Nikolaou

Energy

Michael Nikolaou
Chemical & Biomolecular / Petroleum Engineering

nikolaou@uh.edu

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Energy

What is Energy?
Ability to do work

Heat (thermal)
Light (radiant)
Motion (kinetic)
Electrical
Chemical
Nuclear
Gravitational (Potential)

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Energy

Not All Energy Can Do Work, but

All Work Needs Energy

Source: US Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov

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Energy

Why Look at Energy?

Energy
Population

Water

Energ y is the biggest

Democracy

Education

Disease
4

Food

scientific and
technological
problem facing our
planet in the next 50
years.
R. E. Smalley, 2005
(Chemistry Nobel, 1995)

Environment

Poverty
Terrorism
and war
Smalley, R. E. (2005). MRS Bulletin 30(6): 412-417.

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Energy

Can We Use Much Less Energy?

Source: The National Academies Press, Americas Energy Future. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12710&page=20

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Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

ENERGY SOURCES

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Energy

Quiz:
What is the Source of Most of Energy Used?

The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

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Energy

Fossil Fuels:
Currently Dominant Energy Source

83%

Source: The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

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Energy

Energy Sources and Sinks

Edvard Munch
The Scream

Source: http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/interactive/our-energy-system/ based on data from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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Energy

US Transportation: (Almost) All on Oil

90%

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Energy

US Electricity: (Almost) None from Oil

Biomass
Wind
Solar
Geother
mal
Tidal
1%

US

Biomass
2%
Hydro
6%

Wind
2%

Global

Hydro
19%
Coal
45%

Nuclear
20%
Oil
1%

11

Coal
36%

Nuclear
16%
Natural
Gas
24%

Oil
10%

Natural
Gas
18%

Source: US Energy Information Administration, 2011, www.eia.gov

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Energy

The Global Energy Mix:

Fossil Fuels into the Future
78%

You are
here

12

Source: US Energy Information Administration, 2013. www.eia.gov

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Energy

Are We Running Out of Energy?

No!

The real challenge: Energy at the right

13

Time
Place
Cost
Impact

Image Source: N. S. Lewis, Powering the Planet, http://nsl.caltech.edu

Nikolaou
Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

14

ENERGY AND THE PLANET

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Energy

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Energy and the Environment

Source: http://www.realscience.org.uk

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Energy

Greenhouse Gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Industrial Gases:
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

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Energy

Energy and the Environment:

A New Concern?
Industrial
Revolution
Athens
Peppered
Moth
London
smog,
1952

17

Los Angeles

Beijing

Source: Web image search

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Energy

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Keeping the Air Clean:

Engineers to the Rescue!

Source: http://www.mastermuffler.net/catalytic-converter

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Energy

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Keeping the Air Clean:

Reformulated Gasoline in the US

Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2012

Nikolaou
Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

20

PRODUCING FUELS

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Energy

Fuels
Hydrogen?
Electricity?
Gasoline?

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Energy

Are We Running out of Oil?

Hubberts peak

22

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Energy

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US Oil Production:
Pushing Hubberts Peak

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Energy

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US Natural Gas Production:

Pushing Hubberts Peak More

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Energy

Fossil Fuels in Recent History

Industrial Revolution:
Biomass and Coal
20th Century: Oil

You are
here

25

Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/energy_outlook_datacenter_eoglobaldemand.aspx

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Energy

Reducing Carbon Intensity of Global Energy Mix:

A Historical Imperative

Diesel (Oil)

Methane (Natural Gas)

26

M. I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881

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Energy

Fossil Fuels in the Future

The Stone Age did not end due to shortage of stones.
N. Lewis, 2007
The Guano Age did end due to shortage of guano.

Guano mine
Chincha Islands, Peru
circa 1860

27

Haber-Bosch
process

Source: Wikipedia

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Energy

Need to Spend Energy to Make Fuel

28

80

Coal
60

40

Firewood
Hydro

Energy Return on Investment (EROI)

100

Source: C.A.S. Hall, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/3810

US
Domestic
Oil
1930

20

US
Imported
Oil
1970

Wind
PV-solar Nuclear
Biodiesel
Tar Sands
10

US
Domestic
Oil
2005

US
Domestic
Oil
1970
Natural
Gas

US Imported
Oil
2005

Total Energy
(Quad Btu)
20

30

100

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Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

29

OIL

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Energy

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Oil & Gas Production:

Upstream

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Energy

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and Downstream:
Oil Refining and PetroChemicals

Source: Wikipedia

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Energy

Products Made from 1 Barrel of Crude Oil

(42 Gallons)

/42
/42

/42

42

/42

32

Source: US Energy Information Administration, 2013. www.eia.gov

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Energy

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BTW: Plastics!

Source: YouTube (The Graduate)

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Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

34

NATURAL GAS

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Energy

Natural Gas Production and Transportation

International trade
70% Pipeline
30% Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Sweetener

Dehydrator
Ethane
Propane

35

Source: www.total.com

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Energy

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Jethro Tull and Shale Gas

Source: http://collectorsfrenzy.com/details/310384181238
Source: YouTube

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Energy

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George Mitchell & the Shale Gas Revolution

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Energy

George Mitchell & the Shale Gas Revolution

George Mitchell
[1917- July 26, 2013],
the Texas oilman
who pioneered
fracking, did as much
to change the world
as anybody in the
[Silicon] Valley.
The Economist
July 20th, 2013

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US Natural Gas Production 1990-2035

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2012 Early Release Overview. January 2012

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Energy

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Spreading the Secret

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Could Change the World

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Game changers: Five opportunities for US growth and renewal, July 2013

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Energy

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Setting the US Clock back to 1992

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Energy

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Unconventional Becoming Conventional

Source: Holditch and Associates

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Energy

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US Oil Recently:
Impact of Shale Oil

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Energy

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Production of Natural Gas from Shale Rocks

Source: YouTube

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Energy

How to Monetize Natural Gas?

Gas to wire (GTW)
Gas to liquids (GTL)
Chemical reactions
10 bcf/d ~ 1MMb/d

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Freezing (-162C, -260F)

Compressed natural gas (CNG)

Compression (150-250 atm)
Possibly chilling
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Energy

Gas to Wire (Electricity)

Typical: 1000 MW power plant

(CCGT)
Minimum: 450 MW (~13 Bcf/y)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
(CCGT) Efficiency ~ 60 %

47

Source: Intl Gas Union

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Energy

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Natural Gas to Chemicals:

Chemical Industry Feedstock

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Energy

Gas to Liquids (GTL):

Gas to Chemicals & Fuels
Methane

Reforming

GTL

Steam, Air

Syngas (H2 + CO)

Natural Gas

Fischer-Tropsch,
Upgrading

Natural Gas
Processing

Naphtha,
Diesel,
Waxes

Ammonia
Methanol
Ethane,
Liquids
Crude Oil

Naphtha,
Gas Oil
Refinery

49

Olefins,
Aromatics
Benzene,
Toluene,
Xylenes

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Energy

Gas to Chemicals:
Natural Gas-Based vs. Oil-Based Routes
Steam Cracker Feedstock Breakdown
Asia

NG

Oil

European Union

NG

Oil

Middle East

NG

Oil

US

NG

Oil

0%

20%

40%

Chemicals
50

60%

80%

100%

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Energy

Gas to Liquids (GTL):

Very-Large or Very-Small Scale
Pearl integrated gas and GTL (Qatar)
1600 MMscf/d of gas resulting in:
140 kbo/d of gas-to-liquids products (2 trains)
120 kbo/d of natural gas liquids and ethane
$19 billion

51

Source: shell.com

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Energy

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Gas to Chemicals vs. LNG:

Export Potential in North America...

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Energy

Gas to Chemicals vs. LNG:

Export Potential in North America...
Sabine Pass, Louisiana

Regasification
Terminal

Liquefaction
Terminal

53

Source: Cheniere

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Complementing Global Gas Trade Flows

Source: BP Statistical Review (2011)

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Energy

Trucking with LNG

Baytown,
TX

Ontario,
CA
55

Source: NY Times, April 23, 2013

Nikolaou
Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

56

RENEWABLES

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Energy

Renewable Sources
Hydropower
Biomass
Wood and Wood Waste
Waste-to-Energy (MSW)
Landfill Gas and Biogas

Biofuels: Ethanol & Biodiesel

Wind
Geothermal
Solar
57

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Energy

Why Biofuels?
CO
CO22 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

Photosynthesis:
CO2+H2Osugars+O2
Water
Fertilizer
Energy
58

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Energy

Net Energy Ratio for Corn Ethanol

Without co-product credit

With co-product credit

Hill et al., PNAS, 103, 11206-11212

(2006)

1.04

Groode and Heywood, LFEE-2007-02

RP (2007)

1.25

0.66
0.76

Patzek, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 23, 519-567

(2004)

0.88
0.94

Farrell et al., Science, 181, 506 (2006),

"CO2 intensive"

0.88

1.06

1.01

Farrell et al., Science, 181, 506 (2006)

0

1.21
1

Net Energy Ratio

59

Data Source: Farrell et al., Science, 181, 506 (2006)

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Energy

Quiz:
Going with the Wind

Growing
fast

60

Source: The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

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Energy

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Solar Cells: A Case for Creativity

Source: www.eia.gov

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Energy

Solar Cells: A Frenzy of Activity

Source: Department of Energy,

SunShot Vision Study, 2012.
www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/4
7927_chapter4.pdf

62

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Solar Cells:
May Be Closer than They Appear

Source: Department of Energy, SunShot Vision Study, 2012. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/47927_chapter4.pdf

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Energy

Efficiency: A Big Energy Source

Car engines
Industrial Efficiency
Refrigeration
Lighting
Heating & Cooling

64

Engineeering
Challenges
Materials
Process/Product
designs
Controls
Work flows

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Energy

Energy in a Bottle:
The Need for Energy Storage and Portability
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells: No CO2
Batteries
Chemicals

65

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Energy

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Quiz:
Hydrogen

Source: The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

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Energy

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Batteries

Source: www.teslamotors.com

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Energy
Energy Sources
Energy and the
Planet
Producing Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewables
Closing Thoughts

68

CLOSING THOUGHTS

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Energy

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Its Hard to Make Predictions,

Especially about the Future

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Energy

Summary
Plenty of energy around!
The real problem: Energy in a bottle

At the right time

At the right place
Economically
Without adverse effects

Hydrocarbons dominant well into the future

~80%+
Natural gas significance to continue increasing

Increasingly important role of engineers

70

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Energy

Additional Reading
http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/
http://www.eia.gov/
http://iea.org/
http://nsl.caltech.edu/energy
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/energy_res
ources_materials

71

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