
regeneration
38 qa =(2* Cp *( T7 - Eg ) ) // Heat added i n k c a l / kg o f a i r

39 nthii =( NW / qa ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
40
41 // Output
42 printf ( ( a ) C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y w i t h o u t r e g e n e r a t i o n
is
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( b ) C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y w i t h 65
p e r c e n t r e g e n e r a t i o n i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( c ) C y c l e
e f f i c i e n c y w i t h i d e a l r e g e n e r a t i o n i s %3 . 0 f
p e r c e n t ,nth , nthi , nthii )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
p1 =1 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n atm
T1 =27+273 // I n l e t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n K
ic =0.8 // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r
ma =20.5 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s e c
T3 =650+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f b o t h t u r b i n e s i n K
p2 =5 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f t u r b i n e i n atm
it =0.92 // I n t e r n a l e n g i n e e f f i c i e n c y f o r b o t h t h e
turbines
Cpa =0.24 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e o f a i r
i n kJ / kg . K
ga =1.4 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
Cpg =0.276 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e o f g a s
i n kJ / kg . K
gs =1.33 // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r g a s
15
16
18 T2 =( T1 *( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
19 T2i =( T1 +(( T2 - T1 ) / ic ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
20 T4 =( T3 /( p2 / p1 ) ^(( gs -1) / gs ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
160
21 T4i =( T3 -(( T3 - T4 ) * it ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
22 Wc =( Cpa *( T2i - T1 ) ) // Work o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n k c a l / kg o f
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
air
We =( Cpg *( T3 - T4i ) ) // Work o f e x p a n s i o n i n k c a l / kg o f
air
mx =( Wc / We ) // Gas r e q u i r e d p e r kg o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d i n
kg
F =(( Cpa * T2i ) -( Cpg * T3 ) ) /( Cpg * T3 - CV ) // Amount o f f u e l
s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r i n kg
Wg =1+ F // Weight o f g a s e s p e r kg o f a i r i n kg
Wt =( Wg - mx ) // G a s e s s u p p l i e d t o t u r b i n e i n kg
Ot =(( Wt * ma *427* We ) /75) // Output o f t u r b i n e i n H . P
nth =(( Wt * We ) /( CV * F ) ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
// Output
printf ( Output i s %3 . 0 f H . P \n Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
%3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,Ot , nth )
is
Scilab code Exa 25.20 HP

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
q =2250 // Heat s u p p l i e d p e r s e c i n k c a l
// I n p u t d a t a from F i g . 2 5 . 3 4 from p a g e no . 652
.K
12
13
161
14 Wc =(2* Cp *( T1 - T2 ) ) // Work o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n k c a l / kg o f
air
15 We =(2* Cp *( T3 - T4 ) ) // Work o f e x p a n s i o n i n k c a l / kg o f
air
NW =( Wc - We ) // Net o u t p u t i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
qi =(2* Cp *( T3 - T4 ) ) // Heat i n p u t i n k c a l / kg o f a i r
nth =( NW / qi ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
rf =( q / qi ) // Rate o f f l o w o f w o r k i n g s u b s t a n c e i n kg /
sec
20 O =( NW * rf *427) /75 // T o t a l o u t p u t i n H . P
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
// Output
printf ( Output i s %3 . 0 f H . P \n Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,O , nth )
is

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
p =[5 ,20] // P r e s s u r e l i m i t s i n atm
.K
10 R =29.27 // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/ kg . K
12
14 T4 = T3 /( p (2) / p (1) ) ^(( g -1) / g ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
15 Wc =(( R * T1 ) / J ) * log ( p (2) / p (1) ) // C o m p r e s s i o n work i n
k c a l / kg
16 qs =( Cp *( T3 - T2 ) ) // Heat s u p p l i e d a t c o n s t a n t
162
pressure
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
i n k c a l / kg
qre =( Cp *( T4 - T1 ) ) // Heat e j e c t e d d u r i n g p r o c e s s 41 i n
k c a l / kg
nth =(( qs - Wc - qre ) /( qs - qre ) ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
in percent
nc =(( T3 - T1 ) / T3 ) *100 // C a r n o t e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
r =( nth / nc ) *100 // R a t i o o f a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y t o
carnot e f f i c i e n c y in percent
// Output
printf ( ( a ) a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e i s
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n ( b ) c a r n o t e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 0 f
p e r c e n t \n ( c ) R a t i o o f a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
t o c a r n o t e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,nth , nc , r )
163
Chapter 26
JET PROPULSION

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
Ve =2700 // J e t e x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Vf =1350 // Forward f l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
m =78.6 // P r o p e l l a n t c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
T =(( m /9.81) *( Ve - Vf ) ) // T h r u s t i n kg
TH =(( T * Vf ) /75) /10^5 // T h r u s t h o r s e power i n HP 1 0 5
pn =(2/(1+( Ve / Vf ) ) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
// Output
printf ( ( i ) T h r u s t i s %3 . 0 f kg \n ( i i ) T h r u s t h o r s e
power i s %3 . 3 f 1 0 5 H . P \n ( i i i ) P r o p u l s i v e
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,T , TH , pn )

164
1 clc
2 clear
5 F =1.4 // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg p e r h o u r p e r kg o f
thrust
6 T =900 // T h r u s t i n kg
7 Va =425 // A i r c r a f t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
8 w =19.5 // Weight o f a i r i n kg / s e c
9
11 af =( w /(( F * T ) /3600) ) // A i r f u e l r a t i o
12 nv =(( T * Va *3600) /(427* F * T * CV ) ) *100 // O v e r a l l
13
14
15
// Output
printf ( A i r f u e l r a t i o i s %3 . 1 f \n O v e r a l l
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,af , nv )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
a =11500 // A l t i t u d e i n m
n =123 // Number o f p a s s e n g e r s
c =3 // Cargo i n t o n n e s
Va =650 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n km/ h o u r
d =640 // Drag i n kg
pe =50 // P r o p u l s i o n e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
oe =18 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t
da =0.0172 // D e n s i t y o f a i r a t 1 1 5 0 0 m i n kg /cm2
165
15 Vp =(( Va *1000) /3600) // V e l o c i t y o f

16 Vr =((2/( pe /100) ) -1) * Vp // V e l o c i t y
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
a e r o p l a n e i n m/ s
o f w o r k i n g medium
i n m/ s
nhp =(( d * Vp ) /(75*( pe /100) ) ) // Net h o r s e power i n H . P
wf =(( nhp *75*3600) /(( oe /100) *427* CV ) ) // Mass f l o w r a t e
i n kg / h r
thp =(( Va * Vp ) /75) // T h r u s t h o r s e power i n H . P
F =( wf / thp ) // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r t h r u s t H . P h o u r i n
kg
W =(( Va *9.81) / Vr ) // A i r f l o w i n kg / s e c
va =( W / da ) // Volume o f a i r i n cu .m/ s e c
aa =( va /(3* Vr ) ) // Area o f j e t i n m2
d = sqrt ((4* aa ) /3.14) *100 // D i a m e t e r o f j e t i n cm
af =(( W *3600) / wf ) // A i r f u e l r a t i o
// Output
printf ( ( a ) A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f t h e j e t i s %3 . 1 f m/
s e c \n ( b ) Net h o r s e power o f t h e g a s p l a n t i s %3
. 0 f H . P \n ( c ) F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r t h r u s t H . P
h o u r i s %3 . 3 f kg \n ( d ) D i a m e t e r o f t h e j e t i s %3
. 1 f cm \n ( e ) Air f u e l r a t i o o f t h e e n g i n e i s %3
. 1 f ,Vr , nhp ,F ,d , af )
Scilab code Exa 26.4 AREA

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
p1 =7 // P r e s s u r e o f g a s b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n i n kg /cm2
p2 =5 // P r e s s u r e o f g a s a f t e r e x p a n s i o n i n kg /cm2
T1 =250+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n i n K
.K
9 nv =0.8 // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y
166
10
12 R =427*( Cp - Cv ) // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
g a s c o n s t a n t i n kg .m/
kg . K
g =( Cp / Cv ) // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
V1 =( R * T1 ) /( p1 *10^4) // Volume i n cu .m p e r kg
V2 =( V1 *( p1 / p2 ) ^(1/ g ) ) // Volume i n cu .m p e r kg
Wd =( g /( g -1) ) *( p1 * V1 - p2 * V2 ) *10^4 // Work done i n m. kg
p e r kg
KE =( nv * Wd ) // K i n e t i c e n e r g y a t e x i t i n m. kg p e r kg
v3 = sqrt (2*9.81* nv * Wd ) // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
T2 =( T1 *( p2 / p1 ) *( V2 / V1 ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T3 =(((1 - nv ) * Wd ) /(427* Cp ) ) + T2 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
V3 =( V2 *( T3 / T2 ) ) // Volume i n cu .m p e r kg
qa =( V3 / v3 ) *10^4 // D i s c h a r g e a r e a u n i t r a t e o f mass
f l o w i n cm2
// Output
printf ( Area o f d i s c h a r g e p e r u n i t r a t e o f mass f l o w
i s %3 . 2 f s q . cm , qa )
Scilab code Exa 26.5 POWER AND THRUST

1 clc
2 clear
4 p =3.5 // P r e s s u r e a t t h e
5
6
7
8
d e l i v e r y i s 3.5 times that at
entrance
T =1.15 // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n i s 1 . 1 5
times that for f r i c t i o n l e s s adiabatic compression
. I n t e x t b o o k i t i s g i v e n wrong a s 1 . 5
T3 =500+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f p r o d u c t s o f c o m b u s t i o n i n
K
pa =1 // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
Ta =15+273 // A t m o s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
167
9 Cp =0.24 // S p e c i f i c
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
.K
p2 = p * pa // P r e s s u r e i n kg /cm2
T2a =( Ta *( p2 / pa ) ^(( g -1) / g ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T2 =( T2a - Ta ) * T + Ta // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
wcomp =( Cp *( T2 - Ta ) ) // Work done by c o m p r e s s o r i n k c a l /
kg
T5 = T3 /( p2 / pa ) ^(( g -1) / g ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
dh35 =( Cp *( T3 - T5 ) ) // Change i n e n t h a l p y i n k c a l / kg
dhnozzle =( dh35 - wcomp ) // Change i n e n t h a l p y o f n o z z l e
i n k c a l / kg
v5 = sqrt (2*9.81* J * dhnozzle ) // V e l o c i t y a t t h e n o z z l e
e x i t i n m/ s e c
Th =( v5 /9.81) // T h r u s t i n kg p e r kg o f a i r / s e c
// Output
printf ( ( a ) t h e power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e
c o m p r e s s o r p e r kg o f a i r p e r s e c o n d i s %3 . 1 f k c a l
/ kg \n ( b ) S t a t i c t h r u s t d e v e l o p e d p e r kg o f a i r
p e r s e c o n d i s %3 . 1 f kg , wcomp , Th )
168

Internal Combustion Engines - H. B. Keswani - 2

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Internal Combustion Engines - H. B. Keswani - 2

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 AIR STANDARD CYCLES

4 FUEL AIR CYCLES AND REAL CYCLES

5 VARIABLE SPECIFIC HEAT

9 SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

11 FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

14 THE DIESEL ENGINE

16 COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES 110

19 TWO STROKE ENGINES

List of Scilab Codes

AIR FUEL RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SIZE OF THE VENTURI . . . . . . . . .

INDICATED HORSE POWER . . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 1.1 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 1.2 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 1.3 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 1.4 THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 1.5 FUEL CONSUMPTION

Scilab code Exa 3.1 AUR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.2 THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.3 FUEL CONSUMPTION

Scilab code Exa 3.4 RATIO

Scilab code Exa 3.5 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.6 HEAT AND WORK

Scilab code Exa 3.7 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.8 THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.9 TEMPERATURE AND EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.10 PRESSURE AND HEAT

Scilab code Exa 3.11 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.12 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.13 TEMPERATURE AND EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.14 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.15 WORK DONE AND EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.16 TEMPERATURE AND EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.18 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

Scilab code Exa 3.19 CYLINDER SIZES

Scilab code Exa 3.20 THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.21 COMPRESSION RATIO

12 v =( p (2) / p (1) ) ^(1/ n ) // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c v o l u m e s

Scilab code Exa 3.22 EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.26 PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 3.30 MAXIMUM HORSE POWER

Scilab code Exa 3.31 AIR FUEL RATIO

analysed in orsat apparatus

Scilab code Exa 3.32 AIR GAS RATIO

Scilab code Exa 3.33 FRICTION HORSE POWER

Scilab code Exa 4.1 WORK DONE

Scilab code Exa 5.2 CHANGE IN AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 5.3 WORK DONE

Scilab code Exa 5.4 PERCENTAGE OF STROKE

Scilab code Exa 5.5 PERCENTAGE OF STROKE

Scilab code Exa 5.6 CHANGE IN ENTHALPY

Scilab code Exa 5.7 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Scilab code Exa 5.8 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

Scilab code Exa 5.10 PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

log ( k ) ) /( k ^g -1) ) ) ) *100) // Change i n e f f i c i e n c y due

Scilab code Exa 6.1 EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 6.2 EFFICIENCY

Scilab code Exa 6.3 EFFICIENCY

(2) ) +( H (4) -H (3) ) ) ) *100 // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n

Scilab code Exa 8.1 COMPOSITION

^2/(29.81 da ) // Change i n p r e s s u r e i n kg /m2

/( dp ( dpa -(( l /100) ( dp /10^6) ) ) ) ) // A i r f u e l r a t i o