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fact, wholly innocent acts. Once proved, the act of one becomes the act of
all. All the conspirators are answerable as co-principals regardless of the
extent or degree of their participation.
To be held guilty as a co-principal by reason of conspiracy, the accused
must be shown to have performed an overt act in pursuance or furtherance
of the complicity. Mere presence when the transaction was made does not
necessarily lead to an inference of concurrence with the criminal design to
commit the crime of estafa. Even knowledge, acquiescence, or agreement to
cooperate is not enough to constitute one as a party to a conspiracy because
the rule is that neither joint nor simultaneous action is per se sufficient
proof of conspiracy.