Chapter 1 - JAVA Programming Fundamentals

GIRNE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
JAVAPROGRAMMING
CHAPTER1 ProgrammingFundamentals
Duration:2Weeks(6Hrs.)
(
)
PreparedBy,
Dr.TamerTULGAR
WhatisJAVA?
HISTORY
Java began at Sun Microsystems around 1990 and was developed primarily
by James Gosling with inspiration from Bill Joy.
Called
C
ll d Oak
O k originally,
i i ll the
th language
l
was intended
i t d d as control
t l software
ft
for
f
embedded microprocessors in consumer items like cable set-top
boxes,VCR's, toasters, etc, as well as personal data assistants (PDA). This
meant that it should be
Platform independent since the processors would come from multiple
manufacturers.
Extremely reliable and compact.
compact
The interactive TV and PDA markets never took off, but in 1993 the internet
and the Web began to explode and the Java emphasis was quickly shifted to
internet applications.
Not much attention paid until the HotJava browser, written in Java at Sun in
a few months, appeared in 1994. It illustrated the power of applets, Java
programs downloaded over the net and run in the browser at the client end.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
PreparedBy,Dr.TamerTULGAR
WhatisJAVA?
HISTORY
In 1996 the Java Development Kit (JDK) Version 1.0 was released by Sun and
available free for downloading. Version 1.1, with substantially greater
capabilities, was released in 1997.
Netscape 2.0-4.0 included Java 1.0. Microsoft and other companies also
licensed Java.
Battles began over control of Java. Microsoft added capabilities to its
version of Java to take advantage of native Windows functions but this
reduced Java
s platform independence
independence. Sun came out with the "100%
100% Pure
Java's
Java" campaign.
Sun is trying to turn Java over to a standards body yet still maintain status
as the primary source. Sun also wants control of the copyrights to logos,
etc.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
WhatisJAVA?
JAVA Features
Simplicity
Si
li i - (at
( least
l
compared
d to C and
d C++
C )
no pointers,
no preprocessor
automatic garbage collection
Familiarity - similar enough to C and C++ that programmers can get going quickly.
Object Oriented throughout, e.g. no coding outside of class definitions,

including main(). Comes with an extensive standard class library.
Compiler/Interpreter Combo - code is compiled to bytecodes which are interpreted by a virtual
machine.
compilation, which does extensive code checking
checking, and
machine Offers the advantages of compilation
interpretation, which allows for portability.
Security - several features work to provide greater security:
no memory pointers
programs run inside the virtual machine which can limit the size of the "sandbox" allowed to
the program.
code checked for pathologies by the
bytecode verifier
class loader
security manager
Robustness - exception handling built
built-in,
in strong type checking (i.e.
(i e all variables must be given
explicit type), local variables must be initialized, extensive compile and run time checking.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
WhatisJAVA?
JAVA Features
Platform Independence - once the virtual interpreter is ported to a given machine, the
Java routines will run on that platform without code modification or re-compilation.
Good Performance - interpretation of bytecodes instead of text, as in Basic, provides
fast performance, although can still be substantially slower than programs compiled
to native machine code. However, just-in-time compilers, which compile the Java
bytecodes to native code on the fly, will provide performance at 50-90% the speed of
C/C
C/C++ programs.
Built-in Networking - since Java was designed with networking in mind, it comes with
many classes available for internet communications. Can easily design routines to
communicate via URL's as well as design standalone server/client systems using
more direct communications.
Th di - multiple
lti l Lightweight
Li ht i ht processes, called
ll d threads,
th d can easily
il be
b spun off
ff to
t
Threading
perform multi-processing. These are used, for example, in multi-media programs
where one thread presents graphics and another plays the sound recordings.
Dynamic - objects of new classes can be added dynamically at run-time. For example,
a routine implementing a new kind of compression/decompression format could be
downloaded along with the data file to carry out the decompression of the picture
JAVAPROGRAMMING
WhatisJAVA?
JAVA Features
To code in JAVA what we need is actually only

the JDK ( JAVA DEVELOPMENT KIT))
programs we have to have JRE
To run JAVA programs,
(JAVA Runtime Environment) installed on
the
th computer
t or the
th machine
hi environment
i
t
(PDA, Mobile phone, toaster, microwave oven
etc.)
That is to say, JRE is the name of the
VIRTUAL MACHINE
MACHINE.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
YOURFIRSTJAVAPROGRAM
Anatomy of the Program
First thing to learn : JAVA is designed to be Object Oriented.

Anything, everything you code will be in th form of classes,
member data (FIELDS) of a Class,
member functions (METHODS) of a Class,
A d the
And
th instances
i t
off the
th classes
l
you code
d ( O B J E C T S)
BECAREFUL!! Your program code
and executable will have name
HelloWorld (case sensitive)
Your program is a class itself

itself.
That is why the extension of a
JAVA executable is .class
In JAVA, the main function is a
method of your main program class.
Since JAVA main() functions CANNOT return

any value, main in JAVA has void return type.
Remember !!! In C/C++, since

the program must inform the
OS at all times, the main
function MUST return int
The main program must be invoked without being called as the first function. Only static functions can be called
without creating
g the instance to the classes. So we are declaring
g it as static.
Because public is an access specifier and static is the keyword that executes instantly when java program run ...we
can access the main () in the another class if we need
JAVAPROGRAMMING
HOWTOCOMPILEANDRUNAJAVAPROGRAM
Classical Way
1 . Write
W it your source code
d in
i
any text editor and save it in a
folder you want with .java
extension.
2. Compile your code with

javac (JAVA Compiler).
Compiler will produce a .class
class
file.
3. Run your program using

java command.
Remember, .class runs on the
JAVA virtual machine.
i.e. Your program is not
compiled for the real machine.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
Netbeans IDE
ATTENTION !!! COMMON STUDENT MISTAKE !!!

IDE(Integrated Development Environment) IS NOT THE COMPILER
JAVAPROGRAMMING
Netbeans IDE
1 . CREATE A NEW PROJECT
JAVAPROGRAMMING
10
Netbeans IDE
2 . FOR BASIC CONSOLE APPLICATION CHOOSE Java Application

pp
JAVAPROGRAMMING
11
Netbeans IDE
2 . Set the name and the folder of your program
BECAREFUL!! THE NAME YOU WRITE

HERE WILL BE NAME OF YOUR MAIN
SOURCE JAVA FILE.
I this
thi example,
l you are setting
tti
In
a
HelloWorld.java source filename
JAVAPROGRAMMING
12
Netbeans IDE
3 . Write your source code, compile run and see the output. (IDE)
Compile and run your program by

clicking this icon.(GREEN PLAY icon)
Error messages, warnings or the

output will appear here.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
13
JAVALANGUAGE
Programming Fundamentals
BASIC DATA TYPES,, FUNDAMENTAL

FLOW CONTROL STATEMENTS etc.
HAVE EXTREMELY SIMILAR SYNTAX
AND SEMANTICS TO C FAMILY...
LETS
SO LET
S DIRECTLY USE OUR C/C++
LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE AND
WARM UP WITH SOME REAL
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES...
JAVAPROGRAMMING
14
JAVALANGUAGE
Flow Control Fundamentals
1. Display
y Hello World 10 times
JAVAPROGRAMMING
15
JAVALANGUAGE
2. Display
p y Hello World only
y on the even counts of the loop
p
JAVAPROGRAMMING
16
JAVALANGUAGE
3. Display
p y the for loop
p counter
JAVAPROGRAMMING
17
JAVALANGUAGE
4. Lets use if statement
JAVAPROGRAMMING
18
JAVALANGUAGE
5. Lets use while loop
JAVAPROGRAMMING
19
JAVALANGUAGE
6. PAY ATTENTION TO ARRAY DECLERATION
JAVAPROGRAMMING
20
JAVALANGUAGE
7. PAY ATTENTION USER INPUT PART and ARRAY DECLERATION
JAVAPROGRAMMING
21
JAVALANGUAGE
!! HOMEWORK !!
WRITE THE FOLLOWING JAVA PROGRAMS:
1
1.
Create a random integer and display the prime numbers between 0 and that random
number.
2.
Declare a matrix, fill it by user input, display the sum and the avarage of the
elements.
3.
Declare three 10 by 10 matrices, assign the matrix product of the first two to the third
matrix Display the product.
product
matrix.
4.
Take integers from the user until he/she enters 1000, display the sum and the avarage
of the numbers.
5.
Declare an integer array of 100 elements. Fill your array with random numbers and
sort your array in ascending order using:
I
I.
Bubble Sort
II.
Quick Sort
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html
JDK is FREE YOU CAN DOWNLOAD

JDK + NetBeans Bundle using
g the URL
given above.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
22
JAVALANGUAGE
Operators and White Spaces in Java
Escape Codes
Operator Precedence Table

Highest
Precedence
LETS REMEMBER SOME OF THE

MOST WIDELY USED OPERATORS
AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
Lowest
Precedence
JAVAPROGRAMMING
23
JAVALANGUAGE
Primitive Data Types in Java
Integer data can be stored with int type. There are various sizes of int;
The floating-point number, which has the type float or double.

Floating-point numbers are numbers with a decimal point. The float type can
handle any number from 1.4E
1 4E-45
45 to 3.4E+38.
3 4E+38 If not enough,
enough the double type can
be used for more precise numbers ranging from 4.9E-324 to 1.7E+308.
The char type is used for individual characters, such as letters, numbers,
punctuation, and other symbols.
Lastly, in Java we have boolean type which can be either true or false.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
24
JAVALANGUAGE
Keyword final in Java
A java variable can be declared using the keyword final.

final
Then the final variable can be assigned only once.
- A variable
i bl that
th t is
i declared
d l
d as final
fi l and
d nott initialized
i iti li d is
i called
ll d a
blank final variable.
A blank final variable forces the constructors to initialize it.
- Java classes declared as final cannot be extended.
Restricting
g inheritance!
- Methods declared as final cannot be overridden.
eg
e.g.
final float a = 3.56;
JAVAPROGRAMMING
// a is constant now, it cannot be

changed later in the program.
25
JAVALANGUAGE
Working with Arrays in Java
In general, a one-dimensional array is a list of related variables referenced by a

common name
name. In JAVA above definition is also valid but there is a very important
implementation detail:
IN JAVA ARRAYS ARE IMPLEMENTED AS OBJECTS

General form of array declaretion in JAVA:
type array_name[] = new type[size];
Th creation
The
ti
off an array is
i a two
t
step
t process.
step1 Declare an array reference
step 2 Allocate memory for the array and assign the reference to that memory.
For example;
(step 1) int array1[];
(step 2) array1 = new int[50];
int array1[] = new int[50];
!!! The keyword new is used to dynamically allocate memory for

objects. Thus, we will be using the new keyword for any
object creation.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
26
JAVALANGUAGE
Using for-each loop (EXTREMELY USEFUL WITH LISTS OF OBJECTS)
Here you can use

i < arr.length
Data member(field)
elm will get the consecutive

elements of the array during
the iterations of the for loop.
e.g.
iteration 0 ..... elm <- arr[0]
..........
JAVAPROGRAMMING
27
JAVALANGUAGE
Two-dimensional arrays are, in fact, arrays of arrays.Therefore, two-dimensional

arrays are created
t d in
i th
the same way as one-dimensional
di
i
l arrays.
int array2[][] = new int[10][5];
Above declaretion creates a matrix with 10 rows and 5 columns in memory.
array2[0]
array2[1]
array2[2]
array2[9]
JAVAPROGRAMMING
28
JAVALANGUAGE
In JAVA, multi dimensional array

y declaration can be done manually.
y
This feature creates a very important advantage for JAVA.
Example
int sample[][] = new int[6][]; Here you can declare the
second dimension seperately
sample[0]
0 = new int[5];
sample[1] = new int[5];
sample[0]
p [ ]
sample[3]
l [3] = new int[3];
i t[3]
sample[1]
ADVANTAGE OF
IRREGULAR ARRAYS
YOU DO NOT WASTE MEMORY
SPACE. (i.e. You can allocate
exactyle what you need.)
THIS POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE
ARRAYS ARE LISTS OF OBJECTS.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
sample[2]
sample[3]
sample[4]
l [5]
sample[5]
29
JAVALANGUAGE
Using two dimensional arrays and random number generators
for (int r = 0; r < a.length; r++)

for (int c = 0; c<a[r].length; c++)
Using length is more flexible
especially when using
irregular arrays.
JAVAPROGRAMMING
30
JAVALANGUAGE
Using irregular arrays
JAVAPROGRAMMING
31
JAVALANGUAGE
Working with Strings in Java
In most of the programming langugaes, a string is a one-dimensional array of

characters.
IN JAVA STRINGS ARE NOT CHARACTER ARRAYS.

THEY ARE OBJECTS ON THEIR OWN.
General form of String declaretion in JAVA:
S i
String
str1
1 =
Hello
ll World;
ld
String str2;
String str3 = str2;
BECAREFUL, since the String is the name of the class data type
String
S.
g starts with capital
p
Some useful methods of the String class.
str1.length()
Returns the length of the string
str1.equals(str2) Returns true if str1 and str2 are equal.
str1.charAt(idx) Returns the character at the index idx.
str1.compareTo(str2)
str1 and str2,, returns zero if str1==str2
p
(
) Compares
p
if str1 < str2, returns negative int
if str1 > str2, returns positive int
JAVAPROGRAMMING
32
JAVALANGUAGE
Using switch-case statement block. Pay attention to .charAt method
Here you can use

i < a.length()
Method!!!!
JAVAPROGRAMMING
33
JAVALANGUAGE
Using if-else statement block. Pay attention to .equals method
JAVAPROGRAMMING
34
JAVALANGUAGE
Using do-while loop. Pay attention to .equals method
JAVAPROGRAMMING
35
JAVALANGUAGE
Arrays of Strings
In JAVA we can create arrays

of Strings. (i.e.array of objects)
Every string in the array can
have different length.
Also, pay attention that in
JAVA string concatenation is
performed
f
d by
b the
th + operator.
t
JAVAPROGRAMMING
36

Chapter 1 - JAVA Programming Fundamentals

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GIRNE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

Object Oriented throughout, e.g. no coding outside of class definitions,

To code in JAVA what we need is actually only

Anatomy of the Program

First thing to learn : JAVA is designed to be Object Oriented.

Your program is a class itself

Since JAVA main() functions CANNOT return

Remember !!! In C/C++, since

2. Compile your code with

3. Run your program using

ATTENTION !!! COMMON STUDENT MISTAKE !!!

1 . CREATE A NEW PROJECT

2 . FOR BASIC CONSOLE APPLICATION CHOOSE Java Application

2 . Set the name and the folder of your program

BECAREFUL!! THE NAME YOU WRITE

Compile and run your program by

Error messages, warnings or the

BASIC DATA TYPES,, FUNDAMENTAL

Flow Control Fundamentals

Flow Control Fundamentals

Flow Control Fundamentals

Flow Control Fundamentals

4. Lets use if statement

Flow Control Fundamentals

5. Lets use while loop

Flow Control Fundamentals

6. PAY ATTENTION TO ARRAY DECLERATION

Flow Control Fundamentals

7. PAY ATTENTION USER INPUT PART and ARRAY DECLERATION

WRITE THE FOLLOWING JAVA PROGRAMS:

JDK is FREE YOU CAN DOWNLOAD

Operators and White Spaces in Java

Operator Precedence Table

LETS REMEMBER SOME OF THE

Primitive Data Types in Java

The floating-point number, which has the type float or double.

Keyword final in Java

A java variable can be declared using the keyword final.

// a is constant now, it cannot be

Working with Arrays in Java

In general, a one-dimensional array is a list of related variables referenced by a

IN JAVA ARRAYS ARE IMPLEMENTED AS OBJECTS

int array1[] = new int[50];

!!! The keyword new is used to dynamically allocate memory for

Flow Control Fundamentals

Using for-each loop (EXTREMELY USEFUL WITH LISTS OF OBJECTS)

Here you can use

elm will get the consecutive

Working with Arrays in Java

Two-dimensional arrays are, in fact, arrays of arrays.Therefore, two-dimensional

Working with Arrays in Java

In JAVA, multi dimensional array

Working with Arrays in Java

Using two dimensional arrays and random number generators

for (int r = 0; r < a.length; r++)

Working with Arrays in Java

Using irregular arrays

Working with Strings in Java

In most of the programming langugaes, a string is a one-dimensional array of

IN JAVA STRINGS ARE NOT CHARACTER ARRAYS.

Working with Strings in Java

Using switch-case statement block. Pay attention to .charAt method

Here you can use

Working with Strings in Java