Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Convection
MEC 3609: HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation
Dr M N A Hawlader
Office: E1-05 8.1
e-mail: mehawlader@iium.edu.my
Tel. 6196 6518 (O)
0102796097 (M)
Steam Turbine
Heat Exchangers
Q<0
dT/dx <0
Q>0
Thermal Conductivities
Materials
Copper
Aluminium
Carbon steel, 1%C
Glass
Plastics
Water
Air
Styrofoam
k at 300K (W/m.K)
399.0
237.0
43.0
0.81
0.2 - 0.3
0.6
0.026
0.030
Fluid
Air, free convection
Superheated steam or
air, forced convection
Oil, forced convection
Water, forced convection
Water, boiling
Steam, condensing
W/m2K
6 - 30
30 - 300
60 - 1,800
300 - 6,000
3,000 - 60,000
6,000 - 120,000
Qc = hc A T, W
Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Equation
Qr = A1T14, W
Example 1:
Solution of Example 1:
1200oC
200oC
3m
Tm = 0.5(1200+200)
= 700oC
km = 1.5
3m
200 mm
4m
= 7500 W/m2
Rate of heat input required = 7500 x 54 = 405 kW
Example 2:
An insulated pipe supplying steam from a boiler
runs through a room where the air and walls are
at 30oC. The outer diameter of the pipe is 100 mm
and its surface temperature is 250oC. The natural
convection heat transfer coefficient from the
surface to the air is 20 W/m2K. Find the rate of
heat transfer from the surface due to convection
and radiation per unit length of pipe. For
radiation heat loss, the outer surface of the pipe
may be treated as blackbody surface.
250oC
Do = 100 mm
T=30oC
Example 3
The temperature in a house located at latitude 40o N is
maintained at 23oC with a temperature controller. The
temperature of the inner surfaces of walls, floors and the
ceiling of the house are found to be at an average
temperature of 12oC in winter and 27oC in summer. A
person with an external body surface area of 1.2 m2 and
temperature of 32oC remains in standing position for
fifteen minutes inside the room, where the temperature is
23oC. Find the rate of radiation exchange between the
person and surrounding surfaces.
Solution Example 3
The emittance of person (external surfaces of the skin) =0.95
The rate of radiation heat exchange is given by
Q As (Ts T
4
4
surr
For summer,
Law of Conduction
Qx = -kA dT/dx, W
Qc = hc A T, W
Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Equation
Qr = A1T14, W
Exercise-1A
1. In a cold climate, a house is heated either using electricity or gas or coal to maintain
the desired temperature. The roof of such a house is 5 m long and 7 m wide, and 0.20 m
thick, and is made of concrete having a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/m.K. On a winter
night , the temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the roof are measured as 16oC
and 2oC, respectively, for a period of 8 hours. Determine (i) the rate of heat loss through
the roof and (ii) the cost of heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is $0.17
per kWh.
Exercise-1A
1. In a cold climate, a house is heated either using
electricity or gas or coal to maintain the desired
temperature. The roof of such a house is 5 m long and
7 m wide, and 0.20 m thick, and is made of concrete
having a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/m.K. On a
winter night , the temperatures of the inner and outer
surfaces of the roof are measured as 16oC and 2oC,
respectively, for a period of 8 hours. Determine (i)
the rate of heat loss through the roof and (ii) the cost
of heat loss to the home owner if the cost of
electricity is $0.17 per kWh.
Exercise-1A
Brief outline of solution
Question 1
Heat loss from the roof
q = kA[(T1 T2)/t], where t = thickness of
in kW
the roof
Amount of heat lost during 8 hours
Q = q x no of hours, kWh
Cost = (amount of energy in kWh) x(unit cost of
energy)
Exercise-1A
Question 2
An electrical heater, which consists of a rod 300
mm long and 10 mm in diameter, is placed in
room at 12oC in steady state operation. Heat is
generated in the rod as a result of resistance
heating and the surface temperature is 140oC
under steady state operation. The voltage drop
and the current through the rod are measured and
found to be 50 V and 2 A, respectively.
Considering negligible heat losses by radiation,
estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient
between the outer surface of the rod and the air in
the room.
Exercise-1A
Brief outline of solution
Question 2
Neglect radiation heat loss
Under steady state operation, heat loss from the
surface by convection equals energy generated
within the rod due to resistance heating.
q = energy generated = VI = (voltage drop, V) x
(current, A), W
Exercise-1A
Question 3
A blackbody at 25oC is exposed to solar
radiation and the temperature increased to
95o C. Estimate the increase in radiation
heat transfer.
Exercise-1A
Brief outline of solution
Question 3
Calculate emissive power at both
temperatures. Increase in radiant heat
transfer is equal to the difference in
emissive power.
E1 = T14 , W/m2
E2 = T24 , W/m2
SECTION 2
CONDUCTION EQUATIONS
dy
dz
dx
q+dq
T(x,t)
x
x
z
Qx >>Qy, Qz
CONDUCTION EQUATIONS
Plane Wall
x+dx
x=L
T=TL
d dT
k
0
dx dx
d 2T
k 2 0
dx
k cons tan t
solution
T C1 x C2
becomes
d2T/dx2=0
Integrate
twice
Boundary Conditions:
Fluid Flow
1. T(0) = T0
2. T(L) = TL
Heat Flux
at T , h
W/m2K
x = 0, T=To,
C2 = To;
x = L, T=TL,
TL = C1 L + To
C1 =( TL To)/L
Hence, T = x ( TL To)/L + To
(T To)/(TL To) = x/L
x=0
T0
x=L
TL
x
= x/L
(2.3)
TL - T0
Fluid Flow
Q = -kA dT/dx
Heat Flux
=kA(T0 - TL)/L
= (T0 - TL)/(L/ kA)
Rt.cond = L/kA
W/m2K
(2.6)
T0
TL
Rt,cond
at T , h
x=0
T0
x=L
TL
1/hiA
Ti
Qc=hiA(Ti-T0)
= (Ti-T0)/(1/hiA)
To
1/hoA
TL
q = Ttotal/ Rt
Q = hA(T4 - T)
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
R4= 1/hA
R1 = L1/k1A1
2
L1
R2= L2/k2A2
R3= L3/k3A3
Heat Flux
R4= 1/hA
W/m2K
Fluid Flow
L2
L3
at T , h
T
q
T1
T2
T3
T4
R1 = L1/k1A1
R2= L2/k2A2
R3= L3/k3A3
R4= 1/hA
T1-T2= Qx(L1/k1A)
T2-T3 = Qx(L2/k2A)
T3-T4=Qx(L3/k3A)
Ti
To
T4-To =Qx(1/hoA)
Ti To = Qx(1/hiA+L1/k1A+L2/k2A+L3/k3A+1/hoA) =T
Qx = UA T where UA= 1/ Rtotal
(2.13)
Example 2.1B
A double glazed window (height:1m and
width:1.5m consists of two 4mm-thick layers of
glass (k=0.78 W/mK) separated by a 10mm thick
stagnant air space (k=0.026 W/mK). Determine
the steady rate of heat transfer through this
double-glazed window. The temperature inside the
room is maintained at 22oC while the ambient
(outdoor) is 32oC. The convective heat transfer
coefficient of the inner and outer surfaces of the
window are hi=12 W/m2K and h0=48 W/m2K,
respectively, which include the effect of radiation.
l1
Ri
1
1
0.055 K W
h i A 12 W m 2 K 1.5m 2
R1
l1
0.004m
0.0034 K W
2
k 1A 0.78 W mK 1.5m
l2
l3
22 C
32 C
l2
0.001m
0.256 K W
2
k 2 A 0.026 W mK 1.5m
R 3 R 1 0.0034 K W
R2
R0
1
1
0.0139 K W
2
2
h o A 48 W m K 1.5m
R total R 0.3317 K W
Q
T
32 22
30.15W
R totoal 0.3317
Ri
R1
R2
R3
Ro
Exercise 2A
Exercise 2A-contd
dT
dx
qr = - kA
(2.17)
where A = 2 r.L
L = length of cylinder
Substitution of equation (2.17) into equation (2.16) results in the following equation:
-(2 rL)k
dT
dT
d dT
+ (2 rL)k
+ (2 kL) r
dr
dr
dr dr
(2 kL)
d dT
r
0
dr dr
d dT
r
dr dr
dr =0
dr =0
d dT
r 0
dr dr
(2.18)
Integrating equation (2.18) twice gives
T= C1Ln r + C2
Boundary Conditions:
(1) T(ri) =Ti
(2) T(ro ) =To
d dT
r
0
dr dr
Integrate
dT
r
C
1
dr
C
dT 1 dr
r
T C Lnr C
1
2
T C1 Lnr C2
Boundary Conditions (BC)
T ri Ti
1
T r To
2
BC 1 gives Ti C1 Lnri C2 (1)
BC 2 gives To C1 Lnro C2 (2)
Subtract (2) from (1)
ri
Ti To C1 ( Lnri Lnro ) C1 Ln
ro
Ti To
Hence, C1 Ln(r / r )
i
o
where,
C1
Ti To
Ln ri r o
and
Ln r ri
Ln ri r o
C2 Ti Ti To
Ln ri
Ln ri ro
dT
dT
Q r k A ( r ) d r k (2 rL ) d r
L n ro ri
Ti To
Ti To
Ti To
2 kL
;Rt
R
2 k L
t
L n ro ri
L n ro ri
2 k L
Ln r2 r1
1
R1
R2
2 r1 h1 L
2 k 1L
R4
ln( r4 / r3 )
2k 3 L
R3
Ln r3 r2
2 k 2L
1
R5
2r4 ho L
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5
Example 2.2B
T1
R1
=1/h 1 A 1
T3
T2
T3
R3
R2
Ti
T1
T2
T0
R4
T3
To
r1
T2
r2
To
insulation
To = Surrounding fluid temperature
R1
1
h i A1
R2
Ln r3 r2
R3
2k 2 L
Ln r2 r1
2k 1L
1
R4
hoAo
R1
R2
65 W
mK
Ln 27.5
0.1571m
0.098 K W
25 0.0002 K W
2 75 W mK
Ln 52.5
27.5 2.058 K W
R3
20.05 W mK
1
R4
0.1212 K W
25x 0.3299
T pw QR 2
= (118.55W)(0.0002 K/W)
= 0.02 o C
T insulation QR 3
= (118.5W)(2.058 K/W)
= 243.97 o C
Q
T1
T2
R2
Ti To
Q UAT
, where T Ti To
R total
Hence,
UA
R total
1 2.2774 0.439 W mK
Qc = hc A T, W
Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Equation
Qr = A1T14, W
dT d
dT
kA dr
dr dr
dr
r
k
dr 0
dr
dr
ro
ri
2)
T(ri) = Ti;
T(ro) = To
C1
Ti
C2
ri
C1
C2
To = ro
Hence,
C1
Ti To
(1 / ro ) (1 / ri )
T Ti
r
r
o [1 i ]
Ti To ri ro
r
Ti To
C
(
1
/
r
)
i
i
and 2
(1 / r ) (1 / r )
o
Hollow Cylinder
Hollow sphere
q
q
kA
T
L
2kL
Ln ro r i
Thermal Resistance
L
kA
T
4kri ro
T
q
ri ro
Ln ro r i
2kL
ro ri
4kri ro
Final Exam:60%
q = UA (T)total
(21)
1
UA
( L1 / k1 A1 ) ( L2 / k 2 A2 ) ( L3 / k 3 A3 )
For , A1 A2 A3
1
U
( L1 / k1 ) ( L2 / k 2 ) ( L3 / k 3 )
T1 T
q UA (T)
R t ;where
and
1
UA
Rt
(2.23)
hi 2ri L
2k1 L
2k 2 L
2k 3 L ho 2r3 L
2kL 2hro L
q q L
Ti T
Ln ro ri
1
2k h 2ro
(2.24)
1/2hro
Ln(ro/ri)/2k
Resistance
At Bi = 1,
At Bi < 1,
At Bi > 1,
Example 2.2C
An electric wire, diameter d=3mm and length L=5m, is
tightly wrapped with a 2mm-thick plastic cover (thermal
conductivity k=0.15 W/mK). Measurements indicate that
a current of 10A passes through the wire causing a
voltage drop of 8V. The wire is exposed to an
environment at 32oC with a convective heat transfer
coefficient h=12 W/m2K. Determine the temperature at
the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady
operation. Also, evaluate whether doubling the thickness
of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this
interface temperature.
T2
k
A2 = (2r2)L = 2(0.0035m)(5m)
= 0.1099 m2
r1
R con
1
1
0.758 K W
hA 2 (12 W mK )(0.1099m 2 )
R plastic
Ln r2 r1
Ln 35 15
2kL
20.15 W mK 5m
= 0.1798 K W
T1
r2
T1
T2
Rplastic
Ta
Rcon
T1 To
Q
T1 To QR total
R total
32 80W 0.9378 K W
= 107.02 oC
The critical thickness of insulation:
rcr
k 0.15 W mK
h 12 W m 2 K
= 0.0125 m
= 12.5 mm
q net
dT d
dT
kA
(kA )dx
dx
dx dx
dx
x kA dT
d 2T
k dx 2 q g 0
Poissons Equation
]
T1
2T
qg
k
X= 0
qg
X= L
d2T/dx2 +qg/k = 0
insulated
1. T(0) = T1
Boundary Conditions
T(x) = - [qg/2k]x2 + C1x +C2
d T qg
0
2
dx
k
dT qg
x C1
dx k
qg 2
T
x C1 x C2
2k
(1)T (0) T1
dT
(2)( ) x L 0
dx
qg L
C1
; C2 T1
k
qg 2 qg L
T
x
T1
2k
k
T ( x) T1 q g xL
x
T1
kT1 2 L
The temperature distribution is parabolic
with x
and the maximum value occurs at the
insulated
2
surface, x = L.
q L
T ( L) Tmax T1
2k
Q r Q r dr Q g 0
dT
dT
d
dT
) [2kL(r
) 2kL (r
)dr ]
dr
dr
dr dr
2rLdrq g 0
2kL(r
After rearrangements
qg
1 d dT
(r
)
0
r dr dr
k
qg = I2R/V
d (rdT/dr)/rdr + qg/k = 0
T(r) = C1 Ln r - qgr2/4k +C2
Boundary conditions:
1. T(ro) = To
2. dT/drr=o = 0
ro
T (r ) To q r
To
4kTo
2
g o
r2
1 2
r
o
Example 5:
A 2-kW resistance water heater is used to boil
water in a kettle. The cylindrical heating element
has a diameter of 5 mm and length 0.6 m, where
thermal conductivity, k= 15 W/m.K. If the outer
surface temperature is 110oC, estimate the
temperature at the centre of the element.
Solution:
qg = Qgen/Vele =2000(W)/ (0.0025)2(m2) 0.6 (m)
= 0.1697x109 W/m3
T(r=0) = To + qgro2/4k
=110+0. 1697x109 (W/m3) (0.0025)2(m2)
/4x15 (W/m.K)
= 127.7oC
x
hAs[T(x ])-T
-kA dT/dx
qx
-kA dT/dx
+d(-kAdT/dx) x/dx
qc
qx+ x
q x q x x qc
dT
dT
d
dT
kA kA
kA dx hAs T ( x ) T ,
dx x
dx x dx
dx
or
d
dT
kA
hP
dx
dx
T ( x) T = 0
As
where A = Pdx
P= Perimeter
(2.34)
d
2
0
2
dx
2
Where = T - T
m2 = h P/ kA
Equation representing
temperature distribution in
a straight fin of constant
x-section
Solution, = C1 e-mx + C2 e mx
= C1 cosh mx + C2 sinh mx
= C1 e-mx + C2 e mx
C1 = o and C2 = 0
Heat Transfer
x L
x 0
hP dx
x=0, T = To
o
-mx
-2mL
mx
2mL
/ o = [e /(1+e
)] + [e /(1+e )]
Q = -kA d/dx| x=0
-kdT/dx]x=L
= hL(T x=L - T)
Solution 2.3 A
The fin temperature is a function of length and varies
between 100oC and 28oC. We evaluate thermal
100 28
64 oC,
conductivity at an average temperature of
2
k=396.0 W/mK.
i)
= 72 x 0.0135 W
= 0.9745 W
= To-T = 72
2.3A- (ii)
d
The tip of
the fin is insulated, dx x L 0
Q 0 PhkA tanh mL
= 0.9745 x 0.2058
= 0.2005 W
hP
kA
12x( 0.0025)
396x ( 0.0025) 2
4
6.963
mL = 6.963 x 0.03
= 0.2088
2.3A-(iii)
i)
sinh mL h mk cosh mL
Q 0 PhkA
cosh mL h
sinh mL
mk
0.21 0.00435x1.02
0.9745x
1.02 0.00435x 0.21
0.2144
0.9745x
1.02
0.205W
sinh mL = 0.21
cosh mL = 1.02
h
12
mk 6.963x 396
= 0.00435
Example 2.3B
An array of 10 aluminum alloy fins, each 3 mm
wide, 0.4 mm thick, and 40 mm long, is used to
cool a transistor. When the base is at 67oC and
the ambient is at 27oC, how much power do they
dissipate if the combined convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient is estimated to
be 8 W/m2K? The alloy has a conductivity of
175 W/m.K. The heat transfer from the tip of
the fin is negligible. Also, find the efficiency
and effectiveness of the fin.
Solution Outline
For one fin:
A= (0.003)(0.0004)=1.2x10-6m2
P=2(0.003+0.0004)=6.8x10-3m
m2= hP/kA=(8.0W/m2.K)(6.8x10-3m)
/(175W/m.K)(1.2x10-6m2)
=259 m -2
m = 16.1 m -1; mL= (16.1 m-1)(0.040 m)
= 0.644
PL=(6.8x10-3m)(0.040 m)= 2.72x10-4m2
= (1/mL)tanh mL
= (1/0.644)tanh (0.644)
= 0.881
Q = Qmax= 0.0764W per fin
QT= 10x Q=0.764 W
Newtons Law,
q/As =h (Ts - T) = T/(1/h)
Fourier Law,
q/A = -k dT/dx = T/(Lc/k)
Bi = Biot Number
= h Lc/k = (Lc/k)/(1/h) < 0.1
T
T
=density
c=sp ht
V=volume
Qc =
hA
(
T
T
)
dt
s
Qc = Vc (Ti - T)
[1 - exp(-hAs/ Vc)t]
Qmax = Vc (Ti - T)
Qc/Qmax =1- exp(-hAs/Vc)t
a) the length of time that the bearings must remain in the oil
before their temperature drops to 200oC,
Outline of Solution:
hAst/Vcp =(hLc/k) (t/Lc2) = (Bi) (Fo)
Where, (Bi) = (hLc/k = h(ro/3)/k =0.04
(Fo) = (t/Lc2) = t/(ro/3)2 = 0.293t
a) (200-55)/(650-55) = e (0.04)(0.293t)
t = 120.5 s
Find t from above eqn
b) Q =hAs(Ti - T)[1- e -(Bi) (Fo) ] t/ (Bi) (Fo)
= 5.79x104 J
t = 0, Q = 897 W
t = 120.5 s, Q = 218 W
Solution
d
Vc
q g V hAs
dt
where = T - T
d
a b
dt
where
a
b
qg
c
hAs
Vc
t
bd
b dt
o
a b
a b
Ln
bt
a
1
a b
t Ln
126 sec
b
a
where,
qg
0.775
hAs
b
1.318 x10 3
Vc
1.67
x
10
m
2
As
D
hLc
check 0.1
k
T T
0.01
Ti T
Bi
hAs
0.462 s 1 b
Vc
T T
e bt t 10 s
Ti T