Phenology

1)
Phenology is the study of animal and plants life cycle events and how these are changed by
different seasonal climate, as well as where they live and whether it is a high place or sealevel. Some examples could be: the date of coming out of flowers, the first flight of the
butterflies, the date of leaf colouring, etc. Many species are very sensitive to even small
variations in climate like temperature. Phenological records can be a useful in the study
of climate change and global warming. In addition to providing a longer historical baseline
than instrumental measurements, phenological observations provide high temporal
resolution of ongoing changes related to global warming.

2)
Temperature records:

This data has been recorded for a long time

It has very old data, but that is the important one because that way you
can compare that climate with the that we have today
Temperature changes have been record for almost every country in the
world

Evaluation of Pollen

Pollen can be well preserved for long time

They can help the scientists to determine climate conditions in the past
Each type of plant have a distinctive type of pollen, which makes easier
to study those plants

The Study of Bug Beetles

The exoskeletons of beetles give a much precise measure of climate

change, this is because much faster than plants in terms of climate
change.

Tree- Ring Analysis (Dendrochronology)

Every year trees produce a ring, or a new layer of xylem by the division
of cells
The diameter of the xylem depends in the season in which it is made
You can analyse the climate change by seeing the different rings that
the trunks make, how wide they are, how close to each other and the
years of life of that tree

Ice Thickness Measurements

Water freezes and air bubbles are trapped and the ice keeps growing.

You can take the air from those bubbles and analyse its temperature

3)
Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating, is the scientific method of dating based on
the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings.
Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many
types of wood, to the exact calendar year. This has three main areas of
application. Which is paleoecology, where it is used to determine certain aspects
of past ecologies; archaeology and the history of art and architecture, where it is
used to date old panel paintings on wood, buildings, etc.; and radiocarbon dating,
where it is used to calibrate radiocarbon ages (see below). In some areas of the
world, it is possible to date wood back a few thousand years, or even many
thousands. As of 1995, the maximum reported fully an anchored chronology is
11,000 years before the present.