16.2.2.5 Appendix E-Hydrogeology Study

APPENDIX E
Hydrogeology Study for a Proposed 100MW

Wind Energy Project, Kajiado District, Kenya
Report Prepared for
Kipeto Energy Limited
March 2012
Hydrogeology Study for a Proposed 100MW

Wind Energy Project, Kajiado District, Kenya
Prepared for:
Kipeto Energy Limited

14 Riverside, Riverside Drive, Westlands
P. O. Box 8366 00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Prepared by:
Eliud Wamwangi, Reg. Geologist
P. O. Box 667 00517
NAIROBI
March 2012
Compiled by:
Mr. Eliud Wamwangi

Registered Geologist
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................. 5
2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 6
2.1
Description of the Site ........................................................................... 6
2.2
Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 6
3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY................................................... 7
3.1
Desktop study ........................................................................................ 7
3.2
Field Survey Methodology ..................................................................... 7
3.2.1
Reconnaissance survey .................................................................................... 7
3.2.2
Geophysical survey .......................................................................................... 7
4 BASELINE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.............................. 9

4.1
Geology ................................................................................................. 9
4.1.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9
4.1.2
Geology of Project Area ................................................................................... 9
4.2
Hydrogeology ...................................................................................... 11
4.2.1
Introduction ................................................................................................... 11
4.2.2
Hydrogeology of the Project area ................................................................... 11
4.2.3
Results of Geophysics..................................................................................... 13
5 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON HYDROGEOLOGY .............................. 19
6 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ...................................................... 20

7 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES........................................ 21
7.1
Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase ................................. 21
7.2
Mitigation Measures during Operational Phase................................... 21
8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ....................... 22

9 CONCLUSIONS ARISING FROM THE STUDY .............................. 23
9.1
Conclusion ........................................................................................... 23
9.2
Monitoring requirements .................................................................... 23
10
GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND UNCERTAINTIES ......................... 24
11
APPENDICES ......................................................................... 25
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Report presents the results of a baseline study of the Hydrogeology of Kipeto area in
Kajiado North District of Kajiado County. It is a part of the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Study for the proposed Kipeto Wind Energy Project.
Kipeto area is a highland volcanic plain and plateau standing above the lower Athi plains to
the east and the Rift Valley to the west. The project targets to produce about 100
Megawatts of electricity through construction of up to 67 wind turbines.
This report also outlines the sensitivity of the baseline environment in relation to the
proposed project and the potential impacts that may emanate due to it. Mitigation
measures are recommended in order to ensure that the potential adverse impacts of the
proposed wind energy development on the environment are mitigated.
The report identifies the leakage of hydro-carbon compounds as the key potential
contaminant of groundwater in the project area. This is primarily during the construction
phase when several vehicles and heavy machinery will be on site.
Mitigation measures recommended include storage of hydro-carbon compounds and
chemicals in bunded areas of sufficient capacity. Refueling of vehicles and machinery should
take place only in designated areas under strict protocol. Where necessary, construction
machinery will be re-fuelled onsite by means of a mobile fuel bowser with experienced
personnel. This will be done only at designated, bunded area of hard-standing that is
situated a minimum of 50m from surface water bodies.
However, it is recommended that routine checks are carried out around the wind turbine
sites to ensure that any leakage of oil/petroleum from the maintenance vehicles does not go
undetected. A spill kit will be located within the sub-station building to ensure that any
minor leaks of oil are cleaned up immediately on detection.
Chapter Eight presents the elements of an Environmental Management Plan which if strictly
followed during the construction phase the long-term negative impacts of implementation
of the Wind Farm Project will be slight and neutral on the hydrogeological environment.
Kipeto Hydrogeology Study
Page 5
INTRODUCTION
2.1
Description of the Site
This Report is part of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Kipeto area where
a Wind Energy Project is proposed. The project area is located in Kipeto/Oloyiankalani Sublocation, Keekonyokie Location of Ngong Division, Kajiado North district in Kajiado County.
The relatively high altitude of the Kipeto area makes it ideal for a wind energy project due to
the good windy conditions that prevail there. The area is a highland volcanic plateau with a
north-south orientation. It lies between the lower lying Athi plains to the east and the Rift
Valley System to the west. The project targets to produce about 100 Megawatts of
electricity at the projects maturity.
The report is a hydrogeological review of the project area carried out to determine the
potential environmental impact to the aquifer systems in the area as a result of the
implementation of the proposed Wind Energy Project. The results also indicate the
groundwater potential to indicate prospects of successful borehole development that could
be an important source of water during the project construction phase.
This report also looks at the baseline hydrogeological environment, the sensitivity of this
baseline environment in relation to the proposed project and the potential impacts that
may emanate due to it. Mitigation measures are recommended in order to ensure that the
potential adverse impacts of the proposed project on this environment are mitigated.
2.2
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the hydrogeological study are as follows:
To identify the hydrogeology that exists in the project area;
To assess the sensitivity of the hydrogeology in the subject area with respect to the
proposed wind energy development;
To identify potential impacts on the hydrogeological environment associated with

the proposed development;
To identify any constraints posed by the existing hydrogeological environment to the

proposed development; and
To recommend appropriate mitigation measures in order to ensure that the

potential impact of the proposed windmill farm development is slight and neutral.
Page 6
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
3.1
Desktop study
The desktop study involved an analysis of various documents available, this included base
maps, topographical maps and geological maps of Kajiado area.
The following data sources were reviewed and used during this assessment.
Geology of the Kajiado Area by Geological Survey of Kenya and authored by

Matheson, F. J. (with geological map and borehole well data);
Topographical Map Sheet 161/1 Loodo Ariak by Survey of Kenya;
Review of existing borehole records within the project area;
Borehole Completion Reports from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
The geological formations underlying the site were identified from the available 1:125,000
geological series map and borehole log data obtained from Borehole Completion Reports.
Based on the analysis of the topography, geology and structural geology, the potential risk
to underlying aquifer systems and their contamination with consequent adverse impact on
the groundwater were assessed.
3.2
Field Survey Methodology
3.2.1 Reconnaissance survey

A site reconnaissance to record observations and features of significance was done on 10th
of May 2011. Pertinent site information was gathered to determine how and where the
proposed development can affect the local environment. The following information was
therefore gathered:
The general topography and drainage pattern of the project area;
The Soil types and geology;
Potential nearby receptors of contamination, such as rivers, streams, wells, service

ducts, and residential areas;
Observation of significant features such as caves, faults, etc.
3.2.2 Geophysical survey

Intensive field work was carried out between the 11th and 18th of July 2011 that included
geophysical survey of random sites spread out in the project area. This involved execution of
vertical electrical soundings (VES) using an ABEM SAS300B Terrameter. VES measurements
were executed at an expanding Schlumberger array, with electrode spread of up to
AB/2=130m.
Page 7
The basic principles of resistivity method, is that the electrical properties of rocks in the
upper part of the earths crust are determined by lithology, porosity and the degree of pore
space saturation and the salinity of the pore water. These factors contribute to the
resistivity of a material (the reciprocal of the electrical conductivity). The nature of the
subsurface geological formation and the depth to the base rock and aquifers can thus be
determined.
Page 8
BASELINE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
4.1
Geology
4.1.1 Introduction
The general geology of the project area comprises of Tertiary volcanic rocks which overlay
the Archaean Basement System where they form an unconformity. The volcanic rocks are
associated with the formation of the Rift Valley system on the western side of the project
area. The extrusion of the various layers of volcanic rocks took place in the Pliocene to
Miocene period which is associated with the most active period of the rift faulting. The
Basement System is part of the metamorphic Mozambique Belt that stretches from
Mozambique in the south through Tanzania, Kenya and into Ethiopia to the north.
The project area lies in the Ol Doinyo Narok plateau at an altitude ranging between 1850
and 2035 meters above mean sea level. The area has many faults and most run parallel to
the Rift System in a north-south trend.
4.1.2 Geology of Project Area
The geology of Kipeto area is composed of a generally thin layer of black cotton soil which is
underlain by agglomerates of tuffs, trachytes and phonolites. Most of the area is covered by
Ol Doinyo Narok Agglomerates which grades into Kerichwa Valley tuffs in the northern part
of the project area. Figure 1 illustrates the surface geology. Below is the geologic succession
of the area:
Soils of recent age;
Ol Doinyo Narok Agglomerates and Kerichwa Valley Tuff;
Olorgesailie Volcanic Series;
Mbagathi Trachyte;
Upper Athi Tuffs;
Kapiti Phonolite;
Basement System.
The Ol Doinyo Narok Agglomerates and Kerichwa Valley Tuff occupy the same horizon. The
Ol Doinyo Narok Agglomerate outcrops on the plateau of the same name and thins out to
the north, forming lower ground before passing laterally into the Kerichwa Valley Tuff which
extends as far as Nairobi. The Kerichwa valley Tuff consists of tuffs which are subordinate in
the Ol Doinyo Narok Agglomerate. Both lava and lahar flows are enclosed within this
agglomerate.
Page 9
The Olorgesailie Biotite Phonolite is best seen to the south of Ilyagaleni where it lies on the
Kapiti Phonolite overlapping on the hills formed by the Basement System. It extends to the
north along the eastern side of the Ol Donyo Narok plateau resting on the Upper Athi Tuffs
until it disappears under the Olorgesailie phonolitic nephelinite. On the western side of the
plateau it extends almost as far as Nairobi-Magadi road but the outcrop is disrupted by rift
faulting. Its thickness varies between 30 and 45 meters but thins out northwards.
The Mbagathi Trachyte overlies the Upper Athi Tuffs in the northern part of Kajiado area,
where it outcrops beneath the Olorgesailie ophonolite nephelinite, the youngest lava
associated with that volcano. The surface of the Upper Athi Tuffs upon which the Mbagthi
Trachytes were extruded slopes gently upwards to the south. When fresh the trachyte is
grey in color and has numerous small laths of clear feldspar, usually orientating in the
direction of flow which are set in a thick trachytic mix. Weathered surfaces are soft and
rusty-brown in color.
These are a group of tuffs and ashes laid down by explosive volcanic activity on top of the
western part of the Kapiti Phonlite. It is thought they were laid down in water because they
are stratified. They are light grey when fresh and yellowish when weathered. These rocks do
not outcrop in the project area.
Figure 1: Geological map of the Kipeto area
KIPETO
Source: Geology of the Kajiado area - Matheson, F. J. (1966)
Page 10
Legend
Ol Doinyo Narok agglomerate passing to Kerichwa Valley Tuff
Olorgesailie phonolitic nephelinite
The Kapiti phonolite forms a flat surface with little dissections and has few outcrops except
in some river valleys. On the plains it occurs as rounded exfoliated boulders. Its thickness is
variable since it was extruded around hills rising above the sub-Miocene peneplain, but
attains a maximum of between 60 and 90 meters at the edge of the Rift Valley.
The Basement system forms the floor of the volcanics and represents an old land surface
with considerable relief. The gneisses, limestones and quartzites of the Basement system
are thought to be sedimentary in origin because of their composition and layering. These
rocks are not exposed in the project area but can be found further east in the lower plains
towards Kajiado Town.
4.2
Hydrogeology
4.2.1 Introduction
The hydrogeology of an area is determined by the nature of the parent rock, structural
features, weathering processes and precipitation patterns. Within volcanic rocks,
groundwater primarily occurs within fissure zones, fractures, sedimentary beds, lithological
contacts and Old Land Surfaces (OLS) which characterize periods of erosion between
volcanic eruptions and subsequent lava flows and potential aquifers. These OLS's comprise
soils, weathered rocks and water-lain erosional material of volcanic origin. Lava flows rarely
possess significant pore space; instead, their porosity is largely determined by secondary
features, such as cracks. However, pyroclastic deposits and especially sediments do have a
primary porosity: the cavities between the mineral grains or clasts are usually open and
interconnected. Consequently, they can contain and transmit water.
4.2.2 Hydrogeology of the Project area
There has been little groundwater development in the area and therefore knowledge of the
aquifer systems in the area is limited. Four boreholes were identified in the project area all
of which are quite recent. The oldest borehole is in Oloyiankalani Secondary School and was
drilled in July 2009 while the most recent is Edonyo Sidai Primary School borehole drilled in
July 2011.
The hydrogeological data of the boreholes above is shown in Table 1 below:
Page 11
Table 1: Data related to boreholes within the project area

Name
Total Depth
(m)
Water Struck
Level (m)
Water Static
Level (m)
Pumping Water
Level (m)
Tested Yield
(m3/hour)
Oloiyankalani Sec. School
200
112, 144
22
Esilanke
160
122-136
66
Mr. Christian
220
129
74
169
Edonyo Sidai Primary School
250
88, 224
48
1.8
The hydrogeology of the project area is characterized by relatively deep aquifers at about 88
to 144 meters below ground surface and another deeper one beyond 200 meters depth.
These depths may be explained by the large number of faults and fractures in the area that
may be causing the water to seep down to deep lying aquifers. The aquifer yields show a
significant variance of between 1.8 and 22m3/hour. The groundwater potential may
therefore be characterized as medium to low. The map below (Figure 2) shows location of
the existing boreholes.
Figure 2: Location of boreholes and VES sites
Esilanke Bh
Page 12
4.2.3 Results of Geophysics

The interpreted geophysical data indicates that the general area in which the wind energy
project is going to be constructed has the following characteristics:
The subsurface geological formations are highly fractured and most of the layers
have true resistivity of less than 100 Ohm-meter.
There are wet zones between 20 and 40 meters below ground level and deeper
aquifers of between 100 and 150 meters below ground level.
The upper sub-surface geology is vulnerable to the infiltration of hydro-carbon

pollutants in the event of leakage of petroleum hydrocarbons from heavy vehicles
operating in the project area during construction which could lead to the local
aquifer systems being contaminated.
Drilling of boreholes in the project area could be a source of water for the
construction phase of the project though a number of boreholes would be necessary
due to the relatively low yields expected from them.
The true resistivity of the geological formations derived from the interpreted geophysical
data obtained at the VES sites are shown in Tables 2 to 25 below.
Table 2: Interpretation of VES 1
Depth (m)
0 0.7
0.7 3.9
3.9 5.5
5.5 13.6
13.6- 53.5
53.5 93.5
93.5 123
Over 123
Resistivity (Ohm m)
135
78
131
53
414
31
123
62
Depth (m)
0 1.6
1.6 4.9
4.9 7.4
7.4 15.0
15.0 - 36.1
36.1 96.8
Over 96.8
Resistivity (Ohm m)
147
80
295
33
159
83
28
Formation
Dry black cotton soil
Partially weathered volcanics
Slightly weathered volcanics
Highly weathered/fractured volcanics
Fresh volcanics

Formation
Fresh volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.5
1.5 2.1
2.1 102
10.2 18.2
18.2 - 40.1
40.1 67.7
Resistivity (Ohm m)
54
36
88
56
196
58
Formation
Dump black cotton soil
Page 13
Over 67.7
584
Fresh volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.3
1.3 2.1
2.1 3.2
3.2 9.7
9.7 - 16.5
16.5 51.1
Over 51.1
Resistivity (Ohm m)
47
113
56
160
91
271
29
Formation
Fresh volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.5
1.5 8.0
8.0 15.8
15.8 30.7
Over 30.7
Resistivity (Ohm m)
171
39
60
16
62
Depth (m)
0 1.3
1.3 6.4
6.4 20.7
20.7 38.5
38.5 62.9
62.7- 107.4
Over 107.4
Resistivity (Ohm m)
153
90
225
46
190
56
131
Depth (m)
0 0.8
0.8 2.6
2.6 3.5
3.5 9.2
9.2 - 26.4
26.4 95.7
Over 95.7
Resistivity (Ohm m)
144
55
108
22
248
37
131
Formation

Formation
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics

Formation
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.4
1.4 3.2
3.2 6.3
6.3 9.6
9.6 26.1
26.1 70.4
Over 70.4
Resistivity (Ohm m)
111
102
206
124
234
99
218
Formation
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Page 14

Depth (m)
0 1.8
1.8 4.3
4.3 7.3
7.3 11.3
11.3 33.6
33.6 101
101-313
0ver 313
Resistivity (Ohm m)
85
40
189
31
194
62
174
50
Depth (m)
0 0.9
9.9 2.2
2.2 6.0
6.0 12.1
12.1 26.3
26.3 56.9
56.9 - 100
Over 100
Resistivity (Ohm m)
165
58
200
96
179
60
235
59
Depth (m)
0 0.5
0.5 1.2
1.2 3.1
3.1 9.7
9.7 19.3
19.3 29.7
29.7- 74.2
Over 74.2
Resistivity (Ohm m)
32
143
24
233
30
141
112
47
Formation
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics

Formation
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics

Formation
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.4
1.4 2.9
2.9 4.8
4.8 7.9
7.9 - 19
19 59
Over 59
Resistivity (Ohm m)
107
118
78
151
43
194
39
Depth (m)
0 1.0
1.0 2.1
2.1 5.1
5.1 13.3
13.3 31.8
Resistivity (Ohm m)
50
17
35
13
49
Formation
Weathered volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Formation
Highly weathered/fractured volcanics with clay
Weathered volcanics
Page 15
Over 31.8
91

Depth (m)
0 1.7
1.5 5.9
2.1 11.6
10.2 20.2
18.2 68.1
Over 68.1
Resistivity (Ohm m)
64
21
49
17
88
25
Depth (m)
0 0.6
0.6 3.7
3.7 10.1
10.1 89.4
Over 89.4
Resistivity (Ohm m)
9
43
22
134
45
Formation
Weathered volcanics

Formation
Clayey and dump black cotton soil
Weathered volcanics
Weathered volcanics

Depth (m)
0 2.9
2.9 4.6
4.6 11.4
11.4 14.0
14.0 40.7
40.7 -73.6
73.6- 117.9
Over 117.9
Resistivity (Ohm m)
96
43
139
50
118
42
166
68
Depth (m)
0 1.1
1.5 4.0
2.1 12.6
10.2 25.9
18.2 61.6
40.1 87.9
Over 87.9
Resistivity (Ohm m)
49
15
96
28
227
43
122
Formation
Weathered volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Weathered volcanics

Formation
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.2
1.2 2.8
2.8 4.5
4.5 10.7
10.7 20
20 23
23 - 52.6
Over 52.6
Resistivity (Ohm m)
40
22
84
14
126
40
140
16
Formation
Highly weathered/fracture volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Page 16

Depth (m)
0 1.3
1.3 2.6
2.6 6.7
6.7 10.9
10.9 26.9
Over 26.9
Resistivity (Ohm m)
41
25
51
39
310
22
Depth (m)
0 0.9
0.9 2.4
2.4 7.0
7.0 14.0
14.0 30.0
30.0 64.6
Over 64.6
Resistivity (Ohm m)
50
19
48
16
66
14
61
Formation
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics

Formation
Weathered volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Highly weathered/fracture volcanics with clay
Weathered volcanics

Depth (m)
0 0.6
1.5 2.0
2.1 3.0
3.0 5.7
5.7 10.2
10.2 21.3
21.3- 39.7
39.7-99.4
99.4-161
Over 161
Resistivity (Ohm m)
34
138
42
213
118
199
105
177
101
164
Depth (m)
0 1.0
1.5 3.2
2.1 5.4
10.2 11.4
Over 11.4
Resistivity (Ohm m)
70
29
39
14
143
Formation
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics

Formation
Weathered volcanics

Depth (m)
0 1.7
1.7 4.3
4.3 10.5
10.5 17.3
17.3 27.2
27.2 65.4
Over 65.4
Resistivity (Ohm m)
118
251
143
396
198
339
115
Formation
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Page 17

Depth (m)
0 1.5
1.5 3.0
3.0 5.5
5.5 13.3
13.3 46.3
Over 46.3
Resistivity (Ohm m)
47
44
105
34
402
51
Formation
Weathered volcanics
Fresh volcanics
Weathered volcanics
Page 18
POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON HYDROGEOLOGY
The potential impacts on the groundwater environment as a result of implementation of the

proposed Wind Energy Project, in the absence of suitable mitigation measures, are
decreased:
Groundwater quality as a result of leakage of hydro-carbon compounds and other

chemicals from storage areas and from site vehicles/machinery and subsequent
direct percolation to the groundwater regime.
Groundwater quality due to washing of leaked hydro-carbon compounds into

surface drainage channels and eventual percolation into the groundwater regime.
These potential impacts are associated with the construction phase as there will be very
little movement of vehicles and machinery during the operational phase.
Page 19
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
The geology of the area is composed of highly fractured volcanic rocks and faults. These
linear structures allow for easy seepage of contaminant to aquifers in the ground. During
the construction phase, leaks or spills of hydro-carbon compounds from vehicles or heavy
machinery could percolate into the ground and eventually into the groundwater regime.
The potential sources of contaminant are accidental spills of fuels and oils, leakage from
storage areas, fueling areas, from machinery and heavy vehicles on site, or from pit latrines
constructed for workers on site.
During the operational phase the risk of spill or leakage is substantially less as the only
vehicles coming to site will be the occasional service crew.
Unmitigated Impact: Contamination of groundwater
Magnitude of Impact
Geographic extent
Duration of impact
Frequency of activity
Frequency of impact
Result
Medium High (-88)
Comment/mitigation
It is expected that vehicles used on the site will be refueled offsite. Vehicle maintenance and
repairs is also expected to take place offsite. In the exceptional cases, a mobile fuel bowser
may be brought onto the site for refueling operations and should only take place at a
designated, bunded area of hard-standing that is situated a minimum of 50m from surface
water bodies. An emergency response spill kit will be brought onto the site with the mobile
fuel bowser during refueling operations while personnel operating machinery or vehicles on
the site will be trained in the use of these emergency spill kits.
Mitigated impact: Contamination of groundwater
Magnitude of Impact
Geographic extent
Duration of impact
Frequency of activity
Frequency of impact
Result
Very low (-25)
Page 20
PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
7.1
Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
The following mitigation measures are proposed to ensure that the construction of the
proposed Wind Farm Development does not result in a noticeable or significant negative
impact on the groundwater environment.
The refueling of vehicles/machinery will be expected to be done offsite. Where necessary,
construction machinery will be re-fuelled onsite by means of a mobile fuel bowser
(comprising a double skinned tank) accompanied by trained personnel. Refueling operations
will only take place at a designated, bunded area of hard-standing that is situated a
minimum of 50m from surface water bodies. A spill tray and an emergency response spill kit
will be brought onto the site with the mobile fuel bowser during refueling operations. Site
personnel operating machinery or vehicles on the site will be trained in the use of
emergency spill kits. The spill tray will be placed beneath the fill point of the vehicle and the
emergency response spill kit will be used in the event of an accidental spill.
In order to minimize any adverse impact on the underlying subsurface strata from material
spillages, all oils, solvents and paints used during construction will be stored within specially
constructed bunded areas or suitable bunded lockable storage containers. Filling and drawoff points will be located entirely within the bunded area(s). Drainage from the bunded
area(s) shall be diverted for collection and safe disposal.
Strict supervision of contractors will be adhered to so as to ensure that all plant and
equipment utilized onsite is in good working condition. Any equipment not meeting the
required standard will not be permitted for use within the site. This will minimize the risk of
soils, subsoil and bedrock becoming contaminated through site activity.
7.2
Mitigation Measures during Operational Phase
The volume of traffic is expected to significantly decrease after the construction phase and
full operation of the wind turbines commences. The only vehicles expected will be those
bringing the maintenance crew and therefore there will be a decreased risk of spillage and
leakage of oils, fuels and other contaminants from these vehicles.
However, it is recommended that routine checks are carried out around the wind turbine
sites to ensure that any leakage of oil/petroleum from the maintenance vehicles does not go
undetected. A spill kit will be located within the depot to ensure that any minor leaks of oil
are cleaned up immediately on detection.
Page 21
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
The purpose of an EMP is to ensure that social and environmental impacts, risks and
liabilities identified during the EIA process are effectively managed during the construction
and operation phase of the project. The EMP specifies the mitigation and management
measures to which the proponent is committed, and shows how the organizational capacity
and resources to implement these measures will be mobilized. The EMP also shows how
mitigation and management measures will be scheduled.
The EMP for the hydrogeological environment will therefore be a part of the whole project
EMP dealing with all the environmental components of the Wind Farm Project.
Page 22
CONCLUSIONS ARISING FROM THE STUDY
9.1
Conclusion
From the data obtained from this study, it may be concluded that there is potential negative
impact to the hydrogeological environment from leakage or accidental spill of
oils/petroleum products or other chemicals stored at the project site. It is therefore
necessary to put in place mitigation measures to reduce or neutralize the adverse effects.
These have been highlighted in Chapter 7. Monitoring will also be required.
9.2
Monitoring requirements
Monitoring required during the construction phase will comprise monitoring of nearby
surface water quality in order to ensure that the proposed works do not adversely impact
on its quality via soil erosion. The site supervisor will conduct routine monitoring by visual
means to ensure that the site works (vehicles, equipment and fuel/chemical storage areas)
are not adversely impacting on the soils and geological environment.
Page 23
10
GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND UNCERTAINTIES
The limited number of boreholes in the area means that the variation of the hydrogeological
condition of the project area could not be derived. With sufficient data it would have been
possible to derive groundwater potential maps, groundwater flow maps, among others. This
would have been even more important due to the high variance shown in the yields of the
existing boreholes.
This report indicates that boreholes could be drilled in the project area as sources of water
for construction purposes but the yields cannot be ascertained. This means their adequacy
as the source of water for construction is also not certain.
Page 24
11
APPENDICES
Below are the graphs derived from the VES data.

Graph of VES 1
Graph of VES 2
Graph of VES 3
Graph of VES 4
Graph of VES 5
Graph of VES 6
Graph of VES 7
Graph of VES 8
Page 25
Graph of VES 9
Graph of VES 10
Graph of VES 11
Graph of VES 12
Graph of VES 13
Graph of VES 14
Graph of VES 15
Graph of VES 16
Graph of VES 17
Graph of VES 18
Page 26
Graph of VES 19
Graph of VES 20
Graph of VES 21
Graph of VES 22
Graph of VES 23
Graph of VES 24
Page 27

16.2.2.5 Appendix E-Hydrogeology Study

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16.2.2.5 Appendix E-Hydrogeology Study

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APPENDIX E

Hydrogeology Study for a Proposed 100MW

Report Prepared for

Kipeto Energy Limited

Hydrogeology Study for a Proposed 100MW

Kipeto Energy Limited

Mr. Eliud Wamwangi

Description of the Site ........................................................................... 6

Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 6

Desktop study ........................................................................................ 7

Field Survey Methodology ..................................................................... 7

Reconnaissance survey .................................................................................... 7

Geophysical survey .......................................................................................... 7

4 BASELINE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.............................. 9

Geology of Project Area ................................................................................... 9

Hydrogeology of the Project area ................................................................... 11

5 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON HYDROGEOLOGY .............................. 19

6 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ...................................................... 20

Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase ................................. 21

Mitigation Measures during Operational Phase................................... 21

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ....................... 22

Monitoring requirements .................................................................... 23

GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND UNCERTAINTIES ......................... 24

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Description of the Site

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the hydrogeological study are as follows:

To identify the hydrogeology that exists in the project area;

To identify potential impacts on the hydrogeological environment associated with

To identify any constraints posed by the existing hydrogeological environment to the

To recommend appropriate mitigation measures in order to ensure that the

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Geology of the Kajiado Area by Geological Survey of Kenya and authored by

Topographical Map Sheet 161/1 Loodo Ariak by Survey of Kenya;

Review of existing borehole records within the project area;

Borehole Completion Reports from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation.

Field Survey Methodology

3.2.1 Reconnaissance survey

The general topography and drainage pattern of the project area;

The Soil types and geology;

Potential nearby receptors of contamination, such as rivers, streams, wells, service

Observation of significant features such as caves, faults, etc.

3.2.2 Geophysical survey

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

BASELINE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Soils of recent age;

Ol Doinyo Narok Agglomerates and Kerichwa Valley Tuff;

Olorgesailie Volcanic Series;

Upper Athi Tuffs;

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Source: Geology of the Kajiado area - Matheson, F. J. (1966)

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Table 1: Data related to boreholes within the project area

Oloiyankalani Sec. School

Edonyo Sidai Primary School

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

4.2.3 Results of Geophysics

The upper sub-surface geology is vulnerable to the infiltration of hydro-carbon

Table 3: Interpretation of VES 2

Table 4: Interpretation of VES 3

Kipeto Hydrogeology Study

Table 5: Interpretation of VES 4