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AIRCOM LTE Webinar Series:

LTE Carriers
2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

AIRCOM LTE Webinar Series:

LTE Carriers
2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

About AIRCOM
AIRCOM is the leading provider of mobile network planning,
optimisation and management software and consultancy services.
Advise

Manage

Audit
Network

Optimise

Founded in 1995
14 offices worldwide
Over 150 LTE customers
Acquired Symena in 2012
Products deployed in 159 countries
Comprehensive Tool and technology
training portfolio

Plan

TEOCO offer very complimentary assurance an optimisation solutions as

well as an excellent analytics portfolio.
Significantly stronger combined offering for customers
Find out more at www.aircominternational.com
2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

About the Presenters

Graham Whyley Technical Master Trainer

AIRCOM Technical Master Trainer since 2005
Currently responsible for all LTE training course
creation and delivery
Over 20 years of training experience at
companies including British Telecom and Fujitsu

Gavin Hayhurst Product Marketing

Manager

Contact us at
training@aircominternational.com

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

What's happening in the new year

Webinar series 2 The physical Layer
Backhaul design for GSM,UMTS & LTE
Part 1 : Calculating the backhaul bandwidth for LTE
Spectral efficiency, What affects cell throughput, Physical/Application Rate,
Cell edge Spectral efficiency. Dimensioning the S1-U

Relay
PDCP

GTP-U

RLC

UDP

L1

L1/L2

Data Rate
In/out of core

Part 2 : SDH/PDH
IP
MAC
Basic overview of protocol stack, What is the difference between E1&VC-12, T1 & VC-11 etc.
eNode B

Part 3 : Capacity and performance monitoring

What is the capacity of STM-1, 4, 16 etc. End to end, section & regenerator performance monitoring
Part 4 : Protection
ADM, RING networks, MESH, Backhauling GSM, UMTS & LTE

Part 5 : Best planning practice : How do we carry Ethernet in SDH

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Agenda- LTE Carriers

LTE Carriers
Relay

RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ

PDCP

GTP-U

RLC

UDP

MAC

IP

L1

L1/L2

Data Rate
In/out of core

LTE Carriers
RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ
Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
Re-Farming
Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)
eNode B

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

From Last Webiniar

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Frequency Domain

Normal Cyclic Prefix

Normal Frame
84 OFDM symbols
(12x7)

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Resource Element
7 symbols = 0.5 ms
2 bits
Time Domain
4 bits
Extended Cyclic Prefix
6 bits

Extended
72 OFDM
symbols(12x6)

6 symbols = 0.5 ms

Resource Block represents the basic unit of

resource for LTE
Resource Block is a grid:
12 subcarriers in the frequency domain (180 kHz)
6 or 7 symbols in the time domain (0.5 s)

72 or 84 Resource Elements per Resource Block

Each Resource Element can accommodate 1
modulation symbol, e.g. QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Bandwidth 1.4
(MHz)

10

15

20

# of RBs

15

25

50

75

100

Subcarriers

72

180

300

600

900

1200

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

What are the Reference Signals-Used

for?
Physical Cell Identity
Reference Signals-Used for cell search, channel
estimation and neighbour cell monitoring
(handover & Cell selection)

SINR ave = S
I+N
I = Iown + Iother

Path Loss
DLRS SINR
Path Loss
Traffic SINR
Path Loss
Control SINR
PCI

MIB

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

So what MCS
have I?
Look in control

Physical Cell Identity

(PCI) =20

I am connected I need to handover

RRC CONNECTION
RECONFIGURATION
setup/modify/release
Measurements

ref signals

Physical Cell Identity

(PCI) =55

SINR+19dBm

SIBs/RRC messages

SINR-4dBm

Down Link Bearers

QPSK

I can now send a

measurement report

This is a
shared
channel
(PDSCH)

Power 41.46

64 bit QAM

I am idle I need
to do cell
selection
Lets look at Ref
Signals

UMTS/GPRS
What about
3G

I have good LTE coverage but still on 3G.

What is the problem.
Aircom Trouble shooting course

I need parameters.
Aircom Parameter
training
2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

You need to understand how LTE operates before changing power.

May improve one channel at the expenses of others.
What about the Uplink?

PATH LOSS

Cannot see MIB

I have poor RS

SINR ave = S
I+N
I = Iown + Iother

PATH LOSS

LESS POWER FOR

OTHER CHANNELS
10

MORE POWER FOR

TRAFFIC
2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

UE measurements

Cell selection/reselection
LTE

3G

In cellular networks, when a mobile moves

from cell to cell and performs cell
selection/reselection

IDLE

SIBParameters for
cell selection

LTE

In handover, it has to measure the signal

strength/quality of the neighbour cells & send
a report to the network.
Event A5. Serving cell becomes worse than an absolute
threshold and the neighbouring cells is better than another
absolute threshold

In LTE network, a UE measures two parameters

on reference signal:

RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)

11

GSM

UE makes the decision based on

Handover
RRC CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION

Serving cell
MME

Measurement
Report A5

neighbouring cell

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

UE measurements
In LTE network, a UE measures two parameters on reference signal:

RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)

Qrxlevmin used for cell

selection in 3GPP release 8
Minimum required RX level in
the cell (dBm)

Cell selection/reselection
IDLE
SIB1/3
Parameters for cell
selection

Qrxlevmin and Qqualmin used

for cell selection from 3GPP
release 9
Minimum required quality
level in the cell (dB)
12

Intra Freq Cell Reselection

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Reference Signal Receive Power

12 sub-carriers

Antenna 1
Without MIMO

RSRP (Reference Signal

Receive Power) is the
average power of Resource
Elements (RE) that carry
cell specific Reference
Signals (RS) over the entire
bandwidth, so RSRP is only
measured in the symbols
carrying RS

1 ms

Reference Signals occupy 8

out of 168 symbols(14x12)
13

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Reference Signal Receive Power

RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power) is the average power of Resource Elements
(RE) that carry cell specific Reference Signals (RS) over the entire bandwidth, so RSRP
is only measured in the symbols carrying RS

Reference signals are distributed in both

the time and frequency domains
Used for cell search, channel estimation
and neighbour cell monitoring
Reference signals reduce the maximum
achievable user plane bit rate by occupying
a subset of the resource block symbol
locations

12 sub-carriers

Reference signals similar to CPICH in

WCDMA

Without MIMO

Antenna 1

1 ms

Reference Signals occupy 8

out of 168 symbols

RSRP measures signal power from a specific sector while excluding noise and
interference from other sectors

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2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Sub channel

RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power) is the

average power of Resource Elements (RE) that
carry cell specific Reference Signals (RS) over
the entire bandwidth, so RSRP is only
measured in the symbols carrying Reference
Signals

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2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Reference Signal Receive Power

Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)

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2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Received Signal Strength Indicator

RSSI is effectively a measurement of all of the power contained in the applicable
spectrum (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20MHz).
This could be signals, control channels, data channels, adjacent cell power, background
noise, everything.
RSSI varies with LTE downlink bandwidth

Point of interest
17

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Reference Signal Receive Quality

RSRP provides information about signal strength and RSSI helps in determining
interference and noise information.
This is the reason, RSRQ (Reference Signal Receive Quality) measurement and
calculation is based on both RSRP and RSSI

RSRQ is defined as
the ratio NRSRP /
(E-UTRA carrier
RSSI)

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2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Reference Signal Received Quality

(RSRQ)

LOADED
UNLOADED
RSRQ affected by cell loads.

19

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Reference Signal Receive Quality

Bandwidth 1.4
(MHz)
# of RBs
6
Subcarrier
s

72

10

15

20

15

25

50

75

100

180 300 600 900 1200

Point of interest

RSRQ = n x RSRP/RSSI
RSRQ = 10 log 25 + (-102.77 (- 82 .71)
=13.97 + (-20.06)
=-6.09
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2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)

Normal / Extended

Multicast-broadcast singlefrequency network (MBSFN)

is a communication channel
defined in Long Term
Evolution (LTE). It can deliver
services such as mobile TV
using the LTE infrastructure

21

Normal Cyclic
Prefix

7 symbols = 0.5 ms
12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
Normal / Extended

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Frame Structures

Extended Cyclic Prefix

6 symbols = 0.5 ms
Time Domain

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Frame Structures

7 symbols = 0.5 ms

For LTE, the normal CP length has been set at 4.69 s, enabling the
system to cope with path delay variations up to about 1.4 km.

22

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frame Structures

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Extended Cyclic Prefix

Extended cyclic prefix of 16.7 s for highly dispersive

environments. variations up to about 5km

6 symbols = 0.5 ms
Time Domain

23

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Poll
What is Qrxlevmin?

1.
2.
3.
4.

24

It is a parameter used for handover.

It is the minimum required quality level in the cell (dB) for cell selection
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm) for handover.
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm) for cell reselection

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Poll- Answer
4. Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm) for cell reselection

SIB1
Minimum signal strength requirement
from SIB1
(actual value = signalled value 2)

25

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
Band 1
receiver
transmitter

2110-2170 MHz
1920-1980 MHZ

Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) means that the transmitter and receiver

operate at different carrier frequencies.
E-UTRA
Band

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Duplex
Mode

1920-1980

2110-2170

FDD

60Mhz

Bandwidth 1.4
(MHz)

10

15

20

# of RBs

15

25

50

75

100

Subcarriers

72

180

300

600

900

1200

60Mhz
FOR LTE REL8

26

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
20Mhz
receiver
Filters
are required

Filters
are required

2110-2130 MHz
Type 1: used for the LTE
FDD mode systems

transmitter
1920-1940 MHZ

Duplex is a scheme whereby transmissions may be sent in both directions simultaneously

Channel separation between the transmission and reception frequencies must be sufficient to
enable the receiver not to be unduly affected by the transmitter signal.
Filters are required within the base station and also
the handset to ensure sufficient isolation of the
transmitter signal without desensitising the receiver.
27

E-UTRA
Band

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

1920-1980

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Duplex
Mode

2110-2170

FDD

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
20Mhz

2110-2130 MHz

LTE Subframes
then consist of
two slots

1920-1940 MHZ

Channel characteristics different in both directions as a result of the use of different

frequencies
Requires paired spectrum with sufficient frequency separation to allow simultaneous
transmission and reception
Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems
28

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
E-UTRA
Band

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Duplex
Mode

1920-1980

2110-2170

FDD

1850-1910

1930-1990

FDD

1710-1785

1805-1880

FDD

1710-1755

2110-2155

FDD

824-849

869-894

FDD

830-840

875-885

FDD

2500-2570

2620-2690

FDD

880-915

925-960

FDD

1749.9-1784.9

1844.9-1879.9

FDD

10

1710-1770

2110-2170

FDD

11

1427.9-1452.9

1475.9-1500.9

FDD

12

698-716

728-746

FDD

13

77-787

746-756

FDD

14

788-798

758-768

FDD

29

Europe:
Band 7: The 2.6 GHz auctions have been
running in a few countries
Band 8:is currently used mostly by GSM. The
band is attractive from a coverage point of
view due to the lower propagation losses.

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)
E-UTRA
Band

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Duplex
Mode

1920-1980

2110-2170

FDD

1850-1910

1930-1990

FDD

1710-1785

1805-1880

FDD

1710-1755

2110-2155

FDD

824-849

869-894

FDD

830-840

875-885

FDD

2500-2570

2620-2690

FDD

880-915

925-960

FDD

1749.9-1784.9

1844.9-1879.9

FDD

10

1710-1770

2110-2170

FDD

11

1427.9-1452.9

1475.9-1500.9

FDD

12

698-716

728-746

FDD

13

77-787

746-756

FDD

14

788-798

758-768

FDD

30

Band 8:is currently used mostly by GSM. The

band is attractive from a coverage point of
view due to the lower propagation losses.
Supported Channels (non-overlapping)
E-UTRA
Band

Downlink
Bandwidth

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

60
60
75
45
25
10
70
35

Channel Bandwidth (MHZ)

1.4
42
53
32
17
25

3
20
23
15
8
11

5
12
12
15
9
5
2
14
7

10
6
6
7
4
2*
1*
7
3*

15
4
4*
5*
3
X
4
-

20
3
3*
3*
2
X
3*
-

GSM Bandwidth Available

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Any questions?

31

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)

TDD means the transmission and reception occur on the same frequency
Same frequency

Down

E-UTRA
Band

Special

Up

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

Up

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Down

Down

Duplex
Mode

33

1900-1920

1900-1920

TDD

34

2010-2025

2010-2025

TDD

35

1850-1910

1850-1910

TDD

36

1930-1990

1930-1990

TDD

37

1910-1930

1910-1930

TDD

38

2570-2620

2570-2620

TDD

39
40

1880-1920
2300-2400

1880-1920
2300-2400

TDD
TDD

32

Down

Down

Down

TDD in unpaired
spectrum,
whereby the same
frequency channel
is used for both
downlink and
uplink
communication

E-UTRA
Band

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Duplex
Mode

1920-1980

2110-2170

FDD

1850-1910

1930-1990

FDD

1710-1785

1805-1880

FDD

1710-1755

2110-2155

FDD

824-849

869-894

FDD

830-840

875-885

FDD

2500-2570

2620-2690

FDD

880-915

925-960

FDD

1749.9-1784.9

1844.9-1879.9

FDD

10

1710-1770

2110-2170

FDD

11

1427.9-1452.9

1475.9-1500.9

FDD

12

698-716

728-746

FDD

13

77-787

746-756

FDD

14

788-798
2013 AIRCOM758-768
International Ltd FDD

Down

Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)

While FDD transmissions require a guard band
between the transmitter and receiver
frequencies.

Down

E-UTRA
Band

Bandwidth
UL (MHz)

Bandwidth
DL (MHz)

Duplex
Mode

1920-1980

2110-2170

FDD

UP

Down

TDD schemes require a guard time or guard

interval between transmission and reception.
This must be sufficient to allow the signals
travelling from the remote transmitter to
arrive before a transmission is started and the
receiver inhibited.

DELAY

Down

Large guard period will limit capacity.

Down

33

Special

Up

Up

Down

Down

Special

Down

TDD is not normally suitable for use over long

distances as the guard time increases and the
channel efficiency falls.

Down

Down

Down

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Type 2 LTE Frame Structure

The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are
further split into five subframes, each 1ms long
One radio frame = 10ms

DwPTS carries downlink

control channel
scheduling and control
information

UpPTS used for

PRACH and
sounding reference
signal

One half frame = 5ms

Down

Special

Up

Up

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

The sub-frames may be divided into

Standard sub-frames or
Special sub-frames.
In the case of the 10 ms periodicity, the
special sub-frame exists in the first half
frame only
34

Down

Special

Downlink Pilot
Time Slot, DwPTS

Uplink Pilot Time Slot,

UpPTS

Guard Period
2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Type 2 LTE Frame Structure

When switching from DL to UL a guard period is inserted between DwPTS and the
UpPTS field.
Guard period depends on the propagation time
Duration of the Guard period depends on cell size
The fields are individually configurable in terms of length, although the total length
of all three together must be 1ms

Down

Special

Up

Up

Down

Special

Downlink Pilot
Time Slot, DwPTS

Uplink Pilot Time Slot,

UpPTS

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Every UE is informed by the enodeB as to

when it must start Transmitting. The greater
the distance the earlier the UE starts
transmitting. The TA prevents conflicts when
switching from the uplink to downlink

Guard Period
35

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Type 2 LTE Frame Structure

Frame 0

Frame 1

Frame 5

Frame 6

Down

Special

Up

Up

Up

Down

Special

Up

Up

Up

Down

Special

Up

Up

Down

Down

Special

Up

Up

Down

Down

Special

Up

Down

Down

Down

Special

Up

Down

Down

Down

Special

Up

Up

Up

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Special

Up

Up

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Special

Up

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Down

Special

Up

Up

Up

Down

Special

Up

Up

Down

Frame 0 and frame 5 (always downlink in TDD)

Frame 1 and frame 6 is always used as for synchronization in TDD
Frame allocation for Uplink and Downlink is settable in TDD
36

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

preamble formats
When we talk about the cell size, we usually think of RF coverage first.
The cell radius is also related to the parameter configuration for the random
access procedure

There are 5 PRACH preamble formats

formats 0 to 3 applicable to FDD and TDD
format 4 is only applicable to TDD (short preamble )

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2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

Next Topic
Cell Selection Part2

System Information (SIBs)

Cell Selection Part1

Handover Part2
Handover Part1

Comparison between GSM, UMTS & LTE

PDCCH &DCI Formats

PCI Planning

Basic overview of LTE radio Coverage

Comparison of LTE Release 8, 9 &10

Increasing coverage &

Capacity in LTE

RRC Signalling

UE measurement reports

Attach Procedure

NAS Signalling

Resource Allocation
Type

LTE Protocols UE & eNode B

LTE Parameters
Designing High
capacity cells

38

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd

In Closing
Thank you for attending
Webinars webpage keep up to date and
register to receive email alerts on new
webinars
http://www.aircominternational.com/Web
inars.aspx

39

2013 AIRCOM International Ltd