Museum of the science of future

VOL. III
GLOBAL MECHANICS

M Jos T. Molina

GLOBAL EDITION

M Jos T. Molina is a curious and global character. When a

witch propounds theories for a scientific revolution or a paradigm

shift she should be judged neither by the Inquisition nor by
her knowledge of the previous theories or a concrete
academic education, no matter how big it might be, but by
the logical coherence and empirical contrast of these new theories.
Otherwise, we will be lead into the classic ad wominen, hominen
or whominen fallacy, typical among those who have been
erroneously self-proclaimed skeptics, as a reaction to the
naivety of their own childhood.
Even Little Red Riding Hoods grandma said it: So much
imagination can't be good

M Jos Tiberius Molina

Molwickpedia :
Tittle Vol. III:
ISBN eBook:
Paperback:

www.molwick.com
Global Mechanics
978-84-15328-35-3
Vol. III - IV
Global Mechanics and Astrophysics
978-84-15328-37-7 // 978-84-15328-83-4*
(Book series) Theory of Global Equivalence
978-84-15328-78-0 // 978-84-15328-79-7*
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2008
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Editor:
Molwick

2 edition: august 2012
Author:
M Jos T. Molina

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Molwick Publishing Catalogue- I

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Nocturnities for Kids

978-84-15328-76-6*
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Global Scientific Method

General Theory
Evolution of Life

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Global Cognitive Theory

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The brain and modern computers

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Intelligence, Intuition and Creativity

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Memory, language and other brain abilities

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Willpower, decision-making process and artificial

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z

See Web page, some books may not be edited in paperback or eBook

Molwick Publishing Catalogue- II

Theory of Global Equivalence

(Book series)

ISBN
(eBook/*Paper)
978-84-15328-78-0
978-84-15328-79-7*

978-84-15328-34-6
The Equation of Love
Theory of Relativity, Elements and
978-84-15328-81-0
Kriticism (TREK)
Vol. I - II

Vol. III - IV

Vol. V - VI

Vol. VII

Physcis and Metaphysics of Time

978-84-15328-84-1
978-84-15328-80-3*

Global Mechanics
Global Astrophysics and Cosmology

978-84-15328-35-3

Global Mechanics and Astrophysics

978-84-15328-37-7
978-84-15328-83-4*

Global Dynamics
Law of Global Gravity

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Dynamics and Law of Global Gravity

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Scientific experiments in Global Physics

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978-84-15328-87-2

978-84-15328-88-9
978-84-15328-89-6*

VOL. III

GLOBAL MECHANICS

1. Concept of matter

PAG.

15
Matter and energy
15
Quantum Mechanics theory
21
Principles of Physics
31
2. The structure of matter
37
General properties of matter
43
Gravity as a state of physical matter
49
The gravitational force and interaction
59
Gravity in the atomic distances
63
The electromagnetic interaction
69
Wave propagation
69
Transversal waves
75
Properties of light waves
81
Electromagnetic field and force
89
What is mass?
97
The interaction of mass
97
Fundamental particles and elastic energy 103
Unstable subatomic particles
109
Atomic model
117
Theory and definition of atom
123
Atomic particles
131
Nuclear force and interaccin
139
Atom structure
147
Motion and mass of electrons
155
Elementary particle
161
Atom bonds and molecules
171
{

MOLWICKPEDIA
Museum of the science of future
Philosophy of evolution, history and life
New paradigms of Physics, Biology and Psychology

TEORY OF GLOBAL EQUIVALENCE

VOL. III
GLOBAL MECHANICS

Global Mechanics

1. CONCEPT OF MATTER
1.a) Matter and energy
The development of the new gravity physics theory has
implied changes in numerous principles and laws of physics,
configuring an theory of unification and what in Physics is
called a theory of everything. We can divide the modified
physics principles of the new paradigm in two large groups:

In the first group, the affected physics principles will

define matter in the general sense (Globus) and its various
states of aggregation such as gravity (globine), mass and
wavine.
In the second one, the physics principles will be related to
Euclidean space and absolute time and all the implications
concerning other magnitudes such as movement, force,
gravity force and energy.

This modern science book studies the first group of principles

on physics related to the equivalence of gravity and mass,
from the point of view of its support, constitution or physical
reality and the energy as a property of the aggregation states of
matter in general.
If the Global Dynamics deals with space and time regarding
gravity physics, the Global Mechanics is more concerned with
subjects closer to Quantum Mechanics or Quantum Physics.
Contemplating the subatomic world has led me to create some
clarifications about the states of aggregation matter (globina not normal matter) which configure the concepts of mass and
gravity.
I would like to remark two aspects. On one hand, globine,
mass, wavine and normal matter exist as real entities, and
regardless of any observant. On the other hand, in the new
15

Global Mechanics

theory of everything we managed to make unnecessary the forces

at a distance or forces from fields with pure mathematical
properties without material support of physical nature.
Even though the complexity of mathematic formulas related
to the states and the structure of matter studied in Quantum
Physics or Quantum Mechanics would be as high or even higher
than previous books, and would also cause serious mathematic
tensions to neurons, this Global Mechanics book on the concept,
properties and characteristics of matter avoids quantitative
details to keep the reasoning light enough.
Nevertheless, I am convinced that mathematics will not be a
problem for the new definition of matter and for the other
unusual ideas;in fact, math tools are very advanced but
without a supporting physical base, which it should make
them coherent within a complete model of the physical reality.
Main elements of Global Mechanics regarding the concept of
matter and energy are:
{

A new description of the structure of matter in general

which includes, the composition and material support of
gravity (globine), energy and mass.
z

The structure of the gravitational field, within the

proposed new definition of matter, allows us to
understand the origin of the forces of gravity.
Clarification of the mechanisms of mechanical energy
in the transformation between kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy. The non existence of
Higgs Boson as the origin of mass; unless its
characteristics are altered and they end up like those of
Globus, although I doubt this will happen.
The modulation of the forces of gravity, which could
evenbecome negative, could allow the confirmation of
the equation of the Giga-Chron physical experiment.
16

Global Mechanics
{

Union of the forces and fields of gravity with the

electromagnetic forces and fields.
z

Definition of photons as gravitational waves of torsion

or transversal turns.
The named wave particle duality of the photoelectric
effect, the Youngs experiment or double slit
experiment and the tunnel effect are explained.
Constant speed of light due to the definition of light as
a physical wave of torsion or transversal turn within the
globine, and its mechanical character.
Variations of the speed of lightwith changes in the
intensity of the gravitational fields longitudinal tension.
The concept of gravity (tension of the longitudinal
curvature of globine) as medium for the propagation of
light.

Unification of the force of gravity with weak and strong

nuclear forces and a new atom model.
z

Concept and nature of elementary particles with mass.

The new atom model brings a mechanic and not virtual
base for the Standard Model of fundamental particles;
allowing us to understand relationships between the
mentioned particles without using magic properties.
The newatom model explains the dual nature of matter
and in some cases, mixed nature.

Despite its specific nature, the Global Mechanics has to be

understood as immersed in the Theory of Global Equivalence,
which constitutes at the same time a theory of unification
and a theory of multiple substitution (Quantum Mechanics and
Theory of Relativity)
17

Global Mechanics

Moreover,
Global
Physics
appears to be a new science due
to its proposals not only to
imply a grand unification theory
(GUT) but a theory of everything
(TOE) when adding to the
previous
unification
the
gravitational
force.
The
reasoning and new physics
principles of Global Physics or
Globics refute both Theory of
Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
logic.

Gravity

on the edge of an object

The replacement in the case of the Theory of Relativity is

relatively simple because even if it has some positive ideas, like
the initial approach on the mass-energy equivalence, its
nucleus of times relativity is incorrect from a physical point of
view and also from a conventional or formal one.
Regarding Quantum Mechanics the topic is more complicated,
on one hand it must be recognized as a more descriptive
knowledge, limiting itself to the Principles of Uncertainty that
considers the study of the basic mechanisms of energy and the
knowledge of reality under a certain threshold. This way
making mistakes on what matter is and other concepts, is
avoided, gaining an indisputable use in the world of science
and technology.
On the other hand, as starting from a non-relativistic General
Physics, Quantum Mechanics is linked with concepts about
movement and energy even more classic than the Theory of
Relativity. Therefore, it is more complicated to refute, modify
or improve. Nevertheless, some of the interpretations are
quite far from physical reality.
The new paradigm of Global Mechanics, which is slowly
uncovered, could mean a leap on Newton Physics, similar to that
18

Global Mechanics

one of Classical Physics took a propos of Greek Mechanics.

Bearing in mind the degree of abstraction needed to
understand the new concepts, which are not at all intuitive; it
is recommended to read first the other Physics books.
However, the same idea could be predicable to this book, that
it is advisable to read this book first!
The related links appear in all of the pages where the free online books are included, in which the new theory of unification,
theory of everything or, even better, Global Physics is exposed. This
division is due to numerous reasons such as: metaphysical or
scientific experimental character, mathematical difficulty, the
subject dealt with and presentation on the Internet.
Finally, the Equation of Love online book includes a section with
a complete summary of all the science online books related to
Global Physics (Glbica or Globics) and its theory of everything or
Theory of Global Equivalence.

19

Global Mechanics

20

Global Mechanics

1.b) Quantum Mechanics Theory or Quantum

Physics
The science studying the structure of matter and the
elementary particles is Quantum Physics, Particles Physics or
Quantum Mechanics theory.
Before stating the proposals of Global Mechanics it is advisable
to understand what Quantum Mechanics theory is, its
development and its limitations or weaknesses.
With a non-academic perspective the presentation of this
book is addressed to experts and to the general public.
The fact that I am not a super-specialized scientist has an
advantage; my point of view will match some of the questions
an average reader could ask on the content and meaning of
Quantum Mechanicstheory.
You may download the complete online book on the topic of
Quantum Mechanics in PDF format.
After an extensive study on the entries in Wikipedia, the most
relevant ideas about the development and evolution of
Quantum Physics can be expressed through the following points:

Historical origin
Quantum Mechanicstheory emerged in the 20s of the
twentieth century with the first theories on the atoms
structure and its elementary particles; more precisely it
begun with the explanation of the photoelectric effect by
Einstein, giving a step towards the physical approach on
the concept of the Planck constant.

Initial scientific context

There are two particular aspects affecting the initial context
21

Global Mechanics

of Quantum Mechanics theory from a scientific viewpoint.

The first one, the luminiferous aether, meaning light-bearing
aether, proposed by Ren Descartes was totally rejected
as a medium for the propagation of light; secondly,
EinsteinsTheory of Relativitywas just being accepted.
The strictness of the non-existence of any kind of aether
slightly related with the Classic Mechanics would prevent
ParticlesPhysicsto achieve a logical understanding of the
forces of gravity and will condemn it to attain only a
mathematical justification of the physical reality.
At the same time, as both aspects need each other, the
scientific recognition of the concept of relativity of time
demanded a change in the philosophy of science;
converting itself into the philosophy of techniques and of
utility instead of a philosophy of logical and objective
knowledge.

Evolution
The best proposal of Quantum Mechanicstheory was to
establish
a
limit
of
physical
knowledge:
HeisenbergsPrinciple of the Indetermination; from which, it
could be possible to create logical and mathematical
structures of the reality.
As scientists went on observing nature or physical reality,
names were given and laws were created to explain its
behavior. Consequently, in Quantum Physics are a multitude
of names without any logical structure, when compared to
the names of organic chemistry, and numerous laws and
principles with their respective names. It seems there are
more names than in all the other sciences.
That is to say, things are happening because the principles
say so, principles or laws of a descriptive character and
lacking of physical logic.
22

Global Mechanics

Of course, the principles and laws are good enough until a

violation is observed; and then, new theories, laws and
principles are created to explain the violations, with their
corresponding names for the violations, the new principles
and the above mentioned theories.

Quantum Technical development

Contrary to the few practical applications ofEinsteins
Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics theory is responsible
for the tremendous technological development in the 20th
century in electronics and communication systems, with all
the implications of science and economy in general.

Current scientific context

The mathematical explanation of reality, skipping the most
basic logic, ends up being a liability and creating artificial
limits to the development of science and, much worse, it
establishes the habit of accepting as science something
totally irrelevant as science, which reminds me witchcraft
and old wizards.
In
Quantum
Feynman Diagram
Mechanicstheory plenty of
Quantum Drawing
scientific
theories
coexist.
Since
its
beginning, with the so
called
Copenhagen
Interpretation, numerous
theories have been
incorporated just as new
characteristics of the
structure of matter were discovered and new possibilities
opened up.

Among the mentioned theories, we can quote the Quantum

Field Theory (QFT) and, as part of it, the Quantum
Electrodynamics (QED) and, subsequently, the Quantum
23

Global Mechanics

Chromodynamics (QCD).
In Wikipedia, to justify the goodness of the Standard Model
it is said that until today the existence of all its particles
have been proved except for the Higgs boson. I would
say what remains unclear is that the Standard Model was
developed to explain the observations carried out with
poor advances in the model in respect to the observations,
as in the case of the Higgs boson.
Due to the incompatibility between Quantum Mechanics
theory and the Einsteins Theory of Relativity,
variousunification theories have arisen.
The String Theory is the most famous with its even more
famous 10 additional spatial dimensions. The Superstring
Theory has more or less the same dimensions depending on
the concrete variant; including the theory that tries to join
all of them - the M Theory.
The Quantum Gravity and Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG)
competes with the previous String Theory, but has fewer
supporters.
Less known, but more enjoyable, are the current
Transactional Interpretation and the Many-Worlds Interpretation or
Multiple Worlds.
The Transactional Interpretation argues there are one wave in
photons that advances in time and another wave that
travels backwards in time. As a consequence or effect, the
cause-effect logic disappears and something new called
quantum logic appears, although I would call it by a
different name...
The Many-Worlds Interpretation's opinion regarding the
collapse of the probabilistic wave function is that, in
manifesting a particular reality, the objects of the
probabilities not in fact carried out will be the concrete
24

Global Mechanics

realities in other worlds or parallel universes.

I have a little suspicion that it will take time to prove
empirically any of the last quoted theories; although
thinking about other supposedly proved theories anything
could happen.
As can be observed, this review on the historic development
of Quantum Mechanicstheory is brief and adapted to the purpose
of this book. On one hand, to explain and recognize both the
achievements and their impressive mathematical complexity,
and the huge gaps or weaknesses. On the other hand, to
propose logical solutions of physical interpretation of reality,
so the mathematics tools used have the coherence they
deserve.
ParticlesPhysics is a very young science and it is under fast
development, so it probably lacks a solid and structured logic
for its contributions to scientific knowledge.
Continuing with the quantum logic of the to be or not to be, I
hope that now I have raised the probability to understand the
positive intention of the presentation of the following
negative characteristics of Quantum Mechanicstheory:

Discrete nature of reality

This property of physical reality is related to the Greek
concept of the atom. Another thing is that sometimes
Quantum Mechanics theory assigns the same discrete nature to
abstract concepts such as space, time, force or speed.

The acceptance of magic

Forces in Quantum Mechanics theory emerge from virtual
fields with mathematical properties without material or
tangible cause. That is to say, among many other things the
forces at a distant that upset Newton so much are kept.

25

Global Mechanics

Influence of mathematics
In fact, Quantum Physics, more than a physical theory, is a
mathematical theory describing the reality without trying to
understand it.
If in the elementary particles mathematical model the
necessary properties of an object with mass do not fit in, it
is said that the particle does not have mass. The fascinating
thing is that scientists do not say the object has anything
else from this world; but it is still called a particle!
If something emerges from nothing, they name it a virtual
particle. And everybody is happy, that is the case of W and
Z boson, whose existence was proven in 1983 in the
CERN's accelerator in Geneva; after its prediction by the
Standard Model as bosons to explain other subsequent
particles.

Quantum Logic
As logic shines for its absence, the new expression
quantum logic has been established by the scientific
community itself.
An example of the new quantum logic is what Wikipedia
says when explaining the W and Z Bosons "...that on
average there is an asymmetry of mass-energy so short that
its as though reality wouldn't even recognize it"
Other examples can be the appearance of theories with a
lot of dimensions, worlds and time-travels.
They even say the human brain is not advanced enough to
understand reality. It might be theirs! Well, I imagine its
because of this quantum logic or because some brain types
somewhat special. For example, those using only 1 percent
of their capacities!

26

Global Mechanics

A theory that is not proven or demonstrated

In spite of the technological successes, the Quantum
Mechanicstheory is not a proven theory of physics further
than its descriptive character of the observed reality. It is
not even a Physics theory; it is a branch of Physics that
studies the structure of matter with an uncertainty
perspective, in which different alternative theories coexist.
Besides, regardless some recent attempts, more
philosophic than scientific, all these theories are
incompatible withEinsteinsTheory of Relativity.
To sum up, Quantum Mechanicstheory has big internal
contradictions and, bearing in mind the new proposals,
vital changes or essential renormalization could happen in
the short term.
Anyway, I believe quantum phenomenon is intensifying in
areas like philosophy of existence and time; occasionally
stirring the concept of quantum God.
Sometimes things are difficult to understand, in other
occasions difficult to explain; it may be the almost real
story of the little Molwick, in a quantum logics course for
special children is illuminating:

***

27

Global Mechanics

The teacher in the course explains a quantum

experiment:
When a button is pushed,
an image appears on the monitor,
detailed measures indicate that the image on the monitor
appears before pushing the bottom.
All the kids are thinking about it
and are very impressed;
then the little Molwick asks:
What happens if when the image appears
someone decides not to hit the button?
...
The children and the teachers start to think again
about it.

28

Global Mechanics

29

Global Mechanics

30

Global Mechanics

1.c) Principles of physics in Global Mechanics

A physical model is a collection of mental abstractions to
represent the material reality and the relations determining its
variations over time. In all models there will be fundamental
principles of physics with a mixed nature of philosophy and
science.
In the Global Scientific Method online book a chapter is dedicated
to the Methodology of Scientific Investigation in Modern Physics.
Principles of physics within the Theory of Relativity,Quantum
Mechanics and others theories trying to make them compatible
adding mathematical or physical dimensions are criticized.
In other words, in the mentioned book the banned
principles of Physics are pointed out as those principles that
could allow of:
z

Multiple simultaneous realities

Realities with more than 3 physical dimensions
Recursive definitions, such as the variable volume of space
or the speed of time itself.
Simultaneous cause-effect and effect-cause
Negative things or energies
Things or energies that emerge from nothing or totally
disappear.
Magic forces or forces at a distant

Likewise, in the part on Theory of Global Equivalencein the Global

Dynamics online book, three epistemological principles of
Physics are quoted. I repeat them here because their
relevance:
z

The physical reality does not depend on the observer, only

its perception and its description.
Time is relative to the subjective point of view of life; but
this is irrelevant in the objective or conventional physics
31

Global Mechanics

scope.
A scientific theory is good if it is useful, but it is even
better if once understood, it has common sense.

It is helpful to do a brief presentation on principles of Physics

in Global Mechanics taking in to account the huge difference in
respect to principles of Physics in the generally accepted
theories: EinsteinsTheory of Relativityand Quantum Mechanics.
We can figure the principles of Physics in Global Physics in the
following groups:

Principles of Physics
philosophy of science
{

Physics

derived

from

Euclidean space
Absolute time
Mechanical nature

Principles of
observation
{

the

Utility
Simplicity
Logic or common sense

Principles of
Global logic
{

from

physics

by

intuitive

Oneness of the matter

Unbreakable three dimensional net
Elasticity of matter

The first two groups of principles of Physics imply a return to both

the classical concepts of space and time and to the philosophy
of the scientific method; which needs the usefulness of
Physics theories and their common sense.
32

Global Mechanics

The third group of principles of Physics introduces the nature

of matter in the Global Mechanics' elastic model. This new model
is a revision of the previous half rigid model of Global
Mechanics from April 2008.

Uniqueness of matter
Unbreakable 3D grid of matter

The change to the elastic model in April 2009 is due to the

fact that it is a big simplification to the previous one. In fact,
the only significant change is to defined the three dimensional
net as unbreakable to better explain the conservation of energy
in the universe; which obliges to redefine kinetic energys
mechanisms of movement and potential energy.
The characteristics of the proposed new physical model by the
Global Mechanics are truly different from those of Quantum
Physics. Nevertheless, I think they are complementary and the
nature of Global Mechanics has a filter function for the excessive
confusions or deviations of the scientific logic that affects the
Physics of Elementary Particles.
Changing the perspective, between the characteristics of the
physical model of Global Mechanics we can quote the
following:
z

Intuitive model with scientific claims so it is empirically

33

Global Mechanics

provable.
Very generic and highly imprecise proposals.
High probability to contain some significant mistakes.
I hope to contribute some relevant ideas implying a
paradigm change of current Physics.
A totally renormalizable model, so it can develop and
evolve.
Incomplete, because not everything can be done at once.

Among the most famous scientific experiments reasonably

explained by Global Mechanics we can quote the double-slit
experiment on the dual nature of light, and the tunnel-effect
experiment on the properties of the electrons. But without any
doubt, the most innovative experiment is the Giga-Chron
experiment,
[ G * g = c * h * R * n ]
This mathematical equation explains the fundamental equation
of the Global Equivalence Theory.
g = [ E c/ G ] * n
And its alternative equation:
g = [ m c3/ G ] * n
Therefore I would ask the readernot to search for mistakes
but achievements, taking into account the fact that errors
may exist. It is also true the terminology will not be as
consistent as I would like, because of the underlying technical
complication and because of Global Mechanics lack of
systematization.

***

34

Global Mechanics

35

Global Mechanics

36

Global Mechanics

2. COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF

MATTER
The development of the Global Equivalence Theory, carried out
by Global Mechanics, confirms the proposed new paradigm of
Post Modern Physics . Global Mechanics makes the unification of
the four fundamental forces as the result of the different states
of composition, constitution or aggregation of matter in
general or Globus.
The first problem to consider when presenting the new model
of constitution of matter is of terminological nature. The
definition of matter is not unique, it is used in many ways, but
its fundamental structure is still unknown in Modern Physics.
The definition of matter is in continuous evolution as the
characteristics and properties of the components of states of
matter are known or new elementary particles of the structure of
matter are discovered.
The fact that the units or dimensions of energy are space, time
and mass, and at the same time, scientists saying that the
electromagnetic energy or photons are particles that do not
have mass it is shocking. It must be photons are not particles!
In fact, Wikipedia defines energy as the property of matter;
well, it also refers to systems to avoid the desired but
impossible terminological accuracy of Modern Physics.
The wave-particle duality of light reflects the conversion of
globine into mass caused by the electromagnetic energy.
However, this equivalence will be discussed later. In other
words, the wave-particle duality is not a characteristic of light
but a property of globines nature as a support to light and
component of the mass. As for the dual nature of matter, it
will be discussed in the chapter about Elementary particles and
the Concept of mass.
37

Global Mechanics

Even the concept of matter is different in some pages of

Wikipedia in English and Wikipedia in Spanish, just to show
you an example. To prevent confusions between the different
meanings, Global Mechanics defines matter in general as the
only thing that has entity in physical reality of our world, in a
clear contrast to abstract, mathematical, imaginary or magic
concepts.
If before constitution of matter was mass, now mass is what is
composed of matter. Nevertheless, normally I will try to speak
about the structure of matter in general, globine or Globus,
so as to eliminate any doubts regarding the referred concept.
On another hand, there are two abstract concepts which could
be alleged that their nature or conceptual reality is an essential
element in Physics; I am referring to space and time.
In the Global Dynamics online book the characteristics of both
concepts are explained. Space geometry will be determined by
the Euclidian geometry or Greek geometry. Time is
configured as a monotonous, increasing, continuous and
constant function, used to explain two different realities; and
later define the movement of matter in its diverse states of
aggregation.
Returning to the question of what is matter?, despite in the
future someone could come to a deeper or more
comprehensive analysis of physical reality, nowadays we can
say that a fundamental or essential particle exists of which all
the others particles are composed of. This particle is called
Globus by the Theory on Global Equivalence. Whats more,
Globus is just one particle in the whole universe, the only
element of which globine or gravity, wavine, mass and other
states of matter are made of.
In the structure of matter of Global Mechanics semi-rigid model
(substituted by the present elastic model), globus was a little
ball, joint to other globus by elastic hairs, forming a net with
38

Global Mechanics

elastic properties named globine. And globus could make itself

independent of the net's structure.
Now, in the structure of matter of the Global Mechanics' elastic
model the hairs of the initial globus are unbreakable and much
longer; reducing the initial globus to the intersection of the
filaments of the 3D grid or tridimensional net; consequently,
the globine will be the only essential particle with matter in the
universe, providing matter to gravitys reticular structure as to
other states of matter.

Structure of matter
with super symmetry

The three dimensional net or the reticular structure of globine

in the entire universe will be understood as Globus.
The structure of mattercan appear in multiple states of
matter, but the analysis will be curry out to a few generic
categories, like the quoted ones of gravity, wavine and mass.
Of course, the mentioned states of matter include the
properties as speed, force or energy.
Now let's try to create the world as we know it only with
Globus and its reticular structure of matter or globine. The
process will be to add characteristics and properties to the
different states of matter in general. The intention is to obtain
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Global Mechanics

a global model of the four fundamental interactions

compatible with the valid and accumulated scientific
knowledge; it means excluding most of EinsteinsTheory of
General Relativity, and some aspects of Quantum Mechanics, as the
discontinuity of matter.
As we can not directly detect matters structure in its first state
of aggregation or gravity, I will use an heyelogic microscope
to provide the explanation of its characteristics and properties.
Of course we can find the globine everywhere but its presence
can not be acknowledged due to the ruling paradigm of Modern
Physics.
Referring to the metaphor of a theatre without actors and
public, the space would be like ahuge swimming pool
without water. The space would be independent of water, of
Globus, of time, of everything; because space is an abstract
concept, so it does not have neither physical existence nor
water or Globus or anything.
The image shows alayer of the structure of matter with a nonexisting super symmetry in physical reality. The closest thing is
what exists in intergalactic space. The only thing we have done
is to fill the swimming pool with globine. By showing its
reticular nature, it is similar to the structure of matter in the
case of gravity; however, we still have not introduced the
typical radial symmetry of gravity.
In the next page we will explain the general properties of matter
and later on, the specific properties of matter in its different
states of aggregation, as gravity, electromagnetism and mass.

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41

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42

Global Mechanics

2.a) General properties of matter

Taking advantage that general properties of matter can be
renormalized, I will try to simplify them to make easier the
assimilation of the new paradigm. As the new model grows in
complexity it will appear more properties of matter. In fact,
the following ideas offer a view of the structure and properties of
matter renormalized several times over.
In addition to the various and small renormalizations that
Global Mechanics underwent during its initial development, it is
useful to point out the step from the semi rigid model to
Global Mechanic current elastic model as a consequence of the
review of the whole model, once the part dedicated to
Astronomy and Cosmology was finished.
Although the new elastic model only adds a general property
of matter concerning the constitution of globine as
unbreakable matter; this property notably simplifies Global
Mechanics in making the most complex mechanisms of the old
semi rigid model unnecessary.
On the previous page, the nature of the structure of matter
was introduced as a three-dimensional net of unbreakable
filaments that extend themselves along the whole universe.
This 3D grid is called Globus.
Let's see the characteristics or general properties of matter.
z

Three-dimensional structure
When one is wondering what gravity is, the first thing we
think of is that it has to be a spatial structure, which can
support the forces of gravity. Then, if we remove the radial
symmetry of gravity, the three dimensional structure with
super symmetry will be a general property of matter.
The images presented in this book refer to the three spatial
43

Global Mechanics

dimensions of the Euclidian geometry, and their goal is to

get the brain use to the real existence and the
characteristics of globine as a state of matter, which
configures gravity in the normal world known by all of us;
at least, to be able to follow the explanations of the new
physics models properties and nature. In other words,
thinking that the existence of other worlds and time travel
are or have to be, for now, science fiction.
The proposed three dimensional structure of matter will be
composed of filaments that form a 3D grid of reticules.

Structure of matter
Reticule of globine

Reticules with a cube-shape

The crossing of the globine filaments form a cube.
Another general property of matter is that the filaments are
joint and fixed in the lattice structures vertex.
The shape of a cube has been chosen because it is the
simplest for the brain to visualize. Any other geometric
figure could also be possible if does not forbid the physical
state with the general property of matter of theoretical super
symmetry in absence of forces of gravity or
electromagnetism.
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Global Mechanics
z

Unbreakable filaments
This characteristic or property of matter justifies the
principle of conservation of matter. Understanding matter
in the Global Mechanics sense.

Continuous nature of matter

Likewise, nature of unbreakable filaments makes matter to
be continuous in the entire universe; in other words the
Globus particle extends itself in the entire universe. After
almost 2500 years of discontinuous nature of matter, who
would have said that? I hope Democritus wouldn't mind!

Matter is formed exclusively by the filaments matter

The space between filaments is completely empty in the
theoretic state of super symmetry.
This characteristic of matter will be very useful when
developing the theory of the formation of mass and the
new theory of the atom.

Elasticity
This property of matter is very intuitive, but we have to
take in to account that it is combined with a huge rigidity.
The elasticity explains the principle of energy conservation
to configure itself as energy of reversible deformation. The
perfect elasticity is an essential requirement for the
principle of energy conservation.
The concept of elastic energy is more complex than it
appears at first. An elastic object needs internal elements
with elastic properties and so on. On another hand, the
elastic energy needs elements with constant motion or
vibration, so a totally static element would not have any
internal energy.
In short, the property of elasticity configures the globine as
45

Global Mechanics

a material net in constant vibration or resonance.

The longitudinal elasticity, bi-dimensional or longitudinal
curvature elasticity and transversal elasticity together with
the unbreakable nature of matters filaments support the
Principle of Global Conservation, covering the law of
conservation of matter and the law of conservation of the
energy.
z

Longitudinal elasticity
The quantitative characteristic has its relevance; the
elasticity of the filaments could make them a length ten,
hundred or a thousand times longer than in absence of
traction forces. For now we have the liberty to fix it;
nevertheless the size of the stable elementary particles with
mass, protons and neutrons, can help us quantitatively
delimit this general property of matter.
We should not confuse globines expansion or contraction
with variations of space itself, as some physics theories do.

Bidimensional elasticity or longitudinal curvature

The result of the forces derived from the elastic tension of
filaments longitudinal curvature of globine will be
responsible for the atractis causa of the theory of gravity in
Global Mechanics.

Transverse elasticity
The elasticity of a transverse nature is a general property of
matter which is different from the longitudinal and will be
the physical base of the electromagnetic interaction.
This general property of matter will be related, together
with the property of longitudinal elasticity and longitudinal
curvature, with the weakand strong nuclear interaction and
with the formation of mass.

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Global Mechanics

The general properties of matter try to describe the nature of

globine from both an internal and an external point of view.
The elastic properties of globine imply that in its constitution
it has smaller elements. Perhapsthe limit of transverse or
longitudinal elasticity is related to the size of the reticule.
In short, the filaments configure themselves as the mechanism
of transmissions of the minimum unit of energy, unavoidably
referred to the Planck constant.
On the following pages we will analyze the composition,
characteristics and properties of matter in general for every big
category in which structure of matter is divided into.

47

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48

Global Mechanics

2.b) Gravity as a state of physical matter

According to Global Mechanics the definition of gravity is the
first state of physical matter and it has the highest symmetry.
The super symmetry of a structure with non-radial reticular
matter is purely theoretical because the non existence of the
force of gravity does not seem to be present in physical reality.
The above definition of gravity as a state of physical matter
implies a change of paradigm in Modern Physics, so it is good to
keep an open mind while trying to understand the essence of
the proposal and not to search for little mistakes. For example,
if the shape of the reticule of structure of matter has a
particular form it is not important if it fits the required
properties of the model, and the model explains the physical
reality making more sense than other models would. In this
case making a minimum sense would be enough, since the
forces at a distant are difficult to justify from a scientific point
of view and, not to mention the physical dimensions in other
worlds or contractions of the space or time itself.
The current Standard Model of the Quantum Theory is based on
points in space with emerging virtual or mathematical
properties from Physics' point of view. Normally, in current
philosophy of science the word "emergent" is used to justify
unexplained phenomenon, avoiding magical or religious
arguments, as in the case of the generally accepted Darwins
Theory of Evolution.
The Classical Physics did not connect aether with the radial
symmetry of gravitys reticular structure, globine or first state
ofphysical matter, if we do not reckon the hypothetical super
symmetry of matter. The disciple of Descartes Christian
Huygens described aether as subtle balls of air incontact to be
able to transmit light, and Augustin Fresnelcame to the
conclusion that the waves of light were transverse waves when
49

Global Mechanics

he was studying the polarization of quartz of Iceland.

As for partially relating Globus with classic aether, we have to
point out that the idea of a different aether from the classic
concept it is not exclusive of the Theory of Global Equivalence.
The already demonstrated Quantum Mechanics theory also uses
the term quantum foam or quantum vacuum to recognize
that the classical vacuum is not empty, and avoiding to
mention the word aether with different characteristics. The
also known String Theory proposes something like an aether of
little vibrant strings and different states of physical matter,
including numerous additional dimensions.
NEWS ABOUT PHYSICS

"The time of the big collision is coming LHC

We think that the universes vacuum is not the nothingness,
it is a substance that can vibrate, and the interaction of the
vacuum - which is not really that - with the rest of the
particles (a kind of friction), is what would generate its
different masses."
El Pas 09-03-2008 (Nature)

Once we have reported the most perceptive characteristics of

the state of the physical matter with radial symmetry or of
gravitation, we can go on adding other characteristics, less
intuitive and with less probability to be correct. In any case, if
during the line of argument we come to any contradictions we
can always renormalize the proposed characteristics, but only if
the efficiency of the model, as for the capacity of explanation
of the observed phenomenon, increases and the whole model
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Global Mechanics

is still coherent.
Regardless that during this book I will explain additional
properties and mechanisms of gravity or first state of physical
matter to understand complex phenomenon such as
electromagnetism, the weak and strong nuclear force or the
black holes. I will begin to relate the specific characteristics
and properties useful to explain the force of gravity from the
Global Mechanics point of view.
Once we have determined these properties we will see the
classical gravitational interaction and the behavior of the force of
gravity in short distances, close to the elementary particles
with mass.
Bearing in mind the unification of gravitational and
electromagnetic interactions because both are supported by
the first state of physical matter; the electromagnetic interaction is
included inside the chapter of gravity in the online book.
We try to functionally characterize the reticular structure of
globine or first physical state of matter as support to the force
gravity, sustaining the Theory of Global Equivalence when it says
that Globus will be present, in one way or another, in all of the
known physical processes.
Taking in to account the previously quoted general properties of
matter and the specific properties of the gravitational field, the
characteristics of globine or state of physical matter supporting gravity are
the following:
z

Material composition
The composition of matter in the case of gravity is simply
Globus; it means that the globine does not have a different
state of physical matter.
It is odd that some people still prefer to accept magical
forces emerging from nothing, than accepting matter that
can't be detected by current technology; despite of all the
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Global Mechanics

indirect signs that one could possibly imagine.

It is understandable the virtual or mathematical definition
of the field of gravity, due to the initial impossibility of
characterizing it in another way, as Newton himself
manifested. Maybe it is time to change the nature of
gravity.
z

The continuous nature of gravity

The parts or elements of the mentioned material structure
supporting gravity must be connected, because an isolated
part could not produce a radial force nor can maintain its
spatial structure. We already established that continuity is a
general property of physical matter which constitutes globine.
Another topic is whether potential energy has continuous
or discrete quantitative nature as electromagnetic energy. I
would say that it would also be discrete, and related to the
Planck constant and internal elements of globines
filaments.
Nevertheless, the continuous nature of the gravitational
field needs the development of the concept and
characteristics of the force of gravity that we will present in
the next chapter.

Invisible
We can assign the denomination of transparent matter to
the new physical state of matter or gravity.
It is not only that we can not see the reticular structure of
matter, nor the phase that configures gravity or globine but
until now it is not even admitted. Another way to see it is
that from the inside of a box you can not see its external
perspective; if not with a little bit of imagination and, at
least using a 20 percent of the capacity of the average
human brain.
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Global Mechanics
z

Tension of the longitudinal curvature, rigidity and

additive tension
It is already known that the forces of gravity are perfectly
additives, so the structure or states of physical matter
generating the mentioned forces also should have the same
property, at least regarding the component mechanisms of
gravitational fields.
The potential gravitational energy is due to the tension of the
longitudinal curvature caused by mass by bending the
filamentsof the reticular structure of the state of the physical
matter with initial super symmetry. This tension generates
perpendicular forces on the tangent in every point of the
filaments, which is coherent with an asymptotically
decreasing curvature with the square of the distance.
The state of physical matter configuring gravity has to be rigid
enough to support forces that are able to move the
universes planets and stars far away from their origin. In
other words, globines elastic tension exists on a much
more rigid structure than any other known material.
From another perspective, on greater distances the
phenomenon of contraction and expansion of gravitys
reticular structure are also important.

Radial symmetry of the longitudinal tension.

In the state of physical matter which constitutes gravity, the
initial super symmetry of globine breaks when mass
generates a radial symmetry of the reticular structure of
matter with an asymptotically decreasing tension of the
longitudinal curvature.
The initial hypothesis about the exact shape of matters
reticule structure with super symmetry was the cube or
another geometrical figure with a high symmetry to permit
the observable gravitational effects in the Euclidian
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Global Mechanics

geometry when introducing radial symmetry. In any case,

the radial symmetry of the forces of gravity is more due to
the huge elasticity of globine than to the concrete shape of
the tiny reticule.

Gravity Symmetry
State of physical matter

The radial symmetry of this state of physical matter is different

from the typical radial symmetry when the sun is drawn
with its little yellow rays.
A viewpoint of the reticular structure of globine is
reflected by a great augmentation with the heyelogic
microscope, so that we can observe how globines filaments
come closer together the further they are from the mass,
despite of the radial symmetry.
If we put a ball inside one reticule of the three-dimensional
net of physical matter, and the ball is much bigger than the
reticule, the filaments of the mentioned reticule and the
adjacent reticules will not only stretch because of its
property of longitudinal elasticity but will also acquire a
certain longitudinal curvature.
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Global Mechanics

In other words, an elastic deformation will be produced

between the filaments; of course, they will have a tendency
to go back to their original state.
For now this approach on the state of physical matter which
configures gravity is enough, the origin of the ball will be
explained in the online books chapter on the composition
of mass.
This properties group suggests the concept of a structure or
state of physical matter, making-up gravity or globine,is like
both avery rigid and flexible solid. We could consider
gravity as an almost totally rigid solid that becomes very
flexible in very short distances according to the produced
longitudinal curvature. In brief, globine is a very solid and rigid
structure and at the same time very elastic and flexible for the
currently known materials.
Lets consider how hard a metallic object is and how easy it
can be to pull an atom out of it or the famous properties of
diamonds as being hard and fragile.
To sum up, the less intuitive idea is the movement of mass is
through the physical structure of gravity. The passage to the
elastic model of Global Mechanics implied precisely a
renormalization of thehypothesis in relation to the
movement of mass vis--vis the older semi-rigid model.
On another hand, it seems as though longitudinal gravitational
waves will have a different nature than the transversal waves of
the reticular structure.
Consequently, the energy of gravity does not propagate like
electromagnetic waves; although it does with the same speed.
Another topic would be if a mass moves fast enough to
generate changes in the filaments curvature, they eliminate
and re-generate their selves so we can talk about gravitational
waves in relative short distances to avoid the entry into the
asymptotic zone of the longitudinal curvatures tension.
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Global Mechanics

Anyway, globines longitudinal waves would have a different

physical sense from the propagation of a wave on the surface
of water or the electromagnetic wave propagation. They will
be more like the vibration or resonance of an atom and, in
fact, they are related to this phenomenon; as you can see in the
online book on Global Dynamics when explaining movement.
Now we are ready to present on the next page the model of
gravitational interactionwithin the chapter of the first state of
physical matter.

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57

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58

Global Mechanics

2.b.1. The gravitational interaction and the

gravitational force
Until the introduction of gravity and its gravitational forceany of
the reticules in structure of matter in the Euclidian space
would have the same properties. It other words, globine would
have a symmetry in every direction, global symmetry of super
symmetry.
In the previous part on gravitational theory we saw the physical
properties of the phases of matter that configure gravity,
especially the introduction of radial symmetry and the additive
tension in the longitudinal curvature of the globine.
As shown in the figures, the quoted super symmetry breaks in
the gravitational field, because of the effect of mass when
provoking a separation of filaments in gravitys reticular
structure. Besides the radial symmetry of the gravitational
field, on the shown images we can recognize an up-and-below
or respect to the horizontal axis symmetry, where the
filaments in gravitys reticular structure are convex towards the
axis of symmetry.
In other words, the mass provokes an elastic tension in the
gravitational fields three dimensional net when separating the
filaments on one end, so that the interior of the lines are
convex towards the mass or point with the biggest separation
of the filaments or lines of elastic tension, provoking the
vertical asymmetry of the heyelogic figure.
Regarding the gravitational force it is important to point out that
there could be two different causes, one explaining the
movement due to the classical gravitational force or force of
gravity by Newton, and another elucidating the movement of
the anomalous precision of the orbit of Mercury in
replacement of the distortion of the space suggested by
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Global Mechanics

Einstein in his General Theory on Relativity.

The online book on the Law of Global Gravity will analyze the
mentioned causes and their mathematical formulas
byNewton's Law in the Universal Gravity with the
incorporation of a correction by the Law on Global Gravity a
propos the effect of the kinetic energy on the force of the
gravitational attraction.
We will also leave the analysis of the characteristics of forces of
gravity of atomic distances for another section.
Finally, we will dedicate another section to the topic related to
the force of the gravitational interaction in the Law of Global
Gravity book; it is about the characteristics of gravitational waves
and the different definitions or concepts used to refer to them.
Particularly, some ideas on the characteristics of longitudinal
waves and on the speed of the transmission of the potential
gravitational energy are included.
Now we will analyze one of the most relevant aspects of the
gravitational interaction. The additive property of the tension
of longitudinal curvature of globine or potential elastic energy
that supports the gravitational force.
z

The additive property of the gravitational force

The longitudinal curvature, which provokes or supports
the gravitational interaction, together with the
characteristic of rigidity, causes the generation of elastic
lines of tension in the filaments of gravitys three
dimensional structure.
The electromagnetic fields also possess the additive
property of its potentials, as we will see later its material
support is also the globine, but it would be about the
transversal elasticity of its filaments.
The colors red and green in the three figures below on the
gravitational force show the additive property of the
60

Global Mechanics

elasticity of the longitudinal curvature as a linear relation,

when summing up the vertical distances between the
filaments; a greater approach to reality would be to sum up
the distances in a semi-logarithmic scale because of the
inverse-square law.

Gravitational force

Convexity towards the axis of symmetry

Radial Symmetry of gravitational force

Additive property of gravitational force

With the gravitational force based on a structure of elastic

three-dimensional reticules, the characteristic of having
additive tension is quite intuitive. However I consider
opportune to underline two new aspects of the
gravitational model:
{

We should not confuse the mathematical representation

of a gravitational field by using lines of force of the
field with the material filaments that support or allow
the gravitational force.
The maximum separation of the filaments will be
61

Global Mechanics

determined by the pure longitudinal elasticity of the

edges of the three dimensional reticules of the matters
structure. In the figure, it would be a shorter distance
than the diameter of the ball of mass, which at the same
time would also be determined by the quoted reticular
elasticity as we will see when talking about what the
physical mass is and the fundamental particles with mass and
stables.
The rigidity of the phase matter of gravitys structure will
cause the convexity to decrease until very long distances in
accordance to the attraction of the gravitational law with its
inverse-square law.
The curvature created in the filaments of the reticular
composition of gravity or globine implies the existence of a
potential elastic energy and it will have an asymptotic shape
in the right part of the mentioned figure, related to the
horizontal axis of symmetry. This elastic tension of the
filaments is responsible for the multiple components of the
force of gravitational attraction and the gravitational
acceleration.

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Global Mechanics

2.b.1.a) Gravity in the atomic distances. Mass and

specific gravity or relative density
Gravity is provoked by tension of the longitudinal curvature in
the reticular structure of matter or globine. Consequently, in
short distances the force of gravity will depend on the three
dimensional shape of the mentioned reticular structure; which
will also be determined by the presence of mass.
On another hand, the concept of mechanic energy in atomic
distances is not as useful as in the movement of the bodies,
even if the Law of the Conservation of Energy staysin a closed
system, the concepts of potential gravitational energy and
gravitational kinetic energy will be affected by the movement
and space location of globine itself, as we discuss in the online
book of Law of Global Gravity.
In the section about the electronic configuration within the
new theory of the global atom of this online book we will
analyze together the mass, the electromagnetic energy and
force of gravity in atomic distances. Logically it will also affect
the molecular structure and the mass and specific gravity or
relative density; even though many other factors exist, as the
molecular cohesion or typical intermolecular bonds of solids.
The specific gravity or specific mass is a relative measurement of an
element density and will depend on the concentration of mass
by unit of volume for each element. The mentioned
concentration of mass will be affected by the three
dimensional molecular structure and mass number of atoms.
At the same time the molecular bonds mainly depend on the
characteristics of the electromagnetic field, but this field tends
to annul itself between the positive and negative charges of the
atoms and ions; so that the gravity in atomic distances
becomes more important than the correspondent to its
quantitative relation with the electromagnetic field.
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Global Mechanics

We will have to wait for the definition of the electromagnetic

energy and see how it is created and what the mass is, so we
are able to better understand the complete model of the
gravitational field and the specific gravity or relative density.
Nevertheless it is convenient to bring forward two important
concepts about matters reticular structure that supports the
gravitational force in atomic distances.
The configuration of the atomic nucleus, of its electrons, the
molecular structure itself and the specific gravity or relative density
will be affected by the two following phenomenon:
z

Gravitys repulsive force

This phenomenon is produced near the atomic nucleus;
when the mass of the neutron separates the elastic
filaments of globines three dimensional reticule, it obliges
the mentioned filaments to become concaves in regard to
the neutron itself.
In other words, due to the tension of the longitudinal
curvature, the gravitational force will operate towards the
exterior because of the convexity; that means the sense of
the spatial vector in the direction of the gravitational force
has been inverted; this it is usually shown with an arrow on
top of the affected magnitudes.
The force of gravity changes its sign and, when changing,
there will be an inflexion point where it is annulled. So
now, it will not be necessary to use the uncertainty principle of
the Quantum Mechanics theory to explain why the electrons
do not fall in the nucleus of the atom.
Regardless the previous paragraph, as we will see in this
online book when explaining what electrons are, the
meaning of its orbits and the mechanisms of their jumps
between orbits; electrons do not fall to the nucleus of the
atom because its mass has a partially different nature than
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Global Mechanics

the mass of the neutrons or protons and its movement has

unusual characteristics.

Repulsive force of gravity

In the case of homogenous dissolutions in liquids, the

dissolved element will have to expand because of the
repulsive gravity, so even if it is small, it will exist because
of the additive property of the forces of gravity, although
the distribution of the electromagnetic field on the
molecular level of both liquids can also be important.
Another effect of repulsive gravity is the general tendency
of liquids to have a smaller density than solids and, as a
result, smaller specific gravity or relative density than the solids
and bigger than gases, referring to the same element.
A similar line of argument justifies volume of gasses and
the pressure for a specific temperature. By playing with the
mentioned variables we manage to vary the density and the
specific gravity of gases; this aspect is important when
conducting them through pipes.
z

Restrainedforce of gravity
It is vector modulation of the gravitational force because
of the twists of globines reticular structure.
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Global Mechanics

The mass does not only have gravitational effect when

provoking a big increase in the tension of the longitudinal
curvature but also is associated to the electromagnetic
energy because it is made up of curls or whirlpools of
globine itself.

Restrained force of gravity

As we can see in this figure, the twists of globine will also

provoke an inversion of the sense of the force of gravity
that will become a force of repulsion or held back force
from a force of attraction, in very short distances.
The held back forces of gravity will have relevant effects
on the configuration of the atomic nucleus and molecules.
As we will see later on, the electrons suppose a twist in the
globine, similar to the one in the figure.
If the temperature is associated in some way with the
electromagnetic field, the pressure will be with the hold
back gravity and, to a less extent, to the repulsive gravity.
Although in such an elastic model, all the forces are
interrelated and tend to balance themselves.
Note that up until now we have not introduced the
electromagnetic interaction, which together with the normal
gravitational interaction and its vector modulation by the two
66

Global Mechanics

reasons I pointed out, will determine the basic atomic

structure, the molecular and eventually,the density and
specific gravity or specific mass of the materials.
A significant aspect is that these changes or modulation of the
gravitational force could mean that the Giga-Chron
experiment is always correct, and generalize the validity of
the fundamental equation of the Global Equivalence Theory.
[ G * g = c * h * R * n ]
Furthermore, the analysis of the new atom model will mainly
deal with the delimitation of the globudesic lines of the
balanced points in respect to all the current forces.

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Global Mechanics

2.b.2. The electromagnetic interaction

2.b.2.a) Electromagnetic waves propagation
According to Global Mechanics, the electromagnetic waves are
transverse waves of a mechanical nature on globine or
reticular structure of matter, which supports gravity.
The concept of photon and electromagnetic wave is very
delicate in the theory on Modern Physics because of the known
wave-particle duality.
The double-slit experimentcarried out by Thomas Young
in 1803 set up the wave behavior of light when he obtained
patterns of interference and diffraction in the electromagnetic
waves propagation.
On the other hand, the photoelectric effect explained by
Einstein in 1905 shows the particle nature of waves or
photon when checking the absorption of light and
electromagnetic waves take place in a discrete way or quantum
of light; with a constant of proportionality whose value is the
Planck constant.
Nevertheless, I would say that originally all this is exaggerating
the contradictions a bit in order to artificially raisea scientific
discipline. I ask myself how can we think that a wave exists
not having a material support? Maybe it has a spiritual nature?
Isn't energy a property ofmatter? The phenomenon of the
XIX century and the beginning of the XX century with the
nature of the light is similar to the current Quantum Mechanics;
the barriers of science are skipped. Religion and magic are
everywhere.
The photoelectric effect shows that the particle nature of light
is discrete and not continuous or, more precisely, that the
transverse elasticity of globine or reticular structure of matter
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Global Mechanics

as supporting the electromagnetic interaction upholds itself on

physical mechanisms with a discrete nature.
Taking in to account the characteristic of globines filaments
are unbreakable and, consequently, the continuous nature of
matter; we will have to incorporate a new property for globine
as to implement the coherence of the model with the
electromagnetic waves propagation.
The filaments of globine will have internal elements that we
can call elastocytes, which would have a special elastic
property. The elastocytes are constantly vibrating supported
by its internal energy and this allows both the elasticity or
tension of the longitudinal curvature of the gravitational
interaction and the transmission of a spin or a twist from a
minimum unit of energy in the electromagnetic interaction; in the
opposite case or for the excess of torsion that does not come
to a minimal additional unit, the energy of torsion will be
reflected.
Maybe the filaments between two vertexes of the structure of
matters reticules will configure an elastocyte, apart from its
huge longitudinal elasticity.
I will try to present the physical life of a photon in the
different stages of the electromagnetic interaction in a simplified
way. Nevertheless the concept of a photon will not be
understood until you can perceive the whole model, especially
the magnetic field and electromagnetism in general. In
other words, all the concepts of the structure of matter, in its
different stages of physical matter are closely related to each
other and a more intuitive view will be obtained once we get
to know the complete elastic model of Global Mechanics
physical reality.
Some new concepts are hard to accept because of the big
variation or change in the contemporary paradigm. The
current concept of electromagnetic wave or photon is
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something without mass or physical entity, and its propagation

is carried out through an empty space where there is not
anything at all. Although lately this idea is being weakened,
some people find it difficult to substitute nothing with
something unknown. Maybe in this case it will not be so
difficult to exchange such a null concept with something more
tangible to our minds or perception.
So coming closer to the new concept of photon or electromagnetic
wave and without having the intention to carry out an exact
description of the new physics paradigm; lets see the three
consecutive stages of the photon life: the creation,
electromagnetic wave propagation and collapse of the
mechanical wave.

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Initial torsion of the

magnetic wave

Transversal elasticity

The origin of the

electromagnetic
wave
propagation is a spatial
variation of globine that
provokes a torsion
mechanism deforming the filaments of the reticular
structure of gravity or globine, described on the previous
pages, due to the property of transverse elasticity.
The figure shows the characteristic shape of a beam or a
polyurethane bar when we applied torsion in one end and
it can not release the transversal tension because its other
end is fixed.
Afterwards, the electromagnetic interaction will become more
complicated because of the movements of globine and the
atomic nucleus and the formation of mass, especially the
mass of electrons.
The propagation of the transverse mechanical waves and collapse of
electromagnetic wave can be found on the following section.

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Global Mechanics

Electromagnetic wave propagation as mechanical

waves and transverse waves.
Once torsion has taken place on one end, a transverse
mechanical wave will be produced in the form of a spiral
curve towards the other end as shown in the figure. (Well,
an animated gif would better indicate this)

Affected structure of gravity

Gravity filaments affected and group wave

Therefore, energy from the photon or the mechanical

torsion will be transmitted from the initial point towards
the other end according to the parameters of the transverse
elasticity.
This presentation of photons as transverse mechanical waves is
only a mere simplification of what happens in reality, it
seems that in the propagation of electromagnetic waves,
the torsion of a filament of the structure of gravity or
globine will necessarily affect the adjacent filaments. So we
can talk about a three dimensional group wave and wave
fronts but we still do not know what exactly a photon is.
As a result, the bar of the image will represent the group
wave or the collection of filaments in gravitysreticular
structureaffected by the advance of the electromagnetic
wave front.
From the perspective of the central axis of the transverse
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Global Mechanics

mechanical wave, the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave will

depend on how many elastocytes are needed to reflect the
total energy of the wave, keeping in mind that each
elastocyte represents a minimum unit of energy.
According to Wikipedia, since they are transverse waves,
electromagnetic group wave and light can be polarized,
whereas longitudinal waves, such as the mechanical waves
of sound, cannot be polarized because the oscillation is
produced in the same direction as its propagation.
Wikipedia also states that the study of electromagnetic
polarization only concerns the electric fields of the
mentioned transverse waves by convention since the
magnetic field is perpendicular and proportional to the
electric field. I still have not been able to make out the
difference between an electric field and a magnetic field in
a photon. I suppose it would be a conventional difference
because of historic reasons and due to the fact that it is
useful to separate the two spatial components; maybe it has
something to do with the differences due to the direction
of the electromagnetic wave propagation in relation to the
tension of gravitys longitudinal curvature and the resulting
potential difference of the torsion.
Another way to look at it would be to ask ourselves if the
magnetic wave group has an electric component in its
transverse wave propagation.
The figure on the propagation of the magnetic and electric
field shows the classic virtual division of the electromagnetic
wave propagation. This representation of two planes of the
front of a three dimensional transverse and mechanical
wave corresponds to the lines defining the adjacent
filaments of the reticular structure of gravity affected in
each instant.
If we look at the advance of the wave front over time, the
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Global Mechanics

areas represented in every plane perpendicular to its

direction will define the group wave in the reticular
structure of gravity, or globine, as a three dimensional
electromagnetic wave volume.

Transverse and mechanical wave

Magnetic field and electric field

The figure is not exact because the vertical and horizontal

lines of the propagation of the wave front of the transverse
mechanical wave cannot be so straight; however I believe
the intended effect is achieved.
The fact that the mechanical wave of the photon maintains
its energy indicates that the reticular structure of gravity is
a non-dispersive medium.
Another property of magnetic waves and light is that they
break the symmetry of the radial structure of gravity.

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Physical collapse of electromagnetic waves

Warning! Do not confuse with the mathematical collapse
of the Quantum Mechanics wave function.
The electromagnetic wave of light, or photon, will not stop
as long as there is no reason to; for example, by reaching a
fixed point that does not allow its passage or propagation.
In that moment, the main effects produced in the
mentioned transverse mechanical wave are:
{

Absorption of the electromagnetic wave by a particle with mass

Consequently, the photon will have transmitted its
energy to the receiver particle. The received energy may
cause increased vibration in the mass and in the
surrounding globine or increased heat, or kinetic energy
of the lineal movement of the mass.
Meanwhile, the spatial distortion that the photon
created disappears and part of the globine is absorbed
by the particle with mass.
Keeping in mind differences between a particle with
mass and a mechanical impulse, it is like if a car enters a
highway at the same speed as the other cars on the
highway and the rest of the cars would have to readjust
their speed so as to maintain a safe distance between
the other cars (heat) or go faster to increase the
available space (kinetic energy).

Rebounded electromagnetic wave

Another possibility for the transverse mechanical wave
front, for whichever reason, is to rebound in the
direction of the displacement or in another direction.
It could be because the wave frequency and the
resonance the particle with mass are incompatible,
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Global Mechanics

something like a car entering a highway too slowly.

{

Reception and reemission of the photon

We could also suggest that the photon or quantum are
received, but immediately reemitted because it created
an unstable state in the receiver particle with mass.
In this case, the car can enter the highway because it
goes faster, but pushes another car out which is then
forced to leave the highway.

One more possibility is that the torsion of the transverse

mechanical wave ends up creating a complete loop...
Another important characteristic of the electromagnetic wave
or propagation refers to the concept of movement; which is
studied in detail in the Global Dynamics online book,
particularly the sections regarding the Dynamics of the Movement
of Light.
Finally, I would like to point out that the wave behavior
shown by the photons as transverse waves of mechanical
nature that propagate though the reticular structure of matter
called globine, which supports gravity, implies the unification
of the gravitational interaction with the electromagnetic
interaction. There are more details about this statement in the
part of this book called Electromagnetic force and field.

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2.b.2.b) Properties of light waves and photons

While describing the stages of the electromagnetic waves we
indirectly pointed out some of the properties of light waves, or
photons. Likewise, wementioned the dual nature of light or the
wave-particle duality of electromagnetic waves in the sense of
being transverse mechanical waves on the reticular structure of
the gravitational field or globine.
An important characteristic of the properties of light waves,
which is examined in the Law of Global Gravity book, is the
movement of light in terms of the curvature of light, or the
natural phenomenon of gravitational lenses explained by the
Merlin effect.
Now we will take a look at other very interesting properties of
light waves, or photons that are key aspects of the current theories
of Modern Physics affected by the new paradigm of Global
Mechanics. We will look specifically at topics regarding the
postulate of constancy of the speed of light, the mass of
photons and the quoted dual nature of light, or wave-particle
duality of photons.
The new definition of a photon implies the following properties
of light waves:
z

Magnetic wave propagation and constant speed of

light
A consequence of the definition of gravity and the
properties of a light wave as a transverse wave on a
reticular structure, or globine, is that gravity is configured
as a supporting medium for the propagation of light
waves according to what the Global Equivalence Theory
proposes in its interpretation of the Michelson-Morley
experiment.

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If particular transverse wave propagation has a variable

speed depending on its intensity or frequency in a
mechanical medium, we call this medium a dispersive
medium, and the contrary would be a non-dispersive
medium. By this definition, globine would be a nondispersive medium.
Another property of light waves, or photons, of equal or
greater importance is that the speed ofthe propagation of
the mechanical wave, or magnetic wave, is precisely that
of the speed of light; and in a non-dispersive medium, such
as gravity, it does not depend on the electromagnetic
energy or frequency but on the parameters of linear
elasticity or rigidity of the filaments of reticular structure of
gravity.
We can better grasp the concept of the constant speed of
the propagation of light by imagining that if we strike a
train rail twice, the sound will not travel faster than if we
strike it only once; so the speed of light does not depend on
the energy or frequency of the waves or, rather,
electromagnetic waves. (This is a useful example assuming
that the mentioned rails configure a non-dispersive
medium).
The property of light waves of being a mechanical wave along
the globine, or reticular structure of gravity, is the reason
why the speed of light is constant in the classic vacuum. In
the global vacuum, light waves and other photons can not
exist as waves.
On the other hand, the famous formula proposed by
Maxwell on the speed of light wave propagation based on the
magnetic permeability of the vacuum 0 and the
permittivity of the vacuum (dielectric constant) 0 reminds
me a lot of the speed of transverse wave propagation in
strings; which corresponds to the square root of the
tension of the string divided by the lineal density of the
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Global Mechanics

string.
c = 1/ 0 0 ; c = ( 0 0)-1/2
It seems as though Maxwell thought of ether as the
mechanical medium of light waves, or photons, or similar
properties of light waves - another piece of irony in the
history of science since nowadays, Maxwells prediction is
regularly used as an indisputable argument in favor of
Einsteins Theory of Relativity. It is as if the history of
knowledge was also written by the winners of scientific
battles.
z

Magnetic wave propagation and the variable speed of

light
From a dogmatic approach, according to the formula
proposed by Maxwell on the speed of light wave propagation,
the most important fact is that the speed of the
propagation of a mechanical wave in a non-dispersive
medium is a property of light waves and that it
corresponds to the square rootof tension and density. It,
in of itself, suggests the inaccuracy of a large part
ofEinsteinsTheory of Relativity by implying that a variable
speed of light can be achieved by changing the longitudinal
tension with the intensity of the gravitational field.
On the other hand, as I will later explain, it is significant to
point out the possible existence of speeds that are faster
than those of photons, or light waves, such as those
produced by the variation in the resonance of mass, that
not only correspond to the square root of tension but also
to speed. Likewise, the density of matters reticular
structure increases in the phase of the state of matter that
makes up the mass.
Therefore, it is not surprising thatQuantum Chromodynamics
can detect speeds faster than the speed of light, even if the
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concept of a group speed is made up...

Furthermore, when measured in an external system of
reference to the gravitational field, if the gravitational field
is a means of support for light, the speed of propagation of
photons will be greater when the gravitational field moves
in the same direction, and less if the opposite occurs.
z

Mass and zero mass of photons

The property of light waves, or photons, as being
mechanical waves along gravitys reticular structure
indicates that light and photons do not have mass.
Nevertheless, due to the initial mechanism itself, the
transmission, and collapse of the transverse magnetic
waves that we described, it could be said that, from a strict
point of view, a spatial variation in the material, or physical
reality, exists due to the elastic property of globine.
The photon does not have mass and is not a particle (in
the normal sense of the word) but, as a dynamic property
of globine, the photon's energy brings about a succession
of small movements of different elastocytes during the
propagation of the light wave.
In other words, the photons change the density of the
reticular structure of matter and, when a photon is
absorbed by a particle with mass, the mass also increases
its density.
The image obtained of the mechanical transverse waves
with the heyelogic microscope shows what the photons of
high energy are like; although any resemblance to reality is
pure coincidence.
The idea being conveyed is that the elasticity of matters
reticular structure could hold double, triple or more torsion
layers. The image shows torsion of second order in a beam
or bar of polyurethane.
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Perhaps the concept of the photon as a particle without mass and

being able to transmit a kinetic moment was a paradox, but
once it is explained it is no longer a paradox. It is neither a
paradox nor a particle. In my opinion, science consists of
explaining paradoxes, not relying on them, let alone
reveling in them. Therefore, it is better to talk about light or
photons as a dynamic property of the elasticity of globine more for
being a transverse mechanical wave than a particle without mass.
On the other hand, as Property of the waves
explained by the book
of double torsion
Global Gravity Law, when
talking about the atractis
causa of the gravitational
force,
the
electromagnetic energy
is affected by gravity
due to the same
mechanism as mass and it is also affected twice as much
due to its speed. In other words, the electromagnetic
energy is an elastic property of globine just as mass is; but
this does not mean that photons and mass constitute one
identity from all perspectives.

The wave particle duality of light

In the previous section we explained how to understand
the wave-particle duality of light in Global Mechanics, and we
clarified the topic regarding the double-slit experiment and
Einsteinsphotoelectric effecton the photons energy. It is
worth repeating that a wave created by torsion that
advances through a single filament should not produce
diffraction nor pass through two slits. However, the
filaments that make up part of the globines reticular
structure and that of a photon are actually formed by a
collection of affected filaments that can be called a group
wave.
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Global Mechanics

When the electron disappears due to the changing orbital

level, it will affect many of gravitys filaments until it reappears in another level.
Likewise, the game of forces will transmit the impulse
through the elastocytes in the shape of a fan up to a certain
amplitude in the direction of movement for every reticule
of the three dimensional structure of gravity. This
characteristic or property of light waves and photons would
explain the wave behavior of light in the Young
experiment or the double-slit experiment.

Light wave group or photons

A different problem from that of the wave-particle duality

of light, or photons, is the double-slit experiment with
electrons but we will try to explain this topic while
describing what electrons are and how they move.
An encouraging example is to see in Wikipedia how
Quantum Theory resolves the paradox of the Young
experiment or double-slit experiment when the photons
are emitted one by one. They propose that the probability
functions of finding a particle in a specific point interfere
with each other. Even though we could accept the
functions represent waves of particles that they are not
conscious, but to have a mathematical function a real effect
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it is only possible in the world of Quantum Theory. Excuse

me; this also occurs in the world of the Theory of
Relativityalong with the concept of gravity as a geometric
effect of continuum space-time.
I think this is encouraging for two reasons; because we can
recognize that Quantum Mechanics has a mathematical
mechanism impressively adapted to the properties of light
waves, or photons, in physical reality. Therefore, surely the
size of the reticule, the elastocytes and other related ideas can
be calculated with great accuracy.
The second reason is that the logical justification is often
glaringly absent thereby leaving a clear gap for physical
theories such as Global Mechanics.

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2.b.2.c) Electromagnetic interaction, field and force

When we were discussing the properties of light waves I
mentioned that the concept of a photon would be better
understood once we have seen the complete model, especially
in this section of electromagnetic interaction. The aforementioned
is true, but it is also true that in order to understand
electromagnetic force or the electromagnetic field in Global
Mechanics we need to be familiar with the concept of
electromagnetic wave which is why I explained it earlier.

Electromagnetic field

The same could be said about the electromagnetic interaction

regarding the atom model, and since the whole theory of
everything cannot be explained at once, we will look at the atom
model later.
The first thing I have to underline is that from the new
concept of the electromagnetic wave we can clearly deduce the
unification of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions.
Both the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field are
effects of gravitys or globines reticular structure and its
properties of rigidity, elasticity etc. At the same time, both
show the existence of gravitational force and electromagnetic
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force, respectively.
According to Wikipedia, the unification of gravitational force
with electromagnetic force does not consist of a grand unified
theory (GUT) because it does not unify the fundamental
electroweak forces (weak nuclear force and electromagnetic
force) with the strong nuclear interaction. Nor would it be a
theory of everything (TOE) because it does not include the
gravitational force together with the three previous ones.
Therefore we can say that it is a Second Unification Theory, or
Mini Unification, due to the addition of gravitation to the
electroweak model and the lack of a strong nuclear force.
Nevertheless, it is not exactly like that, because it is not about
adding or unifying a force but about reconfiguring the three
involved forces. On the other hand, the third unification is
done in the part concerning the new atom model of Global
Mechanics, so we can say that it is about a Theory of Everything.
Furthermore, from another perspective, Global Mechanics
reestablishes concepts of time and space by integrating the
gravitational interaction reverting back to a classical
Euclidian geometry which inevitably results in more accurate
definitions of speed and the concept of movement; as it can
be verified in the Global Dynamics online book. In short,
besides unification, it appears that Global Equivalency Theory
tries to substitute the Theory of Relativity and most of Quantum
Physics with the figure of Global Physics or Globics.
If the gravitational interaction is based on the elasticity and
rigidity in the longitudinal curvature of gravitys reticular
structure, the electromagnetic interaction is based on the
transverse elasticity or torsion of the same structure. In other
words, the two interactions coexist in the same reticular
structure of matter, or globine, that make up gravity; it is the
gravitational-magnetic field.
The gravitational field is a result of the elasticity in the
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longitudinal curvature of matters reticular structure and the

electromagnetic field of the transversal elasticity of the
structure. The electromagnetic field disrupts or breaks the
gravitational or radial symmetry created by mass.
The difference in the concept lies, on one hand, in the cause
of the generation of the gravitational field or the
electromagnetic field in the physical structure of gravity, or
globine; and on the other hand, in the cause and spatial
orientation of the transmission of energy or force.
Another important aspect is the relation between the
electromagnetic field and the electromagnetic wave; that is,
even the particles in motion with an electrical charge produce
force fields, these particles in motion do not necessarily have
to exist in order for the electromagnetic fields to exist.
Furthermore, electrons are a result of the differences in the
electromagnetic potential or torsion of the globine, which
dissipates once these particles are created. We will see this in
more detail when discussing mass and the electronic
configuration of the atom.
Some innovative ideas in Global Mechanics have to do with the
concept of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic
interaction, how it is generated and how it is destroyed or
weakened.
Now lets observe each one of these elements within the
parameters of the new concept of electromagnetism:

The concept of an electromagnetic field

It is a force field that is similar to a gravitational field but is
produced by the elastic tension of globine which is created
by transverse forces of torsion instead of the longitudinal
force of the gravitational field. The electromagnetic force
does not cancel the force of gravity as can be proven at
home with a magnet. That is, we can talk about a real
gravitational magnetic field.
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Just like the longitudinal tension, the process of torsion

needs a mechanical compensation; that is, if in a given
point, a perpendicular torque force starts toward the right,
a perpendicular torsion has to start in the same direction
but going the other way, toward the left.
The forces in Global Mechanics should be considered as
something of purely mechanical nature derived from elastic
energy which would be another perspective of the
Principle of Global Conservation. And there cannot be spiritual
forces or forces from another world. It is in some way the
same as Newton 's third law of action and reaction, even
though this name can be confusing or misleading in
regards to the real effects in specific cases, just as we
mentioned in the Global Dynamics online book.
They say that, experimentally, the conclusion that has been
reached is that monopoles do not exist because the lines of
the magnetic field are closed, which is known as the law of
Gauss for the magnetic field. It is true that they are closed,
although the return can be long, mathematically speaking;
we only need to draw an electromagnetic force field to see
that. If we try to draw the whole thing, surely it will be
drawn out the piece of paper and maybe they will close due
to other magnetic fields before coming back to the paper.
I think the reason for the non-existence of monopoles in
the electromagnetic interaction is not because the lines close;
but because two lines always have to be opened in the
opposite direction so as to feed themselves. In other
words, upon breaking symmetry, other symmetry arises of
lesser rank.

Generation of the electromagnetic field

The photons create electromagnetic force fields since globines
filaments acquire the torsion that defines these fields by
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the propagation of photons.

Moreover, the less the waves that create the
electromagnetic field disperse the more the resulting field
will grow. If a rope is twisted on one end while the other
side is fixed, we can observe how torsion is typically
acquired according to its elasticity.
A second reason that electromagnetic fields are generated
is due to the basic particles in the phase of the state of
matter that corresponds to mass, that is, particles with
mass, but only the stable basic particles with the special
characteristic of having electric charge which creates a static
electromagnetic field.
In short, the static electromagnetic fieldmeans there will
be torsion in globines filaments.
Of course, torsion in any direction will be compensated by
the torsion in the opposite direction. As mentioned earlier,
the nucleus provides the starting point of torsion. As we
will see when talking about the creation of mass, there are
two types of torsions: clockwise and counter-clockwise
that will be the theoretic causes of the properties of the
positive and negative electric charges, even if they do not
exactly correspond.

Annulment of torque stress

{

A simple physical experiment with a rope

If you tie off one end of a rope, and on the other end
we make a transverse torsion to the left and then
another to the right; we will find that there is no torque
stress in the rope, it was obviously annulled.
The same will happen if we connect two strings that are
both tied off at one end. Then the tension of both
loose ends with opposite tension will also disappear.
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Global Mechanics

As stated earlier, we have to distinguish between protons,

or charged stable particles that produce a magnetic field;
and electrons, as those created by the magnetic field in the
process of weakening or relaxing the transverse tension by
the filaments of the globine reaching the maximum torque
stress and creating a complete loop.
We will see this
mechanism in greater
detail on the next page
in the atomic model of
this Global Mechanics
book.

Relaxation
of the magnetic field

As it will later be
explained,
the
mentioned mechanism is the reason for the existence of
electrons as wavons which can be easily proven:
{

Homemade physical experiment with an elastic rubber band

If we have an elastic rubber bandand we twist its ends.
Then we can see that with enough torsion, a loop is
produced in the middle of the elastic or rubber band
and you will feel how the transverse force decreases at
both ends held with two hands just at the moment
when the loop or curl is created.

The complete loop created by the electromagnetic waves

implies a change in the nature of tension; it goes partly
from transverse to reversible deformation energy and
partly to tension of the longitudinal curvature created.

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2.c) What is mass in Physics?

2.c.1. Interaction of mass in Physics
We have observed how electromagnetism reflects the torque
forces of the filaments of matters reticular structure in order
to clearly express the concepts, we have chosen to present a
simplified view of reality since there is no doubt that gravity,
or globine, does not have a bi-dimensional but rather a three
dimensional reticular structure.
If the new scientific theory has unified the gravitational
interaction with the electromagnetic interaction into a single
gravitational magnetic field, it should now be easy to unify it
with the mass interaction since we already have a quantitative
equivalence by means of the equation E = mc from
Einsteins Theory of Relativity, that does indeed quantitatively
coincide, even if partially, with physical reality. In fact, the
unification of the gravitational interaction with the interaction
of the mass in Physics consists of the same energy process as
that found in electromagnetic waves, but it is highly intensified
in order to be able to create mass in Physics.
The interaction of
Interaction of physical mass mass of Physics
Creation process of the elementary particle will
require
electromagnetic
waves in a region
of the globine in
order to create a
complete loop of
its
reticular
structure and to relax the torque stress or transversal torsion.
This process involves an additional form of physical collapse
of the wave, which is precisely when torque stress transforms
into tension of longitudinal curvature and in the tension of

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reversible deformation or compression of globine, in order to

form the fundamental particles of mass in Physics.
In the extreme sense, this process of mass theory provides the
explanation found in the online book of Astrophysicsand Global
Cosmology regarding what black holes are and why they come
about; which implies that fundamental particles of mass share
characteristics with black holes and vice versa.
Therefore, we can establish the definition of the mass in
Physics of squeezed and coiled matter because it absorbs the
electromagnetic waves when the reticular structure of matter
or globine, is coiled or squeezed.
In order to understand what mass of Physics is, its definition,
and its most important characteristics, we can take a look with
the heyelogic microscope. The main steps of the creation
process of a elementary particle are:

Torsion Spirals
In the heyelogic figures, we can observe how loops are
formed by increasing the torsion on the filaments of
matter's reticular structure in general, which supports
gravity. That is, the loops in the interaction of mass of the
fundamental particles are formed as a result of the torque
stress of globine.
It was stated earlier that the complete loop created by
torque stress involves a change in the nature of the stress
from transversal to longitudinal tension. To be more
explicit, the electromagnetic elastic energy becomes
gravitational potential energy and reversible deformation
energy a purely mechanical effect.
This will be the first step of the theory of mass in Physics
in the creation of the state of physical matter, which is
different from that of gravity. We have to imagine globine,
or the reticular structure of matter, in a three dimensional
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space of Euclidian geometry in order to try to visualize

what shape the loops or curls will have. I think they would
produce something similar to a small sphere, or spirals.

What is physical mass?

The complete loop of the fundamental particles with mass

will be created where the elastic torque stress or
electromagnetic energy surpasses a certain physical limit
related to c and to the mass of the electrons.

Spatial contraction
The creation of the loops in the fundamental particles in
the theory of mass will shrink the three-dimensional net or
grid of matter, or globine, and therefore, it will involve a
reticular shrinking phenomenon. As a result, based on the
definition of mass we can gather that a property of globine
is volume reduction, or spatial contraction, at a very high
percentage, and the compaction of matter of the filaments.
The spatial contraction of objects is a natural phenomenon
and common in physics and should not be confused with
the contraction of space. To put it simply, something that
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gets smaller is reduced or shrunk; the concept of

contraction of space itself is unnatural and all it
accomplishes is to complicate reasoning and move us away
from physical reality. Some lines of argument from Modern
Physics remind me of the creative accounting of Modern
Economy.

Curling a loop and accumulating elastic energy

In the new theory and definition of mass, if there is an
initial spiral, loop, or curl in the reticular structure of
matter, the stress torque is maintained with more
transverse waves or electromagnetic waves in opposite
trend, then new loops or curls will be created and will wrap
around the previous one; the phenomenon of spatial
contraction of globine will continue and the mass of the
new elementary particle will increase.
A visual and very intuitive similarity of the definition of
mass of Physics would be a ball made of rubber bands
where layers are laid on top of each other; to a certain
extent, the new elementary particle would be like the layers
of an onion or a ball of yarn. Observe how in the figure
the layers of the ball are created by longitudinal rubber
bands and not by layers formed by local torsion of a three
dimensional structure of rubber bands in which the distant
ends are fixed at one point.

In short, according to the definition of mass, the new elementary

particle will be strongly squeezed by the disappearance of the
three dimensional spaces of the reticules due to the creation of
curls or loops that will end up producing a material structure
of coiled filaments with a much greater density of globine than
normal; and it will have high elastic energy due to the
accumulated torsion. These are the fundamental particles of
the definition of mass, configuring a new phase or state of
aggregation of matter called mass of Physics.
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This analysis is consistent with what was already known

thanks to Einsteins formula of the equivalence between
mass and energy and that the electromagnetic waves are in
violation of the law of conservation of mass. Nonetheless, I would
not suggest that mass and energy are the same or identical
terms, only that they are equal from a specific perspective.
Indeed, both physical mass and electromagnetic energy are
elastic characteristics of globine in different stages of physical
matter.
In several sections of the online
book of the Law of Global
Gravity, there is a more detailed
explanation
regarding
the
quantitative relation between
mass and energy.

Elasticity
of mass in Physics

As far as the topic of the

equivalence between energy and
mass, we once again run across
a terminological issue since,
although the concepts of mass and matter are ever changing,
Modern Physics continues to use the terms states of physical matter
in order to identify what are actually sub-states or types of
mass. Moreover, normal matter is made up of globine, mass
and wavine, and it has properties such as nuclear energy,
electromagnetic energy, thermal energy, and kinetic energy.
In the following sections we will delve into the definition of
mass of Physics and some of the physical limits or conditions
of what mass is, which will allow us to analyze the
characteristics and types of interesting elementary particles.

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2.c.1.a) Properties of fundamental particles with

mass
In the previous section we saw the basic characteristics of the
interaction of mass in Physics, or the creation process, of
fundamental particles with mass. The characteristics of the
definition of mass are the spatial contraction of globine, or
increase in its density, and the accumulation of elastic energy in
the spirals or curls of globine due to electromagnetic energy.
An important issue for me is the fact that I do not like naming
particles the elementary particles without mass because it is
confusing for the brain to grasp, when the topics are already
rather complex. The common element is having internal elastic
energy, but if there are entities that do not have mass they
should be called waves. Nonetheless, on a smaller scale, even
physical waves have a material base, but they change much
faster than mass of Physics.
The new physical model of the theory of mass explains
additional characteristics of the nature of the fundamental
particles with mass and their internal energy.
On the one hand, it allows us to distinguish between stable
and unstable fundamental particles; the two sections of this
online book of unstable subatomic particles and stable particles of the
atom are dedicated to the specific properties of these two types
of elastic energy of the fundamental particles.
On the other hand, the theory of mass put forth by Global
Mechanics also suggests the following additional characteristics
of all types of fundamental particles with mass and their elastic
energy:

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z

Spatial nature of fundamental particles

There are only two possibilities for creating a spiral in the
reticular structure of matter in a Euclidean space, or three
dimensional space, going to the left or to the right; in other
words, with clockwise or counter-clockwise torsion or
electromagnetic elastic energy.
In my opinion, it rather reminds me of the negative and
positive charges of mass. However, it is not precisely the
same since we should not confuse the quantitative
difference in the torque stress between two points or areas
of space and the qualitative difference of being an elastic
energy, or clockwise or counter-clockwise torque stress.
It is worth clarifying this
Clockwise
concept, otherwise there
will
be
serious and counter-clockwise
fundamental particle
repercussions in the
theory of the atom. The
qualitative difference in
the
fundamental
particles with mass will
be related to what is
known as matter and
antimatter, while the
quantitative difference
in electrical charge of
mass is based on the
internal compensation
of the charge and its
environment. Think of the atom's charge with more or less
electrons.

On the other hand, there is the elementary particle of the

neutron with mass that has the same nature as the proton
but without an electrical charge. Or fundamental particles
with very different mass but with the same electrical charge
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and opposite signs, such as protons and electrons.

We must remember that there are also two types of
photons, with elastic energy, or stress torque, with
clockwise or counter-clockwise transversal torsion.
z

Resonance in the fundamental particles with physical

mass
We are all familiar with how balls such as soccer balls
move, but the stress torque of an elastic band is less intuitive.
Therefore it is worth having a torsion bar or elastic
polyurethane handy bar, like that used in the heyelogic
microscope, while reading the book, Global Mechanics, in
order to feel how it acts as a torsion spring.
In
order
to
Mass resonance
understand
the
Elastic energy
resonance
of
fundamental
particleswith mass, we
have to think of
elasticity as a type
of internal dynamic
energy. If we bend
an elastic bar, there
will be a tendency to return to its straightened state;
furthermore, such tendency will disappear if the bent bar
behaves as if we had taken its photo. If the reticular
structure of matter was completely still and not in constant
vibration it would not have the elastic property, or internal
elastic energy.

The discussion regarding whether a structure with elastic

energy needs to have internal elements with elastic
property is an interesting one because if we apply a
recursive argument we will get Another interesting
argument regarding internal energy of matter would be if
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we could create a flexible or elastic structure or vice versa

with absolutely rigid elements.
If we imagine the formation of a loop, it is a dynamic and
elastic process that increases the tension of longitudinal
curvature; that is, a balance is created between this tension
of globine and the tendency of deformation energy has of
reverting back to its initial state. In short, elastic energy of
fundamental particles of mass will be in the form of
internal vibration.
Once globine is squeezed or compacted into fundamental
particles of mass, the internal energy of its vibration will
appear to be what is called resonance.
The frequency of resonance of fundamental particles will
be synchronized with the vibration of the longitudinal
torque of globine since they continue to make up part of
the globine. Nonetheless, we have to keep in mind the
speed, since once the fundamental particles with mass are
moving they will have to increase their vibration or
resonance in order to be synchronized with globine in
classic relative movement, which is somewhat similar to
the Doppler effect with its mechanical waves.
z

Discrete nature of mass and dual property of matter

that makes up mass
The properties of elementary particles with mass in Global
Mechanics give way to the discussion of the discrete nature
of mass, since besides being the result of quantified elastic
electromagnetic energy, they are formed by complete
loops; in which the smallest is the electron, and they reach
the largest size if they are stable; although in black holes
there are surely the result of other processes of squeezing
globine.
On the other hand, matter is continuous as pointed out in
the beginning of Global Mechanics in which the existence of
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globine, or the reticular structure of matter, is define to

support the global conservation of energy with a great
simplicity.
From another point of view, once globine is in constant
vibration it will also have a wavy nature. The dual nature of
mass (the common expression is dual nature of matter) is
derived from the elastic energy due to the resonance of
fundamental particles and how it relates to the tension of
longitudinal curvature produced in globine, or reticular
structure of matter.
As we will see in the following section about unstable
subatomic particles, some types of mass have a mixed
nature independent from the mentioned dual nature of
matter; that is, they sequentially change between the nature
of electromagnetic waves and fundamental particles with
mass.
Meanwhile, stable fundamental particles with mass need a
minimum size that is relatively close to its maximum size;
which is, in any case, of discrete nature due to having a
maximum size, as stated earlier, and is explained in detail in
the section about stable atom particles.
Finally, I would like to point out that the expressions of
discrete nature, dual property of matter, wavy behavior, etc.,
should be clarified for each specific case and their technical
meaning should be used with caution since it surely refers to
the paradigm of Modern Physics and not to the theory of mass
put forth in Global Mechanics.

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2.c.1.b) Unstable subatomic particles

We have seen how fundamental particles or the smallest
subatomic particles of physical mass are created through an
intense process of torsion of globine, or reticular structure of
gravity, which generates a different state of physical matter where
the main characteristic is the accumulation of elastic energy in
curls or spirals of resonant mass.
I have called this phenomenon of changing state of matter,
interaction of mass or black interaction by eliminating torque
stress from the electromagnetic wave and change it to tension
of longitudinal curvature (gravity) and reversible deformation energy
of globine (mass)

Stable subatomic particle

We have also seen in the previous sections properties of

subatomic particles in general as their clockwise and counterclockwise spatial nature, and we have in addition mentioned
their unstable or stable nature.
Stable subatomic particles will have some mechanism to prevent
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the spirals or loops of the reticular structure of globine from

becoming easily undone in spite of the tendency to return to
its initial state due to the elastic energy.
The figure shows a rolled up blanket with a knot in order to
intuitively represent a possible mechanism of stability,
although it is not exact. We will go into more detail regarding
stable elementary particles and their maximum size in the
section of this book about Particles of the atom of the new
atomic model put forth by Global Mechanics.
Next we will explain the characteristics of the subatomic particles
with mass, such as electrons, and the unstable nature of their elastic
energy which are the most innovative or notable
characteristics of the subatomic particles in Global Mechanics.
z

Sliding of subatomic particles

As previously explained, electromagnetic waves, or
photons, and other particles without mass represent small
twists or transverse deformations or torque stress of
globine. When these twists joint in the space with opposite
trend, they create loops or spirals of the physical mass.
If the loops receive more energy or torque force from one
side, they will slide until they reach a balanced transversal
tension of torsion received through the loop ends. In this
case, the movement of the particles with mass could be
intuitively described as the displacement of a slip knot.

Nature of very unstable subatomic particles, or

gravitational skip.
If the subatomic particle is in a point of potential trough, like
the electrons in their orbits, by changing the differences in
potential the point is no longer balanced and the particle
will be undone due to its elastic tension. The freed
electromagnetic energy will be displaced at the speed of
light until finding a new equilibrium in a minimum
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potential but in another trough where it will appear again

as a subatomic particle with mass.
We can call this phenomenon a gravitational skip due to
the fact that it normally takes place between very short
distances and it defines a new type of subatomic particles.
We also find it again in the page for the new atomic
model in the Physics of Elementary particles proposed by
Global Mechanics within Global Physics.
z

The wavons
In order to make a distinction between the expression of
dual nature of matter and the new type of subatomic particles, it
has been suggested the formation of a second type of
duality, mixed, or intermediate as far as the duration time
with one nature or another.
A generic term for such strong waves could be wavons.
That is, they would be subatomic particles that acquire mass
between skips which is what I referred to previously, there
are material loops and they leap at the speed of light as
photons until they reach a new equilibrium in the gravitomagnetic tension. The term makes reference to the fact
that electromagnetic waves would be abundant, strong, and
powerful, derived from the existence of loops or curls that
define physical mass.
The mass of wavons is called wavine in order to
differentiate it from mass in the strictest sense (squeezed
matter). Occasionally, the term mass is used for both types
of states physical matter in a broad sense due to the fact
that both are made up of curls or loops of globine or
reticular structure of gravity.
It will be necessary to make a distinction when analyzing
the physics of movement in the online book of Global
Dynamics. As we will see, elementary particles with mass
and stable elastic energy slide through globine like the
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abovementioned slip knots.

The heyelogic figure shows a 180 degree rotation on a
bidimensional net. We can intuitively observe that there is
nothing to stop the rotation from reversing if the tension
that produced it were to disappear and if the net had a
tendency to return to its flat state.

Unstable subatomic particle

Heyelogic ecography

Electrons
Electrons belong to a type of subatomic particles of
wavons. This characteristic of electrons explains the tunnel
effect experiment that should actually be called the jump of the
wavons experiment.
Likewise, due to being wavons, the electrons travel by
leaps and their movement is described as electron clouds,
although it also they can slide like particles with mass.
The mixed movement of unstable subatomic particles would
very easily explain the Young experiment or double slit
experiment done with electrons.
The orbital movement of electrons has another nature that
will be examined in the section called Atomic structure of this
online book..
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Global Mechanics

The increase in mass of electrons with the velocity

observed in the Bcherer experiment in 1908 is also
consistent with the theory of mass in Global Mechanics.
z

Antiparticles and spatial lengthening of globine

A very interesting topic in Physics of Particles is the
association that emerges between subatomic particles and
black holes which, upon their formation, are also large
accumulators of mass and elastic energy.
Another comparison between subatomic particles and
Astrophysics refers to the processes of squeezing and
expanding globine, or the reticular structure of gravity, that
take place at both an atomic level as well as at the level of
stars and galaxies as described in certain detail in the book
Astrophysics and Global Cosmology.
When two fundamental particles of opposite spatial nature,
clockwise and counter-wise respectively, are also leaping,
or are unstable, and make contact with each other, they
mutually annihilate each other thereby producing other
particles and photons based on their distinct energy. These
are fundamental particles of antimatter, or antiparticles,
due to their manner of reacting with small and more
normal particles.
With the collision between the antiparticles that make up
the antimatter and normal matter, the loops that existed
without creating transverse torsion were immediately
cancelled out since the transverse torsion is also
compensated for. However, the elasticity in globine that
gave rise to the initial curvature and later the formation of
antiparticles and tiny subatomic particles, will recover its
volume thanks to its characteristic of elastic deformation.
For future reference, we can call spatial lengthening of globine
this physics phenomenon that affects volume of different
phases of matter or reticular structure due to the
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Global Mechanics

disappearance of loops that make up mass; either by the

collision between particles of matter with particles of
antimatter or antiparticles, or by the disappearance of the
torsion needed to maintain the loops.
A similar physics phenomenon of spatial lengthening of
globine could be created if two electromagnetic waves of
opposite signs come together. However, it is not clear if
we keep in mind that electromagnetic waves continue in
their path after the interference takes place. Perhaps an
electromagnetic wave coming into a magnetic field of
contrary spatial nature will result in its cancellation and
produce the abovementioned spatial lengthening.

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2.c.2. Evolution and history of the atomic model

The structure of matter has been the focus of study and
thinking since the dawn of modern civilization. The word
atom comes from the Greek word that sounded the same and
it meant indivisible; that is, the smallest unit of matter, mass,
or however the Greeks called it.
The current meaning of the atom is derived from its evolution
in the 19th century, and in the last century it was discovered
that there were subatomic particles, and hence began the
elaboration of the current structure of the atom, or
interrelation of the types of smallest elementary particles that
make up the atom.
Given the importance of the evolution of the different atomic
models developed, let's briefly comment on the history of the
atom in chronological order before showing the current atom
model put forth by Global Mechanics.

450 BC Atomic model of Democritus

The philosophical development by Democritus postulated
the impossibility of an infinite division of matter and the
consequential need for there to be a smallest unit of which
all things would consist.
It is interesting to think that for 2,500 years Democritus
was considered to be absolutely right; the truth is that it
seemed to be so but now one of the most important
theories or ideas in Global Mechanics proposes the exact
opposite.
In the current model of the Theory of Global Equivalence, all
substances make up a unique particle called Globus that
consists of an unbreakable three dimensional reticular
network that is spread throughout the universe.
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Global Mechanics

1808 Atomic model of Dalton

The development of the Dalton model was already
pointing the way to the modern atom but as one solitary
particle, although it was not very clear at first if the atomic
model of Dalton was supposed to be an atom or a molecule.

1897 Atomic model of Thomson

The following major step in the history of the modern
atom was the atomic theory of Thomson with the division of
the atom between positive and negative charges, like a
fruitcake or garlic soup, with electrical forces of attraction.

1911 Atomic model of Rutherford

The Rutherford model separates the nucleus with positive
charge from electrons with negative charge. Electrons are
located in circular or elliptical orbits around the nucleus.
The neutron was theoretically added to the Rutherford model
in 1920 and was experimentally developed in 1932.

Modelo atmico de Rutherford

The Rutherford model is the visual image we all have of

the modern atom, but it had two problems:
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Global Mechanics
{

It contradicted the Maxwell laws of electromagnetism in

which charged particles in movement should be
constantly emitting photons. Therefore, electrons
should lose energy and fall towards the nucleus of the
atom.
The atomic theory of Rutherford did not explain the atomic
spectrum.

1913 Atomic model of Bohr

The atomic theory of Bohr introduced substantial
improvements to the Rutherford model by incorporating
energy aspects derived from Planck energy and from
Einstein's photoelectric effect.
Although a detailed description of the Bohr model is
complicated, the following characteristics are relevant in
regards to the model that Global Mechanics is going to
introduce:
{

Electrons are situated in stable circular orbits; that is,

where orbits do not emit energy and not all are allowed.
The orbits or electrons that are allowed in the Bohr'
atomic model have an angular momentum that is an exact
multiple of hbar (Planck constant divided by 2)
Electrons emit or absorb a photon by changing atomic
orbits in which the energy depends on the difference of
energy of the orbits and they do not need to go through
intermediate stages.
In the Bohr atom, the electron orbits follow the rules
of Classic Mechanics but the orbit changes do not.

Regardless of the enormous success of this model in many

aspects, the problem with the Bohr model and all of
Quantum Mechanics is that they go on adding assumptions
throughout history but without explaining the reasons to
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Global Mechanics

justify them, just that they work and better explain reality;
which, although is not bad, does not help very much with
understanding reality if the reasons are based on misleading
physics principles.
They could have tried a plausible explanation for a change.

1916 Atomic model of Sommerfeld

With the development of the Sommerfeld model, sublevels
are included in the Bohr atom structure, circular orbits are
dismissed and, to a certain extent, Einstein's Theory of
Relativity is incorporated.
The Sommerfeld model also makes electrons out to be
electrical current and it does not explain why orbits must
be elliptical. I think they are ellipsoids and that Sommerfeld
is right in that the electron is a special kind of
electromagnetic wave, which is called a wavon in Global
Mechanics.

1926 Schrdinger model, or current model according

to Wikipedia
The Schrdinger model alters the philosophy of orbits
surely because of its new contributions to the atomic theory of
De Broglie regarding the wavy nature of mass in 1924, and
describes electrons with wave functions. This configuration
allows us to determine the probability of finding the
electron in a specific point in space. Therefore, we get
orbitals of spatial density of probability of finding an electron.
This model of the Schrdinger atom is much better adapted
to observations; however, by giving up the previous image
of the shape of orbits we move away from an intuitive
explanation regarding the causes for such arbitrary orbits.
At the same time, Schrdinger goes into the world of
probabilities and of mathematical abstraction which, in
large doses, could end up being very detrimental or
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Global Mechanics

negative.

2008 Evolution of the current model of an atom

In the following section, this online book of Global
Mechanics proposes a new step in the evolution of the
modern model of the atom in an attempt to continue to
make progress in what we know about a physics reality that
is as beautiful and simple as it is complex.

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2.c.2.a) Atom concept and theory

The atom structure and theory has been developed
throughout history, as pointed out in the previous page, with
unquestionable conceptual and technical advances in the
understanding of different phases of matter in general or, to
be more correct, the reticular structure of matter, globine, or
simply Globus.
I think one of the most interesting ways to explain atom
structure and definition in the new theory is the presentation
of its primary properties and characteristics in relation to the
previous atom concepts or theories. On the one hand, homage
is paid to these contributions for pointing out important
aspects and, on the other hand, simplifying both the
explanation as well as the understanding of new ideas and the
atom concept, whether they are in agreement or not.
On the other hand, it presents the most innovative properties
of the atom, not the implications regarding the development
of the entire Standard Model of the Physics of Elementary Particles.
In any case, it is worth pointing out that the most innovative
characteristics of the atom in Global Mechanics are those related
to the concept and motion of electrons together with the
stable state of particles of the nucleus. The new atom theory
explains the properties of the electron motion both within an
orbit as well as those that generate change between orbits.
The characteristics and properties of the new atom concept in
Global Mechanics will be the following:
z

Continuous nature of matter

The theory on the discrete nature of matter comes from
the concept of the Democritus atom; in short, what it
philosophically expresses is that there is no infinity in
physics reality, in this case infinite divisibility.
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Global Mechanics

The previous semi-rigid model in Global Mechanics was in

agreement with Democritus.
In spite of having allowed me to develop Global Mechanics
and the entire Theory of Global Equivalence, the premise of
discrete nature of matter forces us to imagine mechanisms
that, if not impossible (like those of other theories), are
definitely complex.
Therefore, I decided to change to the current elastic model
of Global Mechanics so that the development of this model is
based on shifting from the idea of discrete nature to that of
the continuous and unbreakable nature of the reticular structure
of matter, or globine.
In the new atom definition and concept of normal matter,
all the physical objects and energies are properties of
globine.

Atom theory (a)

Continuous nature of globine

Discrete nature of the mass of atomic particles

While explaining the process of forming mass, we have
seen that it starts with a curl or loop in the reticular
structure of globine until it reaches a certain physical limit
of elastic energy due to the stress torque related to c. The
elastic strength needed for the initial curl or loop
establishes the minimum of physical mass for electrons.
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Based on the definition of stable atomic particles, protons

and neutrons, we can deduce that their size is variable yet
very close to their maximum size and they are larger than
the unstable particles of the atom, electrons.
We will discuss this aspect in the following section
referring to the maximum size of a reticule of globine
while keeping in mind the elasticity of its filaments.
This has to happen for some reason so that the size of the
neutrons would be so similar to that of protons. According
to Wikipedia, the mass of a neutron is 1,008587833 uam
(unit of atomic mass) and its average life is about 15
minutes.
I also think that there can be other particles of mass that
are much larger than protons and neutrons; but they will
not form atoms and they are only stable in very strong
magnetic fields, such as in black holes and stars.
z

The atom as a building block of mass of normal

matter
This initial contribution to the modern theory of the atom is
thanks to Dalton atomic theory.
I call it normal matter because the atom is stable in relation
to isolated subatomic particles, such as neutrons and the
smallest elementary particles, and because that is how
purely chemical elements are perceived on the human
spatial scale.
The average life span of protons is very high, so high that
the exact time is not known and it depends on the theory
models used.

Electric charge of subatomic particles

It was the Thomson atomic theory that introduced the
idea of two types of atomic particles with properties of
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Global Mechanics

attraction and repulsion. In the atom theory, these particles

are called negative charges and positive charges.
When discussing photons and electromagnetism, we have
seen how the electromagnetic interaction is developed as a
second type of gravitational interaction since both are
additives and supported by globine, or reticular structure
of gravity.
The electromagnetic
interaction is due to
the elasticity of
torsion
of
the
longitudinal tension
lines of the reticular
structure of gravity,
or globine, with
radial or spherical
symmetry.

Atom theory (b)

Gravito-magnetic field
generated by the atomic nucleus

It is often said, with

little scientific basis, that the transversal tension of torsion
is much stronger than the tension of longitudinal
curvature, or traditional gravitational force, in the short
distances that imply the atom concept or definition.
I would venture to say that very little is known about the
internal gravity of objects and that the electromagnetic
force frequently cancels itself out in short distances. In the
following sections of the atom theory, concept, and
structure, and molecules, I will try to delve into the
formation of the gravito-magnetic field in the short
distances or those distances similar to the size of the atom.
The heyelogic image shows the atom structure with the
elastic filaments of the reticular structure of matter as black
lines that represent the torsion that is produced throughout
the filaments due to the effect of the electrical charge of
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Global Mechanics

the nucleus of the atom, that is, the combined effect of

protons and neutrons.
The electric charge of the atom is located in the protons of
the nucleus and in the electrons, while the neutrons carry
no combined electric charge.
The idea of configuring electrons as an electrical current is
based on the Sommerfeld atom model in 1926, which
came after the Bohr atomic theory in 1913. A clearer
approach for the atom theory would be to include
electrons in the category of wavons as defined in the
section on Unstable subatomic particles given that calling it
an electrical current doesn't clarify much more either.
z

Quantum structure of the atom

The allowed orbits of the electrons respond to levels of
stable energy related to the Planck constant. The same
occurs with the absorption or emission of energy from
electrons changing orbits, all of which was proposed in
1913 by the Bohr atomic theory.
We must point out that the continuous nature of matter does
not contradict the quantification of energy in the modern
atom concept. Furthermore, the elastic energy of globine
requires internal elements with elastic properties.
The concept of continuity does not mean uniformity since
the reticules of the reticular structure of matter imply in of
themselves internal elements in globine and its initial
symmetry.
Elastocytes would be the elements that support the
property of elasticity of matter as well as the atom concept
that justifies the quantification in the current Physics of
Particles; although it occasionally reaches the extreme of
creating quantums of totally independent characteristics of
energy from a conceptual point of view, such as space or
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time.
In the following points, we will comment on why protons
and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom are stable, what
electrons are and the causes for the electron motion
according to the spatial structure in the atom concept in
Global Mechanics.

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2.c.2.b) Atomic particles

Each time we introduce a concept in Global Mechanics, we
should keep in mind that it is necessary to have read the
previous chapters. The proposed atom model needs the new
concepts of physics mass, of electromagnetism, and the force
of gravitation.
Meanwhile, these concepts will be best understood once we
have read this chapter about the nucleus of the atom and atomic
particles, especially regarding the force of gravity created by
physics mass.
The analysis of atomic particles has been divided into the
study of the particles of the nucleus of the atom, protons
and neutrons on one hand, and electrons on the other.
In turn, the study of atomic particles of the nucleus is presented in
two parts; the first on mass, the half-life, and the special
characteristic that provides stability to the neutrons and
protons within and outside the atomic nucleus.
In the second part of the atomic particles of the nucleus, ideas are
presented regarding both the strong and weak nuclear
interaction in the interior of a proton or neutron, such as the
strong residual nuclear force that the bound atomic nucleus
holds.
As far as the concept of electrons, their formation and the
characteristics of their orbits are the focus of the first part of
the second block of proposals on electrons; which is
completed with a study of the analytical states of equilibrium
in the electron motion in the theory of the atom put forth by
Global Mechanics.
All of the above is merely touched upon and only for the
purpose of pointing out the latest on the atom model in Global
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Mechanics.
Let's take a look at the following characteristics of stable
particles of the nucleus of the atom, protons and neutrons:
z

Mass of stable particles of the atom

According to Wikipedia, the mass of the proton is 1,836
times that of the electron, and the mass of the neutron is
1,838 times that of the electron. The mass of the electron,
according to Wikipedia, is 9.10x 10-31 kg
To facilitate the comparisons, we use the mass of the
proton to represent a unit of atomic mass (amu)
The radius of the atom is not clear and surely it will vary
considerably between different atoms. The hydrogen atom
is calculated to be approximately 10-10 m. Likewise, the
radius of a proton is approximately 10-15 m, in which it
turns out that in the case of the hydrogen atom the radius
of the atom is a few hundred thousand times greater than
that of the proton.
If we think of mass as the result of having reaching the
physical limit of transversal elasticity of the reticular
structure of matter, or globine, we can form a vague yet
intuitive idea of the size of the stable atomic particles, protons
and neutrons, in relation to the size of the filaments of
globine.
From another point of view, the mass of a proton and
neutron is formed by the mass of three quarks that are
made up of mostly loops or curls of what is called the
strong field; however, it could be that these loops or curls
are two or three times the torsion of globine.
Apparently the formula for Einsteins Theory of Relativity, E
= mc, is no more than a mathematical euphemism given
that Modern Physics not only does not know what the mass
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for atomic particles is, but it does not even make any
attempt at it.
z

Half-life of protons and neutrons

According to Wikipedia, the half-life of a neutron outside
of the atomic nucleus is approximately 15 minutes.
As far as the half-life of a proton, there is no specific
number, but it is very high, billions of years or more.
We should not forget that the half-life of a proton and of a
neutron refers to specific conditions that are found on
Earth. And we must acknowledge that there has to be
some physics cause for the enormous stability of the
proton and neutron, since the neutron does not
disintegrate but rather transforms into a proton.
The stability of the particles of the atom means that enormous
energy is required for them to decompose, or, that their
elastic tendency to revert to their initial state had a large
energy barrier.

Maximum size of atomic particles: neutrons and

protons
The similar size of the elements of the atomic nucleus,
neutrons and protons, gives us a clue indicating that it
could be a size similar to the maximum size of the stable
atomic particles in normal conditions.
All particles that are larger than neutrons and protons are very
unstable in normal conditions.
Likewise, since the elementary particles that are smaller
than neutrons and protons are almost all very unstable, it
seems that there is a relation between a minimum size and
the stability of the atomic particles. In other words, the
minimum size of the stable particles of the atom is very
similar to their maximum size. It appears that the reticular
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size is relevant regarding the nuclear forces in the world of

atoms.

Proton with quarks

As we can see, the heyelogic microscope allows us to show

a reticule with a proton or neutron in its internal volume.
In the figure, we can see something similar to three quarks
made up of rubber bands representing the filaments of the
reticular structure of matter, or globine, which is clearly
invisible.
I am going to continue with the creation process of a
stable subatomic particle by placing a special emphasis on
its volume, for which I will separate the creation process
into the following stages:
{

Formation of loops or curls of globine by squeezing globine

Due to the electromagnetic energy, the loops will
accumulate elastic deformation and there will be a
strong tendency to go back to the original state.
As a result of the spatial contraction of globine with the
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three fixed dimensions in Euclidean space, the initial

volume of mass, or curls, would be smaller than that of
a reticule of the three dimensional grid of globine.
{

Maximum elasticity of the filaments of a reticule

The accumulation of curls upon existing curls will
continue increasing the volume of the ball of mass
being formed, but there will be a moment in which the
balls growth will be limited by the volume of a reticule
the filaments have a big elasticity but even so there is
a limit.
The contraposition of forces between those of the
formation of mass and those of the reticule is clear.
It is worth pointing out that the elasticity of the
filaments is related to the square of distance, etc., since
it is still the same elastic energy that supports the
gravitational force and electromagnetic force.
However, upon being stretched, the resistance of the
filaments will increase more with the distance; which, to
a certain extent is the opposite of the force of gravity,
or electromagnetism, that decreases with distance. This
aspect is reminiscent of the concept of asymptotic
freedom in Quantum Chromodynamics.

Equilibrium between accumulated electromagnetic energy and

elastic energy of the reticule.
We need some state of stable equilibrium to explain the
stable atomic particles.
If we imagine several very large particles introduced
into the reticule, they could possibly end up tangled and
form a type of knot or bottleneck with the filaments of
the reticule in such a way that they create a stable
atomic particle.
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Global Mechanics

It would be a process similar to tying knots in strings,

or rubber bands when they get twisted, and by
stretching them, we find that some knots become even
stronger and more stable.
{

Random process with multiple elementary particles

Obviously, obtaining this equilibrium is not so easy or
probable, but if we think of the large number of
elementary particles that can be formed with strong and
unstable electromagnetic fields, perhaps it will be
intuitively understood that achieving it would not be so
far fetched of an idea.
The fact that there are three quarks that make up the
atomic particles of protons should be related to the three
dimensional shape of the reticule. Global Mechanics
proposes a cube shape because it is simple and by
having six sides it coincides with the ideas of three
internally crossed particles; one face for the entrance
and another for the exit through each quark, but it is a
completely hazardous and renormalizable detail.

Elementary particles that are larger than those

corresponding to the maximum volume of a reticule can
possibly be created but they would be very unstable
because there would not be any mechanism to stop its
reversion unless it maintains an enormous electromagnetic
force. This could be the case in some phases in the
creation of black holes, which is a topic we will touch on
again in the online book about Global Astronomy.
It could be said that the Theory of Layered Knots on the
formation of atomic particles explains their stable physical
structure with layers of compacted filaments as similar to
an onion until reaching the full volume of a stretched
reticule.

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Global Mechanics
z

The mass of stable atomic particles are the cause for

gravitational force
An essential element of Global Mechanics is deduced from
this mechanism of forming mass. The increase in volume
of a reticule due to the presence of atomic particles will
produce an elastic force derived from the tension of the
longitudinal curvature of the adjacent filaments of the
reticules with the law of the inverse of the squares, which is
known as the gravitational force.
The same argument shows us that the mass of the smallest
particles do not generate gravitational force because they
do not have enough volume so as to produce longitudinal
curvature in the globine filaments. Due to the distinct
characteristics of this mass, I call it wavon.

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2.c.2.b.1. Strong and weak nuclear force

In the previous section, we described the process of forming
stable atomic particles and physics causes that justify their stability
and the extremely similar size of nucleons, protons and
neutrons.
In the abovementioned description, we mentioned the
different forces that are at play and that help understand the
nature of nuclear forces.
Before getting into analyzing nuclear force, it is worth pointing
out that the model in Global Mechanics is different from the well
known model in Quantum Mechanics, and the model in Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD), which does not mean that the
calculations in Quantum Chromodynamics are erroneous or do
not correspond to reality, but what is incorrect is the
interpretation of the underlying physics causes. Something
similar occurs with Einsteins Theory of Relativity when time is
stretched out or space is lengthened.
The Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a generalization of
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) due to having a similar
mathematical structure but, instead of an electric charge, it has
three color charges and, instead of a photon, it has eight
gluons.
In any case, the perspectives from Global Mechanics (GM) and
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) are completely different and I
hope they can complement each other in that where one
renormalizes ideas, the other renormalizes mathematics.
Something that creates a lot of confusion is the terminology
used by Quantum Mechanics for elementary particles that
intervene in nuclear force; nonetheless, we have to acknowledge
the difficulty in describing the unknown. Sometimes I have
the impression that it is like describing drops of water that fall
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Global Mechanics

on a pond full of frogs and toads of different species and ages.

In the page of this online book about the main elementary
particles of the Standard Model, there is a brief reference to the
relationships between these elementary particles and the types
of fundamental particles according to Global Mechanics.
The global elements of nuclear force are:

Strong nuclear force

According to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), both strong
nuclear force and weak nuclear force operate in the interior of
protons or neutrons, while the nuclear force that is
responsible for maintaining the nucleus of the bonded
atom is called the strong residual nuclear force for historical
reasons given that, according to Wikipedia, the force that
kept the atomic nucleus whole was at first called strong
nuclear force.
Global Mechanics unifies the support of the strong force with
that of the electromagnetic force, which the Theory of Global
Equivalence (TGE), that Global Mechanics forms part of,
arranges into a grand unified theory (GUT). The Theory of
Global Equivalence also includes a theory of everything (TOE) by
unifying strong nuclear interaction and the electroweak
interaction with the gravitational interaction.
The mass of protons and neutrons is made up of curled
reticular structure of matter, or globine, due to the
accumulation of electromagnetic force. It also discusses the
possibility of double or triple torsions of globine, which
opens the way to reticular matter accumulating much more
elastic energy.
As described in the previous section, protons or neutrons
are made up of three quarks in the interior of a reticule or,
to be more precise, they are held together by the filaments
of a specific reticule, given that there is only matter in the
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filaments of the edges of the hypothetical reticular cube in

the stage of supersymmetry, or simply, globine without
mass. Besides curls, or, strictly speaking, quarks, we find
double or triple torsions of globine, or strong field, inside
the reticule. In fact, it seems that most of the mass of
nucleons correspond to filamentous matter in the strong
field.
The heyelogic figure of
Nuclear force
a triple torsion wave, or
Triple torsion of globine
a more or less static
strong field, is a
simplification in order
to offer an intuitive idea,
but we should not
forget that globine has
an unbreakable three
dimensional reticular structure.

The main idea is that the strong nuclear force is made up

of two opposing forces in balance, the strong internal force
and the strong external force.
The strong external force comes into existence by the elasticity
of the filaments of the three dimensional reticule, since
they are responsible for quarks and the entire strong field
not coming apart due to the reversion of its elastic energy
of deformation. This description is similar in a way to the
confinment of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
The internal strong force would be the tendency of the gobine
curls to come undone due to the accumulated elastic
energy of deformation; whether it be single, double or
greater level of torsion.
The phrase used in Wikipedia, the gluons that bond
the quarks create a field of color with the shape of a cord
that, with enormous force, stop the quarks from separating
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Global Mechanics

is very interesting by the fact that it mentions gluons

and the strong color force in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).
The force of the cord is so immense that, according to
Global Mechanics (GM), it is unbreakable when dealing with
the filaments of a reticule of globine.
Likewise, the balance of the strong force that creates
nucleons makes mass very stable by mutually blocking the
internal curls, as if it were a knot where the harder the ends
are pulled the stronger it gets.

Weak nuclear force

The positive charge of protons or the neutral charge of
neutrons can be understood as being the result of the need
for internal equilibrium in the electromagnetic tension
between different quarks.
It has been mentioned in other sections that the formation
of an electron in any orbit involves the energy of
electromagnetic torsion reaching a physical limit allowed by
globine as far as the curls of the mass. The three quarks of
the nucleons include three sources of different electrical
charges and they could respond to another physical limit of
torsion in the strong field; but since this field will be
connected to the exterior electromagnetic field, eventually,
the imposed limit would be the limit of the mass formation
of the electromagnetic torsion.
The total charge of the proton cannot exceed that of the
electron due to the mentioned need for internal
equilibrium in the electromagnetic tension.
In any case, they are only farfetched ideas.
I have the unfounded suspicion that the charge of the
proton and neutron changes, or can change with speed and
that the electrons cancel out more positive charge of the
atom nucleus the faster they move in their orbits.
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The accumulated elastic energy can be neutralized between

different quarks by their spatial confinement within the
reticule. If the strong force involves a balance between
internal forces and the external force of the reticular
filaments, the weak nuclear force represents a balance
between the interior forces of the different quarks.
The weak interaction, or weak force, refers to the changes in
the internal configuration of the particles of protons and
neutrons. The most well known are the beta decay and
radioactivity. Beta decay is the transformation of a neutron
intro a proton by means of the emission of a W boson,
which breaks down almost immediately into an electron of
high energy and an antineutrino. Weak interaction can be
found in more detail in Wikipedia.
Furthermore, the weak interaction or weak force is a
result of the need for electromagnetic equilibrium, in what
I call the internal strong field in an attempt to maintain
similar terminology to a certain extent with that of Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD), just as electrons of the atom are a
result of the gravito-magnetic field generated between the
nucleus and the exterior space of the atom.
The neutron should contain a balance of forces of torsion
that annuls its total charge; therefore the three quarks
should not have the same nature as their curls.
In special cases, such as those of nuclear interaction, we
could talk of strong waves or weak waves so as to not
confuse them with electromagnetic waves.
The electroweak model in Quantum Mechanics unifies the
weak nuclear force with electromagnetic force since they
behave the same at high energies; therefore, it is included
in grand unification theory (GUT)
Global Mechanics (GM) shares this idea; however, the
unification with strong nuclear force is conceptually
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produced by being supported by globine. The mechanism

of retaining filaments in the strong force is not the same as
that of elastic energy of torsion; although it will
quantitatively produce the necessary balance.

Strong residual force

This nuclear force is responsible for the nucleus of the atom
remaining whole in spite of the hypothetical repulsive
electromagnetic forces between the protons.
I say they are
Theory of the atom
hypothetical
Residual strong force
because the waves
of double and triple
torsion distort the
effect
of
electromagnetic
field, just as the
electromagnetic
field distorts the
gravitational force for the particles with electrical charge
that interact.

I think that the strong residual force is the result of the

residual strong field created around protons and neutrons
due to the effect of the double or triple torsion in the three
dimensional structure of globine.
The heyelogic image shows how the strong residual force
could behave, that is, fitting in zones of strong tension
with others of lesser tension between nucleons.
The fact that the strong residual force acts only in short
distances is due to the fact that the double or triple torsion
quickly stops existing with distance due to the large energy
necessary to maintain it, which is only possible thanks to
the resistance of the filaments of a reticule by being
stretched.
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Furthermore, there are special effects that can be created in

short distances, such as that explained in the section on
gravitational force in this online book. In fact, the strong
external nuclear force would appear more like a type of
gravitation than electromagnetism due to its dependence
on the longitudinal torsion of the filaments of a reticule.

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2.c.2.b.2. Atom configuration and structure: What

are electrons?
In the section on unstable Fundamental Particles with mass, we
defined a new type of particles called wavons that share the
material nature of mass and the wave nature at several
moments of their existence. It was also stated that electrons
were a particular type of waves in that they have mass but if
the atomic nucleus acquires or loses energy, the point of
balance that generated them is disrupted.
The mixed nature of the electrons is independent from the
dual property of matter that was initially introduced by De
Broglie in 1924 that refers to a different aspect. Furthermore,
this duality in matter is different from the poorly named dual
nature of light, which has been discussed in previous sections
of this book.
In other words, the electrons in the new structure of the atom
in Global Mechanics does not magically appear and disappear, or
come and go to other dimensions, as statements in the current
Quantum Mechanics would seem to indicate.
Lets keep in mind that, besides the electronic configuration,
there are elements of the atom in the nucleus of protons and
neutrons (particles with mass, or squeezed matter) that possess
most of the mass, as established by the Rutherford model in
1911 with the GeigerMarsden experiment (also called the
Gold foil experiment or the Rutherford experiment)
The innovative idea in Global Mechanics regarding the elements
and structure of the atom is the creation of electrons as a
result of the electromagnetic field and as elements that reduce
the transversal tension of this field, in contrast to Quantum
Mechanics that states that electrons in movement generate an
electromagnetic field.
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Perhaps it seems to be a philosophical change but effect-cause

is not the same as cause-effect, and much less cause-cause as
proposed in a large part of the current Quantum Mechanics.
Regardless, I hope that the new characteristics of the elements
of the atom and its electron configuration help us become
more familiar with what precisely electrons are, their meaning,
their orbits and the configurations of the other wavons in the
atomic structure.
The point of equilibrium where electrons exist is a dynamic
equilibrium; but, what's more, the dynamics or movement of
the electrons in the structure of the atom respond to different
causes and show different behaviors.
Lets take a look at some of the additional characteristics of
the structure of the atom and its electron configuration in
particular. First of all, we will examine electron motion within
any random orbit and later analyze both the reasons for which
they change orbit and the way in which they do it.
z

The dynamic orbits of electrons

The most relevant change in the electron configuration of the
new atomic model is, without a doubt, the shape and
meaning of the orbits of the electrons.
The Rutherford atomic structure defines the electron
orbits as circular and elliptical, the Bohr atomic theory
believes them to be circular, the Sommerfeld model adds
sublevels, and it rules out circular orbits and includes
relativity. In the end, the current Schrdinger model
changes the philosophy about atomic orbits and outlines
probable areas of finding an electron in the spatial
structure of the atom.
According to Global Mechanics, the electron configuration of
the atomic structure also accepts the zones of spatial
localization of negative charges around the nucleus or
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electrons, which belong to the type of elementary particles

called wavons. Electrons have ellipsoid orbits that are not
fixed in spite of being stable. As a result, the orbits
represent the points through which the electrons move
while they share the nature of mass (wavine), that is, like
the wavons that they are, when they have the characteristic
of coiled globine of mass and not of electromagnetic wave.

The electron orbits

Atom structure

The electron orbits are dynamic, ellipsoid, not necessarily

around the atomic nucleus, and they correspond to spatial
points where the resulting force of electromagnetic
tension, or of torsion, and the tension of longitudinal
curvature, or classic gravitational curvature, is null or,
better said, is annulled by the vibration of the nucleus of
the atom and the loops and curls that form the electrons.
The wavon will move because the movement in of itself
neutralizes the force of residual torsion or difference in the
residual gravito-magnetic potential after the elastic energy
of torsion is neutralized with the loops of mass (wavine) of
the electron (wavon)
The orbits of the electron configuration are either dynamic
or have a cloud-like shape such as the Schrdinger atom
model of 1926 due to the vibration of the atomic nucleus.
The vibration of the atomic nucleus is due to the fact that
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the distribution of elastic forces of torsion and the forces

of tension of the longitudinal curvature is not uniform, nor
can it have purely radial symmetry like in the force of
gravity that is considered an isolated case, and in greater
distances than the atomic distances.
Likewise, the orbits of electron configuration in the new
atom model will also be ellipsoid. The ellipsoid shape does
not have to be on a single plane of space but rather it will
be a three dimensional ellipsoid, nor will the nucleus of the
atom have to be located within the orbital cloud as is
defined.
We have already seen in the Schrdinger atom structure
that the zones of movement are not always orbits around
the nucleus. Although the electron orbits may be circular
or elliptical, they will not always be but you can say they
will generally be ellipsoid.
Let's take a careful look at why electron motion within an
orbit responds to non-relaxed electromagnetic energy due
to the loops that form them.
{

The dance of the Wavons

The mass of the electron depends on the stored elastic
energy. From a spatial perspective, the energy of
electrons will be the same as the neutralized elastic
energy and it will depend on the physical limit in order
for a loop or curl of globine to be created, and it will
depend on its orbital speed.
However, the neutralization from the movement of the
wavons in the atom structure is achieved with each
complete turn, that is, the only orbital frequencies
allowed are those that can neutralize the forces of
torsion; or better said, the speed of electrons will be the
same as that which neutralized the previous forces,
since it is produced by them. It is similar to when we
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want to touch something with our hand and that

something moves in the same direction and at the same
speed as our hand, our force or intention to touch it
will become neutralized.
I do not know if it is me today or if it is just really
difficult to explain the elements of the new atomic
structure, or both, but I am going to try explaining it
another way. In the heyelogic figure, there is a pair of
hands holding a polyurethane bar by the ends with
torsion. If the hands make a movement, like peddling a
bicycle, in the same direction as the forces of torsion or
twisting transversal tension, the tension at the ends of
the bar held by the hands will not vary substantially.
But if it is moved in the opposite direction, due to the
elastic reaction in the bar, the tension in the hands
disappear once it reaches a certain turning speed, and
the only thing that can be done is to let the two hands
go along with the movement.
The
tension
Electron configuration
creates an elastic
Magnetic field
force that tends to
move the hands
but if the hands
move backwards
with the same
speed that they would from the effect of the elastic
forces of torsion, these elastic forces are no longer
noticeable; that is, from this point on, outside of the
hands, they do not exist. For future reference, we
should name this mechanism of elastic relaxation in the
atom structure. I like the dance of the wavons.

The spatial points which the electrons move in their

dance are not the orbits around the nucleus but rather
they dance upon the axis of symmetry that can in turn
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Global Mechanics

be mobile, based on the result of the existing elastic

forces.

Leap between electron orbits

If the nucleus of the atom acquires energy by absorbing a
photon, it will change the structure of the gravito-magnetic
field that is generated, as well as the points of balance
where the electrons can exist and move about. It is for this
reason that sometimes the mass of electrons may dissolve
into electromagnetic energy until a new point of balance
where loops or curls that make up the electron mass will
once again be created.
Therefore the electron motion between orbits cannot be
followed and we talk about electrons as leaping between
orbits of the atom structure and the movement of electron
clouds.
This mixed nature of the electrons is also the basis of a
possible explanation for the tunnel effect and the Young
experiment, or double slit experiment carried out with
electrons.

Free electrons and molecular bonds

Electrons can also be created between different atoms
creating covalent, ionic or metallic bonds.
They also move like stable subatomic particles with mass
by means of sliding, such as a sliding knot in the classic
vacuum or reticular structure of matter or globine.
In these cases, they are called free electrons because of the
fact that they are able to leave the space of the atom or
molecule. Seen from the point of view of Global Mechanics,
what happened is that either the variations of energy of the
atomic nucleus create changes in spatial localization of the
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relaxation points of the transversal torsion of globine, or

the relaxation may not be necessary.
Likewise, the electron motion in the exterior space, or
classic vacuum, shows that they have certain stability, for
which there should be an energy barrier or a minimum of
energy so that the electron is broken up into photons.
The stability of the electron affects the configuration of
orbital stability in the atom, since it delays the elastic
adjustment of the whole atom. It could be said that this
characteristic of the electrons contributes to a greater
spatial margin of the spheroid shape of the electron orbits.
{

Simple physics experiment.

In the example of the slip knot with a hair we can see
how easily that knot can be displaced. Now, in the case
of electrons, lets think that the slip knot is a half-knot
which has been created by a bend in the straw of a
refreshing drink. Intuitively, we can see how said bend
will be only generated with a minimum energy of the
transversal turn on said straw. On the contrary, the
straw will keep its cylindrical shape.
The electrons or the bend in the plastic straw in our
example will have the same disappearing resistance than
the one the straw had when it was formed.

On the other hand, we have just discovered another one of

the possible characteristics of the filaments of globine, that
is, they will have a tubular nature even though it will not
be homogeneous due to the vertices of the cubic cells of
the three dimensional net.
As we know from the photoelectric effect, the electron has
greater speed and greater kinetic energy the greater the
photon energy absorbed by the atom is, always from a
necessary minimum of energy. Without said minimum
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Global Mechanics

energy, no electron will be emitted no matter how much

we increase the radiation intensity.

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2.c.2.b.3. Electron motion and mass

We just saw what electrons are and the meaning of their
motion within an orbit in dynamic equilibrium. We had also
seen the special characteristics of the electron mass.
Now we are going try to understand the configuration of the
electron orbits from an analytical perspective; that is, which
are the points of balance of the different forces are and why
these points are found in what they call the point of gravitomagnetic potential trough.
For a more simple presentation of the electron configuration,
the electron motion and its mass, lets take a look at the
following elements of the atom one by one in spite of the fact
that they all coexist in the atomic structure.
The idea is to take it in little mind bites:

Orbital levels of the electron configuration in the atom

Within the electron motion and the number of loops of
globine, or reticular structure of gravity, of which electrons
are made up, different stable orbits are formed within the
characteristics outlined in the previous section.
Naturally, the electron mass or wavine is based on the
loops and the physical limit of creating the loop by
transversal torsion.
Therefore, since the torsion force is discrete, the orbital
levels, the electron mass and energy of change between
some levels and others of the electron configuration is also
discrete. As always, the electron motion is purely
mechanical and there is nothing magical, nor are there
distance forces, other worldly dimensions or time
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Global Mechanics

travelling, nor Alchemy, nor anything of the sort.

Gravitational Law of Equivalence
g = [ c * h * R / G ] * n
All these relationships in the atom structure with mass and
the electron motion have been gathered by the complicated
Rydberg constant and the numerical series that modulate
it.
The Rydberg constant is also included in the Giga-Chron
experiment. In order for this experiment to turn out positive
in all the cases of electron configuration, the Rydberg
constant has to be modulated for the different orbital
levels.
[ G * g = c * h * R * n ]
The Balmer, Paschen, and Lyman series adjust the
different levels of energy of the electrons with the
Rydberg constant (the wave longitude appears in the
numerical series mentioned above but we know that it
corresponds to the frequency and, therefore, to energy)

Annulment of the electromagnetic positive charge

In the new electron configuration of the atomic structure,
the electron is a loop, curl, spiral or particle belonging to
the family of wavons that is created in the points where the
two forces of torsion meet, of the same spin as the
direction of its movement but face to face.
Both the creation of the electron mass as well as the
electron motion is the result of the mechanism of elastic
relaxation of the transversal torsion forces. Consequently,
both forces vanished; and the electric charge of whole
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Global Mechanics

disappears.
It can also mean the difference of magnetic potential
between a positive charge and a neutral mass or a null
electromagnetic potential. In any case, the mechanism of
elastic relaxation is the same.
What has happened
Electron configuration
is the energy from
Atomic structure
transversal
tension
transformed
into
energy of reversible
deformation, or elastic
deformation
tension, that is, an
accumulation
of
electromagnetic
energy in the form
of a spiral, in other words, physics mass.

A third possibility is that the exterior of the atom could

have a large negative charge and then form more electrons
needed to neutralize it and the atom would end up with
negative electric charge.
This state of balance in the electron configuration is also
found included in the formulation of the Giga-Chron
experiment.

Annulment of the gravitational force

Meanwhile, something similar happens to the tension of
the longitudinal curvature in which, before changing signs,
the convexity of the lines of gravitational tension produce a
point of inflexion where the force will also be null. The
need to modulate the force of gravitation in the
surrounding of the atomic nucleus by the spatial
configuration of globine has been mentioned in the section
on Gravitation in atomic distances.
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Global Mechanics

It seems to me that the electron configuration in the

current Quantum Physics thinks that electron mass does not
end up falling into the nucleus of the atom due to the
electron motion defined by the Principle of Uncertainty. In my
opinion, that form of argument has always seemed very
odd and very mistaken, or it is a bunch of fiction.
However, the fact that the atom and its electron configuration
is situated in a certain gravitational field, for example on
Earth or the Space Station, it does not mean there are
more or fewer electrons, but rather the point of inflection
of the longitudinal tension of globine may be more or less
distant from the nucleus of the atom.
This state is what makes possible that the basic equation in
the Global Equivalence Theory, in which the Global Mechanics is
immersed, can be applicable in all situations, both for the
previous case of the different atomic levels as well as for
the different states of gravity that we are discussing here.
As seen before, this condition of electron configuration is
empirically verified with the Giga-Chron experiment, or one
of its similar presentations:
[ g = E c/ G ]

Electron mass
In the interior of the loops that make up the mass of the
electron, or wavine, the density of matter increases and
this is a characteristic of the general property of the phase
of matter that makes up mass.
It also seems that in this case, the language of mathematics
includes this aspect in the same basic equation. It would
make sense that if this equation is the basis for the theory of
everything then it would include the constants, or
relationships, between the essential magnitudes of the
model:
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[ g = m c3/ G ]
Keep in mind that, while discussing photons, besides the
fact that we have observed how the speed of a transversal
wave in a non-dispersive medium does not depend on the
intensity or energy of the wave, it does depend on the
square root of the longitudinal tension and its density.

Contraction and expansion of globine by electrons

In the section regarding the creation of physics mass, we
saw how it produces the spatial contraction of the reticular
structure of matter, or globine.
It seems that Einsteins Theory of Relativity, without
realizing it, defines space as a combination of points, or
reticules that make up the structure of gravity and its
tension; as if motion were merely displacement over them.
If they move, come together or separate, it is thought that
it is the space that contracts or expands, or that time
changes.
Then whatever happens, happens! Everything becomes
complicated and space ends up getting confused with time,
and reality with the observers.
The implications that Global Mechanics has on movement is
analyzed in the section of Physics and movement in gravity in
the online book of Global Dynamics.
In the creation of mass of electrons, or wavine, there is
also a phenomenon of spatial contraction; that is, the
gravito-magnetic changes of the reticular structure of
matter constantly produce contractions and expansions in
it. If this is defined as space instead of movement of
globine, it is another problem; in my opinion, this is not
correct, it is not necessary, and it creates many more
problems than it resolves.

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Fortunately, Chemistry changes the volume without

resorting to expanding the space of the universe due to an
increase in the temperature of an element or chemical
make up. Not even Alchemy would attempt to venture so
far!
I hope that with these general outlines I have managed to
express the most pertinent ideas of Global Mechanics regarding
electron motion, atom structure, and fundamental particles.

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2.c.3. Elementary particles and Standard Model of

Physics
This section attempts to present a simplified explanation of
the Standard Model of Quantum Mechanics and analyze its
compatibility with the contributions from Global Mechanics
regarding elementary particles.
There is no simple way to explain the logic of the all the
elementary particles from the Standard Model of Physics
because there is no logic. However, I am not trying to give
destructive criticism about the model; the previous statement
has to be understood in the same way in which one could talk
about the list of chemical elements before the periodic table of
elements was created.
In my opinion, the biggest problem with the Standard Model
of Physics is that Einsteins Theory of Relativity does not allow
finding the essence of the elementary particles by outright
denying that any type of ether or material structure of virtual
fields can exist and have a peculiar way of complicating the
already complex mathematics.
The elementary particles of the Standard Model of Physics
create a more or less orderly set based on observed
characteristics, but its motive is not very well understood;
therefore, we need to resort to axiomatic principles such as the
Pauli Exclusion Principle, or the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle just to quote the most well known ones.
In order to be able to compare both models, the following is a
presentation of both the classification of the elementary
particles of the Standard Model of Quantum Mechanics as well as a
similar classification but carried out from the point of view of
Global Mechanics.

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Standard Model

Elementary particles in the Standard Model

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Elementary Particles of the Standard Model of

Physics
I can not help mentioning that the main characteristic of
the Standard Model of Physics is to use some names that
seem to have been taken straight out of Greek mythology
or from the Lord of the Rings.
The first classification refers to the particles called Bosons
and Fermions. The Bosons are responsible for the
transmission of forces, they have an integer spin, they are
not affected by the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and they can be
described by means of the Bose-Einstein statistics.

Compound subatomic particles

The Fermions are the building blocks of matter, they have

half-integer spin, they verify the PauliExclusion Principle, and
they can be described by means of the Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Included in the elementary particles of the Standard Model of
Physics are particles that are not elementary in the strictest
sense since they are particles composed of smaller
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particles. Therefore, it would be more accurate to discuss

them as subatomic particles.
In the Standard Model we must consider the antiparticles
of many of the subatomic particles indicated in the tables.
A more detailed description of the characteristics
mentioned in the tables about elementary particles of the
Standard Model of Physics can be found in Wikipedia.

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Elementary particles in Global Mechanics

The following table shows a classification of the subatomic
particles which is similar to that presented in the Standard
Model but from the point of view of Global Mechanics.

The colors show the approximate relationship between the

major types of fundamental particles.
At this point, we are able to examine the problems of
compatibility between the two models and propose solutions,
or food for thought.
It is actually difficult to make a precise comparison since
several criteria are being combined. Quantum Mechanics does
not even know what mass is, nor the origin of mass, or
anything beyond its effects of inertia or gravitation, and it is
always concerned with the duality wave particle of light and
the corpuscle wave nature of matter. As a result, it cannot tell
the difference between mass at rest particles and waves, or
mechanical transmission of energy across the reticular
structure of matter, or globine.
In fact, the name of particles without mass immediately
raises semantic issues. While the Standard Model establishes
types of elementary particles based on their participation in the
different basic interactions, the Global Model uses the composition
of fundamental particles as the main element of classification.
Therefore, we could continue with many other concepts;
however, in spite of the different perspectives of both models,
we have achieved a pretty similar classification of fundamental
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particles.
This simple comparative analysis does not attempt to highlight
the differences that have been described throughout this
online book. For example, the concept of wavons, or
fundamental particles that have a mixed or sequential nature in
time such as waves and mass.
On one hand, it tries to provide an intuitive image of the set
of elementary particles without having to use half the memory
of the human brain and, on the other hand, detect any
compatibility issues and contrast important aspects of Global
Mechanics since, lest we forget, Quantum Mechanics is an
experimental science and its observations are empirical, even if
they are not explained to our satisfaction or they do not know
exactly what they are observing.
In short, the deeper we get into the characteristics of elementary
particles, the more speculative the ideas become due to the
limitations of the physics experiments and of the scientific
theories.
The following are aspects of the comparison between the
classification of the elementary particles of the Standard Model and
the Global Model that should be highlighted:
{

The existence of Globus

The presence in Global Mechanics of an essential particle, or
unbreakable reticular structure of matter, throughout the
universe could be considered as a type of gravitational
ether with mechanical properties that provides matter and
supports the energy of all remaining particles.
Globus does not have a known spatial physical limit (3
dimensions), nor time constraints (absolute time)

The great mass of the bosons

The great mass that the bosons, W and Z, have which is
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some 160,000 times that of the electron, or 80 times that

of the proton indicates that at high energy levels, the
mass of the proton or of the neutron is quite a bit higher
than at normal conditions. Regardless of the mathematical
models used in Physics by Quantum Mechanics, it is to be
expected that the nucleons will have acquired mass by
means of successive absorption of photons, thereby
confirming the increase of mass with the energy.
Nonetheless, the difference in the concept of inertial mass,
or gravitational mass, and mass of the elementary particles such
as loops of the reticular structure of matter, reminds me of
the possibility of the structure's elasticity being able to
allow double, triple or more layers of torsion. In other
words, perhaps the relationship between energy and
material mass is not the same as that between the
equivalent energy and mass. Furthermore, the concept of
mass of a quark and of other elementary particles in the
Standard Model of Physics is basically mathematical.
Another argument along the same lines is that the total
elastic energy of globine seems greater when it supports
electromagnetic energy, or gravitational potential, than
when it does not support them, as in a case close to the
super symmetry stage.
{

The graviton and Higgs boson

According to Global Mechanics, these two hypothetical
elementary particles of the Standard Model would not exist
as suppliers of mass to the rest of the fundamental particles
because that is done by Globus.

Stability of subatomic particles with mass

In both the Standard Model, as well as in Global Model,
the only two stable particles are the neutron and proton. In
one case, the limitation is justified by the asymptotic
freedom of the color force in the strong interaction that,
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judging by the name, is not very well known understood,

and in another case it is justified by the existence of
globine reticules.
As far as the instability of the rest of the subatomic
particles, the Physics of Particles does not offer any
explanation, whereas Global Mechanics argues the effect of
elastic deformation when there is no force that opposes it.
Other fundamental particles with mass can be stable, but
under very different conditions than what is normal; such
as with the special case of black holes, or other elementary
particles under strong magnetic fields.
{

Creation of mass, electron mass and neutrino mass

An idea that I wanted to verify was how coherence the
proposal in Global Mechanics is regarding the electron mass
as the physical limit of the creation of mass. In other
words, elementary particles should not exist with less mass
than the electron.
In contrast to the concept of mass in Modern Physics, you
will notice that the electron does not generate forces of
gravity according to Global Mechanics; in spite of having
mass in the sense of loops of the reticular structure of
matter. Furthermore, in short distances it produces
negative gravity, or gravitational force of repulsion.
Almost all of the elementary particles with mass in the
Standard Model have more mass than the electron, but there
are a few exceptions; two of the three neutrinos have less
mass than the electron, and the mass of the electron
neutrino in particular is a million times smaller.
A possible solution is that what Quantum Mechanics
considers mass of the electron neutrinos, or muonics, is
not mass as it is defined in Global Mechanics or a type of
special mass. The neutrinos could be longitudinal waves on
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top of the reticular structure of matter instead of

transversal waves such as the photon, and independent
from the curvature of the longitudinal tension that
produces the forces of gravity. That is, the mass of the
neutrino, just for existing, would not be formed by loops
or spirals of the reticular structure of matter given that a
complete longitudinal loop in a three dimensional structure
is not possible.
Another coincidence with these rarities of neutrinos is the
rare interaction with matter; if neutrinos were made up of
longitudinal waves, it would make sense for them not to
normally interact with the loops of globine produced by
the transversal loops.
Another resulting characteristic of the proposed nature of
the neutrinos is that they could produce or contribute to
the expansion of the universe.

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2.c.4. Bonds of atoms and molecules

Normal matter is directly detected by our senses and is formed
by atoms and molecules. In the previous sections, we have
seen the new atom theory in Global Mechanics, now we are
going to try to explain the composition of molecules and their
properties within the same perspective.
Global Mechanics allows us to visualize the atoms and molecules in
the reticular structure of matter by showing elementary
particles as loops of this structure, forces of attraction as
gravity and electromagnetism, and, finally, forces of repulsion
as negative gravity or electromagnetism.
We must remember the concept of temperature or
movement of the atoms and molecules as having stationary or
vibrating nature, which relaxes the electromagnetic tension
between the atomic nucleus and its surroundings.
Molecules signify restrictions in individual movement of atoms,
whether they are molecules of a pure element or molecules
with atoms of various chemical elements. These restrictions
are mostly the result of molecular bonds.
The main molecular bonds are:

Ionic bond
The ionic bond comes about when the spatial
configuration of the surrounding of an atom is altered by
the globine twisting into a shape that does not end up
becoming a complete loop yet keeps an electron from
being created and, at the same time, forces the creation of
an electron dependent on another atom.
Although the resulting ionic bond is the same, at first it
does not seem very accurate to say that an atom gives an
electron to another since the electron is formed in the
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points of tension of the gravito-magnetic field which

produces a complete loop of globine in such a way that
relaxes the tension.
{

Simple physics experiment

Imagine a sheet spread out on a horizontal plane and
fixed in the middle. On each end, a person turns the
sheet 90 degrees in the opposite direction, no loop will
be formed on any of the sides, but if the horizontal part
of the center turns 90 degrees in any direction, it will
produce a loop or turn of 180 degrees on one side and
the initial 90 degree turn on the other end will
disappear.

It is also true that, due to the energy barrier from the

stability of electrons, an atom can lose an electron to
another atom in order to form an ionic bond. In any case,
it is important to understand what electrons are and why
they form where they form; that is, not only is the electron
transferred but there is a change in the spatial location and
orientation of the atoms.

Covalent Bond
The covalent bond is when two or more atoms share
electrons in what is called a molecular orbital.
The rules put forth by Global Mechanics regarding gravitomagnetic equilibrium of the electron orbits in an atom
should be applied to the set of forces brought about by the
presence of more and, in this case, different atoms,
resulting in orbits throughout the molecules.
At first, the covalent bond of molecules is quite a bit
stronger than the ionic bond since the energy barrier of
electron stability will help to keep the atoms together.
We must mention the page about Gravity in short distances in
the section on Gravitational interaction. Electrons in a
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covalent bond have a bonding force between two atoms of

a molecule and, at the same time, keep the atom from
being able to come closer.
{

Simple physics experiment

Make a slip knot with two parallel strings. After
separating both of them at one of the ends, verify that
the knot can not get nearer to the end without
becoming undone.
We need to specify that the covalent bond between
molecules contains a loop of the globine or electron but
not a knot; however, in both cases the filaments of the
reticular structure of matter are joined thereby
impeding a proton or neutron from getting closer due
to the reticular size that offers them their stability.

The mechanisms of stability in molecules are similar in

their main characteristics to those of the electron
configuration of the atom. Therefore, when an atom is
more electronegative than the other in the covalent bond, a
polar covalent bond is created. The ionic bond would
begin in the limit of the polarity of the covalent bond
because atoms will stop sharing electrons.

Metallic bond
Electrons move as they do in covalent bonds in networks
of tightly bonded atoms that are surrounded by electron
clouds. This structure and the large mobility of the
electrons are responsible for the characteristic properties of
metals.

We have stated that molecules signify restrictions in the

movement of atoms, but there also restrictions in the
movement of molecules such as, for example, covalent bonds
in networks, or the very same metallic bonds.

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Bonds of atoms and molecules

The physics phases of matter, solid, liquid, and gas, represent

the atomic and molecular structures as regards the individual
movement of atoms and molecules and other characteristics,
or properties, such as hardness, malleability, conductivity,
solubility, etc.
Let's take a look at an attempt in specific renormazible details
of the effect of temperature on the three physics phases of
matter:
{

Solid phase of matter

Atoms and molecules need to all move around
simultaneously since the loops of the three dimensional
structure of matter do not let the molecules move
individually, whether through network bonds, through
three dimensional structure of molecules, or because of
other spatial adjustments of gravito-magnetic differences
with sufficient force.
However, with the increase in temperature, the nucleus of
the atoms acquires more energy and mass which increases
the gravito-magnetic field and, as a result of the repulsive
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gravity in the short distances, the points of electromagnetic

relaxation that include the orbits of electrons move away.
If this distancing cannot take place there will be an increase
in the vibration of the nuclei and speed of the electrons.
{

Liquid phase of matter

But there will be a moment in which the energy that
temperature and vibration represent will produce certain
molecular mobility that will give way to the liquid phase.

Gas phase of matter

The movement of molecules is completely independent,
and any increase in temperature has a direct relationship to
kinetic energy, the elastic collisions between the molecules,
and the pressure produced by the collisions with the walls
that contain the volume of the gases.

In Wikipedia, you can find a lot of information and details

about molecules, molecular bonds, and physics phases of
matter; although all the forces of the atom and molecules will
have virtual or mathematical nature.
The properties of the physics phases of each element or
chemical compound are explained to a greater extent by the
type of molecular bond, but there are several other variables
and major exceptions. For example, there is a compound that
goes from a solid to a liquid with an increase in temperature,
and then it goes back to being a solid before becoming a liquid
again, and then it finally becomes a gas.

***

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176

When Einsoder finished the book,

he called M Jos to tell her how pleased he
was.
Then, she said the following:
It is very good.
I especially like the part about
the experiment with the sheet,
but do not forget that
some limits must sometimes be self imposed,
Even if there aren't any!