School of

Engineering
and
Technology
Infrastructure

Name : AMMAR BIN A’ABIDIN

Matric
Hospital
: KI090835
Number Services &
Program System
: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Date : 13th DECEMBER 2009
INTRODUCTION

Hospitals are the most complex of building types. Each

Marks
hospital is comprised of a wide range of services and
functional units. These include diagnostic and treatment
:
functions, such as clinical laboratories, imaging, emergency
rooms, and surgery; hospitality functions, such as food service
and housekeeping; and the fundamental inpatient care or bed-related
function. This diversity is reflected in the breadth and specificity of
regulations, codes, and oversight that govern hospital construction and
operations. Each of the wide-ranging and constantly evolving functions of a
hospital, including highly complicated mechanical, electrical, and
telecommunications systems, requires specialized knowledge and expertise.
No one person can reasonably have complete knowledge, which is why
specialized consultants play an important role in hospital planning and
design. The functional units within the hospital can have competing needs
and priorities. Idealized scenarios and strongly-held individual preferences
must be balanced against mandatory requirements, actual functional needs
(internal traffic and relationship to other departments), and the financial
status of the organization.

In addition to the wide range of services that must be accommodated,

hospitals must serve and support many different users and stakeholders.
Ideally, the design process incorporates direct input from the owner and from
key hospital staff early on in the process. The designer also has to be an
advocate for the patients, visitors, support staff, volunteers, and suppliers
who do not generally have direct input into the design. Good hospital design
integrates functional requirements with the human needs of its varied users.

As a project manager for a new construction hospital complex, the

factor that we need to consider in providing the necessary services e.g. air-
conditioning systems, lighting systems, lifts, fire protection, and other
important related services in order to provide comfort to the hospital users,
especially to the patients, outpatient and the staff and the visitors

1.0 Air conditioning system

Air conditioning is the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for

thermal comfort. In a broader sense, the term can refer to any form of
cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.
An air conditioner is an appliance, system, or mechanism designed to
stabilize the air temperature and humidity within an area, typically using a
refrigeration cycle but sometimes using evaporation, commonly for comfort
cooling in building such as hospital where the system is extremely needed to
maintain air cycle and to prevent any disease.

Medical evidence has shown that proper air-conditioning is necessary

for maintaining a tenable hospital environment. The relatively high cost of
air-conditioning demands an appropriate design meeting international
standards. The air-conditioning systems of the hospital are designed on the
basis of the above concept.
There are some factors determining the need for air conditioning in hospital
facilities:

• To maintain all the medicine or drugs in good condition because some

of the drugs can’t be stored in high temperature or too low
temperature room.
• To minimize the risk of transmission of airborne pathogens from
infected patients.
• Maintain the indoor air temperature and humidity at comfortable
levels for staff, patients, and visitors.
• To remove contaminated air.
• Improve air cycle to control odors and air quality.

Air conditioning systems in hospital facilities have either single-duct

(12.8°C [55°F]) or dual-duct systems. Temperature standards are given as
either a single temperature or a range, depending on the specific hospital
zone. Cool temperature standards (20°C -23° C [68°F - 73°F]) are usually
associated with operating rooms, clean workrooms, and endoscopy suites.

A warmer temperature (24°C [75°F]) is needed in areas requiring

greater degrees of patient comfort. Most other zones use a temperature
range of 21°C - 24°C (70°F - 75°F). Temperatures outside of these ranges
may be needed on limited occasions in limited areas depending on individual
circumstances during patient care (e.g., cooler temperatures in operating
rooms during specialized operations).

2.0 Fire protection system

The design of any fire-protection system is an exact science that takes

into accounts a building’s use, occupancy, footprint, and even its other
installed systems.
 Planning for fire protection involves an integrated approach in which
system designers need to analyze building components as a total package.
In most cases, the analysis needs to go beyond basic code compliance and
the owner’s minimum legal responsibilities for providing protection.

2.1 The Basics

In the design process, these typical fire-protection system goals are on the
table for consideration:

• Saving lives.

• Saving property.

• Preserving business continuity.

It all depends on how a building is used and occupied. A warehouse or

storage facility, for example, will have different fire-protection requirements
than a multi-tenant office building.

While no standard fire-protection design blueprint exists for any two

buildings, the systems found in any building typically include these basic
components:

• Detection.

• Alarms and notification.

• Suppression.

All components of modern fire-protection systems need to work together to

effectively detect, contain, control, and/or extinguish a fire in its early stages
- and to survive during the fire. To achieve the most beneficial symbiosis
between these components, it’s best to involve an experienced system
designer, such as a fire-protection engineer, in the early stages of the
planning and design process.

3.0 Lifts System

 Lifts or elevators are known as vertical transportation systems. A lift is
defined as an appliance designed to transport persons or materials between
two or more levels in a vertical direction by means of a guided car or a
platform. The development of lifts was felt necessary to encourage the
construction of tall buildings. Since lifts are possible sources of accidents in
building, special care should be taken in designing, installing and
maintaining the lifts in good working condition. A thorough coordination
should exist between the architect or engineer and the lift manufacturer to
arrive at the number and position of lifts for attaining optimum efficiency in
serving the building. The different types of lifts that are in use are:

Passenger lifts are used to transport the public, hospital staff, and
ambulatory patients (wheelchairs).

Hospital service lifts are used to transport employees, patients, and

equipment or carts. Patients may be on foot, in wheelchairs, on gurneys or
beds.

Combination passenger and service lifts are installed where combined

use is possible without interfering with normal activities, i.e., outpatient,
domiciliary, and nursing home care facilities.

3.1 Factor should be considered when providing the lifts

3.1.1 Lift Pits

A lift pit is the space in the lift well below the level of the lowest lift landing
served. It should be provided at the bottom of every lift. The pit should be
maintained in a dry and clean condition. Where the pit depth exceeds 2 m,
suitable access should be provided by a cat ladder. The water pump can be
installing to keep it dry for the case that lift pit at the basement level.
3.1.2 Lift Wells

The unobstructed space within an enclosure provided for the vertical

movement of the lift car and counterweight including the lift pit and the
space for top clearance is known as the lift well. No equipment except that
forming a part of the lift or necessary for its operation and maintenance
should be installed in the lift well. Sufficient space should be provided
between the guides for the car and the side walls to allow safe and easy
access to the parts of the safety gears for their maintenance and repairs.

3.1.3 Lift Machine Rooms

Lift machine rooms shall be large enough to install the lift equipment,
including space for controllers. Clearances for control equipment shall be not
less than the required and with enough working space between the various
items of equipment for maintenance purposes. It must be possible to remove
major equipment components of each lift for repair without dismantling
components of an adjacent lift. Minimum headroom shall be 2300 mm (7'6").

Lift machine rooms shall be of fire resistant construction equivalent to hoist

way construction and the machine room side of floors, ceilings, and walls
shall have a smooth surface equivalent to a well pointed smooth face tile or
brick plaster or smooth concrete. Exposed spray on fireproofing shall not be
used in lift machine room. Walls, ceilings and floor should be painted a light
color. Floors shall be sealed to eliminate concrete dust.

Industrial stairs shall be provided for convenient access to machine room.

Geared machines shall be mounted on vibration and sound isolating devices.
These isolating devices, when required, shall be of design to conform to
seismic design requirements. Skylights shall not be installed in lift machine
rooms. Provide adequate air conditioning, heating, and ventilation in
machine rooms.

Adequate lighting shall be provided to insure proper illumination in the front

and rear of all controllers, supervisory and selector panels and over each
hoisting machine. Convenience outlets shall be provided for each lift area
within the machine room.

3.1.4 Power Supply

(i) Main Power:

Each lift shall be provided with a separate three phase supply through a
circuit breaker located in the respective machine room, adjacent to the entry
and with clear access. The supply should terminate at the respective lift
controller. Indicate the design electrical loads; (horsepower, voltage,
amperage etc.) switch sizes, breaker settings, wire sizes and conduit sizes.

The lift supply shall be dedicated main feeder utilizing the shortest practical
run and continuous ground conductor.

(ii) Auxiliary Power:

The lifts shall be arranged to have auxiliary power available with the capacity
to operate one lift at a time.

If emergency generator is not available, then hydraulic lifts shall be provided

with energizing to the down valve to bring the lift to the bottom floor and
maintain an energized door open button.

3.1.5 Communication
Each lift will have an intercom system in place of a telephone. Conduit must
be provided from the lift machine room to a 24 hour monitoring location. It
can be use for the passenger when the lift breakdown.

4.0 Lighting system

There are so many variables in hospital lighting to choose such as

examination rooms, surgical suites, to doctors’ offices, we need to carry the
highest quality, state-of-the-art hospital lights.

Before selection and design for the hospital lighting systems, we need to
consider the factor in providing the best necessary service in hospital
lighting. The following selection factor should be taken into account when
selecting light for hospital:

• Lamp efficacy
• Lamp price
• Lamp life
• Lamp availability
• Color temperature between 3300 K and 5300 K

4.1 Life cycle costing

Life cycle costing for a 20-year period of lamp running and

replacement was carried out using a model developed for a major hospital.
Generally, 24 hours per day operation for 7 days a week that should
represent the expected operating range for hospital lighting. It’s depending
on the hours of usage.
5.0 Ensure occupant safety and health

Modern buildings are generally considered safe and healthy working

environments. However, the potential for indoor air quality problems,
occupational illnesses and injuries, exposure to hazardous materials, and
accidental falls beckons architects, engineers, and facility managers to
design and maintain buildings and processes that ensure occupant safety
and health. Notably, building designs must focus on eliminating or
preventing hazards to personnel, rather than relying on personal protective
equipment and administrative or process procedures to prevent mishaps.

Protecting the health, safety, and welfare (HSW) of building occupants

has expanded beyond disease prevention and nuisance control to include
mental as well as physical health and protecting the ecological health of a
place through the creation of places that enable delight and the realization
of human potential.

Therefore, the design team must engage an integrated approach,

including work process analysis and hazard recognition to develop solutions
that provide healthy built environments, having no undue physical stressors,
as well as meeting other project requirements. In addition, consideration of
HSW issues should be an integral part of all phases of a building's life cycle:
planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance, renovation, and
final disposal. Below are a few recommendations in order to ensure occupant
safety and health:

5.1 Provide Designs that Eliminate or Reduce Hazards in the Work

Place to Prevent Mishaps

• Provide designs in accordance with good practice as well as applicable

building, fire, safety, and health codes and regulations.

• Conduct preliminary hazard analyses and design reviews to eliminate

or mitigate hazards in the work place.
 • Use registered design professionals and accredited safety
professionals to ensure compliance with safety standards and codes.

• Provide engineering controls in place rather than rely on personal

protective equipment or administrative work procedures to prevent
mishaps.

• Integrate safety mechanisms, such as built-in anchors or tie-off points,

into the building design, especially for large mechanical systems.

• Design a means for safely cleaning and maintaining interior spaces and
building exteriors.

• Provide for receiving, storing, and handling of materials, such as

combustibles, cleaning products, office supplies, and perishables.

5.2 Prevent fall from Heights

• Provide guardrails and barriers that will prevent falls from heights in
both interior and exterior spaces.

• Provide fall protection for all maintenance personnel especially for

roof-mounted equipment such as HVAC equipment and cooling
towers.

• Provide certified tie-off points for fall arrest systems.

5.3 Prevent Slips, Trips, and fall

• Provide interior and exterior floor surfaces that do not pose slip or trip
hazards.

• Select exterior walking surface materials that are not susceptible to

changes in elevation as a result of freeze/thaw cycles.

• Provide adequate illumination, both natural and artificial, for all interior
and exterior areas.

• Comply with all regulatory and statutory requirements.

5.4 Ensure Electrical Safety

• Ensure compliance with the National Electrical Code (NEC) NFPA-70.

• Provide adequate space for maintenance, repair, and expansion in

electrical rooms and closets.

• Provide adequate drainage and/or containment from areas with

energized electrical equipment.

• Evaluate all areas where ground fault circuit interruption (GFI) and arc
fault interruption (AFI) devices may be needed.

• Consider response of emergency personnel in cases of fires and

natural disasters.

• Label all electrical control panels and circuits.

• Install non-conductive flooring at service locations for high voltage

equipment.

• Specify high-visibility colors for high voltage ducts and conduits.

5.4 Eliminate Exposure to Hazardous Materials

• Identify, isolate, remove, or manage in place hazardous materials such

as lead, asbestos, etc.

• Consider use of sampling techniques for hazardous substances in all

phases of the project to include planning, design, construction, and
maintenance.

• Consider occupant operations and materials in designing ventilation

and drainage systems.

• Incorporate integrated pest management (IPM) concepts and

requirements into facility design and construction (e.g., use of proper
door sweeps, lighting, trash compactors, etc.) and require the use of
IPM be performed by qualified personnel during all phases of
construction and after the facility is completed. This should include not
 only interior pest management, but landscape and turf pest
management as well.

• Provide adequate space for hazardous materials storage

compartments and segregate hazardous materials to avoid
incompatibility.

• Substitute high hazardous products with those of lower

toxicity/physical properties.

REFERENCES

• http://www.wbdg.org/design/hospital.php
• http://www.colorkinetics.com/showcase/healthcare/
• www.spencerae.com/fire_protection.htm
• http://diagnostic-supplies.medical-supplies-equipment-
company.com/PPF/page_ID/111/article.asp
• Design Details for Health: Making the Most of Interior Design's Healing
Potential by Cynthia A. Leibrock. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1999.—Innovative design solutions in key areas such as lighting,
acoustics, color, and finishes
• Healthcare Facility Plannning: Thinking Strategically by Cynthia
Hayward, AIA, FAAHC, ACHA. Health Admnistration Press and the
American College of Healthcare Executives, 2005.
• Hospital Interior Architecture: Creating Healing Environments for
Special Patient Populations by Jain Malkin. New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1992.
• Healthcare Design—A quarterly magazine with design articles and
presentations of recent projects
• Medical and Dental Space Planning: A Comprehensive Guide to Design,
Equipment, and Clinical Procedures, 3rd Edition , by Jain Malkin. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
• UFC 4-510-01 Design: Medical Military Facilities