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BOOK 572.891.M831 c.
MORRIS # ARYAN RACE
T1S3 DD13fl355
A\
THE
AEYAN RACE
ITS ORIGIN
AND
ITS
ACHIEVEMENTS
BY
CHARLES MORRIS
AUTHOR OF
S.
C.
"
CHICxiGO
GRIGGS AND COMPANY
1888
"
7-r--^
Copyright, 1888,
By
S. C.
nfbersitji ^rcss:
JOHX WlLSOX AXD Sox, CAMBRIDGK.
PEEEACE.
T T is our purpose
^
Aryan Race,
that
it
has gained
its
mankind.
The
in its primitive
its beliefs
and
complete sense.
it f
institutions,
among
the races of
it,
its
some
devoted to
yet
known
lan-
its
many
its
it
ragmen tarily,
guages, others to
what
home,
which surrounds
deal with
it
intellectual supremacy,
interest
upon the
so striking a part
to seek
who wishes
to learn
must painfully
information.
century
PREFACE.
iv
all
the
were
first-cousins,
descended from a
unknown.
Of
late years
mode
conditions and
home, and
original
of
of
life
learned of the
people in their
this
of their migrations
to the point
Aryans
is
is
days of
its
childhood to
Our knowledge
Aryans
in
the history of
those of
From
of
the
condition of the
primitive
The
now embraces
questions
of
ethnology,
archaeology,
and
all
the
other branches
of
Enough
make
of
that
is
as
yet
disconnected fragments.
pretends to be no more
of this extensive
theme,
PREFACE.
may
of literature
and
serve to
fill
it
in a
more exhaustive
manner.
Any
attempt, indeed, to
tell
would be equivalent
of civilization,
Aryan
mankind
to
which
is far
But
in
and
lines of
evolution of
tliought
research which
is
and
action,
institutions
we have
a field of
human
Our work
will
therefore
be found to be
and conditions
mankind
of clearly
tlie
showing
to its
enlightenment.
As
regards
the
sources
of
the
information con-
PREFACE.
vi
deemed necessary
to
though
it
whom
citations
of authorities.
on their merits.
may
Finally,
it
is
must stand or
desire a general
who
as a guide to those
prefer to
fall
who simply
and may in
more ardent
CONTENTS.
Page
I.
Types of Mankind
30
III.
54
IV.
89
II.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
of
....
....
X.
XL Other Aryan
XIII.
Aryan Worship
IX.
XII.
106
132
153
189
;
....
215
243
273
Characteristics
Historical Migrations
290
308
INDEX
335
I.
TYPES OF MANKIND.
SOMEWHERE,
time,
it
man
no
is
at
some
there
Where
know.
a hint of
No
or
history
existence
their
when
this
by the hands of
its
this
members can be
people
traced.
Yet strangely enough this utterly prehistoric and antelegendary race, this dead scion of a dead past, has been
raised from its grave and displayed in
ancient shape
its
we know its history as satisfactorily as we know that of many peoples yet living upon
the face of the earth. We may not know its time or place
before the eyes of man, until
gods
it
it
sang.
it
and
it
its
possessions,
We
made.
honored,
it
spoke, the
it
know
its
the char-
family and
and
much
of
the
details of
its
its
the earth.
How we
interesting
have learned
all
this
creep
Into
all
No
reality of
history
half
is
The
ordinary sense.
is,
so far as
it
goes,
It yields us
none of the
superficial
life,
and
the deeds
priests
deal,
and falsehood.
It is the
We know
nothing of
TYPES OF MANKIND.
the deeds of this antique race.
numbers of
its
its terri-
But we know
much
of
itself
its
basal history,
insti-
tutions of its
break
It
has in
it
It has
the
303^8
life,
do with man
in the
and
We have
We
are limited to
yet history in
sophic stage.
its
modern era
is
life.
development.
the people.
And
it,
it
It is
is
increasing,
4
and that of
interest in
life
cannot give
one of
it
we know only as
the name of one
its exploits,
Yet
occupied.
later history
of what
is
we
this race is so
its
known
of
its
find
that
we
In this inquiry
the claim of the
tion
it is
own
ancestors,
and
trac-
institutions.
Aryans to the
title
of " race."
What
posi-
man?
their derivation
We must
locate
them
first
as
members
of
fairly enter
We
with the
title
of race until
we know more
race-characteristic consists,
possession.
and what
is their
what the
claim to
human
fully in
races are
still
limitations
some of the
its
many
of
the
We
can
latest views
upon
the subject.
Race-divisions, indeed,
most fundamental
is
Of
and
the
TYPES OF MANKIND.
second
is
cates a
human languages,
able extent
based on
latter,
doubtless indi-
To
a consider-
it
It
The
races.
The Aryan
is
lines to
It is not
it
these groups.
of
mankind
preceded the development of the modern families of language, and was due to strictly physical influences.
The
much more
recent.
The
riously classified
who
we
latest
distinguishes
It is
to
recently
a system of
as
most
in
human
Flower has
classification
given
Aryan
it
those
He
is
race.
an outline
which he regards
fifth
Professor
of
four
which he adds a
More
schemes
of these that
been va-
our
called
by Blumenbach the
27, ISS.').
6
the
Ethiopian,
which
all
around
Caucasian,
human
species can
Of
Negroes, the
secondarily
is
Hottentots and
man and
The
Australians,
whom
race, he considers
ond race
is
by most of
affinity
is
with the
His third
race
its
is
sub-races, the
The
it
seat
Xauthoof this
linguistic
division
Semites, and
Hamites.
Several recent writers are inclined to accept a conclusion
closely similar to that of Professor Flower,
man
and to divide
viewing
Mongolian,
all
remain-
stance, the
Anthropology,
p. 510.
TYPES OF MANKIND.
man
far as to divide
of these
is
The
first
flat
second
is
and round
in section.
The
and somewhat
soft,
is
elliptical in section.
flat
spirals, face
very prog-
not necessary to
It is not our
name
here.
the
if
stocks.
differ in sufficient
must be admitted.^
Their mental
body while the Indians have short arms and legs, and long
which are rather heavy, and square in build. He compares the
former to the slender, active Gibbons the latter to the slow, inactive,
stout Orangs.
Another striking distinction is the short neck and great
width of shoulder in the Indian, as compared with the narrow chest and
tively short
bodies,
Negro
The
tially the
man
The Mongolian
man
the
is
cations goes.
human
species into
two
sections,
is
are
and variation
questions which
at their
It is
unques-
persistent
was a single
two main divisions must have
man,
its
If there
and
life-habits
and
its
gested
human
existence,
by Professor Wallace,^
at
perhaps, as sug-
that primitive
mind
to
combat against
the}^
epoch
plastic to the
we now come
Negro
differ-
little
529-32.
^
p.
319.
TYPES OF MANKIND.
race,
we have
markedly
dis-
homogeneous type of mankind, but a race of varied mixture and of much more recent origin, and therefore neces-
primitive
man.
The opening of
can be offered.
we can
now
obtain.
and hybrid
major part
left
their sub-types
At
of these islands,
all
all
Others
of Asia,
As
for
it
its
early inhabitants.
There
is
human
races,
and that
its
beyond the
The
historical era.
ancient skulls
much concerning
its
skulls
The
belong to a long-headed,
This, called by
Quatrefages the Canstadt race, includes the famous Neanderthal skull, with
its
brute-like characters.
Other skulls,
10
of
Magnon
constitute
Cro-
so-called
race.
Negro than
any other
to
the
itself
modi-
over west-
later
men
of quite different
race-characteristics.
affinity to the
modern
Lapps.
It is
Negroid
earlier race
tributed.
may be
medium-skulled one
to
tween the long-headed aborigines and the intruding shortThis "Neolithic" type has probably
headed race.
remnant of
its
left a
who once
Europe. Though
may have
race-characters
of the
persist
still
characters of
regions.
man
many
for the
skulls
and bodies
The ancient
its
own
same
persistently
Thus
in the
its
way
and the
TYPES OF MANKIND.
11
of the
characteristics.
man of
Though Mongolian man is
a type
races
of
seem
prise
to have placed
him
intermediate
less prolific
spirit of enter-
remote
in possession, at a
and the
Asiatic islands.
man no
And
we can
qualities they
it is
race,
possess,
still
ality, enterprise,
upon the
trace
those
of superior intellectu-
When we
or rather upon
its
West with
gaze
Xanthochroic section,
first
its
way
Before
resistless energy.
to
its
them
in southern Asia.
historical
The
moun-
with
left,
is
sepa-
They are
energy, driving the wedge
doing so with
all
the old
groid
life,
third of
^
all
until
the Caucasians
About 420,000,000.
than one
Two
of
fair, ere
many
centuries, to
more
12
or the North
is
not a primitive
to con-
human
race,
Otherwise
ceding races.
we
it
at
ruder
life,
but
its
more remote epoch, the Negro and the Mongolian expansion have been checked long ages ago,
It
many
physical characters
off, differing in
mental and
American from
may
compound
ceding races.
Of
the two
sub-races which
make up
the
Caucasian
t3q3ically
the
in
north
of
The Melanochroi,
in
northern
Africa
and southwestern
Asia.
Between
endless intermediate
north,
following terms
race
is
w^e
go south.
The shape
though as a
The combined
The Races
of
of the
Man,
Caucasian skull
p. 481.
is
TYPES OF MANKIND.
intermediate
13
skull of the
Negro
Prominence of the
race.
common
jaw,
names
The
among
Europeans.
the
The
the Northern
is
it
not so with
is
Celts,
prevails.
in
Africa and
The
hair of
the Mediterraneans
is
Mongolians
The
this respect.
races,
hair is
and Mongolians.
The
not so
It is generally
is
it
marked
lips
Mongolians and
The nose
flat
distin-
and never
more
a well-
is
in the other
lips.
As
a whole,
profile,
the Caucasian
is vertical.
The Mongolian
is
face
that of
is vertical
of a triangular
14
head
is
The
oval.
is
flat
median
line
replaced by a pro-
tion
in the cheek-bones.
though there
The Xanthochroic,
is
also a
marked
or blond type,
is
difference in form.
distinguished by blue
and
tall
and coarser^
The
latter race is
enormously so
to the typical
and eyes
is
Xanthochroi.
it
The form
is
very symmetrical in
we have
said,
pro-
as
its
These two
tj^pes,
Yet nu-
The blond
race has
its
Scandinavia, and Denmark, and next in Holland, northern Germany, Saxony, Belgunu, and the British Islands.
But
it
sian domain.
is
TYPES OF MANKIND.
15
common among
It is
the Persians
It exists
man
while
dark type
it
though in
is
in
way
diminishing frequency as
Yet
approaches the
it
colder regions.
its
and East,
in con-
Negro
The expanding
race.
man have
ten-
if
first
com-
shown
in tlie
No
such com-
This indicates a
much
migratory
is
since
if
of remote origin,
region in which
we
find
it
at the
period.
by Mr.
J.
W.
Jackson,^
who advances
vii.
the theory
333.
16
that the
Melauochroi)
really a derivative
is
physical
He
the
all
is
a derivative
characters
of the
races.
is
it
we observe
If
to
the
their purest
find
Negro
And
race.
Many
of the
light olive in
Of
lips.
mouths
as one
among modern
travellers
have crisp
hair,
of the
observed
has
Some
as-
affinities.
lips, full
large,
ancient
the
and prominent
complex-
Arab
is
the
genuine
the exaggerated
tribes of the
similar
Middle Desert
may become
of a jet black, as
Arabs of Africa.
On
is
Europeans.^
as
Enc5'^clop8edia
edition).
3
and
is
p.
150.
Britannica
(ninth
TYPES OF MANKIND.
17
much
farther south
in Africa.
In addition to the
may
be mentioned
races.
tribe, distinc-
different
tively
much
but
non-Negro type.
mens
Pure speci-
in cranial conformation,
com-
mental
qualities.
blance
to
He was amazed
P^uropeans,
and
describes
the
pure-blooded
nose,
limbs,
tall,
from
their early
primitive
race
They
are
found
throughout northern Africa, extending to a line drawn considerably south of the Sahara
The Human
Species, p. 351.
18
everyT\^here iu southern
ponderance
in central
and
in less pre-
the
essentiall}'
and Teutonic
Celtic
Aryans.
If
we accept
man
we
are led to
was divided
in the
at a
the
Melanochroic
man
is
zone occupied by
races.
an
It
is
if
we may judge
particularly in
Europe
western Europe.
similar evidence
may
yield
We
More extended
all
in
the
TYPES OF MANKIND.
Mongolian blood, yet essentially diverse
19
in character
from
If
of
times.
b^^
sions,
the Egyptian
monuments
man
appearance of blond
found
among
of v/hat
the Berbers
of
in
"It
is
first
and
Sahara,
the
the
Of the type as
in that region.
north of Africa,
in the
the
in
derived from a
Canary
Tama-
hou people who about the year 1500 before our era made
their appearance upon the frontier of Egypt, coming from
the North.
Basque
territory
are
in the
In Europe and
Asia the movements of the blond race took place immediately before the opening of the historic epoch
is
and though
In every region
they seem to have mingled freely with the preceding Melanochroic inhabitants, yielding that intimately mixed race
owe
the modern
man
To
this fusion
we
in
Anthropology,
p. 4.52.
20
In
all
the region
we move
southward.
If
of
we endeavor
man
in central
and red
tall of stature
AVe
tribes
hair.
Mountains.
century, as
beyond the
Altai"
complexion.
Some
members
who are known to have inhabited the region mentioned. The physical appearance of the
modern Turks, indeed, strongly resembles the Aryan type
The Turks of the Ottoman and Persian empires
of man.
of the Turkish Mongolians,
are
This
and structure.
Circassian slaves
and powerful, while the peasantry are equally EuropeanThe great mass of the lower population have
ized.
always strictly intermarried, difference of religion and
sect of
:
;
TYPES OF MANKIND.
21
The Aryan
Turks
is
there-
all
is
among
the Kirghiz.
We
farther eastward
Still
men
as well as
race,
conditions
King
tells
man
nose "
ns that
is
'
Among
common.
'
is
sometimes
fair,
is
sometimes dark.
occasionally of the
is
is tall,
the
European type.
Mandans, the
This
so-called
described by Catlin.
is
The above
facts
seem
to indicate a
Anthropology,
p. 452.
22
There
is
yet,
Mongolians to be considered,
we
the
the
linguistic
And
Finnish.
here
the
in-
find
strongly
termarriage.
The Finns
are to
They
are
marked by long
hair, usually
chestnut hue.
The nose
The complexion
is straight,
is fair,
the cheek-bones
the lips
small.
from
all
to the
European than
to the
Mongolian
them much
closer
The
north-
race.
AYe
may
in the possession of a
poetry,
an evidence of
in pure
Thus though no
chroic typs
of
is
not found
civilization.
man
Aryans
exists, there
Xantho-
TYPES OF MANKIND.
that
it
23
it
among
marked
yielded a strongly
race,
in
race
is
ans,
and that
it
differs
in-
terest,
this
It is of
home
of the Ary-
little in
physical character.
It
may
itive
much
de-
The mental
remarked that
the
all
On
first
place
it
races
may be
In the
human
No
race.
No Negro
civilization
is
pre-emi-
?eems probable that the Lnpps, the remaining European Monrace-affinities with the Finns.
Professor A. H. Keene
has recently examined a company of seven Lapps, in London, and de1
It
golians,
have close
cides that in several respects they have deviated from their fundamental
Mongolian type, and have assimilated, especially in the color of tlie hair
and eyes, in the complexion, and in the shape of the nose, to the surrounding Norse population. He attributes this assimilation to like climatic influences rather than to intermixture, of which there is no direct
evidence. The family belonged to the mountain nomadic tribes, of purest
descent and of least intercourse with Europeans.
24
man
nently the
records a savage
everywhere
No
of civilization.
of
tribe
enters
traveller or historian
Caucasian stock.
history in
This race
civilization.
is
Men-
to
display
vigorous intellectual
powers.
type of intellectuality
its
the
Negro
to the Mongolian.
Gobineau,^
is
first,
stability
It is quick
capable of violent
is
He
has a childish
He
is
in-
feelings,
seldom vindictive,
His amatory
feel-
these particulars he
and the
T\"est, in
is
In
its
exercise,
and tends
to
now we compare
in
mental characteristics.
we
In
muscular vigor and intensity of feelings the typical Mongolians are greatly inferior to the blacks.
and
agile,
1
They
Their sensuality
are supple
is less
p. 445.
violent
TYPES OF MANKIND.
25
They
much
are
less impulsive,
Their anger
in will-power.
They
standing what
is
and while
easily under-
They
and
philosophy.
They
practical.
adopt whatever
is
of practical utility. ^
This description
is
shown
It
civilization.
It applies in
northern Europe, in
tithesis
to the
whom we
find
The pure
blonds replace the nervous temperament of the Melanochroi with a lymphatic temperament.
by
desire.
They
They
lack vivacity,
are controlled
by reason
pulsively,
when once
arrived at.
They
They
are
to gluttony
and
di'unkenness,
less addicted.
the
1
same
affinity to the
p.
445.
26
to the Negroes,
But
The emotional
development.
are the
Negro
characteristics of the
Mongolian
is
the
In Scandinavia we find
we
needed, that
faculties
two
The
by imagination
until
it
Teutonic reason.
Despite the long and close intermingling of these subraces, the mental character of each crops out frequently in
strong isolation,
now
markedly predominant
reason,
in
now
imagination, becoming
Xanthochroic blood
has reached
its
is in
The
an individual or a people.
excess.
modern Europe
The imaginative
faculty
Melanochroic l^lood
is
in excess.
This
is
markedly
dis-
so in
TYPES OF MANKIND.
27
though
many
and
in
is
France and
shown
in the
in Ger-
in
It is to this
we owe
the
Aryan
race, the
man.
The comparative mental characteristics of the three typical human races are briefly enumerated by De Gobineau in
the following terms
The white race has great physical
:
vigor, capacity,
and endurance.
is
It
controlled by
It
Great
mani-
and
The Negro can only imitate, the Chinese only utilize, the work of the white
but the latter is abundantly
capable of producing new works.
He has as keen a sense
ideas.
He
more
faculty
unknown
earnestly.
to
His
the other
high
sense of honor
races,
is
His sensations
are
less
intense
than
in
either
black
28
far
is
energetic.
Our hypothetical
may
of
line
human
human
far
physical development
back in time
it
is
Very
mentality.
man
if
They differed essentially both physiand mentally. The Negro race was marked by a
tropical
At
mate.
its
much
in
consonance with
its
gave
frigid
rise to
cli-
two
the Melanochroi,
more highly developed types of man,
in which the Negro emotion had unfolded into imagination,
and the Xanthochroi, in which the Mongolian practicality
had developed
into logic.
come combined
in
whom
logic
into reason
and
and the
man
special, one-
has become a
Thus
the
central
Aryan stands
title
of intellectuality.
in
man, the
tions of dark
and
light.
TYPES OF MANKIND.
If
now we come
by language, they
29
The considerable
tion, is in
continent has
the
Between the
is
first
very decided.
much
to have
its
strongly
marked
linguistic
sub-types,
is
an early separa-
since each
type.
diversity
latter types of
language
less declared,
grown up
in
and
their.
it
in close contiguity.
Significantly, these
II.
IN
home
of the
Aryans we
and
all
probability far
more limited
in
local-
But the
efforts
which
it.
whom
known
which
Aryan
as
is still
are
generally spoken
by the
tribes
home
fair-haired
shall here
The
of the Xanthochroi
ancestors
of
the
It is therefore
the
the
blue-eyed and
modern Ar^^ans
that
we
endeavor to trace.
upon considerations of
ments of
Aryan tongues
originated.
it
its
devotees.
The speech
31
Word by word
been exhumed.
Ikit a
word represents a
embody
who used
it
thing, a relation,
some possession or
Aryans has
activity of
life
of
Yet
to their words.
their study
The discovery
guages of Europe
is
among
the lan-
The
common
evi-
had become a
science.
The divergences,
critical
ily.
this
The English
Sanscrit,
in India
of the Vedic
To
delight, they
literature of the
discovered
Hindus.
that this
their surprise
and
32
words and
in structure,
This was
with the
pointed out by
first
Sir
He was
afterwards
1808 main-
in
For
this
The
was
first
demonstrated by Bopp,
in his
He
1852.
affinity in
The
Celtic dialects
were included
all
the
memmade
Max
yet
its
knew themselves
Miiller.
This
titles as
is
giving
name
it
for
S3
Systematic philologists
Aryan" has no
peoples.
No
Indo-European
and yet the proscribed word has come generally into use.
It is short
and convenient
and
its
To make
etymology.
more im-
this is of tenfold
is
it
the necessity
In
is
philologists are
all
signification,
required.
is
connection between their religious ideas had become evident, and the similarity of their race-characteristics
been observed.
from
Dr.
from a study of
their languages.
earlier investigations
work of the
of proof.
But the
it
had
affinity,
was proved
results of these
philologists
was needed
to
circle
The separation
of the
Aryans
had
others, that
One by one
it
it
was not
But science
is
was made
34
He showed
clearly
peculiar tenden-
Aryan sounds,
its
own
so that
in sound,
in form.
Thus the
German
own
another, etc.
off in its
system of vocal
first
sight
Vedas.
The
s in
may
quote
Max
in
common.
As
Miiller's identifi-
scrit
is
often changed to
l.
in
Helen in
of the aspirate,
same
of the
origin there
is
tasks as this
and
fling,
tlie
above
will serve as
It
35
here to
suffice
intricate
means
tri-
an extreme instance of
had
to deal.^
There
is
of the original
named than
scientists
there
is
The
words, but deals with the very nerves and sinews of speech,
that
rigidly persistent
radical changes in
the forms of
words.
count
all
with the same numerals, call individuals by the same pronouns, address parents and relatives by the same
decline
alike,
same method.
them
in
son,
all.
in
the
of the
titles,
heart, tears,
and
tree, are
No
chance
We may give,
community
of the
Aryan
languages, the forms taken by one or two words in the several tongues.
Thus the word " house " is in Sanscrit, dama ovdam ; in Zend, demana ;
in Greek, domos ; in Latin, domus ; in Irish, dahm ; in Slavonic, domu :
English derivative, domestic.
In like manner, "boat" in Sanscrit is
nau or naiika ; in Persian, nav:> or naicah ; in Greek, nnus ; in i^atin,
navis ; in old Irish, noi or nai; in old German, nnwa or nawi; in
Polish, naiva: English derivative, naulical.
36
ter
between a whole
series of languages
common
origin of the
Aryan tongues.
speak them.
there
If there
was one
who
was one
original
Aryan language,
original
common
origin of languages
the result of
the
descent, but
by other
advanced
by
M.
This
races.
Oppert,
Professor Whitne3\
He
as the
is
theory,
vigorously
as
originally
by
contested
cir-
those of the
In his
empires.
view, no aboriginal language has ever been entirely dispelled without a complete incorporation of
the people
empire.
of
the
Persians,
in the conquests
Roman
The complete
political
much
and
the
less de-
social fusion
Roman
The Arabic
parallel
is
Rome
for
many
it
represents an infusion of the Arabic rather than an abolition of the native languages.
complete
in this
37
conquered
Race-mingling
tribe.
may
take
place,
but
by unamalgamated peoples.
Whitney
fessor
is
tell
agreement
peoples.
instances,
their
Aryan
in some
us concerning the
Aryans
to
sufficed
impose
whom
stance,
is
There
the Hindus.
is
people.
very
little
its
own with
vanished.
spirit of the
influence
be surprised
if
their nationality.
We
have
preceding section
"dark whites"
with
its
region
people.
from that of
Where was
earth's surface
was
it
the
this region?
typical
Melanochroic
On what
area of the
and
linguistic coherence,
civilization
grew
and devel-
38
This
world?
burnings
is
among
may
which
is 3^et far
from
settle-
Yet
"home
the
of
and
it is
the
possi-
deter-
briefly
No
But
locality.
there
is
show an
in the eastern
some remote
Persia.
which some
served.
historical
and geographical
details
sect, in
are pre-
common home
the Aryans, as
all
was long
maintained.
The theory
advanced by
home
this
be, in the
of an eastern
J.
of the
G. Rhodes
home
in
Aryans was
of the
1820.
first
words of
Pictet,^ the
to
les
Aiyas
it
within
Priinitifs, p. 35.
The
limits.
of
traditions
39
the
Avesta
common
At
much was
still
said
birthplace
highland
is
human
it
now
is
and inhospitable
residence.
In fact,
stretched too
plainly
far.
of an older Iranian
was
Aryan race. Philology was next
appealed to, and the claim made that the language which
had niost faithfully preserved the ancient Aryan type must
land, but gave no warrant for the view that this land
least.
This prim-
several objections
fact that the early
no
if it
And
their early
is
far
days
is
members of the
race.
tribe
in
It
from the
West to the far East took place, than that the bulk of the
race moved from the East to the far West, leaving a single
tribe behind.
grants
who
And
forced themselves
abundantly indicated
among
hostile strangers, is
in their literature.
It is a literature
40
The
stirring
hymns
of a people surrounded by
whom
there can
a duty to
God and
They breathe
man.
is
to have
an alien population.
much
surrounded by Mongolian
tribes.
India
still
is still
everywhere
largely in-
its
its
Aryan
own, but
it
districts.
The
vital
Had we
is
is
that the
Aryans
their original
Bopp
41
in their early
home
for a long
As
method.
increased,
and quite
likely the
peculiar dialect of
each
Thus the argument from special primitiveness of any of the surviving modes of speech can
era of dispersion.
We
scarcely be maintained.
diversities of
speech in
little
of
of the
the early
come
to
any
definite decision
on
is
it,
it
was formerly
little
attention
was suggested,
early in the century, that the Slavonic was a primitive
European population. More recently it has been claimed
in
that
Europe
theory
is
Vv^as
all
It
the Aryans.
This
is
is
now used by
all
the
Aryan peoples
gives us
much
interesting
Aryan home.
42
is
The word
is
name
common
that the
guages,
is
To
this
to the
it is
objected that
lost,
is
Many words
Yet
and
it
cannot
if
Yet
once known.
if
in the primitive
utterly for-
this
home
in
In this connection we
the original
home
true, yet
now Karasu,
in the time of
pean
was
lion.
It
may
still
in
limit of
Macedonia, which
range of the Euro-
met with.
It
still
to be
Iran and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, for tigers
wander
in
Hence, from
all
still
argument that
families
43
Aryan
abandoned the
their
names
and the
tiger,
But
also.
this
names
neither existed in
New
Had
Zealand.
Aryans
the ancient
own
country, their
names would
'
plains of
others on the
still
In evidence of
names only
Of
region.
common names
The
Autumn was
and summer.
facts
series
dwelt.
for climatic
sandals.
leather.
common
Among
temperate zone.
chill.
Abun-
all
They seem
to
natives of the
European
ancient
domesticated animals
of Africa.
this
very ancient
civilization.
1
The Races
of
Man, by Oscar
Peschel, p. 507.
44
water,
is
admitted.
made
suppose
it
to
both.
Europe point
in northern
all
Lapland
their
in the
extreme north.
All Europe
Basques
persist.
There
is
named with
is
of the
titles
When
first
All
As
it
human
There
is
Aryan
dispersion,
no evidence
in its
The only
tribes
migrations.
their hold of
in search of a
in the history of
who
finds the
45
movements of hunting
tribes.
there
no record of any
is
in considerable
remote distances,
plete migration to
and
is
waves of com-
hardly credible,
is
the history of
human
movements.
of the
Mohammedans was
It
formed in Spain.
allel to
from
its
made in a region
home was that
kindred race.
idation
all
in great part
migrating peoples
not a
known
to
political consol-
movements en masse
It
the
As
their
home became
numbers
in-
46
them, they
all di-
rections with the restless energy which has always characterized them, diiving back the original populations before
home
cate an original
in
some such
Of
is
who
the
is
now
imtil they
very
much on
Either
annihilation
whom
whom we
have
who may
originally
The Xanthochroic
is
Their loss
No
47
such mixture
is
period of
their
No
on broad, open
pas-
Hunting and
As
it
known
the lack of a
common word
common word
Nor does
home
of the Aryans.
is in
harmony with
we
their
seek
wooded
mode
and
of
life
and
can cer-
this
At
Aryan method
of
speech
48
(to
which
has the
it
to deviate per-
its
Aryans appear
of the
to
This
so.
is
clearly indicated
by
The
the broad open plains and deserts of Asia and of northeastern Africa.
in
mountain
No
And
the auimals
Aryans was
adapted to
in
this
Europe,
mode
of
If
it
the
home
of
life
the
is
suited
pastoral
a locality
in
is
yet
in
considerable measure,
a dense
is,
from
while
its
moun-
forest
life
of the
an open
is
home
49
It is
and of excellent adaptation to pastoral pursuits.
simply impossible that such pursuits could have originated
is it
conceiv-
providing pasturage.
and began
to practise agriculture,
An
habits.
is
the Indus,
and on the
of China.
Asia,
true
derived
is
it
change of industrial
to this
by nature.
Their locality
of agriculture
satisfactory
which
their
but
it
knowledge
is
districts elsewhere in
of
the
art
from the
regions
In
America similar indications present themselves. The agriculture of the United States region not improbably arose
on the
and was
Like
by the Mound-Builders.
conditions probably attended its origin in Mexico and
disseminated northward
Peru.
There
is,
50
merce or instruction.
is
In
And
as
respects the
districts
Roman
of
northern
tribes in the
On
Caucasus, from
its
bility of climate,
openness,
and
its
its fertility
nomads would
the expanding
is still
life
of the herdsman.
We
all
proba-
from
51
Aryan
marked change
life,
the change
and conditions of
in physical surroundings
to residence in a mountain-
In such a
roundings, and
region, with
life
in structure
might well
in the
neighboring
southwestern Asia.
advanced
in the
upon southeastern Russia as the home of the Aryans during their nomadic era, and the Caucasian mountain region
as the locality in which they gained their fair complexion
Aryan method
and developed
agriculture,
their
political
and religious
From
well
this
have
mountain stronghold,
sustained
themselves
in
against
all
aggression
fertile
plains of
52
the
home
from
tlie
lands
other section
of the Ar3^ans,
Had
Aryan type
and the
latter thus
of the race,
deviation, leading
the
line of
home
This
in its favor.
is
of
its
and
antipathies.
religious
It
seems a
to
And
Aryan
to
it
may be due
intellect,
that strong
groundwork of Mongolian mentality, which was necessary to the unfoldment of its high powers of thought and
cal
At
rights,
tlie
its
narrow
world.
a later period
and with
and a
it
a strong
such as
ditions
we
Aryan type
53
of speech
and of
institutions undisturbed
Such con-
social, political,
by foreign
and
religious
influence.
and whatever
its
and
in mental character, is
declared of
all
human
races,
among
and
is
the
most
distinct
and
iir.
to the
to behold
it
Everywhere
tribes,
communities, na-
overrunning
more
barous.
It is
more bar-
China and Scythia, the tribes and nations are moving with
the bewildering confusion of a phantasmagoria.
It is to
Numerous
titles of tribes have descended to our times, but we know
very little of the communities which these names represent
us a shifting of names rather than of peoples.
at this early
epoch appears to
can be sure.
moving
We
to
Europe and
fro.
and
We
know
in southern-central
that the
movements
upon new
55
tlie
Cut that
earliest date of
Such a migratory
spirit
has ex-
results
We
present to us
records
are
minor
in
character.
in place of the
Such
thousands of miles.
is
in the Bible,
and Grecian
tribes.
mili-
The records
the art of
The
moving
in
who had
mass.
we thus behold
is
significant of a
still
at the open-
movements
more diminished
The
spirit of
commenced, when
historical records
vancement
is
56
We
character.
among
the sav-
there
it
This border-line
contentment.
rests in dull
Negro
in the early
movements
of no migra-
Activity
tribes.
to the Foulahs
we hear
is
is
confined
races.
human
But
fecundity, not to
this
was perhaps
human
enterprise.
numbers increased,
out, as his
only the
difficulties
From
the ori-
slowly spread
taken
many thousands
when
the earth
took place.
to
man
largely due to
This expansion
of years for
was once
its
may have
But
completion.
check
Doubtless an
remained confined to
its
Each
tribe or
we
race
Only
and unimportant widening or shifting of borders.
those peoples who by a greater advance in intellect had
become superior
in
arms and
in enterprise, slowly
spread
how
human
races.
We
And
this
are in the
is
and
southern Asia,
It is strongly displayed
more strongly
Europe.
people
still
we must seek
maximum, through-
57
in
southern
to purity of race in a
Had
migratory and
during the
invasive
centuries of the
human
spirit
existed
an energetic
long
complete mixture of
mankind must have taken place, and the existence of wellmarked races to-day would have been impossible. Racedistinctions
obliterated, as they
now
The
epoch of the
is
an active migratory
of
rise
spirit,
are
then,
We
cations.
And
indi-
history of China,
siderably
if
preceding
its
the circle of
human
races.
in the history
The
industrial
and
political
condition
The
latter
of
races.
the
Aryans
The
some
became to
The indications
first,
are
58
politi-
have been long in developing, and which indicates a protracted period of fixed residence and agricultural habits.
As
nomad
The
many
single group.
movements,
in
nomad
of the
tribe
and
And,
its
was that
finally, th^
of an army.
which consisted,
not entirely of
at
who
any time
moving
organization
It
was under
directed
all its
set in train
an
against invasion.
From
this difference in
condition
we can understand
nomad
The nomads
peoples.
invasion
explains
the
of
neighboring
regions.
This doubtless
agricultural
government closely
in these localities
analogous to that
59
under a form of
the
of
pastoral
stagnant politically.
The subsequent
of these races
organization
is
political
is
while that of
development
and unprogressive.
essentially primitive
is
the terrible
to
from a
which we owe
it
the
occasional,
and
their effects
instead of
persistent
permanent instead of
transi-
Where
the
but these
its
is
steadily onward,
mankind.
If
the
seeking to trace
at that epoch.
its
As
home, we have
60
namely, that
it
was
and
cultural habits.
Southward
it
may have
and
agri-
district to
the south.
may
be remarked that
it
would be
difficult to select
No
Europe or Asia is
With broad seas to the
district in
and the
left,
when
it
to the south,
it is
only ap-
it
all
invaders, as the
defied
physical
in
settled life,
organization
industry'-,
and of democratic
spirit of
enthusiasm through partial amalgamation with the Melanochroic peoples of the South,
nated, as
we
It
may
flat
its
and
origi-
outflow in a slow
fertile plains
which
among
61
movement,
this
district of considerable
extent,
may
distinct
and
The system
race was con-
all
Possibly the
and the
body,
its
outermost branch
in
still
primeval home.
At
ward
to
occupy was
hands of
in the
alien races.
after-
Southern
we know
So
this to
case,
existing.
traces
In Persia, Afghanistan,
of the
aborigines
there
etc.,
are fewer
In Europe the
the Southwest.
rists,
and
still
persists.
There
is
This migratory
spirit
plentiful
new
room
for
localities as
has been
made use
expansion in that
necessity or fancy
of
by the Russian
62
tide,
though
it
ulations
titles
tribe of migrants,
The Iberians
dence.
are
of Italy
Amazons,
Iberians,
and
positively declare.
Aryan
inhabitants.
Aborigines, as the
may
now taken
European
possibly an early
members
The Etruscans
of this race
but the
Of
the
Iberians
nearly mythical
Aryan inhabitants
of
the
Iberians
peoples named,
is
peninsula of
final
remnant
But everything
exceedingly uncertain.
the
title
of
to the pre-
supposed to
in relation to the
We now
know, how-
They resembled
the
savage or barbarous
came
into contact,
partly
absorbed.
in condition,
of
such an amalgamation
ill
63
man found
supposed
Other indica-
to-da}^ in
As
by
to
branches of the
tlie
Aryan people in the period just preceding the era of invasion, some tentative suggestions may be made.
As above
probably occupied a considerable
Of
ions.
distinct
and perhaps
district,
hostile divis-
these, that
in situation, the
most divergent
in
kindred.
most northwesterly
and
southeasterly,
westerly, while
situation, the
the
Greco-Italic
This conjecture
northern regions.
the
the
the
is
most
south-
central
and
mainly based on
stance.
is
would naturally be
lation
least
Thus the
typical
Xanthochroi would
be specially
those
that
which made
adjoining
its
Slavonians,
Lithuanian,
is
its
It is
Xanthochroi are
frontier portion,
way
to Scandinavia.
their
most northerly
As
for the
section,
the
64
On
the South.
is
strongly
This
Melanochroic.
As
the Greco-Italians.
is
case with
the
also
known
to
sequent amalgamations.
There
is,
ern Aryans
the
Celts, Teutons,
This
may
and Slavonians
were
and very
affected
little
alien element.
all
The strong
from
is
intermarriage
and Mongolian
Melanochroic
with
graphical scheme
we have adopted,
primitive
this
fertile
In the geo-
section
plains
the
of
extending
The
district farther
south,
would
etc.,
Their
may
be
in a lesser
the great
homes.
improbable that the Celts led the vanguard in
Aryan march.
into the
by
65
own
The incitement
race.
natal hom-C,
limbs.
its
to
the
its
developing
Such a
hostile pressure
may have
and, indeed,
easier to
may have
if
to
proving
in front
to endure the
it
than
The move-
the rear.
is
known
of their
history.
The
Celtic
grations.
It
easiest of the
more
difficult
and
it
occupied in
ing the art
not,
it
is
to deal with,
path to victory.
When
It
in the prehistoric
impossible to say
possibly a very
As
slow one.
there-
impossible to guess.
When
and
it
may
for
the
extant history
district,
the
Celts,
they
comprising most of
Gaul
in northern Italy.
crossed
the
Channel
settled
the
British
Islands.
66
But
Spain
appears
to
still
have
been
held
by
the
aborigines.
The
was
history tells us
movements of which
that scorpion in
its birth.
in
them Galatia.
Asia Minor,
After having
North Sea.
The
to
crowded into
domain.
they
first
some
allusion
in the history
must be made.
When
and fierceness of
"
the barbaric Xanthochroi.
The Gauls," says Ammianus
"
Marcellinus,
are almost all tall of stature, very fair and
type,
fond of
strife
This, in fact,
the
of
Man,
p. 194,
67
is
it
aborigines,
number.
who
doubtless
In this
way
much exceeded
their invaders in
From
this
Here we
to-day.
find a
North, while the central districts are occupied by the modern Celtic type, with upturned nose,
at the bridge
and but
little
projecting, hair
round-headed race.
somewhat depressed
brown or dark
Berber blood.
Celtic
of
districts
the
British
In fact, as the
Islands.
by force of arms
As M. Roget
France
more
in a direction
in character,
and
68
branches,
that of
may have
The
cations.
latter
if
we may judge by
who were
and warlike
fierce
Perhaps in consequence of
of war.
this
and
we
in the arts
find a diver-
Greece and
Italy, w^hile
Germany and
Celts
may have
indi-
its
line of
march.
Celts,
its
sent
The
Of
them
strongly of the
no genius for the abstract, no love for metaphj'Sical speculation, cares nothing for the transcendental,
and is naturally
an
when
fire
in itself.
^
The Kaces of
]Man, p. 344.
ancient
by Tacitus as a
and
hair
fierce
tall
blue eyes.
latter.
are described
brave as the
69
To
is
There seem to
tribes.
fair
flood,
rise to
each
numer-
they can
They formed
distinct nations,
Of
Belgae.
these
the Aquitani,
The Gauls
cious,
frank,
open,
or depressed.
and had
mans,
and brave.
The
They approached
least varied
in their turn,
the
Germans
in character,
The Ger-
tribes.
east.
same
mans have
less
much
modern Ger-
Probably they,
amalgamated with
their con-
70
However
man, from
fair to dark,
Tacitus gives us
ins:
the
is
much
is
of
soil.
of importance from
its
Germans
of his time,
probable close
affinity to
life
every variety
which
worn.
timber, thatched with straw, and with a hole at the top for
the escape of the smoke.
colored,
family.
and
cattle
own home.
is
very
little
indication of agriculture.
"When not
women and
to
men
all
not capable
evils.
was the
shields.
loss of honor,
The
loss of a
71
much
race
maintain
Europe.
Europe than
farther into
itself,
it
German
has
the west-
In this connec-
tion
it is
the
German
More
valor
capitals, stand
in eastern
pean Turkey.
movements was
a people
with a
Back of
sian kindred.
Russians proper,
their ancestral
of this
home
is
all
seemingly the
home.
In fact,
last of the
if
came the
Aryans
to leave
still
occupied
it
at the
In the
fifth
district of
Kiev.
Here
was the germ of the great empire which has since so widely
The region indispread, under rulers of Teutonic blood.
cated is in the immediate vicinity of that which we have
considered to be the probable locality of the northern sec-
be said to have
left it at all.
72
namely,
Ossetians
the
of
the
we have
the Aryan
Caucasian range.
these
fierce
beards.
came a very
that
it
deliberate one.
it
important to notice
It is
From
the
first
entrance of the
and
At
east.
the
its
way
same time
it
per-
has
Slavs are the least restless, the least warlike, and the least
all
the
the
indications
are
that they
the disturbing
all
their
brethren went
itself.
73
Gibbon remarks of them that "the same race of Sclavonians appears to have maintained, in every age, the pos-
same
session of the
countries.
The
fields
place
afforded, in the
bread, a
of
in the primitive
Their
The
Aryan home.
spies
The
distinctive
tutions
West.
in the
as gener-
known.
have
Aryan race
largely vanished.
close
come
the Finns, as
common among
beard so
lowed out, as
chin.
is
The
it
race
the peasants.
skin
and yellow
The
face
is
hol-
tall,
energetic,
1
iv.
197.
74
They
Mongolians.
In
characteristics.
dark hair
vians,
and
fact
eyes.
Austria possess the fair skin and red or flaxen hair of the
northern Russians.
mixture, the
It
is,
a race of manifold
in truth,
common
only character
brachycephaly, a Mongolian
to
Slavs being
all
It is a race
characteristic.
restless
German and
Scandinavian element, and it is to this class that we owe
The characterthe migratory activity of modern Russia.
class there is a considerable infusion of the
istic
of the peasantry
is
tique custom
IS
of the Government.
The movements
and Indian,
civilizations.
movements
little
concerning
In
may
in active
still
their work.
it.
movement.
The Germans
are
But no
historic trace
Greeks and
Italians.
AYhen
first
75
story of the
in the
full
movement.
tradition of a migratory
soil.
Yet
this
may
its
south-
possession of
be due to the
gion,
perhaps
the Celts,
guage.
if
Their location
is
Such seems
we
re-
race-element
much
than
in
move-
northern
Xan-
Aryans.
The
line of
linguistic
it.
evidence, appears
to
and
it
by
at least the
76
The
typical
tribe of
make
ally
fertile
a stopping-place in
region of northwestern
westward march.
Here
and gave
way
into Italy.
we know
All
is
that
it
Much
told of a great
We
wave
are
itself
To
this antique
it
by destruction or amalgamation.
either
all
it
pure conjecture
it
This, however,
We
is
know
waves
into Greece
Before the
final
and
Italy.
Ionic.
period.
Dorians continued to
while
region,
the
77
lonians
moved
Our
history.
by
first historic
their
was probably
From
in the
highlands of Macedonia.
them.
This con-
life.
original with
pushed
We can
their
come
the islands
into contact
maritime
skill
distinguish
them.
merous and
fertile islands,
famous centre of
still
But
it is
highly
budded.
came the
Here,
life.
Hence
and historians
bloom on Attic
soil.
That
found there
in
and
is historic
78
was afterwards
culture which
artistic
As
to
We
absolutely nothing.
history,
and that
the
is all.
Aryans came
into Italy
find
them there
The
earliest
there
Greek colonies
whom
sure
They were
;
in the
we cannot be
opening of
at the
ulation of Greece.
we know
known pop-
much
too slight to be of
utility.
groups,
the
There
Oscans.
of
all
Aryan
is
good reason
stock.
left
were
an important
known
as
Aryan
dialect
known
as Cisalpine
Gaul.
who
rose into
still
a puzzle.
know
is
all
others in Italy.
All
them
As
we
positively
as a people
est traceable
home seems
to be the central
Their
earli-
Apennines, and
79
We
the
their
Hindu
home
of the race,
would have
location in the
its
Xan-
Their migration
Armenia
is
we have no more
As
Aryan
insti-
if
may have
for the
march of
this
who
branch of
All
we can
discover
is
an extended
pushed
its
much
80
when
their
It is simply calcu-
The Vedas
not historical,
Aryan home.
Yet
this
Avestan geography
" are
and draw
historical conclusions
in
efforts
lands
made
to iden-
of Iranian migration.
named
In
Many
Ahura Mazda.
tify these,
pre-
tence to be historical.
while
make no
These
Several of the
Yet
in
No
conclusion can
no order.
This geographical record, however, appears to indicate
the region of ancient Bactria as the point of
common
resi-
dence of the Hindus and Iranians ere yet they had divided
such an idea
all
is
probability
surrounded by insuperable
it
difficulties.
In
Aryan march
81
may have
may
All
we
really
know
is that,
after prob-
sumed
It is as-
and made
cing, as
way towards
their
we assume,
off
gotten.
There
is
The whole
Aryan population
The
of
Indie
the
of Bactria seemed to
all
available directions.
South,
that
left
open
way
study of the
map
of i.sia
of the southern shores of the Caspian, from the region of the Cau-
It
may
by the hostile
and that
only after they liad greatly increased in numbers and warlike strength in
Bactria were they able to return and to cope with the foes
orisrinal
march.
/^^^11
whom
they
82
and made
way by
their
slow
warm, and
new home
in these
fertile plains.
hymns
and
down
calling
the vengeance of
the " godless," the " gross feeders on flesh/' the " disturbers
of sacrifices," the " monsters "
resist the
"
who dared
ruling race.
all
the
It
Aryan move-
march
There are no
movement
of
and the whole slowly gaining possession of the broad region of the " five rivers," and extending to the great plain
of the Ganges.
Vedic hymns.
to the north of
We
march
line of
disclose the
in Cabul.
Hindu
The
in the
tribes
later
ones
down
into
aborigines
How
degree of probability.
The
first
83
According to the
remote.
list
could
it
of
It
b. c.
Babylonian dynasties
As
to the physical
may
decidedly Melanochroic.
marked by a
horizontal
high, well-developed
eyes,
eastis
is
its
hair.
Farther
is
it
the southern
number of
to the
Hindu conquest of
fifty millions,
though
all
In fact
still
exists
race-purity has
The mentality
of
the
ancient
this
mixture
within historic times, in connection with the remotely prehistoric character of the early
European movements,
Aryan
No
is
a strong
Such
a.
ability
is
left
84
with perhaps the most developed and exuberant imagination that has ever appeared upon the face of the earth.
of to-day
The Tadjicks,
and rosy,
hair straight
lips,
complexion
fair
body.
The Patans,
found.
Afghan
or
is
frequently
soldiers, are
commonly
brown like the Iranians, but many of them have red hair
and blue eyes, with a florid complexion. This is particularly the case with the Siah
Posh of
Kaffiristan, a tribe
Thus
the Iranian branch of the eastern Aryans the Xantho-
much more
element.
region,
had originally
least of the
and
there-
Melanochroic
districts.
If such
were
we should have an additional reason for the Iranmovement towards the Persian highlands, and that of
the case,
ian
ancient
the
Arya
It is a case parallel
the Dorian
and Iranian
tribes
In
each
The Persians
subsequent movements.
85
are distinguished
from the Hindus by characteristics not unlike those sepaThey have the
rating the Dorians from the lonians.
mental character of mountaineers, are brave, enterprising,
earnest,
much
and
They lack
warlike energy.
and
belief
all
the
many
differences, there
among
mogeneity
the
early
and
in political
social
mental character.
formity, a state
ance,
is
Despite their
said.
remarkable
conditions
alike
degree
of
of
the
ho-
several
in language, in religion,
and
institutions,
physical and
in
during which
Aryans
the
extended the
greatly
in
any
For the
institutions.
life in
were requisite,
new
contact
all
the varied
is
not exposed.
To
this di-
we owe
Aryan
enlight-
86
Briefly to
chapter,
tion
it
may
to that
which exists
in
Russia to-day.
It
first
a central
all
It
this
aggression where
became
necessary,
the
forward
all
desert regions
of
Asia,
Huns and
and other
left
districts
tribe of the
on
the Turks.
In the
Armenia, Kurdistan,
communities
in
their line of
nificantly occupies
the
sig-
place,
the Gorge of
Dariel,
army on
its
left
march
to
was only
at a later period,
to
the
Ar3'ans,
We
in the
German
tribes, to
whom
to hostile aggression.
movements en masse
invaders.
at
no time did
tliey
make
nomadic Huunish
Empire, they
at
Yet
87
lield
on persistently
and forests
to their fields
home.
The Aryan migration was evidently followed by an extensive intermarriage with the original inhabitants of the
conquered
There
territories.
felt
is
ent Lapps.
whom
Instead of annihilating or dispossessing these, they apparently simply subjugated them, and later on freely intermarried with them.
change
mans
in
In the former
much exceeded
the conquer-
modern
Celts.
As
regards the
it
is
quite
that they
had
own
their
conquered
territory.
taining
its
structure,
all
the
aboriginal
88
tongues.
instance
their
to
tlie
the
conquerors,
retained
amalgamation.
Of
variations
of linguistic structure
who
the
Aryan
type.
not
IV.
WHAT
of a
life
earth,
who have
written no
The
architecture?
early
left
abundant monuments,
the world to
men
lives,
and become
barbarism troubles
the future.
High
itself
but
little
civilization is
monuments of
work-
its
strength
like,
wonder
in
as
Primitive
more concerned
in building great
a feature
is
to leave a
message of empty
90
And
opment.
knowledge or
and
in-
institutions hut
The
contemporaries.
political
relations
modern
of the
The languages
and worship.
The
of
mod-
ern times are full of words which this antique group spoke
primeval homes.
in their
and
we possess
in these roots
the life-conditions
As we have
already said,
modern
the languages of
all
Asia,
the
dialects,
the
Latin, the
are
not
affinilles.
the east
we
find
many
and
it
of
exist,
full
nate
minor
their several
verbal
And
these
civilization to desig-
these
development by borrowing
national
91
or,
like
articles
of
But
moment.
if
this explanation be
thrown aside as
common
in-
origin.
fact, to believe
people
single,
limited
from
area,
which they have outspread over the earth, and who spoke
a single and simple language, from which have come the
We
locality,
What
life.
did they
is
before us,
know
how
that of their
this people.
yet
mode
what was
We
and perceive
finally a
But
gloom.
way
its
life is
ness,
is
it
true
clear-
its
objects;
life.
is
In isolating
tlie
it
is
of words
other of
One
92
Aryan
race, after
for
off
common words
in the
and Latin.
divide the
is
paralleled
by sim-
Aryan
race
up
made,
in consequence, to
made
place.
considerable
new
progress before a
efforts
division took
Several unlike
We
unproved sub-branches.
all, its
descendants.
still
in use
by
all,
or nearly
we
in three stout
difficulty in
reading
it,
Aryans would
since
it
cannot be
93
of
persistent study.
Words
indicate things
and conditions.
No
people has
It
cannot be
minds of
their early
they do to ours.
come
Philo-
like
to deal with
little
mentality.
be-
hands encoun-
The
''
to pro-
tect."
from
The
duli^
original
a root which
The daughter
in
Sanscrit
times without
As
in
really derived
Indeed we
may come
much improvement
we should seek
to us the
from prece-
to milk."
Yet
means "
is
to far
in this
more recent
respect.
to converse
Old
Aryan.
on philosophy or science
find ourselves in
94
Only by
difficulty.
and mental
made
such a task.
in
It is
them as
to us.
many
We
in.
know
far
had already
set
their
words, from our method of isolating the roots of language, and reaching
down
meaning.
Let us seek to rehabilitate
Aryan
this ancient
communit}'',
For
this
Arya from
If
in
we look
we seem
far
back
to behold
the
vocations of a simple
ployed in a twofold
agricultural
grassy
life.
Abundant
Asia.
But
goat,
and the
was
ridden.
still is
of language,
If
There
tlieir
is
alone
believe that
it
was, in
Nor
in other
Of
we judge
we must
and that of
in addition they
pig.
pastoral,
them em-
see
commons attended by
session, as
We
life.
duty, that of
is
with
there anything to
than
common
its
wild state.
A. H. Sayce.
And
the
modern use of
tiiese
95
life
animals.
stables,
animals
may
honey
its
being
among
pastoral no-
the
locality,
and the
into prominence.
interests of agriculture
tied
it
to a fixed
had
we behold
were largely
Aryan speech
in the ascendent.
But
the pastoral
at the period
tribes
arranged communities on a
were settled in
fertile
region, well
common
industries
of the
we now
find in the
indications of such
many
of the family
and
The names
96
home
"speed;"
"
Evening was
the herds.
Daw^n
signified the
tlie
time of
itself
we have
in
was an era
But evidently
interests of agriculture
Aryan
dispersion the
when
" in dog,
common
Aryas
from which
their
modern
title
yans,
signifies
warrant,
in
called them-
and
literature,
This word
mean "honorable,"
without
not
and
selves at their
in the
this in
agricultural terms,
"ploughing."
or "noble."
grew
It
The Ar-
considered themselves
the
human races.
If we now turn our mental gaze from the pastures to the
farming lands we see indications of a different mode of
noblest of
activity.
is
is
bemg
at least
two kinds.
sure.
far
from
all
we can
certain.
are
Just
One
mates.
glass.
Yonder
of
cli-
this is
We
some
the
97
field.
We
hammer,
in mills.
for
and forge,
anvil,
it
the
latter
showing that
the smith
we
is
are in doubt
gold,
iron, copper,
As
not positive.
is
They appear
at
fruit-trees they
to
Their possession of
we
what
and bronze.
silver,
and lead
to
still
used.
rea-
is
In fact, when
articles of
commerce
the existence of
as sure evidence of
many
is
not
its
it is
There
is
reason
was held
in
powers attributed to
them,
as
among
other barbarian
communities.
life in
the
They dwelt
in
dow.
many
still
They
survives in
98
the
icicli
names
or ii'kk
of towns.
now
fortress,
As
pottery
This pottery
by painting
Vessels of
in colors.
The hours
wood and
leather were
of relaxation
seem
to
instrument.
upon
as utter barbarians.
to have included
raw
flesh
baked
were looked
Quite
fruits.
this, since
many names
Salt
may have
mentioned
??i
a A's/i/,
With
fly.
consumption and
tetter.
As
relied on.
monogamy
prevailed.
There
sister, etc.,
The
wife, ydtaras.
father
the wife
its
mistress
members
of
the
greater than
sister,
s?//f,
99
The names of
our era.
in
antique
these
As
purposes.
sandals,
But
of the
early
if
made
woven
we may judge from what we know
of
leather or
of
Celts, they
were not
now we
what
to
them
in the
more
stir-
pursuits.
in
Here we
daringly entering into combat with the savage bear and wolf.
to
his game-birds,
till
much
birds,
He had
the
100
the
crab and
tlie
But
mussel.
if
knowledge of
his
we take language
fish
for our
guide.
Changing our
field
of observation,
we behold him
boldly
embarking on the waves of the great salt lake which adThe name he gave this watery exjoined his native land.
is still
preserved in meer^
no word
to signify that he
sail,
or
A glance
gaged
in
in
still
of war.
upon neighboring
and
fields
tribes or
by
fierce
the axe
weapons the blue-eyed and stout-hearted champion doubtless fought sturdily for home and freedom, or for fame
and
spoil,
may have
down
As
yet
101
As
and active
know very
He was
little.
at least
He
The
stitions.
and affrighted
was
of sin,
when
The
up to a hundred.
moon being
to
him
the serpent.
biting snake.
and
fives
war we
felt
the consciousness
But
its
in the
proud conscious-
From such
terrors
all
dawn and
blue sky
He worshipped
his
supreme deity, to
To
whom
many gods
to but
the
particularly the
The broad
the
alter-
winter, arose
was
moon were
summer and
Of
one at a time
all
was the
102
We
shall
say as
little
in
future
sections.
here of
we must
It
will
his political as of
his
suffice
to observe that
the
by the
visjxtti,
who was
political
The landed
families.
its
and
its
The
cattle.
common
property.
of a larger group,
punishment of crime.
sureties,
As
those
yet there
its
to have
members of his
were only freemen in the community
worked
had not
made
its
or
arisen.
for hire.
has always
was
Justice
is
seem
These commu-
their laws,
bound
by roads, on
connected
had
from
off
Yet
of
the
free laborers
The community
The system
clan.
vras
on
human bondage
appearance as an accompaniment of
wealth.
of labor as an element of
103
To
ers.
of
little
more value.
With
became too
its
Rome
all
we
are
now concerned
which
We
history
it
is
now approaching
its
end.
We
have
in its midst.
this
inquiry farther.
whom we know
the words
it
of language,
rian rudeness
civilization,
used.
We
upon a primitive
and
commu-
advancing toward
ac-
affirmed.
It
richer than
we have
said
is
open to doubt.
Very
we can
And much
that
meaning, and
it is
quite probable
104
that
some of the
The
ancient tribe
interpretations
a simple
lived
life,
thought
simple
presented
is
on the whole a
son to doubt.
tainly nothing
And
one there
faithful
in the annals of
is little
mankind there
rea-
is cer-
rehabilitation
this
a thought of writing
its
history existed.
new
There arose
tions,
closely.
The
special act
lines of
the
citizen
became necessary
for
members
of one com-
a name,
New
seal,
hazel,
fir,
vine, willow,
and
Some
had
left
nettle
Millet,
oats,
became known.
the elm,
no names.
;
common
known
to
alder,
and sea-animals,
garden-plants.
Peas,
Terms
sowing,
harrowing,
in
105
bread-making.
employed.
Yet with
all
Aryans continued
Manners were
still
rude,
sive,
and of painting
brutal.
their partly
The custom
of tattooing
They
toward
civilization.
the western
Aryans when
tlieir later
his-
V.
social,
now
organization
and
political,
existence
to review, so far as
religious.
of this people
But
aid of language.
the
of
it
can be traced,
primitive Aryans,
Our knovvdedge
of the
later
and
beliefs
and by a co-ordination of
Not
to
institu-
its
ment
organization.
in political
of later date,
There
it
is, it is
development
but
man from
gradual
first
clearly
upward progress
As
to the
its
varied
107
monogamy
the reader
mnst be referred
family, at
and descent
to
its
male
in the
line,
sufficient for
know
that the
It is
Aryan
Aryan
industrial
and
political organization.
human development, we
on the family group.
everywhere based
Yet the
first
wife retains
monogamy
Aryan branches
the family
similarity,
all
the
Each
represented
community.
it
in the
and
if
108
seize
on
all their
his will.
It
may
them
kill
at
castle.
No
it
was
It
his private
The idea
arisen.
The
Rome,
The Roman
father
man had
son,
all
life
sell
Roman
laws.
will,
and no
and the
benefit
from
all
contracts
while he was
command. In the household the gradation of rank passed downward from father
bound
to
marry
at his father's
over
and to slaves
all.
formed an
indi-
man was
K. O.
life,
allowed to share. ^
may
is
to the
enter except
in-
A mystery
Greece, p. 13.
remarkable
se-
is
109
With
isolation.
the
Celts
This
right
was recognized
in case of necessity.
With
the Russians
makes the
in his
He
house.
with-
own
is
His cabin
his
all
law
is
property.
It
belonged to the family as a whole, and was held invioThis was the law in
lable.
all
Aryan
Rome, whose
The
son,
some other
1
practice.
He
remarks that
.other
Russia,"
p. 88.
earlier
But there
is
every reason
no
of the
southern
and
among some
Slavs.
ally
the head
of
household,
the
riage
among
than to-day.
ty[)e
of
system of family
tlie
tlie
public organization.
in every respect a
member
all
?jy
hew
ties.
How
it
tion of
arose, witli
tlie
its
political
group
Arya.
is
No
re-
as representative
worship to their
it
spirits
left
Under certain conditions tlie wife succeeded to the family government and care of the property, sometimes during the minority of the
'
male children, sometimes during life if there were no direct male descendants.
Maine's " Village Communities," p. 54.
Ill
and
dead ones as
wliom
well, to
was
sacrifice
perhaps
offered,
He
powerful
tliese
It
may
spirits,
liere
tlie
power of
doul>tless
it
exercised a salutary
father
liable
and might be
to act
house-
to call a
its
was the
by caprice, but
and very
'i'lie
likely he
was
ordinarily
Ancient as
is
we
as are the changes which have since taken place, the antique
Aryan
and among
politically,
of the
Aryan
peoples.
The most
known
digiiififid
in
Hindu law as
ih a Joint
acconHng
to
Undivided
Hindoo
law,
is
"the
it
down,
rif^lit
Communilias,
p. 53.
of
112
Family.
In
this the
fullest extent.
system of eo-ownership
It is
is
carried to
common,
cultivated in
common
common,
hearth and
several generations.
west of
is
common meals
estate,
all
The domain
the produce
single
whom
its
held in
of the family
common, and
Among
House Community
is
an ordinary institution.
Here a
eral generations
common,
the
an elected manager.
will,
like
their
Hindu ana-
logues, but have descended from far past time, each family
continuing
its
We
to
its
surplus
found other
Aryan
territory, the
the
considered.
It
may
is
which rarely
due to the
lasts
beyond two
facility of dissolution
under the
113
modern Indian law. Originally it may have been as permanent as that of the Slavonic group. An interesting
instance of a similar character, in a non- Aryan Indian tribe,
is
Kandh
that of the
his
" Orissa."
This people
is
still
The Kandh
is
The house-father
unknown.
is
Disobedience
is
No
sess property
till
Then a
is
made
its
of the land
The
is
a highly ar-
existence
In
was
Aryan
its
arose
when
it
the family
was the
and have,
period,
unto our
own
times.
state, persisted
in the instances
persists generally
among
in the
history of civilization, as
The nomadic
we
tribes of northern
shall
ple of a single,
panded
still
The
princi-
into the head of the clan, the chief of the tribe, the
114
any extent held
its
own
in
The Highland
ship.
clan
was a
distinctively patriarchal
in habit.
It
was an expanded
family group, in w^hich the chief was the direct representative of the original ancestor,
by
followers.
It
his ignorant
and
Avith a
faithful
political conditions.
In ancient Arya
to tie the former
probably when
nomads
to fixed locations,
new
had begun
agriculture
and to bring
men's thoughts
the
system.
institutions.
It
in the de-
must be borne
in
assumed a very
different
In
all
these
into the
common
of the family
expanded
name.
However
came
in,
common
through
There was no
community
pastoral property.
ism in labor.
And though
diffi-
in the case of
all,
115
An
interesting instance of
of the patriarch
such an organization
Abraham and
his followers
and
that
is
flocks as
in agricultural labor.
performed
up the
by a
in
tilled
single family.
lots,
each to be cultivated
its
own
lot
by each family,
American
institutions.
In the Inca
The population
as a
;
the
But the
among
cities or districts,
and were
the
people.
government.
Among
116
the
Creek confederacy
But a portion of
all
pro-
was obliged
to
man,
in
whom we
officer in
an important
to the
use,
Aryan
we
organization,
discover the
Here
but
spiritual authority.
Coming now
final
it
divided
is
and
all
whole
among
trace of
is
the
community
community
in
its
produce
lost.
community
is
Thus
it,
field is
to be dis-
community
partial
in
common
erty that
we must look
clan-organization which
prop-
that peculiar
Aryan
In this organi-
people.
There was
common
property, and
all
117
questions relating
in the
common
property.
The
and
in the disposal
freeman
rights of every
right.
common
ancestor,
and
in
more
ancestor.
A certain gradation of
and when
lage
disputes, the
deemed
to
it
became necessary
some umpire
most naturally
choice
fell
in vil-
on those
The offices
head-man thus arose. The vil-
lage
118
All this
is
There
abundant
is
yans.
was evidently
It
democratic
markedly
In
society.
different
at once a communistic
in tendency,
despotism
while in
society,
vv-as
it
which was
Aryan communities
all
and a highly
characteristic
aristocratic
;
latter
its
Ar-
to
the ancient
All modern
Aryan
is
of property in ancient
testimony.
Each
Arya
village
management of
we adduce
ere
this
The
disposition of these.
old generalism.
But
in
the historical
It is interesting to
agri-
observe the
common,
The arable
were equally divided among the
in
But, as
if
to prevent
any
maintained in Russia.
is
still
was
di-
in
it.
Each man's
119
it
man who
attempted to intrude on
liest foe.
it
repel as he
would
his dead-
so strongly developed in
If
now we come
assumed
it
is
vv^ith
became
Aryan communities.
all
and
industrial
Aryans,
what
clear traces of
it
remain.
We
Aryan
condition,
The
exists with
clan sys-
little
historic traces of
have
change
it
can be
and even
There
is
demo-
in village clans,
Morgan says
with
common
common.
communities
in Attica.
many
ilarly in possession of
name, and of
Mommsen
out of which
Rome
arose.
There
is
The
no doubt of the
hills
of
exist-
Rome and
the
120
that in such
The modern
ancient cities.
in
we have
hill forts
and
it is
supposed
the
city
The
Aryans present
Celtic
sense of kinship
is
similar
The
indications.
common
Hindus.
Private
communal
by the
Apparently
became
and
its
As
by adoption
name,
condition which
of kinship.
It left its
who
Lowlands of Scotland,
Lauder, a condition of
recently, in the
marks as
affairs
in the
borough of
Very
also traced in
Su*
France an indication of a
p. 95.
121
as traced by
Von Maurer
same
works on
institution in
Eng-
The
number
known as the
common mark, or
mark
These
the
common
The
village
plots,
No
It
it.
one, not even the officers of the law, had the right to
fields,
only two of which were cultivated in any one year, the third
lying fallow.
1
But
tillage
was not
munities,
in
com-
which the foot of the invader mtist traverse. We have survivals of the
word which designated it in Denmark, or the Danes' Mark
in the
March or battle-border between England and Wales and in the marquis
or markgraf, the guardian of the mark.
The waste mark was also the
seat of exchange of products between villages, the region of the market.
The forest of the waste was the temple of the Teutons, the home of the
unknown and uncanny, of ghost and goblin. It was the least-known and
most-dreaded of their dominions.
Here dwelt Odin, the god of the
mark, the spirit of the tree and the forest breath, the god of the wind
and the tempest. Within the village domain dwelt order and peace
But in the waste land beyond, terror was lord,
there man was master.
;
122
he
by
tilled
own
his
fields,
which
members
of his
produce.
must sow
same crop
the
its
He
community, and
Nor could he
The
common
governing the
extended to minute
rules of
custom
details.
Many
of
and
lots to
As
ownership of
this lot.
we may quote
have fixed
fields
and princes
in
among
same
in
change their
.
effect,
common, and
low.
tillage
their gardens,
and they
their
let
De
Germania, 25-26.
1,
lie
fal-
much
"They
and
vi. 22.
123
of institutions
among
agriculturists
that
find
similar
communism
to
that
is
and the
fields
able
teresting information
makes
it
changed
many,
He
this point.
in
their soil.
and suggestions on
and
whom
the
in
some
localities of inheritance
by
Room
it
by conquering a new
the
settle
human
It
Malthusian
difficulty
history.
fully prevailed.
is
In
a condition which
still
its
common
lands.
124
Thus
places.
at
all
redistributed.
is
held in
common and
In the Altmark
all
to be
periodically
is
the land
is
common,
The
three-field
is
de-
Similar
system
is
is still
row
held in
strips, divided
still
narrower family
They
by trenches or stones.
These
marked
strips,
off
In such cases
Feld.,
the Flur,
and the
Zelg, the
morial custom.
The
lots of
These
imme-
all
Of recent
Governments
made by
the
The
indications
are that ere long the old and inconvenient system will
That the
similar
soil
manner by
evidence in the
which
of
still
exist.
England was
its
originally divided in a
many
Fields
known
as
" common
fields"
may
the
many
125
These
German Gewannen,
There
is
left fallow,
two
The
strips.
right of
common
in the arable
This
is
many
common
fields,
lots.^
parts
sometimes comprising
England lay
in this
open
property of cultivators.
into
state,
They seem
to
lands on a principle
Lowland Scotland,
Similar
as in the borough
shows a peculiar
property holding.
in that land,
Aryan system
of
and revolutions
yeoman
settlers of
New
Eng-
126
land dividing
new
tlieir
soil
The
soil.
flood of
of existence.
munity has been rigidly persistent, and exists at the present day in a form not widely different from that which
in
ancient Arya.
Hindus and the Slavonians does the archaic house community persist, while they everywhere maintain the village
The Indian
system.
as above described.
among
There
is
meadows
Outside
Where
custom.
persist,
Centrally
lies
its strictly
individual
its
isolated households.
And
all
all
Two
questions.
The
ancient ideas
The
In
many
man,
a feature
of later origin.
is
village elders,
replaced by a head-
This
office is
though in the
sometimes
latter case
127
The Indian
communi-
ties.
There
shoemaker,
etc.
There
police,
included in the
are
is
officers.
is
and
to
to insult
him.
which
is
Their touch
actual
impure.
who form no
is
They
contaminating.
definite duties,
ment of boundaries.
one of which
They probably
Still,
is
it.
the settle-
are descendants of
made
its
way
in past times, as is
But
is
in densely
communew lands.
In the Russian
of kindred and the alien class for a share in the land must
it
is
probably due
we now find.
modern Aryan nations, however, Russia
the conditions
Of
all
is
the
one that has deviated least from the ancient customs, and
128
in the Russian
antique
Aryan
village.
This
is in
of Russia as the
we have taken
Aryan branch
home
mained nearest
of
influences.
In
of
lands and in
all
times the
agriculturist has
cal
all
radi-
institu-
is
an interest-
which
may
Ivanofka, a village in
be here epitomized.
northern Russia,
vating group.
is
It
embraces
in its
light
sandy
soil.
women and
In the cultiva-
The land
morial
crop of rye
first
and
distribution changes
make
The
Aryan usage.
sepa-
is
is
from
field is
imme-
and buckwheat
while the
used as pasture-ground.
field to field
the
This
annually, so as to
The
narrow
and
live in the
towns.
Many
its
Y^et they
when
129
must return
to
it
home
is
true Russian.
The
mir
is
is elective,
father.
He
much
of his ancient
The
affairs of
No
by custom.
one can
plough or
mow
resolution,
the assembly.
until the
when any
is
And
Efforts are
made
to avoid the
little
it
may
It brings
be
with
compensation.
extant, and
is
fields
periodical
among
the house-
redistribution
is
yet
number
size of families
group.
In the more
fertile
130
which
can get,
not the
is
farm undesirable.
by casting
lots.
made annually
arable lands.
is
It
may
is
cut in
common,
meetings of the assembly of the village are very informal, and discussion
carried on in a free
is
probably,
these
debates,
the
direct
Arya
centuries
before history
was born.
The village community, however, while found universally among the Ar3^ans, cannot be claimed as a peculiar
Aryan institution. It is one of the two forms under which
all ancient agricultural societies seem to have been organized the other being the more archaic patriarchal system.
Village communities have been discovered in Java and
;
may
that
is
And
'
'
Amer-
their land-holding
when we come
systems.
This much
as will be seen
be here said,
in the clan
The
belief that
''
is
if
need be,
found nowhere
is
131
was
and
castle," to be
peculiarly Aryan.
Its
VI.
two
from unlike
fluences,
importance, as
it
has had a
This fact
vital influence
much
We
to call
of
on the history
religious
is
in-
and
of mythology, with
its intricate
rich picture
and extraordinary
details,
its
of
its deities
and
their habitation,
m3'thical deities
They grew
literary period of
tribes,
But
in ancient
myth and
Arya
variety
their
meanings were
true
ondary immortals.
Less striking, yet more ancient and more persistent, than
this
hear but
little,
prove.
Aryan
ancestral tomb,
the
and of the
to the
Aryan
the
sj^stem
religious
China as a phenomenon
tliat
has utterly
There, too,
we
find
phi-
Taoism or Buddhism.
among
On
the
Western
conti-
of the
southern United
Here, however,
it
was not an
ancestral, but a
134
gods did so
mythical
later
Aryans
it
is
in
Among
America.
the
Very prob-
Later
the ascendant.
it
became
to
among
the Celts.
is
we
somewhat obscure.
and clan worship did not attract the attention of the poets,
filled
tery.
And
its
little
made
its
it
ritual,
In consequence
way
into literature.
It is
of
own
rites of
and what
little is
known
in.
made
It
We
by-
Neces-
can rebuild
has nowhere in
like those
ment.
Traces of
earth.
it
it
And
ancient Aryans.
ship of
its
hold that
it
is
ancestors by the
we owe
the Chinese
and the
members
of the
wor-
Aryan house-
the
life,
whom
a deity
the survivors
had
to worship
and
propitiate.
rites
Thus the
To
let it die
out from
in default of
male
was
heirs,
Aryan
clans.
up long
it
and
this idea
To
an utter myth.
was kept
had rendered
whom
he represented,
we owe
his
The family was a composite one, made up of sevgenerations of the living and the dead, of all of whom
ruler.
eral
suppress
rit3\
rose
all
it
was
his
It
was a
sa-
its
integ-
to his decrees.
He
136
Hearn, in his
interesting
may
'^
its
tails.
were the
ties
which
first
bound men
by the
replaced
territorial
it
in later
clan or
it
inter a
is
At
a later date they were kept for some time in the dwell-
ing,
vogue in China.
They gave
and
still
in
common
symbol of the
the
symbolic
signifi-
come
Yet
they did not consume the gross part of the food, but only
all objects being supposed to have
its spiritual essence,
souls.
])y
sacrifice,
the priests
Many
was
had
illus-
trations might
sacred feasts to
feasts to the
deities of families
the
and
and
clans,
in
day.
to enjoy in
felicity."
company with
who worshipped
conducted with
own
ancestors.
privacy.
strict
Romans
the
Gods
''
it
the "Gods of
was common.
know
On
its,
the
the Iranians,
especially of their
Hearth," or
among
its
holy
Roman
heart.
We
We
Strong
efforts
]\Iax Miiller,
Ralston
Penates,
who
it
"the worship
ii.
46.
and
fire-
tells
us that
p. 84.
138
ing
all
left its
mark
which
indeed has
and elsewhere.
Greeks, the
Hasing.
AVe have
in
it
later
its
form of a
etc.,
prank-
propitiated
and
by offerings
who
careless.
left
But
the}^
libations.
probably
a relic of
who
failed to offer
them due
survival,
still
tral
them
T^^lor
from
me."
my
my
In Greek legend
we
my
hymns
that I hold
find that
Polyphemus scorns
Primitive Culture,
ii.
112..
father, Poseidon.
draws a
line of distinction
between
his
to-day-
mankind.
As
the
Aryan clan, so
clan, whose rites
into the
some
It is a question of
interest to
what
limit of ancestry
be
made up
it
was
lim-
At
house
was the
common
deity worshipped
doubtful, however,
if
any such
It is
;
and
The
connection.
As
is
of interest in this
But
this
home-
The Chinese
clan,
140
an ancestor,
if
The descendants
of Confu-
So the Aryan clan-worship was as devoted and as excluSpecial gods of tribes and
sive as that of the family.
among
clans existed
it is
the
lage god.^
custom
Among
tells
The
us
vil-
same
Mr. Hunter
first
exist.
was a common
strong feeling
Roman
We
gens.
And
intolerable.
at the
common
was
was paid
a strong indica-
we know very
little
There
concerning them.
if
name
if
For
this
Rome
secret.
tect
them from
may
be given.
evil.
The Finns
Orissa,
i.
95.
Roman
history,
came near
to being
of weeping.
fit
Fortunately
it
tears were for his old friends the Greeks, not for his
friends the
Romans."
may
"
quote
new
As a more modern instance we
and
his gods,
ally destroj^ed
was
It
the
heavy cannonading
effectu-
them."^
this secret,
ful priesthood in
race.
There was
thology that
we
Chinese
my-
its
other deities.
Its people
And, as
in every
ancient effort at such explanation, they arrived at the conception that these
intelligent
fairly be called a
1
mythology.
W.
E.
i.
101.
p. 25.
as
142
they saw
it,
It
power of
their
humbler domestic
beyond the
peril
deities.
Only by slow
signifi-
cance.
significance.
by robbers.
The Dawn,
Summer, which
Or
the
speedily pursued by
Summer
is
sends her
Hundreds
demon Night,
and the bright god Day, the all-destroying Winter and the
all-restoring
Summer.
Mythology
details
which
An
is
Aryan imagination.
mythology
men.
Aryans.
American worship.
But
it
in Babylonian, Chinese,
at a very
and
the sun
was much
later in attaining
acknowledgment, and
This
is
first
He
heavens.
is
We
who
Varuna appears to
find this
He
sits,
god again
in the
words
At
will.
god
in the
We
decessor, Uranos.
He
The Odin of
his pre-
Tii^,
in his
paternal
Romans,
beneficent progenitor of gods and men, the supreme parental deity of all that has
life.
144
With
The
the
rains
his gifts to
mankind, while
in
him
a terrible foe.
we
of the Teutons,
discover the
particularly in
to
name
fitted,
In
it
shining ones
tle,
we
;
is
It will suffice to
say
preserved to us in
its
of them,
most archaic
the interminable
man on
natural
phenom-
the
dawn
the deities
all
simple in their
attributes,
afterward
enfolded
them,
plainly
Here
The Yedas
who was no
is
tell
the original
of the gods.
it
half
transparently displayed.
as
elements
Hindus.
deity,
We
the
deities
and
and sky,
supreme being
to his worsliipper.
we
air,
them
find
later
some attention
is
requisite.
We
do
phenomena
attributes of natural
deific
With
priestcraft
human
Hindu
which
an opponent of
liberty.
tribes,
fell
became a power-
over
whom
great heroes.
is
men
marched
the
hymns
The Vedas
are the
And when
When
it
10
146
no
earliest
It
was the history of the gods, not that of man, with which
their thinkers were concerned and we have grand systems
;
doings of man.
The
Hindu
story of
civilization
is
The great
filled
And
up by
faith
priestly successors.
them
But the
dwarfs
It yields us
was gradually
figure of Zoroaster
by the Hindus.
And
the
The
aggression.
Great warriors
man
history of
Yet
to the late
days
and, in alliance with the Throne, aided strongly in the subjection of the people.
If
now we examine
Aryans a
different
phenomenon appears.
In none of the
hood
arise,
147
As
Greeks, or Italians
we
are
the dark
utterly in
priestly establishment,
and but
ence of a mythology.
but there
no trace of a
is
seem most
fully to
have
failed to
advance beyond
elementary stage.
With
the Greeks
Yet
it
deific
philosophy.
a somewhat playful
ualized them,
spirit,
humanized instead of
stories of
spirit-
their
The gods
of
fell
The
prostrate in splendid
The worship
set themselves to
the universe.
work
And
thinking
of the ancestral
men
of Greece
148
largely
and wield.
In
Rome
priestcraft
Greece.
the
first
deficient
in imagination,
growth.
shows
itself
traces of
it
everywhere
lanus, deserting
Rome,
in
Roman
history, as
seats himself
We
in Greece.
when
find
Corio-
by the hearth of
his
mind,
nence
its
;
Roman mythology
Aryan form.
little
always
re-
developed from
in
consequence,
The system
Priestcraft,
Thus
in the
development of the
an important
Roman
State, re-
We
political element.
and the
aristocracy,
until the
it
with a
military despotism.
Teutonic
tells
the
histor}-,
same
story.
so far as
we
it,
fer-
ment
it
is
When
march
the Teutons
to
No
its
the wielder of
is
was doubtless principally due to this reason that Christianity made such rapid progress with the
Teutonic tribes. There was no one with a strong interest
the sword.
It
dei-
the
mythology.
whom
alone their
af-
faith
was
but the
suffered to be replaced
it
not prove
we examine the
Aryan branches, an
If
early legend
appear
it,
in
and
its
supernaturalism
is
wildly extravagant
in character.
Man
in a universe
is
central figure.
is
The gods
are present,
no lack of supernaturalism
In
it is
Ancient Greek
this,
true,
but heroic
He
is
named
man
is
the
and there
man
is
their
displayed in steady
150
struggle against
against
gods,
the
terribly
punished,
yet
un-
eternally
In the pages of
the victors.
ing to
wound
the gods,
impious deed.
If
now we come
find the
of thought.
ancient
is
a tissue of fable
deeds.
It is
it is
to
It is
Rome
man
Rome
yet
it
dealt solely
it
own
with human
long held
The
old
Roman saw
its
The gods
only his
of ancient Arya.
man
Aryans
is
without a counterpart in
China.
That
it
has had
dency to democracy
much
to
in these nations, as
is
religion
upon
the
is
who can
spiritual
its
favor,
No
Christianity.
Rome was
religious thought.'
held,
making
their
way
or.
word of appeal
Rome.
spasmodic persecutions.
rise to
Not a
Mythology
in
Among
opposition to
Christianity
The
voice of a chief in
favor of the
followers,
No
priest
The hearth-
152
spirits
were as yet
phenomenon
is
singularly contrasted
to the
This
persistence
in
human
history.
VII.
THE
of the
of
human
institutions.
having maintained
conditions
is
one
whole history
fluence
basic
It
in the
Aryans
in-
civilization, its
themselves with
Finally,
we have what
in
is
in
the
many
For
in
we possess a system of
self-government ranging upward through the family,
below
it.
village,
This
is
all
It is the
system of non-
In religion the
154
is
The development
little
In
contrary, a centralized or
of
its
human
aid.
institutions has
been very
mankind
is
of
importance.
true cradle of
time that
civilization.
ority of the
Aryan
activity of
its
vil-
itself
human
state, a
society,
remarkable
Yet as
human language,
same course up
to a
phenomenon
is
manifest.
The primal
condition of
a social
155
definitely
third
in
its
Eventually
organization.
concrete
at a late date.
yet
later
these
three
into
one,
Such
group of mankind.
man everywhere
is
we can
that
religious,
perceive
him
after he has
the
cul-
ruling principle in
The
patriarchal system
is
that of Asia
Aryan Europe
native home of
The
was the
In the broad and barren steppes
desert
northern Africa, the pastoral nomadic habit naturally persisted, agriculture in its faint first efforts
remaining sec-
Communism
erty of
the
The
reigned supreme.
tribe
property existed.
flocks
a whole.
The narrow
as
communism
prevailed.
There was no
156
But
this leadership
The separate
control.
ciently to form
management of tribal concerns. The organization, however, was that of an army, with hereditary right in its
leader, and subordination to his authority in all warlike
affairs.
Religion
was
We
similarly communistic.
find
no trace
with this
evidence
But combined
is
main form of
Aryans
Mongolian
Very probably
of North America.
rite.
in their
it
tribes
nomadic
in
vSorcery ruled
era,
though
sunk
it
priest-
and
the tribe
re-
add to the
it
spiritual dignity
tached to his
some degree of
office.
So far as we can
trace,
All this
Aryans, but
it
is
of importance from
To
decided contrast
its
human
institutions.
we owe
But it was
human
known as
civilization.
a civilization in what
is
Such
unprogressive absolutism.
is
old
the
They were
all
As
ized army.
It
an
has
jor
and
its
It
has
its
And
it
it
is
among
the
takes with
common
its clan-ler.ders,
all its
members
are
grations are
has
whom
No
It
tribe.
willingly subordinate.
food.
a regularly organ-
is
it
property and
Mi-
to a locality.
duties of
There
life.
is
and disappearance
retreat
The
we owe
most
settlement,
ture,
its
its
developed agriculture,
complex
industrial
and
its
Despite
all
social
is
long
litera-
conditions,
the
governmental systems.
its
abundant
peror
China
it
simplest
The em-
of
158
Ancestral
emperor
is
the hereditary
He
emperor
and
it is
He
is
command.
No
prevails.
vised,
all
efforts
to
establish
still
undisguised sorcery.
Yet
it is
a philosophic
faith
have
and
In every feature of
organization, language,
This
in China.
imagination in
it
its
displays
is
is
its
people
civilized progress
man,
The
and in moral apothegms of the same tendency.
Chinese empire is the utmost unfoldment of the purely
practical mentality of the
Mongolian
race.
to
whom
TilE
There seems
little
and that
In
Egypt as in early China the absolutism of the emperor was not complete. There are indications of a tribal
early
Egypt developed
far
Religiously, however,
beyond China.
were of
Its people
a complex system of mytholog}^ with a powerful priesthood, at whose head the emperor stood supreme.
chief priest
He was
As in
is
system
is
this,
more obscure.
Its earliest
its
traceable
organi-
religious
Upon
In regard to
But
its
its
govern-
emergence
by patriarchal
later
monarchs of Babylonia
it
was a development
and interesting
mankind
all
160
toral
phase of society,
the simplest
The
all
made
Politically they
great
remained
same
We may
ancestor-worship.
its
present traces of
ideas
is
looked upon as
remote ancestor.
It is
not
whom
The
an ancestral divinity.
He
late
clearly
is
supreme ruler of
then-
patriarchal divinity.
Coming now
it
is
American
tribes,
161
were considerably
advanced be^^ond the patriarchal system, and closely approached, though they did not quite reach, the clan type of
the Aryans.
Great differences in
this respect,
however,
The barbarian
others.
tribes
system, a compound of
Aryan
on a
and
agri-
definite clan-
village.
Aryan system.
phase
in
the
natural
between the
and represented an
development
of
in-
human
institutions.
Communism
munism
Aryans.
existed with
many
marked
in the
Aryan
Among
Indian.
inhabited the
New
household rights
of
and
Mexico, whole
of individuals, are
still
With these
tations.
little
tribes,
Pueblo Indians
found dwelling
tribes
separation of
there
is
no division of the
organization
is
distinctly patriarchal.
With
ever, the
how-
tribes,
in the
case
162
is
Aryan
Here the
village.
soil
was common
it,
and products of
Each
was obliged
own
field
and
its
own
in a village storehouse,
laid
up for the
game.
their
we have evidence
its
family,
This provident
whose existence
in
Egypt
advance in
Aryan community,
reality,
however,
it
in
political conditions
beyond the
signifies a
In
was a remnant of the general communism of the patriarchal stage of association, and one which seems to have
It
worked adversely
to the interests of
American
liberty.
generally
is
known
of In-
di-
common
power was
It
must be borne
in
mind,
163
was no such
there
produced by
definite organization as is
tem was an
The
ciple of organization
sys-
elastic
One marked
officers,
functions.
was the
chiefs,
the
These
war.
it
officers
were elected
is
and
in
women
Woman-suffrage
the elections
The
soil.
apparently
is
principle of
filled
the
was very
the clan.
in
office,
The
and needed to
usually,
sachem,
clan ancestor.
The government
hands of
all
its
made up
number
of the clan
was
in the
;
while
was governed
by a council composed of the sachems and chiefs, and
the confederacy, where such existed, by a council of the
the tribe,
sachems of
No
The
its
of a
of clans,
constituent tribes.
had a hereditary
164
officer, like
body
in matters of peace.
off
wholly lost
the
vanishing completely.
between the patriarchal and the Aryan village comIn the sachem
munity.
some of
of the
we have
Aryan
power existed
clan.
of his old
As
control of
it
communism
These
officer of the
com-
by the
village council,
we must now
religious conceptions.
Among
advert,
that of their
faith,
The medicine-man
The worship
of ancestors
is
vague poly-
and a
series of lesser
gods
Among
state
arisen.
of religious
belief
They possessed a
prevailed.
ostentation of
temples,
high-priest,
the
all
and a considerable
rarchy,
and added to
arising
from
power
The
spiritual dignity.
hie-
patriarchal position
The
his original
had vanished.
outcome of
appears in
The gov-
final
ernment of
this tribe
He had
deit}'^,
entire
community.
The
166
As
among
government
and
some respects from those of the wild
religion
to consider
a survival of the
known
as the "
Mound-
tribes, partly
left
it
its
descendants
tribes.
above reached.
The Mon-
by a council,
tribal assembly.
Yet
The storehouse
of the
tem of taxation
in kind, over
which he had
full control,
For
may
and Natchez
among
the Natchez.
all its
Vil-
The product of
the royal
of the North, since their contents were held for the good
of the whole community, though subject to the Inca's
absolute control.
It
civilizations
spiritual dig-
named, that
the
fully in the
nobility as
will,
and
peaceful
It is
of
principles
Indian
organization
more
clearly the
to the produc-
connection,
bloodshed
that to
ment.
that of
may
war.
Much
as
human
is
hostility
and
unquestionable
we owe all accelerated steps of human developEven in this advanced age, war was necessary for
it
168
and has
trial
it is
The conservative
is
the all-essential
clinging
yet vigorous in
to
old
modern
We
One
of the
first
briefly
glance at
general effects.
its
to increase
is
new
The
allies
tribes
or as conquered subjects.
The
patriarchal tribe
pline,
was
in
army
to
its chief.
disci-
On
remained
The general
effects of
his
human
human equality was
war
at that stage of
The
principle of
and society
king
conquering tribes
quered
tribes.
Some such
and appears as
and
in
Mexico
It existed
It
had very
existence in
its
empire of Japan
But
cently.
in
earlier period.
it
Indications
And
in the
every instance
it
phenomenon appears
similar
in
In
But
thority.
of au-
Where
of
the
the
pontiff, the
head
heaven.
It
ments upon
this
in his
encroach-
in China,
Japan.
Our
early historical
is
that of
170
of reduced authority.
Mikado
of nearly
all
his
his
owu hands,
than his
title.
Mikado,
of the
little
more
spiritual subjects
their souls in
This
Japan
to an
tioned
autocrat of
institution,
Japan.
After a long
its
inevitable result,
that
The
organization
For the
Aryan
It is of
And
this
we
find
organization.
human
institutions.
evolved as the
first
We
find
it
America
societ}'^,
Throughout
tries,
lutism.
institutions a
was nec-
essary
The
this step
condition,
we owe
marked contrast
to the
Aryan
special features to
which
the
say here,
it
their subjects
were largely
171
Roman
ple of the
Aryan assembly
was
its chief,
It
Rome
to the
army and
to the last,
and
to
command
In no other
Aryan nation has the effort to kill out the spirit of ancient
Arya attained any marked success. Democracy and decentralization
efforts of aris-
we
what
definite limits
human
progress
and patriarchal
it
permitted
172
of men.
result of the
village system
and
it is
In both
we
their organizations
In both,
communism
in
was con-
Yet,
as
heaven deity, while absolutism appeared as a direct consequence of this spiritual autocracy.
The
distinctiveness of the
Aryan organization
its
lay in
its
suppression
and
its
nism.
a congregation, with
ritual
of worship.
its
of
its
private
communism
but
god of
No
prevailed.
was
was
in the
spiritual authority.
assembly of
It
his tribe.
was impossible
And
decentralized
an Oriental monarchy.
ject of
it is
to this that
we owe
and democi*atic
for
organization
to that concrete
and
Yet
the
of
definite
We
village
have already
extent the
how
It is
this the
Aryan
this opposition
community developed
was overcome,
Aryan tribal
organization,
the
political
some
system
all
In
fifty
analogous to the
members
range from
was due.
sixty in
number.
This
whose
When
174
grown too
place.
large, a
But
swarming
in
this
itself
to
Two
sary to clanship,
lot of
home worship.
This
is
what occurred
which
make
a will.
member descended
to
The
his
The
legislation existed.
property-rights of a deceased
No
definite
was governed by a
series of
fellow-clansmen.
clan
The
legislative
sufficiently to
body, though
meet business
To
these
clan
defence,
common
re-
for the
responsibility.
Each
clan.
clan
No
was an
individual,
and the
any of
of
it,
On
members.
its
was responsible
the
restrain its
It
into ancient
money
member, are
its
members,
responsibility for
member, and
its
clearly shown.
still
lower, and
may
this cus-
be found rather
We
know
to
among
all half-civilized
what an extent
as Afghanistan.
member
every
it
it
formerly pre-
still
extends as far
In this custom
of a family, one of
Aryan
it
is
the duty of
this
character in the ante-helium days, and cases yet occasionally crop out to
is
spirit of
antique Aryanisra
As
doubtful
Arya
Aryan
clans,
it is
it
existed as a
influence of migration
and warfare.
It
appeared among
the Teutonic people only after they were forced into strong
combinations bv
lono; conflict
with
Rome
It
m-^y
l^c f"!"-
176
ther said of
was vigorously
without permission from
it
number.
pear elsewhere.
five in
From what
seem
to
antique clan-organization
will
was one
many
rules
of
business procedure.
itself the
Each clan
itself.
It
Of
He had no
special
we have no
indications.
The family
was under the autocratic control of the house-father. Revenge for wrong was the duty of the kindred of the injured
person, who might exact damages in property or in kind.
Injury from outside the clan it was the duty of every
clfinsman to avenge.
its
chosen chief.
tribal chief,
dier.
civil.
Agamemnon
is
given in
to muster
men by phyla'^ and by pliratra^^ so that each clansman might support his fellows in the ranks. Of the early
Eoman system we are in ignorance.
Yet another survival of the ancient clan-system may be
his
that of
spoken of here,-
which existed
was
in
system exists
the village
addition
cities,
in
community organization
the communistic
to
many
villages
its
development from
is
very evident.
of
workmen
We
all
smiths,
In
in the
habitants are
similar
are
communistic artisanship.
guilds
whose
in-
may
stages of growth in
in its purity
ciety.
Aryan
institutions.
The clan-system
the entrance of
new elements
It
may
was
from
12
178
Communism has
but an
is
is
men
kindred groups
stitutes
The clan-element which gave rise to the historic development of Aryan institutions was that of chieftainship.
It was an element of individualism placed side by side with
It was an inevitable outcome of the
that of communism.
and one destined, with the aid of warlike aggres-
situation,
to
sion,
its
The family
clan.
and freedmen.
ents,
Aryan
fiction in the
who
The
clan in like
after three
manner had
its
its
slaves
depend-
The
soil.
element exerted a very important' influence upon the history of Greece and
Rome,
as
we
larger
him
freemen.
to ordinary
own
of slaves
and
lands, its
own
laborers.
It
This state
It
cattle,
and
its
own group
hanced by war.
179
Any
like reputation
And
there
was no
Over
village
power of
life
and death.
The
honor, and
its
strength
tie
may
their absolute
He was
his will
The
To
title
to their chieftain-
ship were added those elected for their valor, and perhaps
those
who gained
and per-
into
Not
that the nobles had any political authority over the free-
men, or could
dignity
was
solely personal.
and power.
The
And
their
it
to increase the
subject-villages
number
of his fol-
became subordinate
some degree of
assembly
political authority
to
him
rights of taxation.
180
citizen.
Indications
Aryan
of the
race,
to
the so-
Maine
to
to
some extent a
septs
the
There
is
some reason
had
The popular
authority
rapidly
losing
Property was
communistic
its
all
The
character.
chief
own
communal lands
ened
villagers claimed to
in
all
Aryan
in,
and a
apparent to a
land-holding.
To
it,
feudalism,
the
we owe
natural outcome
the establishment of
of
Aryan communism
and chieftainship.
The
political
Rome
is
two
Aryan system.
of
life
It
as
Here we
war.
them
to
from
strictly
all
sides.
Yet the
early
an organization of gentes,
influx of strangers,
members
of no gens,
and jealously
it
The growth
story
of the
"kings"
rule.
Iliad,
it
being
highly probable
that
the
chiefs, with
alien
alien
It
The
first
He
of this
sought to
many
councils.
He
husbandmen, and
artisans.
182
But the
gentile system of
we
date
At
The basileus, or
and was thenceforth
a later
usurped
weak
called arcJion.,
priestly authority,
or civil ruler.
made
made
elective,
and limited
Finally
to ten years.
among
was
life-office
was
it
Thus the
partly overthrown authority of the popular assembly was
gradually resumed, and the will of the people became the
law
nine archons.
in Attica.
away with
of property.
division
effort at political
into
The
gentes.
under
assembly
became an
and
elective, a legislative,
governing body.
the
laws
his
difficulty
was not
families held
made by
on a
all
of kindred.
ties
The
final
He
Attica.
The
power.
tribes,
territory
which included
was divided
the freemen of
all
into a
hundred demes
It
was a
was required
to register
and
distinct effort
Each
citizen
Each
Under this institution arose the primal republic, the measure and model of all subsequent republican governments. This reform was undoubtedly made in
response to the demand and sustained by the power of the
alien people of Attica, who must now have been suffi-
government.
numerous
ciently
witliout
government of Rome,
in
Ath-
ment.
Rome
is
Athens.
growth.
The
The same
Rome
as in Athens.
The
government, which was
at
to
reform
have
aliens
definite effect,
demanded a share
resisted
is
on
in
by the clansmen.
traditionally ascribed to
and professions.
to their trades
any
establishment in
difficulty arose in
its
still
divided into
government
or
their clients, or
dependents
political concerns.
To overcome
closely similar
territory of
to
Rome
He
divided the
that of Cleisthenes.
gentes.
Each
citizen
had to
enroll himself
and
in
his prop-
which he
184
resided.
This monarch
is
establishing
five classes
respective property.
on the
basis,
line of wealth,
common-
whom
all aristocratic
ernment.
under the
strict influence of
it
Unfortunately
sword of
Rome
strength.
ere
it
had grown
into
self-sustaining
but
vanished.
agricultural,
and
their
strictly in the
Territorial
government
re-
mained subordinate to personal government. The powerful invasions by which the empire of Rome was overthrown,
and new
states
mense power
founded on
to the chiefs,
its
ruins, naturally
gave im-
The
panded
lord.
produced
Aryan
bound by
family.
ties of
his re-
in arms.
its
As
we have
in
own
it
territorial
its
inter-
The
village
was
side, a
essentially
186
a democracy.
over
was the
it,
to
some extent
In
persisted,
The
establishment
patriarchal
of
the
being the
chief,
to power,
first
and
in
some
states de-
lack of
its
in its
war
it
from
idea,
the subjection
it
gained vigor, and to the extent that peace became the pre-
more decided.
At
present
it
energetic and
its victo-
way
to
its force,
the
is
" government
of
the
people
by the
people."
man
civilization,
this chapter
may
close.
As we have
seen, in
absolute
dcA^elop,
and
and
spiritual absolutism,
One only
China
ever
of these has
and
made
in
its
it
appearance.
democratic institutions
made
the
civilizations
tliat
him
the
arose,
authority
spiritual
them
to completely overthrow
and seriously
threaten them
in the other.
worship
much
affairs
growth of a
the
of
its
The
force.
that of heredity.
principle of election
lost
grew upon
though
it is
re-
It
is
not necessary
here
to
review
all
the
in
mercial influences.
The other
is
civic
and com-
Of
all
held
its
own
for
kingcraft only
European
its
liberty,
government,
name and
the
its
priestly
until, finally,
palace.
it
has
Fortunately
establishment
which
The bodies of Europeans have been ruled by the Throne, but never their souls.
Thus
it
was impossible
it.
188
Every
effort of the
is
democ-
that ere
kings
many
on European
soil.
division
early appeared
much
slower
in
this
Yet
course of evolution has been the same, and but one final
of complete
political
site course,
that
evolution
followed an
in complete absolutism.
since
its
exactly
oppo-
inevitable ultimate
ceased,
em-
VIII.
LANGUAGE
whose aid
labyrinth,
this
that the
speech.
in
many won-
be doubted that
hidden problem of
We
have already
common
besides their
shown
conditions, form so
many
As we
have
still
shall
Nor
is
true,
than
still
better to
comprehend the
Yet, with
all this,
the simplest and safest path into the hidden region, and
we have found out much conin old Arya that otherwise must
life
it
190
history.
from
its
all
It
known
is
other types of
words,
for
there
but
Yet
is
structural characteristics,
it
be necessary briefly to
will
re-
of mankind.
all
Aryan
is
w^ill
reveal, as
all
mankind.
In
the
is
It is the
Of
mode
human civilizations,
the Chinese.
In the language of
China we seem to hear the voice of archaic man still speaking to us down the long vista of time.
It is primitive, as
everything in China
is
a series of expedients
primitive.
it
aid of
man
first
spoke
information.
conveyed into
Yet
tive
its
made
its
own
story,
component elements.
man
191
language of primi-
of
some emotion.
and
This
it
is
is
is
indicative
more extended,
is
some of the
And
birds.
consonantal sounds
is
frequently manifested.
and
cries,
As man's
in-
In time,
it is
little
still
speech.
No human
tribe is
now
language
it
proved by
is
it.
Yet
believed to be fully
all
subsequent development.
And
human
192
by one
the Egyptian
significant fact
civilizations
this is,
still
The
stage,
at
its
in its archaic
life,
without being
natural evolution.
is strictly
monosyllabic, and
roots.
its
we may
definite
briefly
of language consists
meaning of words,
This
is
ordinarily accomplished
compound words,
in
Why
it
by the formation of
and
its
is
related dia-
an interesting
may be
offered.
The study of Chinese indicates that its original vocabuwas a very limited one. The language seems to pos-
lary
But each of
vising
new words
for
new
thoughts.
To advance beyond
was necessary.
The Chinese
193
We may
illustration.
At
word
show what
particular one of
fo, if
them
is
The tone
whether the
inflection
way
in
by the device of
which a word
its
meaning
particular
original
A more
important device
is
in this
Thus
cated.
one of
its
tlie
word
meanings.
too,
one of their
in
means
tao-lu
"way"
one of
or
or
"road"
only.
"path;"
method.
So
several meanings,
ceive."
"way"
for
its
"way"
its
thus indi-
is
Lu^ out of
Two
that of combination.
yields
and
this
hundred.
fifteen
"
spoken
is
indicates
diffi-
monly used.
The
intended.
partly overcome
is
requisite to
is
therefore
ting^
is
having
confined to
to see" or
" per-
fa-mu^
" parents."
Kliing,
"
light,"
with sung,
"weight."
Gender and
some other grammatical expedients may be indicated by
"heavy,"
yields
same
device.
the
kliing-simg^
facts
we can understand
never adopted
in
the
194
Chinese.
has
Inflection
word-compounding.
origin in
its
But the fathers of the Chinese people seem to have exhausted the powers of word-compounding as a method of
Instead of coining new words
compounding.
It
to
limited their
meaning by
was necessary
definite part of so
impossible to express
tions
by word-compounding,
inextricable confusion.
and
it
became
all
since this
express gram-
limitation.
pleasure.
word "
It
love," which
its
English
may
words,
meaning
upon
adjective.
lish
may
is
common
vrhich each
position in
in
word
the
Chinese words.
sentence.
arrangement
Every change
it
no rhetorical freedom
is
in its
new
of
special
is
The
in the
They must be
new meaning
to the sentence.
And
not
only the parts of speech, but the number, gender, and case
of nouns, and the
mood and
195
where
Every-
coinage of
is
This
is
a highly primitive
by more de-
there are
indicated.
the
mind
"
He must
I give."
and
fill
Basque
it,"
no lacunae are
up.
left for
all this is
This method
complex word.
is
of the listener to
it
modifications.
he killed
all their
There
only.
in
degree, and
all
There
speech.
is
little
its
utmost
196
As an
details.
Indian
Eliot's
in
kneeling
we may quote
Bible
the longest
word
icut-ap-xje-sit-tiik-qus-sun-noo-
weht-unk-quoli.
*'
instance
down
But
to him."
in its literal
meaning we
word
ivi-ni-taw-
" they
ti-ge-gi-na-U-skaw-lung-ta-naiv-ne-li-ti-se-sti,
will
by
from a
The
grow
inordinate
is
tion.
Thus
"
bring us the
the Algonkin word-sentence nadholineen,
canoe," is made up of naten^ "to bring;" amochol,
particle is not used, but only its significant portion.
"canoe;"
Savage
?,
this
with
tail," etc.,
its
word
tail,"
He
'immediate relations.
for
languages in
the American.
their
for instance,
Islander,
separate
agreeing
respect
us."
tribes
abstractly or to
"to
Society
"sheep's
cannot abstract
Malay has no
stract
relations
is
American
at a very
The
word
for the
He
myself
wash
" takungkala,
dishes
"
wash
my clothes
''
197
''
wash
"I
" taJcuteja,
I
wash."
its
whole story.
its
of
"dog's
tail,"
In the
''
"dog's
to
There
dog"
to that
tail
wags."
elements.
failed to
its
do
so,
but con-
verbal ideas as
complex polysyllables.
vanced by Sayce.
thetic plan.
This
is
Yet
it is
rather the
more
They
speak.
to
yond.
its
Every tendency of
their
visible.
In two Amer-
in civilized
the
lowest
development, isolation
In these languages a
193
may
sentence
process of abstraction
"
yolloa^
to doubt."
in character
dition of
is
it
human
speech.
The
that
known
as the Agglutinative.
we need
It is the
to consider
method used
by the Malayans
means
Agglutination
word-compounding
simply
for
many
have
lost
independence of meaning
their
To
The syntax
of
them
and become
grammatical significance.
is
new purpose
or significance.
may
Thus
if
we take
derived forms.
fifty
as sev-
mek, " to love " sev-me-mek., " not to love " sev-dir-melc^
" to cause to love " sev-in-mek, " to love one's self " and
;
so on.
By
we
arrive at
cumbrous
" not
And
there
is
199
sev-isJi'dir-il-e-me-mek,
to love
the
in
one another."
same manner.
Yet
expressed.
of meaning can be
is
nearly as
variation
integrity of form.
to the root,
Aryan
and
speech.
in the mind.
no
in-
preserves
its
Nor do
word
rigidly
is
become welded
the particles
in
vowel
We
is
those
organized on what
is
final series of
known
opment and
races.
This change of
is
languages,
as the inflectional
its
highest devel-
consider,
those known
the
the
first,
divi-
how
greatly
200
in
numbers of the
Of
latter.
now
distinctive Melanochroic
Basque
dialect of
who escaped
assumed by many
philologists,
Yet the
differences
in unlike directions.
it
two
is
is
The
form of
as in
and
this
larly in
Aryan speech
remain distinct
in
thought.
is
welded
their words,
this
common
relationship.
is
201
The
method
as yet yields
little
or
The
In
line of
its
is
it
is
more evident.
opment.
This fact
in close
chapter,
is
first
In some of the
American
is
dia-
The most
archaic forms of
Aryan speech
that thus a
is
greatly resemble
and only
carried,
new method
of variation of
Thus in
Xanthochroic Aryans
seem a
If
direct derivative
now we come
of language
to Semitic speech,
Vvdiich
and
affixes
and
line of
known
to the Semitic.
to a slight extent
They
the languages
The
we have
is
so widely used in
so far considered,
is
almost
fails
202
to
come up
principle
Semitic speech
in
It is characterized
simple.
The
pure and
inflectionalism
by an
ruling
The
distinction
comes thus
unimportant.
inflection be-
clearly outlined.
modern
principally of
and
affixes
suffixes
slio'ht deo-ree.
On
the contrary, in
compounding
of
part
is
the
so
little
original
used that
linguistic
perhaps formed no
it
idea,
but
of
is
later
introduction.
To
no basic
lat-
Semitic
its
There
these consonants.
is
some reason
at
to believe that
but
almost invariably
are
present.
As an
illustration
Arabic root q
ing."
The
- 1
kill
killed
" qatil,
offer the
frequently quoted
'
'
kill-
" he was
-I,
we may
"
" qutiliij
kills
killed
"
by
" qutila,
" iiqtal,
killing
qitl, '*
" he
"
"
to
" quatl,
and so
203
may
readily be
how
It
method
differs
from the
fixes.
The system
is
language.
and even
intricate
use.
passive
Suffixes, prefixes,
infixes are
and
common
its
compounds, as
in
speech.
rigidity.
the
Phoenician,
Hebrew and
etc.,
are
re-
persist
The
root
is
is
man
It is
it.
in linguistic
development which
which served
all linguistic
is
Chinese consists
that of
root-inflec-
204
It
archaic
its
method with
rigid
persistency.
is
usu-
known as the
Egyptians, the modern
family.
affinity.
Semitic.
It
may
characteristics differing
somewhat
from the
is
monos^dlabic, and
its
those of the
Chinese.
guages
from
This suggestion
is in
In fact,
some
interesting
The two
conclusions.
primitive races,
root-method of speech.
Each
of them, according to
came
its
archaic root-condition
and
These
civiliza-
civilizations
had advanced
beyond
far
man
main
in his
constit-
205
Semitic
tion of
Hamitic
speech.
and
in this respect
in
ancestral stock,
attained
some
in
they are
their possible
slight development.
little
developed beyond
archaic stage.
its
word-compounding took
We
have traced
its
seems to be
tinative
its
lian
in
place
this line of
arrested stage
in
culmination in Aryan,
linguistic type
which
Mongolian agglu-
method.
conclusion which
kind.
unfoldment
its
its
we reached
man-
its
Xanthochroic man,
its final
differ-
stage
race.
It remains, in
the most
effective instrument
206
come a prominent
there
may
is
characteristic.
its
The same
cognate dialects.
Amer-
reaching
Aryan
though
is
it
it
form
in
all
is
its
It
none of
only found as an
of
This
in
In
words
No
exists,
and
the Chinese.
Aryan method
of inflection,
and
in
It is
this
which
it is
strongly con-
in exercise.
It is
an
inter-
The
down
Mongolian method
207
This
it is
is
in
derivative languages, in
some extent
in
to have
in Slavonic speech, in
its
ascendency.
In
all
the ancient
bination
for
Aryan tongues
if
And
barbarous in comparison.
agglutinative
if
verbal variation.
They
are
No
tive,
fitted to the
to
use of a
it
had evolved,
elements.
came
into
more frequent
use.
the
verb.
Auxiliaries
Yet
this
into their
did
not proceed
attracted to ease
and convenience of
utter-
208
As
primal period of
originated
during the
its
highest
literary cultivation,
The ancient
of mental
civilizations vanished,
Through-
Nearly
that remained
Greek
in the
was
all
restricted to
Every check
in the East.
to dialectical change
In
speech.
they
new speakers
became broken up into their elements.^ When, at a later
period, the minds of men became again cultivated, and
thought regained some of its vanished powers, the analytic
cance,
proved a burden
tendency held
force.
its
1
its
own
to
these
known
itself in places
and periods in
existed.
Complex
into use.
209
condensed
by groups of
distinct
evolution of language
and
divided into
As
first
in the
in ancient writ-
finally alphabetic
its
in
American speech,
elements of ideas.
had taken
place.
been reduced to
its
became reduced
A sort of
into the
component
Thought had,
if
we may
so express
it,
alphabetic form.
final,
stage in the
complete
its
development.
vigorously active.
The
is
its fullest
development
in
modern English.
was strongly
at
its
intermixture with
dialects
it
analysis.
foreign
Of
elements.
The reduction
loss of inflectional
all
inclination
made
considera-
method.
to
Conquest.
Aryan
Norman
of two
modes of speech,
have an important
little
effect.
210
The
and there
finally
syllabic, almost
Such
is
come of
ward.
speech.
At
first
for-
glance
human
it
It has
pathway of verbal
and
Yet
sentence.
evolution.
the richness of
this is
partial
its
real reversion.
Aryan speech
as
replacement of
arrangement of the
syntactical
no
Our pride
in
is
In the English
lost.
we
perceive
a decided
conditions
advance
which marks
all
highest results.
off.
The
inflection of
vanished.
That of
Only
pronouns does
The
in the
adjectives
shadow of
its
former
tinental
The
own.
reduced to a mere
Nearly
all
in English, wdiich
more
self.
fully than
It
has in great
211
valuable in inflectional speech, adopting an analytic expedient wherever available, though freely using the principle
any advantage.
It stands in the
forefront of linguistic
affinity
cum-
useless and
all
flexibility,
a mingled
and a
power of expressing
which
it is
languages.
With a
guages
brief
this chapter
of the Vedas
may
close.
Of
all
is
are the
preserved
many
and without
of
Aryan
its
life
aid our
very
full
place.
its
and complete
lost elsewhere,
Its
Its
syntax
marked by an
is
com-
method of word-
Hindu
has
composition taking
It
dialects
These
dia-
tendency
than
in
is
more
so, perhaps,
wiiicli it
resembles
212
as to lose
all
grammar.
It
pronoun
Yet
it is
said to be a melodious
forcible language.
and
change
is
soil.
many
efforts
have
Thus one
common
Greek
opinion makes
it
more
Of these
come of them.
certain peculiarities
Aryan
brings the
wholly independent.
One
aberrant group.
which seem to
Basque
influence.
its
prefixes
Some
other peculiarities
exist
which
Of the Teutonic
division, the
is
we
makes an approach
tliis
respect
to the Semitic
method
In
it
structure.
is
probably of
the Lithuanian
In
some few
21 o
grammar
its
The Slavonic
is
by phonetic and
The
indication of language
is
influence,
to their probable
As an
the race.
to the primitive
Aryans and
These can be
we
obtain
the
hezhozlmui,,
"godless;" from
this
is
gained
hnichut,
of
"
to be in
last
named.
is
most
logical
method.
it is
free
of forming compounds,
of development.
Finally, in
the
Latin, as
inflectional
already reis
indicated
ii.
95.
214
tongue.
of
its
descendants, the
Europe, and
is
Romance languages
of southwestern
in
which the spoken has run far beyond the written language
in its
cal
As
regards grammati-
the Chinese.
And
it
forms than
may
its
is
only
advanced
in
development, has
and
if
is
high honor.
its
character and
its
IX.
THE
as
Aryans are
intellectually su-
we have
ing them.
individual action.
These were
all results
was no
of involuntary
The
in-
The
subsequent
spirit of
liberty of the
influ-
result of
became
agricultural ere
same
result arose
in
any
The
America.
Aryan language.
Its
may
applies to
be due to the
216
methods of speech-
continued to unfold
its
in consequence,
And
chance.
yet
It
all this
if
mere
effect of
ment
Thougli
in all directions.
is
in
opment of
its directive
force.
mere blind
drift of chance.
In
all
nowhere entered
line of
continued development.
we compare
come
evident.
In
all
Aryan
specialization,
and
their progress
came
to
an end.
For
But in
all
while there
these
their
This progress
is
its
217
which
the
competitors
all their
fell.
During
its
primitive era
ment of the
viduality
the
came strongly
that
in
which
indi-
their strength to
with remarkable rapidity, and yielded a series of lofty conceptions far beyond the products of any other race of
kind.
Aryan
intellect
tions
brief
cannot
man-
fail
to
show
this
clearly.
We
shall
here
their
more general
literary
labors.
As
up of two great
which underlie
human
intellect is primarily
its
more
made
special characteristics.
Reason
is
find in a
218
Mongolian
is practical
The
is
In
present in a
respectively of the
two original
races.
Mongolian practicality
the pure
Yet the
But
The
chroi to be subdued
practical
As
intellect,
Of
its
of activity.
American
civilizations,
As
for the
still
in
effort of the
human
and thought.
This
histories
is
but
little
who had
We
mythology.
the Egyptians,
chi'oic
It
219
it
fancy.
was with
the detached
that philosophy
first
concerned
itself.
preceding centuries,
congruity.
and
duties
the}^
attributes clashed
Their
Their names
flowed together.
was very
somewhere. Heaven
Some
its in-
It
disorder.
It is not difficult to
There
is
intri-
whom
he
he invested with
all
Max
by
Miiller, is the
Rig Yeda.
whom
deities
find, in
the numerous
Agni
is
It is said of
Soma
hymns
of the Vedas.
Max Mullcr.
is
Indra
is
celebrated
"
220
sufficiently
expanded actually
to
This ascription
many
produced considerable
It
in Greece, since
Aryan pantheon,
became somewhat ludicrous.
men
were
still
deities,
celestial
Greece
regions.
but
it
The
was too
great,
In
any success
in
mythology.
but nothing
the Semites.
were devised
Of
among
perhaps raised to
this
honor
its
own
its
supreme
divine ancestor
These supreme
Ruler.
and
deities
them standing
left
majesty,
severe
in
221
w as
left
sympathy.
nothing of
and unapproachable
whom it
and to whom
to invent a history,
human
frailty,
and
little
of
human
evolved, as
it
It
pro-
its loftiest
it
details.
this old
effort to
organ-
was
among
new one
largely mythological,
of
little
its
and
it
Yet
own.
its
philosophy
it
common
Aryan
the
seem as
if
some of
origin.
their
These two
sufficient interest to
warrant
a brief description.
Its
is
only partly to be
complete unfoldment
is
the
ascribed
work of the
a later
period.
visible.
thinkers
of
to
its
The
222
On
the
contrary, the
At
evil.
beings,
distinct
Zarvan Akarana
power.
was
good and
personality
briefly
as finally completed,
as follows.
Ahura
and darkness,
bountiful spirit
From
as ordinarily
Ormuzd
Ahriman an
or,
evil
a bright, wise,
and dark
all-
intelligence.
until the
end of time.
Zar-
terrible
Ormuzd manifested
his
the heavens, the stars and the planets, and the Fravashi,
world of
spirits.
light,
and peopled
it
in opposition to the
inferior in
actions
end of time.
wisdom
finally
Yet the
Spirit of
Gloom was
and
worked
to
aid
the
victory
of
Ormuzd.
223
was destroyed by
Ahriman but from its carcass man came into being under
This new race inthe creative command of Ormuzd.
creased, while the earth became peopled with animals and
Yet for every good creation of Ormuzd, Ahriman
plants.
The wolf was opposed to the
created something evil.
Thus the
bull,
the
animal,
original
by Ahriman
Man became
etc.
in the
his original
and by
fell
miserable.
free-will
fruit
In consequence, he
from
tempted
they
evil
their choice
war of the
choose
could
soldier in the
deities.
On
this
by Serosh,
But the
the
who
archangel
from
to be tormented
spirits of the
it
led the
heavenly host.
Those whose
by the Daevas.
Duzahk,
deeds
evil
At
of the resurrection.
terrible catastrophe
Man
will
is
to
lie
come upon
realm of Ahriman.
will
all
created things.
fervent heat,
The
its
Then
will
body
but in
is
indi-
224
The
cated.
bones
souls are
fire
which
the good
it
is
all
flesh
bath of
in it three
and
all
the flames,
by new
clothed upon
will
warm milk
To
but the
Then,
all his
be consumed,
all
darkness ban-
ished,
more.
It is hardly necessary here to call attention to
how
great
Aryan scheme.
It will suffice to
approached an
Mohammed,
is
The
effort
philosophically to
it
that of
as
Al
Even
Sirat,
The Koran
It is the
fancy
is
it
in its details.
is
paralleled
225
Way
In this mythical
forefathers.
tribes,
their
different in situation
latter
were a partly
The
barbarous.
fiercely
latter
former
The
in their
ice
man
losophy
to conceive.
;
but
it
It
that
it
into phi-
ing through
vikings in
it,
every strain.
its
fierceness of the
Norman
of warfare.
its
many
The
side-details.
soul of
man
is
may
be here briefly
Everywhere
free to
it
is
combat with
The gods are always at war. Sunand growth combat with storm and winter. Frost
shine
opposes
fire.
demons of
finally
226
But
is
battle
this
of
the
conflict of
origin are
its
nearly lost.
To
air.
From
a yawning chasm,
Between them
was Ginunga-gap,
Surtr
still
as the windless
air
of
the cow,
But with Ymir came the primal animal to life,
whose milk nourished the giant. She licked the salt rime
all
his evil
race
nunga-gap.
Here
his
his blood
The
tlie
skull,
earth,
the
air,
The escaped
giants
utmost strand.
Between Atgard,
powers.
destructive
earth
227
heaven
to
extended
ride
They
up
this
ride to
the Urdar fount, which flows from beneath the roots of tho
great ash-tree of
life,
who daily
sit
fount.
The
trees
human
first
pair were
on the sea-shore
their
spirit,
They
Midgard
received
the
human
family.
fettered
at war.
But
The gods
for
But as Ahri-
his chains,
and
conflict, in
and heaven
ful day.
fire,
end in a mighty
shall be ushered in
The crowing of
solid globe.
all
sters, hell
wolves, sea-mon-
his
228
From
nails
come the
made
frost-giants
of dead men's
thunder with his swart troop over the bridge of the gods,
his fiery tread kindling
consuming flame as he
into a
it
Now
everywhere treads
Surtr,
One by one
his
All
is
Death
swal-
monstrous antagonist.
fall,
everywhere
fire
and flame.
It is
an ending
North.
But as we have
it
in the
Edda,
it
goes on to a
of
verse.
The sons
of
Thor
shall
come with
uni-
their father's
hammer and end the war. Balder the beautiful god and
the blind sod Hodr shall come up from hell, and a new
This
is,
verse,
gleam
old, shall
in the sky.
a rude and
229
men
with a vigor of
exists
for
the Persian
myth includes
fail to
ogy never
If
more
emerged from
fairly
now we come
civilized
for the
to consider
man, we
find
abyss of confusion.
its
mental evolution of
the
everywhere mythology
left
enlight-
mystery of
universe.
tlie
But
in
of philosophy
tlie title
for
The utmost we find in Babylonia is an effort to form a cosa highly conmology of strictly mythologic character,
fused affair as imperfectly given by Berosus. The later
attempt made by Mohammed is, so far as it is original,
There
is
nothing
toward philosophy.
and leaving
it
all
It
is
mind
borrowed, and
in its
its
highest
flight,
that
The Egj^ptian
appears to
230
which bears a singular resemblance to that of Brahmanism, though very far below
it
in the
The transmigration
of thought displayed.
hypothesis, and
indicated in the
There
absurdities.
here
is
none of the clear-cut reasoning of the Hindus, but an uncertain wandering of thought from which
it
conceals.
well-known Ritual of
Dead
the
more or
while
less complete,
its
is
the
ideas.
was placed
it
needs consid-
source
copy of
in every
The
of
our
this
work,
Egyptian
coffin,
It
coffin.
was
it
There
it
is
it
two
it
is
it
examined and
terrible
its
actions
forty-two judges.
It has
with
it
in the
must be able
to
it
is
encounters.
returning to
memories.
it
meets, and
Here we have
its
in-
the
members of
turned to the
it
it
with a charm to
fields of
if
spirit,
and
by the goddesses of
are poured
life
life
231
upon
It finally enters
The
this,
The thought
mythology.
the body.
There
is
of
Egypt never
fairly rises
above
Hindu philosophers
are at
home.
The
philosophical System of
which, however,
a continuous development,
its
China
a curious one,
is
briefly describe.
It
had
b. c.
as to
make
These
lines
in all sixty-four
arrangement of
lines,
combinations.
On
this strange
The
name
in this
1150
B. c.
development
is
that of
Wan Wang,
was the
great
of about
political offence,
first
Y-King^ among
The
result of his
the
most ancient
all
232
are the
to
as heaven, earth,
known books.
it
fire, etc.
Wang
grams.
king,
we have
son
the
of
Wan
"Wang,
is
Chinese
the
many
The
centuries later.
all
the passive,
first
which owe
These
Yang, the
moon, female,
is
etc.,
all
activity
if
he
deeds
is
existence.
His nature
not influenced by
evil.
it,
the
are
be
is
the expansive
and passivity.
will
This
results
Yang and
from the Yang;
etc.,
Man
active, Yin,
commentators.
indi-
earth, darkness,
weak,
great cause.
the Yin:
principles,
The
things.
Solomon.
w^hole
whole
to these dia-
is
in.
this pulsating
perfectly good
but
is
he with
full insight
these holy
men
developed philosophy of
Choo-tsze (1200 a. d.),
the
one
last.
Y-King
as
Such
is
expressed
the
by
233
Of
morals
born of being.
originate
here
strength of
the faith
is
Tao
to
the
have
emanation philosophy.
all
power.
by the philosopher
believer.
A
and
theory,
this
certain
it
flavor
of
origin in a previous
but
distinctness of statement
is
We
things return.
the source of
Buddhism pervades
it
all
quers.
its
is
The creed of
Not to act, is
All things
born of not-being.
To Tao
from Tao.
things.
all
it
is
Yet
now we come
ophies,
it is
to find ourselves in a
Aryan
new world
philos-
of thought,
Hindu and
the Greek,
Of
may
some
brief account
be here given.
mythology.
to
whom may
234
the
of
last,
the
named cannot be
And
of
Romans.
fairly said to
two
first
losophers arose
and
their
Far
different
in India.
grounded
series of
Brahmanic
mythology,
circle of
metaphysical thought.
cerned,
a people
was
to
tliat
affairs of
dwelt only
real life
in the
as
are
now
con-
world of thought,
naught.
This world
eternities, a region of
soul.
sins.
or-
ganization of the universe, in which reason and imagination were intimately combined,
the
latter,
however, often
absurdity.
The
final
outcome of
this
activity
of
that
ab-
But
235
Egyptian thought,
instead of the vapor-shrouded eternity of
of the universe
here look into the past and the future
we
the
sequent pantheism.
In the beginning
isted, an all-pervading,
all
abundant fountain of
Brahma
all
alone ex-
self-existent essence, in
sub-
which
tor, thelllimitable
We
WOTk of
ments,
philosophy.
It will
suffice
to
all their
destined to be eventually
the primal Deity, and all were
should end, as
re-absorbed into this deity, so that existence
this descent from
had begun, in Brahma alone. But with
Though a porimperfection.
the infinite had come evil, or
it
The second
phase of the mighty cycle of existence.
through which the
phase was to be one of re-absorption,
first
236
and
eternal being,
Bnilima;
who
mal homogeneous
But
would regain
divinity
and rendered
his pri-
state.
fit
in the
How
forms of
was
it
men
to be puri-
To prepare
man.
detracted from
tliis.
Brahma was
still
life
soul.
the
cases
it
had become
human body.
Therefore
it
form as the
it
And
after having
stage,
it
still
by
had a
purification passed
finality of absorption.
highest to
its
frame.
its
human
To
lowest,
it
Nature, from
Every-
all
loftiest
stage of divinity.
to purification.
life,
and knowledge of
Asceticism,
deity.
naturally arose as
stincts,
The
mortification of
237
the
and
of this
was the
life
all
self-restraint
To
ascetic,
in-
flesh
animal
reduce the
effort of the
Finally,
its
By
essence,
the
eternal
deity.
over
the
and shadowed
clogged
matter that
pure
its
of vanishment
state signified,
it
the
into
supreme.
final
sense of individuality,
is
and
it
is
is
all
not
soluble problem,
and
daring speculations.
It is a
civilization.
Aryan
No
higher testimony to
intellect could
be offered than
com-
however, that
it
offers a conception of
It
must be
man's obliga-
238
Brahman
socially
Hindu people.
From
the
and
is,
No
been lost
in the
alike
have
shadow of a dream.
history-writing or
them
and workers
who
ruled
The mystery
Vedanta system
it
was
and
left
its
actual existence
unaccounted
Sankhya
soul.
Kapila,
by proclaiming the
eternal existence of an
own development.
it
all
From
it all
matter had
By
its
is
endued with a
subtile
This
spirit-
body consisting
of intelligence (buddJii).
239
deity
is
a com-
substance, and
spirit,
intelligence.
who
of matter.
sys-
Hindu philosopher.
Hindu vein of
line of that of
Kapila
thought to
It denied
No
spiritual es-
its
but
it
carried the
attributes,
evil
it.
actions
(Karma) would
As
evil
to the
it
good, an utter and eternal nonentity, or embraced the conception of a conscious existence of the absolutely purified
principle of good,
is
command
abyss
of
have
been
at the
was as deeply
ophers in the
plorers
but thg
of thought.
dhistic sect
lost as the
Brahmanic philos-
infinity into
It is a
baffled,
depth by which
all
ex-
much
240
need here be
less
They
said.
known
to
The
of the Hindus
but
it
extravagance.
The Hindu philosophy directly emerged from the mythology of the Vedas and the sacrificial observances of the
priests,
its
The
relation to mythology.
fit
first
its
construct a universe
it
it
felt.
the
and
all
rapidly run
Hindu philosophy.
his successors,
The
Next came
Through
abstraction.
study of
their system
of
of pure
beiiuj^
the
these
succeeded
and
the
infinity,
Atomistic
6eco;?iz'r/,
Heraclitus
the incessant
To
whom
to
241
from the
infinite, as
As
scientific rather
This Intelligence existed but as a primary impulse, a moving force to set the universe in motion.
mind
The philosophic
came
to that of mind.
as
Cutting
the basis of
all
new system
AYith
him
virtue
and
He
tion of
man
to a distinctively
new
field of speculation.
Finally
scientific turn of
creator and
mind and
metaphysi-
242
To
tions
were
tive
research
these concep-
into
It
tended
the
its
deductive as for
constantly toward
basis of matter
its
induc-
a scientific
actual,
Hindu
in
thought.
of
these
two highly
intellectual
work
but
mainly as
differed widely,
The
speculations of the
Hindus on m^'thological
fancies.
As
If
we come
to
The Germans,
and
tion,
built vast
Hindu
line of
pure deduc-
modern
little
more
The English
facts.
and based
their philosophies
are built
loftily as those of
on observed
when
irremediable ruin.
X.
not
IT general
is
field of
Aryan recorded
comparative statement of
Aryan
means
intellect.
confined to this
Literace.
Every people that has reached the stage of even an imperfect civilization has considered its thoughts worthy of
preservation,
its
of record.
rary work
its
deeds worthy
intellectual value
of
lite-
is
infinitely
into
This poetry, in
always
lyrical.
worship.
this, in its
its
It
literature.
was apparently
at first the
lyric of
reached the
the
It is of interest
final
combined
to have fairly
244
Of
We
be said.
the
find
it
Zend-Avesta, in the
and
Greece,
in
the
hymns
in the
little
Yedas and of
of the
early traditional
ancient
here need
literature
hymns
Babylonian
of
to the
As
period,
heroic
song,
to
record of
or the
and have
little
trace re-
have ceased to
either
become compo-
As
Aryan limits.
Modern research into
the
rule,
Heroic compositions, as a
mains.
second poetic
the
is
it
nearly
all
to
confined
within
had reason
to imao-iue.
And
poems
an epic centre of
we
the
which
is
also
had
Hades
to have
their
The Assyrians
epic,
are
supposed
considered by
245
ability the
Se-
devoid of
is
it
and
literary merit,
that
all
vv'e
full of
is
hyperbolical extravagance.
Of
must
suffice
level.
It
however,
them
find
in
is
not without
Hebrew
heroic characters.
its
Noah,
were^
these
of
as
of
tendency.
in
lyrical
it
others
made
a rule,
as
is,
literature,
We
largely practical
in
tendencies,
its
its
its
poetry
its
literature contains
was
imagination was
intellect,
fails
all
to rise
indeed,
many
couched
above the
excit-
in
quiet
lyric
of
poem is the
The literature
authorship.
relics are now coming to
to an epic
is
the
Chinese in literalness.
There
is
no poetry ap-
Hebrew
it is
largely
The Semitic
of fancy.
To
246
we nowhere
but
find
tion,
Aryan
nation in the
race.
Egypt produced
The
point of view.
hymns
tain
little
religious
literature consists of
cer-
of the Dead."
Similar to this
Hemisphere."
These
lyrics,
Lower
In
has
confusion.
addition to
is
ritualistic
literary
title
of epic, though
it
should
It
This
is
poem
from
made
his
his
II. in a
troops
way back
first
is
credited to a
He seems
to them.
fell
into
to have
tells
safely
us that
scribe
deeds of Rameses
is
five
hun-
potent warrior pressed with his single arm upon the foe,
the
region with
dead,
army to
a bombastic and
and regained
It is
his
production
but such as
is
it
it
247
seems to have
China,
is
work of
this
is
annalistic
jects
gend
exists,
and but
little
history
attention
to
But no heroic
much
but
of
life.
the
is
It
spirit
The Confucian
religious
feeling.,
we possess
all
has
little
of peaceful
repose.
We
Aryan
and family
literature.
are
life,
affection
replacing
of the
le-
Book
Their
close
'*
that of
utterly void of
the ultimate or in
to
writ-
is
shown
period Chinese
now we
once upon
enter
loftier
find ourselves
in a higher
and
purer atmosphere.
its
the true
248
may
in philosophy, so in po-
etry,
much lower
vying, though at a
Of
of Greece.
Ramayana and
while
it is
single hand,
And
more mythological,
the
Ramayana
the
the older,
is
signs of
is
As
be briefly summarized.
strongly
Ramayana
the
historical in character.
Legend
is
where
in
poem we
the
find
ourselves on
The
Ceylon.
from
mythological
contains
is
that
his hereditary
it
Every-
banishment of
Rama
His wife,
Sita, is seized
by Ravana,
the
his
restoration
to
his
ancestral
throne.
The
it
poem is
rank among
style of this
takes a lofty
agination.
In
extravagant
fiction,
descriptions
is
the
human imlittle
of
its
first
marred
by wild
is
exaggerations.
It
is
and there
poetical
power and
However
striking
if
and
skill
facility.
This name
very doubtful
is
is
is
Valmiki.
249
" white
signifies
and
ant-hill,"
it
it
Ramayana
is
homogeneous and
The Mahabharata
work of very
is
different character.
poem, and
is
evidently the
below
in epic completeness
it
without
its
It is of later date
in its interest,
and unity.
but
Yet
than
is
it is
far
not
Ramayana
moon,
as the
race.
Bharata, the
first
is
universal monarch,
who brought
kingdoms ''under one umbrella," has a lineal descendant, Kuru, who has two sons, of whom one leaves a hun-
all
kingdom
is
five.
The
latter
grow
Pandavas
if
is
The
kingdom.
kingdom
but the
the thirteenth
penance
for the
Kauravas agree
the throne
dice
year in
performed
undiscoverable
disguises.
evade
This
their
250
ultimately triumph.
actual event or not,
work
is
questionable
is
Pandavas
animated.
But
this
work.
It
ligion,
outside
in fact,
the
treatises
nearly
the ancient
that w^as
The main
Vedas.
interrupted that
all
all
known
story
to the
Hindus
constantly
so
is
re-
it
8ome
forest."
these
of
Many
battle
and bloodshed.
seems
Hindu
literary
like a compilation of
work.
Yet withal
many
generations of
a production of high
it is
work
in
it
exalted vein.
this
but
it
when
detail the
many
It
of
was
these legends
deeds
whom
late
in
were
the
became con-
251
" deservedly
It professes to be
but
b}^
legendary that
has
it
work
is
to so great an extent
all
The work
a central hero.
that of
Yezdijird.
ployed
fall
displays the
itself
it
is
most
delight,
besetting
sin
by no means
are
of
The
of the
diction,
John
in
free
from
tlie
Oriental
hyperbole.
great
The
need
very
and
in
stituents
all
them mythology,
it is
These legends
history,
and tradition
But of
to
have roused
and brought
into being
252
These as a
doubt
is
number of ancient
But
if
can scarcely
so, there
fitted
devoted
la^^s
by a single
skilful
AYe
hand
may
Men
of antique poets.
of
his
Homer
can be
little
little
do not
calibre
into a cycle
arise in
made
question that
it
its
way
into
was wrought
hand
skilful
into
theory offered
of
its
is
work
poem and
a portion
it
at a later
ballads whose
ancient
worked
genius
whose
vital
the
intellect
poem
inspirits
substance was
by that one
great
whole
song.
the
It
need scarcely
genius which
it
manner
displays,
all
epic
its
versification.
displays
tlie
artistic
nation.
witli
tlie
in their lineaments as a
where introduced
real passions,
Hindu
epics,
unpruned exuberance of
Even
253
Greek
tlie
in con-
Oriental imagi-
its
statue,
to the society of
actual
man, with
feelings,
it
his
to a
to criticism of the
same
There can be
They
to
the
Greek legend,
in
alike in his
We
their
They
taken place in
two poems.
its
ken.
in
the
verse.
is
now
If both
poems
are the
the uni-
into
period
re-
of developed
254
Odyssey.
Of the remaining
The
said.
epic
Homer
To
record.
logical
Tlieogony of He-
here, the
extent
certain
may
it
be classed
it
presents
it
On
a philosophy of mythology.
many
connected and
less
is
stirring scenes,
and
of the
description
its
it
title
of
details
battles
The
epic poetry of
That the
words.
nation
a few
imagi-
tion necessary to
attested
work of
by tha JEneid of
we
But
Virgil.
it
is
with a native
Roman
abundance of epic
This history
material existed.
legends,
many
heroic lays.
tells
us that
it
who
sat
table to sing to
at
is
study of ancient
He
the
at
flute
the
praiseworthy
Quaestioncs Tiiscul.
i^^
?..
these
testimouy
and
it is
255
We find
here no clustering
Greece.
The scope
of the demigods.
of
It
Roman
was
and per-
practical throughout,
more
is
dusi to
champions.
embalm
its
around a few
life-like
all-
Fir-
form of song.
It is the nearest
approach which
deserves to be classed
it
is,
among
Rome made
the great
the
heroic
in
to a
work of Livy
epics of
the
world.
It is in strong confirmation of the intellectual
energy of
the
and
And
it is
of inter-
Homer
series
With the
owed
to foreign hands.
The Germans possess more than one collection of antique lays, such as the poem of Gadrun^ and the Helden-
256
huch^ or
Book
But
of Heroes.
to the Nlhelungen-lied
it is
growth of
The song
of the
Nor
Nibelung
is this
pride misplaced.
is
Germans
warriors.
by the unrivalled
of his time
composed
in
an extent that
deific
German
old
It is full of the
Iliad.
it
is
difficult to
its
heroes.
In
its
central
maiden Brunhild, we undoubtedly have mythological charBut in others, such as Etzel and Dietrich, can be
acters.
traced such well-known historical personages
as
Attila,
we
other legends
find the
former
besides
in the
Vol-
is
Siegfried has
ure
treas-
made
Its
is
a secondary motive
mythologic
fiction
in
the
passions, and
this
257
whole
song more
circle of
vigorous poem,
There
terrible
poet
nothing in the
is
Of
the
name
of the
^\\\o
the ]^sibelungen-lied
knowledge.
year 1200
poem with a
single
ability that
ous genius.
The Nibelungen-lied
is
It is full
its
combined cru-
Minnesingers, have not been without their effect in softening the spirit of the older lays, and in giving a degree of
poetic splendor to the crude boldness of archaic song.
falls
far
it
is
skilful
It
its
Its
person-
shown
ous in
in its
human
we soon
find the
poem plang-
all
the
258
fiercer passions.
hand of
Tlie
tlie
From
poem
gathers force as
it
edy
it
its
disastrous finale
The death-dealing
brooding wife.
his
bloodshed
terrible
energy with
nothing to surpass
finds
in
The
onward the
this point
flows, until
falls a victim
it
in the
may
and barbarous of
all
songs.
epic
This
Anglo-Saxons
be here mentioned,
in their
is
the
the primeval
work of the
home on
the Continent
We
All
The
web of
shot
is fierce,
rude,
and savage.
superstitions of an age of
is
is,
battered,
of the simplest.
Anglo-Saxon poetry
a piece of
is
wanting
the
ancient
The
lore.
style
of later
only on telling his story, and has no time for episodes and
metaphors.
Yet Beowulf
knight-errant of chivalry
is
is
Saxons
259
of flaring and
stirring lay of
human
We
are told
how Beowulf,
unarmed
had
slain scores of
There
way
his
bone house."
its
are
To
let
heathen lore
creature,
its
blow
fell
cave
land.
a monstrous
He
killed this
be fatal to
its
It is
undoubtedly an out-
dawn
As an
epic,
Aryan myth.
story of
lore,
Nibelung
possessor, as the
merit.
in
its
origin
summer of ancient
poem possesses much
or of the
the
battles, its
treasure-houses, the
revels
and
is
filled,
life
p.
4.
260
than
is
sea-noses
sea-breezes
'
we can almost
As Long-
'
its
solemn main."
The
Celtic
no completed
quite as prolific as
any
epic, they
Germans
in the depths of
barbarism, the
Christian
Among
era.
legends which centred around two great traditional champions of the past.
One
whose
The
central tale
is
Ciichulaind, of
Medb
As
a whole,
it
many
great cham-
to
261
the world.
we must go back
many
centuries preceding.
of Cumall,
who
is
Fennians
his predecessor
be very
still
little
The Fennian
ordinary adventures.
tales
may claim
to
for
have found
it
their
seems certain
that the heroes of both these cycles of songs were popular in the
Ossian.,
Highland heroic
Ossian
lore.
is
is
represented in Fingal
and char-
Much
as
origin of
the
this
title
we aware
to
his materials, or
cient lays
For
how
it
in
final
poet manipulated
and legends.
may have
questioned,
more an-
262
The Welsh
duced
its distinct
Arthur,
modern English
Round Table
enchanter
Europe
epic song.
King
of noble knights,
introduced to
Middle- Age
Geoffrey of
Merlin,
in
heroic lays of
Monmouth, written
was
first
early in
The
call
an epic,
The French,
hero of
romance
became
diffused
through a wide
range
at
a period of more
cul-
his knights
series of
their
which
ture
in
or legendary ballads,
chivalric
age, until they finally sank into utter inanity, and were
Don
Quixote.
whom we
tiguous Finns,
in race
poem
the
to
of
some considerable
latest w^ork
of
263
and of
merit,
come
character to
thiii
interest as the
into existence in
among
now known
"Home
period of
They
hero Wainamoinen,
a series of
gether into a
poem almost
as
insthict with
mythology.
myth
of
the creation of
form
the theme of
work
as the Kalevcda,
Finnish culture.
round the
It is a
in
of Heroes."
pre-Christian
the
col-
and published
fall to-
homogeneous as the
It
Iliad.
opens with a
and
is
full
of
folk-lore throughout.
and
their rest.
They are, as Mr. Lang says,
" exaggerated shadows of the people, pursuing on a
enter into
in
the struggle of
Pohjola,
the heroes
the
of
region of
It ends, after
many
namoinen and
his
vicissitudes, in the
followers
Max
over
^liiller
triumph of Wai-
their
foes.
remarks:
Of
"From
the
the
264
collected,
we can
moment
nay,
all
and
style
imitates
resembles Longfellow's
it
it
Though
'*
In metre
Hiawatha," which
if
poetry.
The success
they
are
collections
exist,
Two
efforts in
of the
that
that of P. R.
Kiryeevsky, which
is
great
epic
country
being
now
and
lips
traversed
search
by the
the
for
Of these
roes,"
the
Heroes,"
This
is
is
origin.
the cycle
as the
Novgorod
cow
its
cycle,
named
after
known
Closely
cycle,
The
third
is
The fourth
is
the Royal or
Mos-
for
heroes.
offer
no opportunity for
then*
265
In
his-
tlie
we seem to distinguish
two distinct lines of development. One of these is that
pursued by Persia, Rome, and Russia, in which no single
tory of national epic poetry, in fact,
and
champions.
historical
The other
is
that pursued
itself
by the
around one
This
is
the
and
and
it
is
all
in the
we need
the human
They
are only of
presents
evolved work.
One only
of
is
the
great
poem
of
Dante, the
civilized earth.
Tlie Inferno of
Dante
is
Aryan
These are
have
266
wicked.
the
to
to that
cue to
Their
by the Buddhists
Mohammed and
final
product
they have
ferno.
is
attained
We may
hell.
poetical
expression in
it
human
of mythical
culture
civilization,
Dante's In-
poem with
the
to a stage of
advance of
gave the
series
ele-
We
of
Aryan
epic poetry
it
presents
The former
of
these in that
rigidly critical
Thucydides.
The
rise
actively
its
the drama.
intellectual
land
and philosophical
latter as quickly
to
historical
gave
work of
rise to a succes-
Elsewhere
in the
same.
Rome produced no
but
historic
in
it
was much
drama of
native
production
267
rivalled the
the
literary value,
best
work of
Rome was
In this
re-
now we
literature,
modern European
pursue a somewhat different
is
it
find
it
of chivalry
was the
direct outgrowth
was accom-
The
litera-
The rhymed romance, on its part, deprose romance, and lost more and more of
replaced credulity.
possible.
had got
it
It still
Ancient
fiction
mythology.
of
Greece
romantic fictions
pastoral, religious,
and adventurous
appeared,
this,
In the later
comprising
became such a
fathers.
stage,
the active
fable
268
atui'e.
influence entered
its
liter-
modern
larity
Collections of the
and reached
Decameron
its
of Boccaccio.
in
own
day,
tion
literary
in
The novel
est development.
and
form
reflective era.
It
their lofti-
is
has cast
off
conditions.
life
mestic stage.
It
It
has
human
it
character.
been replaced
evolution.
The
in great part
by
reflection
and mental
modern
times, there to be
and mental
life
of
which
social,
man.
modern novel
its
complete reproductions of
intellectual
ing in
As
269
thought.
human
modern
opment
in
of the
times,
Aryan productions,
it
marked contrast
Noth-
power very
far
It lay in intellectual
The
Aryan world
China.
is
them
in this respect.
But
level.
prolific in historical
what
is
torical
stage.
called the
epic
poem,
and descriptive
novel.
it
has been
literature
Yet
and
in
in its his-
As
270
As
regards
the
utterly
they are
Character-delineation
is
minable dialogues,
void.
is
in
which moral
many
lawsuits,
feasts,
sports,
made
is
plot, but
abundance of
paragons of
all
no character.
imaginable virtues,
trifling
b}^
abound
stories
in
It is all action.
There
polished, fascinating,
inter-
tedious
inations,
learned
The
inconsequential details.
and
reflections
mainly of
It consists
Reflection
said
and
and grotesque
The plot
with some skill but often the play
sometimes very
is
lets.
plot,
though
is
ecutions.
bal-
almost destitute of
full of
and
and managed
intricate,
men
and ex-
personating
no trace of
it
fictitious
There
many
is
no occasion,
unfolded.
There
is,
modern Aryan
We
has
literature
literature to be taken
lyric
poetry con-
its
epic.
But
271
It
down
to our
we
own
It is
times in a
with the
the
lyric,
poetry
may
and of the
details of
common
life,
with
all their
numerous
varieties.
In this
more
field
of literature alone
and
less so,
in this direction
In the
come
Aryan.
Prolific as
been in
lyric song,
little
life,
and
in the
poem
of
that
in
The
mankind.
its
man had
narrow range
of subjects of contemplation.
At
But
intellectual conception.
to love
and eulogy
harmony
in their im-
272
badours and
the
largely void of
give
Minnesiugers,
the}^,
like
were
these,
them coutiuued
life.
down from
lyrics
it
And
life
these
;
but
power.
we must come
h'ric,
to the
as of
Aryan
reaching
ing to
its
its
universe.
the
human
its
So far as
literature
Aryan development
mankind.
XI.
IT
is
mankind
other races of
of
art,
science,
distinctions
sible
to
mechanical
principal races.
point of view,
and mental.
skill,
If
it is
lines
we
the
make themselves
draw broad
Aryan and
in
essentials of civilization.
the
of
apparent, and
it
seems pos-
Nowhere
by
this race
No monuments
of architecture appear
And
arisen.
in
no
their
They
neither
America, under
all
the instigation of
Aryan
work nor
and even in
activity, the
It
either
274
For pure
activity of
most stupendous
labors.
The
Aryans have never displayed an equal disposition to handnot, however, from lack of energy, but simply that
labor,
Aryan energy
brain, while
muscles.
is
Mongolian energy
Labor-saving machinery
is
his
is
hands.
great desideratum.
The
The
Chi-
world.
perform
The amount
is
nowhere surpassed.
The productiveness of
But
by the brain
to relieve the
Chinese thought
is
in
regard to thought
Little has
hand from
its
been done
arduous labor.
intellectual grasp, is
philosophy of
India.
muscular exertion
it
But
in
respect to
has no superior.
in the
work
evidences of
of
single product of
labor.
Yet
is in
it
It is
275
no sense an
the product of
intelli-
monument
of exertion for
Canal of China
intended purpose.
The Great
is
intellect.
evident purpose.
are no
its
There
monuments
to the imagination.
At long
labor-saving expedients.
extended
life
appeared,
such as that of
its
the
of
nation,
Among
the
its
it
few
illustrations of
the architectural
If
monuments
now we review
whose
non-practical
rigines,
Yet for
advance.
of Europe.
closest
affinities
are
certainly
with
the
There
is
powers of thought.
The quantity
of
sheer muscular
erected
valley
are
is
extraordinary,
No
in
the
when we
The
extraordinary.
There
people of native
276
There
The
is
abundant
ability to think.
by
religious thought.
They
and
When
come
pression
to
is
examine them we
that their
Their art
hugeness.
that of
find
is
Energy
is
it
rudimentary,
Maya
archi-
remains in
main ex-
it is
its
undeveloped
mainly confined to
We
in the
works of
latter
builders.
No
indication of
edifices
that
practical,
and the
demands of
veloped mind.
only
higlil}'
is
To
The Melanochroic
much
characteristic of hugeness.
and
tectural
artistic
monuments
of
is
but
The
works
it
is
ru-
size is the
Yet
thought-powers,
superior
indicates
277
to
could perform
they were
And
yet
The
Egypt
show the world of the future what labors they
among
much
old rulers of
less eager to
show what
embody.
the
monuments
of
we
find our-
There
is indi-
mean
grade, while
strong evidence
appears that
much higher
level.
direct outgrowth
from the
latter in the
hands of a people
of superior intellectuality.
If the
Negro
is
Aryan we
activity.
Though by no means
278
muscular work
this race,
is
is
demands of the body and the intellect, and every effort is made to limit the quantity of
work represented in a fixed quantity of product. Waste
Use is the guiding
labor is a crime to the Aryan mind.
consistent with the
It is to this ruling
over
the
energies
of
agency of the
muscular
and active
is
far
artistic
The work of
we have
the
lacls:
of reasoning control.
it
the imagination.
testifies to
There
is
superfluity, al-
the unrestrained
indicated no con-
of practicality.
of their philosophy,
throughout.
is
but
In the
nation carries
all
an epic poem
it,
by
its
endless
superfluity of ornament.
in all
Greek
nrt.
on the con-
279
a subdued imagination.
mind
is
in
it is
every-
inward for
his models,
and
his
models
in the lines
and
visible,
strict
In
True
effort
the con-
found
fit
art
down
kept
flights
and with a
tions,
from
as a
its
Nature
clipped.
It sins in
It is
tions of the
lies
in
an excess of
To
achievement
the
human frame.
body that he
This
is
in a
and
this the
and propor-
measure
lost sight
this re-
animating soul.
of art.
it
Greek
and propor-
art.
of
to the
strictly faithful
The wings
other.
mind
the
rigidly maintained.
reproduced in
straint.
is
of
work of
The
The
The subordination
teachings of visible
art is the actual,
is
its
Greek
was a great
But
to reproduce the
2 so
mind
Greek
direction
made but
art
and
in this
indi-
fear,
not in
vaded.
It is
painting,
had
is
and
everywhere per-
it
been preserved.
same
the
it is
spiritual significance
is
the harmonies
It contains
It
Greek
It is largely the
case
are types of
man
Its characters
Too strict
more largely than they are individual men.
devotion to the seen is the weak point in Greek thought.
Its flight lies
Modern Aryan
art
body,
While
flight.
paying
soul.
it
but in
it
there
is
manifest.
Modern
sculpture, while
it
art fails to
ideal of mentality.
its
human emotion
in its
Of
mental em-
modern
as an art.
in music,
the
281
the latter
is
strictly
It is
latest production of
Aryan
that
art,
man
the
has broken
that
significance
art with
artist, in fact,
we seem
In the
to have
found
art.
vis-
In
mind
seeks to
make
The modern
undue predominance.
attains
He
artist
work mainly because his thought looks deeper than mere physical perfection
he fails to display the Hindu exuberance of fancy
Greek
As
tween the
logical
Nature as
it
mated by a
modern
societ3\
actually exists,
soul.
art, as it
It
is
is
everywhere
body
ani-
modern
dary importance.
recognized in
art.
need be
said.
level of
Aryan
art.
What
little
the art of
282
attained
if
it
to say.
It
art
is
difficult
The
examples
a rule
mark
more rudimentary.
far
In one or two
it
is
it
was
art,
but as
The same
modern China.
art of
re-
It belongs to
The world
science
is
In this important
world.
races
of
of
mankind stop
field
threshold
the
at
discovery.
in
is
of
them.
attainedo
Each of
length of the year with close exactness, the Mexicans particularly so, their calendar being almost equally accurate
In fact the
we
are aware,
we
As
really
observations were
nearly
all
ilar
is
to the
know very
recorded
little.
by the
Some
Chinese.
sim-
But
its
the partial
division into
settlement of the
minor portions.
this small
Aryan
mense superstructure.
science
many
acquainted with
Yet during
of Nature.
283
all
of the facts
made them
and conditions
Greek
enlight-
enment the
It
was superior
The
fairly begin.
dk\es,
the true
men we find
thinker, who made
of these
practical
cool,
in
Thucy-
history a
The second
science.
tle,
first
of
marked
superiority
was a true Greek, with all the fervor of the Hellenic imAn
Aristotle was essentially a logical genius.
agination.
effort to
toward incessant observation of facts for the accumulaThere had been preceding
tion of exact knowledge.
Greek
naturalists.
Hippocrates, had
made medical
investigations.
Aristotle
cal thought,
which
Any
little
first
to formulate,
and to
Aryan world
is
subject to be even
named
284
It will suffice to
ity
It
was
fallow.
lect
remained
in the
ascendant there
is
built
amount of good
large
vv'ork,
product of the
this
As
and
new
human understanding.
its
mighty grasp.
to
additions but no
It
all
of civilized
mankind
modern Europe,
improvements, the
latter
considerably
philoso-
of fully
it.
As
here be said.
The
it
results.
by one her
is
285
One
ing and deepening knowledge of the realities of the universe in wiiich he lives.
And he is beginning to " know
himself " in a far wider sense than was in the mind of the
Grecian sage when he uttered this celebrated aphorism.
The imagination
of interesting but
series
The imagination of
fictions.
critically
This great
the present
is
valueless
dealing more
The other
Modern Aryan
One
mankind
boundaries.
races of
of the
saving machinery.
limit
its
civilization is
field
to
the
Aryan
nations.
its
Beyond
embryo
this
state.
Tools to aid hand-work have been devised, but the employment of other powers than the muscles of man to do the
labor of the world
it
is
we may
The immense progress made
have given
man
286
and
in
in the past, he is
solid tread,
and
The progress
civilized
less
great.
vv
orld.
of inquiry
and
Here, too,
political
we must
attained a
marked development
in
There
is
of
civilization.
lonians had a
at
who displayed a boldness in daring the dangers of unknown seas that was never emulated by their
The overland commerce of the
successors, the Greeks.
Since the origin of
Phoenicians was also very extensive.
Phoenicians,
commerce
who
are,
an extraordinary degree.
activity has
from branch
to
in
Commercial
an interesting sequence
287
way
is
to a successor.
characteristic,
and though
no
is
will
tive
That
will at
merce,
is
The Japanese
questionable.
ceive that a
is
com-
slumber.
There
is
have
also, it
progressed
in
which comparison
Aryan and
the
that of
the
non-Aryan
moral development.
In this
beyond
all
competitors.
their
This,
the
laws
of
morality,
the
great
body of
rules
of
ernment of mankind.
no im-
tainly
one of
remarkable
its
character,
influence
is
cer-
race.
288
system
religious
now
is
lost
its
a ruling force
as
this
Mongo-
lian
value
and
modern Bud-
the
in
dhistic world.
and constitutes
the
essentially
is
whole of Confucianism.
moral
series of
Confucius,
that of
simply of
making
of
They
cided influence.
are studied
as a literary exercise.
modern
of
The
trine
third
morals
of
as the mere
already
rules
differs in
it
named.
conduct
of
its
may
is
virtue
in
to be virtuous
attain Nirvana.
to
are
its
lack of
Do good
do good to you.
it
he would
because
in
So
embraced
Its
Christ.
authorship,
Semitic
of
is
concerned,
if
impres-
little
sion
far
It
is
your duty,
the
is
codes.
soul.
All
Do
to others
men
Do good
Sin
de-
are
brothers,
affection.
files,
"Love one
purifies,
another."
This
is
the basic
command
of the
And
code of Christ.
command we have
in this
human conduct,
est principle of
289
the high-
is
and
race alone.
code of morals
its
degree
Aryan
than we
find
in
remainder of mankind.
is
the
moral observance
of
is
the
abun-
strict ob-
But nowhere
but there
sense of
There
is
is
abundance of
also
abundance
human
a broad
mankind be
evil in the
good
of
is
all
elsewdiere
and
mankind.
19
Aryan
said
nations,
has
to exist.
else
it
is
is
fairly
the great
XII
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
WHEN
history opens,
it
isphere, including
How
tions.
long
expansion from
tles it
some of
its fairest
and most
it
its
silent.
rest
in
this
in attaining this
prehistoric abyss.
what
on
what
bat-
victories
it
human
assured that many
hidden
fruitful por-
annals are
Aryan race
eastern hem-
reveals to us the
all this
and brutality
Millions of
lie
men were
and even of
their religions
and
lan-
this
races,
for
many thousands
by
this
man
It
was as
society,
mankind
lines of
into
if
broken up
all its
soil
of hu-
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
the extreme North, and there
brought
it
there
Such also
to rest.
The
northern Asia.
became
it
deserts
boundaries.
its
291
In the
They
and Assyria.
existed
but
so
has
it
left
may have
to
is
nothing
this wall of
defence.
here
fell
into
Such
is
history opens.
It
embraced
all
of
In Asia
it
included
remarkable that
it
These
failed to pass
it is
conquests
all lost
it
It
made some
again,
Aryan
race
and
at the
was
in
external
opening
possession
historical period.
This
is
quiry as to
this
its
cause.
What was
The
acting in-
292
fluences, in fact,
were
A chief
tlie
one was
Many
expansion.
sever^il,
which
may be
briefly
named.
new Aryan
navigation was as yet
Other boundaries
The purely
tural people.
Assyria
As Aryan
ambition
the
were
mainly included
Aryan world.
There
is
;
within
the
prizes
of
borders
of
it
of the
arms of Rome.
had established
this extension
Such
Aryan world
its
old domain.
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
293
It is not
known
to
and with
Greeks made
the
At
Romans
civilized
and under
Aryan world.
The
finale
of the Teutons
all
Thus
Aryan limits,
mankind had remained cowed spec-
tators, or to
strife
cline in civilization
and
and a temporary
had completed
its
its
most
devastat-
And now
events appeared.
seemed
to
The
have spent
force.
human
Aryan world
294
tribes.
as rapidly as
we
expanding phase.
The
first
marked
series
historical
of imperial
Rome.
fierce
The next
striking
The
third
Mediterranean islands.
gols,
that of the
part of Russia a
Mongol realm.
We
made
MonMon-
the greater
effect,
which broke
like
It will suffice
The Semitic region became divided between the Turks and the Arabians. Egypt and northern
In the East, PerAfrica were rent from the Aryan world.
from
their hands.
sia, India,
Mongol
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
A Hungarian
295
mark
the
were in
full
The
As
ions, while in
many
The
first
cycle of
human
history
had be-
may
its rise.
No
sooner was
tlie
latter
in.
tell,
And
till
this process
The Aryans
of
was made
to wrest Syria
until they
were
Step
finally
Simultaneously a vigorous
from
its
Arab
lords.
All
296
Europe broke
The grasp
vain.
loosened by
At
Moslem was
of the
But
all
in
all
ancient
while
realm,
the
invasion of
Turks was
the
colonists,
civilization
its
and
government
are
strictly
Aryan, and the Mongolian characteristics of the predominant race have been to a considerable extent
has been reoccupied by the Aryans,
a few Turks
who
are left
upon
its
exception of
vrith the
borders by sufferance,
Aryan
spirit
has declared
itself less
Europe
lost.
In Asia the
vigorously
yet Persia,
little
if
at all in
of the Mongolian in
all
regions exposed to
its
influence.
in great
measure the
even to the
an
effect
It looks,
we
Aryan
to
race.
The same
do with the
loss of
Magyars of Hungary.
influences
Mongolian characteristics
in
the
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
297
Europe permits
minions
is
is
it
become
that ere
it
ancient do-
After
its
has set
energ}?^
in,
and the
Aryan
rule, infused
It is
its
promise
all
of this internal
Aryan
aliens yet to
Aryan
with Aryan
inhabitants.
in this
new
migration.
The former
art.
But the
push of no
When
to break loose
once the
from sight of
touched the American shores, and with phenomenal rapidity the invaders
continent.
Not four
America, from
its
centuries
northern to
its
have
passed,
and yet
southern extremities,
is
in great
step of conquest.
more
difficulties to
its
298
no
The
less declared.
many
of the
The non-Aryan
pean face.
of
rulers
And
is
"dark continent"
Aryan
finally the
is
states.
The
Sla-
began to press
their
way
More
was added
to their empire.
and forced
their
way deeply
into Turkestan.
All western
is
march of conquest
goes on. Of the regions of the ancient non- Aryan migratory activity none, with the exception of Arabia and
to-day a Russian province, and
Chinese Mongolia,
is
free
still
the
The barbarian
out-
remarks
may be made.
It is in a great
measure a com-
its
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
299
It
subsequently in the
Greek
colonies.
Aryan peoples
It
origin in
there
its
At
commerce.
had
lantic nations of
Europe, and
all
America
activity in the
of these simultaneously
At
AtPor-
Eng-
premacy
in colonizing efforts.
extended until
region of the
in great
have
lost
Germans
their
still
commercial enterprise.
activity, as
The
Celts
lost
they
and
gration
and
to
earth.
colonizing
Government, and
movements
it
of
Germany
remains to be seen
if
Only
in
England, of
Thus
the
interesting
all
in hand.
its
limits
300
migration, with
all
largely confined to
two of the
ocean barrier
two
of completion.
lish
Aryan
is
the Russian
earth.
Eng-
Tlie English
Russian entirely
the
move-
terrestrial.
gration.
Aryan
represents the
is
present
the
The English
at
is
peoples,
process
ment
is in
race in
By
its
movements converge
have nearly met, and the lords of the land and the sea
threaten to join in battle for
its
mastery.
Aryan
is
again
then, the
in a fierce strife of
that they
so rapidly
In
upon the coast-regions, though the aboThe vegerigines as a rule hold their own internally.
table wealth of these fertile islands has become the prize
been firmly
laid
HISTOKICAL MIGRATIONS.
301
But
Mongolian
China
Again,
in the southeast, in
laid her
will
yet
fall
Africa
tells
somewhat
Roman
become the
Egypt, and
in
northward
lord.
from
England has
may
eventually
Cape,
has
all
inward movement
ciation
Africa,
lays
in the
is
on
claim to
region of the
foot,
the
by European
Congo a strong
who do
Of
become
remaining coast-lands,
lions,
France has
story.
virtual lord
long distance
similar
Mohammedan
tricts
probably
new
lords
302
Such
on paper.
is
of
hold
is
or of a document.
document
is
advancing in the
in the rear of
army
the
but half
is
told.
If
now we
the tale.
tell
the Chinese,
forced to
afar,
Yet the
enterprise.
of secondary importance.
as
3'et
in
America.
the
Yet
it
results of this
Pacific,
civilization
state.
The Chinaman
the world
is
not yet
not his
his
They
Aryans
no disposition to wander.
home
bones to
As
is
shown
tory people.
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
is
303
ever^'^
movements
political
Elsewhere their
of Zanzibar.
But
their
The
sole
soil is in the
political
region
dominion
but
is
are not
while there
no pressure of numbers
is
in the
home region
African
The
It
soil.
no longer
itself.
effect of
the
human
family.
This
It
is
enterprise
among
the
of
human
of
Aryan
races.
enterprise,
The migration
of
people
has
the
unlucky characteristic of
prolific
the
slave-dealers
by
304
his net
in its
expand
to
This en-
is
migratory activity by
intellectuality
We may
its
upon the
earth.
that
modern
That
Aryan outgrowth.
it
of
The laws
of morality
and
races
in
or rapidly annihilated.
Yet
if
we could
strictly
compare
man
as a whole is concerned,
What
aborigines
the
the earth
of
American Indian
is
The treatment
of
the
Yet
it
cannot be
justly said that the Indians of the United States have been
at
any
thiie
visited with
more
suffering,
Aryan occupation,
outrage,
slaughter,
of
incessant war,
Security
305
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
nowhere existed, and
it
was impossible
for
any
civilizing
the Indians
waged
they
with the p:uropeans were but a continuation of those
Indians
always previously waged. The slaughter of
had
was
in
And
the
the
security in the conditions of Indian life have replaced
for the
rule of injustice and insecurity, which but
old
be
declared,
benefited far
still
that
then,
have continued.
Indians
the
It
have
may
been
have attained
if
Aryan conquests
with the one exception of Spanish Amer-
Here two
colonists
whose
civilized
civilization
from
a lower grade, and millions of people were reduced
happiness,
a state of plenty, and comparative freedom and
to one of want, slavery,
and misery.
civilization of a higher
is
And
yet, so far as
suffered
by
this
outrage.
mass of the human inhabitants of these regions are in a supebut for the
rior condition to-day than they would have been
Aryan conquest.
replaced by the
20
306
is
modern migration.
the history of
No
that the Africans or the Australians are the worse off for
the
Nor can
their soil.
it
be
work any
actual
harm
At
to the aborigines.
present they
bands.
The
influence
of
Europeans
steadily
is
and prosperity
and
in
the
fiercely as
own advantage.
against their
a comfortable
life
all
the needs of
security to outrage,
steadily augmented.
The
true effect of
tension of the
ethics, of
stable
and just
political conditions
of active
of property
of
human
liberty
and
intellectual unfold-
commerce and developed agriculture of railroads, telegraphs, books, tools, abundance of food, lofty
thoughts, and high impulses and of the noblest standard
and most unfolded practice of morality and human sym-
ment
of
in
HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS.
to the
Aryans
As
a whole
it
307
would have
must be admitted
originated.
XIII.
ONE important
which we have
effect of the
lution
long process of
bnman
evo-
in considerable
lines of race-
distinction.
times,
historic period,
that of
active migration
The movements
ing devastation.
and of decreas-
Of
this
we have
produced the
first
live,
great amelioration of
human
brutality.
and the
now
set to
work.
The
captive
is
is
rapidly dying
their laws
their colonies, but simply establish
and introduce
and mingle
The
309
their
customs in
all
new
subjects.
tion of race-distinctions.
visibly going
many
of
traces
its
prehistoric
activity
yet exist.
We
mingling of
have already dwelt upon the probable partial
in ancient Arya.
the Xanthochroic and Melanochroic races
the migratThis was succeeded by a considerable fusion of
conquered provinces.
ing Aryans with the aborigines of
and
to suffer
marked changes
in
their
mental constitution.
intensity to
and Kussia.
appears to have taken place in Germany
people of pure
Scandinavia remained the only home of
we have alXanthochroic blood. The probability is, as
Xanthochroi had minready suggested, that the southern
period, but that
gled with the ]\Ielanochroi at a very early
less decided in the
the infusion of alien blood was much
northern Aryan
northern section of the race, and that the
Such seems to
migrants were nearly pure Xanthochroi.
northerly portion
be'the case from the fact that their most
this was the condition of the
is yet of pure blood, and that
Celts and Teutons of early history.
that of the
with the Semitic Melanochroi was probably
from a very
southern branches, who may have been,
310
The
As we have
of Ai-yan blood.
Aryan
this
soil.
Yet with
all
obliteration
the long-con-
we have here considered, it is remarkable with what vigor the Aryan holds his own. His
tinued amalgamations
vital
ences.
istics
is
that of
color.
He
varies
influ-
in his race-character-
In like
own
against
all
opposing influences.
This
is
the case in Persia and India, which have been the seat of
the fiercest Mongolian inroads, while the Mongolian in-
311
of
their
partly
race,
by intermarriage, but
The more
zation.
and vices
to
which
civilization has
Rum
rian lands.
but
civili-
diseases, habits,
more
than the sword, while the plough has ruined the harvest of
the arrow.
Aryan
colonists
existence,
from
slight.
new
those
effect.
that
America.
are as
If so, the
numerous as
non-adaptation to
his
all
of the African,
filled
by a
whose
mil-
change.
As
to the future of
human
complex one.
America
is
The problem
is
Aryan
a highly
Between
312
is
well-marlied character.
arisiog an
American race-type of
America.
As
the Indians
become
at
an increased
dians
may
rate,
finally
and
it
is
civilized
and agricultural
amalgamation
will
go on
will vanish
it.
of a hybrid.
weakness and
amalgamation
result of this
staying qualities.
is
and Negroes
infertility
is
;
a quite
but the
per-
to the level of
is
intellect.
Mentally his
Y^et
he
is
In
The negro
is
its limit.
His lack
him
so.
It is capable
313
former
class.
separate
He
will
among
laboring caste
race,
well-marked
non-differentiated whites
the
of
America.
As
may
it
pass
begun
has
it
to
sure has
now
and
may
it
Aryan settlements
province, Tunis
Morocco
Egypt
is
is
is
in the
North.
Algiers
is
now
a French
The march
cannot go backward.
There
is
very
little
of
events
reason to doubt
influence
And
here
decided race-
in the
314
Central Africa
Of
is
to a considerable
is
How
and
is
it is
long
impossible to decide,
But
it is
American Xegro.
The American
by the
typical Negro,
The majority of
by no means lacking
in
energy and
them seem
to stand
midway
Many
tween the pure Negro of the western tropics and the Arabs
and Berbers of the North. And the vanguard of Aryan
migration
may meet
as hostile
eastern,
None
is
at
American Indians.
Aryan
colonies.
the climate
their advance.
whose
fertile
unknown
land.
through that
begun
its
Wars
tribes.
inward march.
315
meet with
It will
hostile
Aryan
Many
Aryan weapons
and whiskey-bottle.
rifle
may
All this
of
be looked for as
cannot
fail
than
perhaps,
quickly,
the
may meet
America.
with a north-
Soudan and
in the
it
may
Nor
final out-
in Abyssinia,
in Algeria.
increase,
more
Aryan
subdued
plough
is it
far
eventually
make
its
on the
way deeply
into
pushing
southward
Algeria,
in
which
may
As
railroad
is
is
already
eventually
city of
also advancing
Tim-
from
tlie
more has been done than was accomplished by the Aryans in America during the sixteenth
South.
yet
little
century.
But there
we know
is
new empire
of the Aryans.
The condition
of the Africans
They
are
is
markedly
much
different
less warlike,
and
316
much more
upon the
will
They
agricultural.
will
undoubtedly remain
minority.
is
some reason
may
rican
warmer
soil,
final
by
adapted
laborers,
and the
their
physical
Aryan merchants,
artisans,
and
rulers,
by
city residence.
In the higher and more healthful tropics and the semitropics the
and
it
in
numbers
must
retain
That a race-mingling
widely distinct types of
able.
physically adapted.
is
extremely improb-
to
come
it is
What
impossible to predict.
may remain
is
in
as strongly de-
There
in
it is
may
and Melanochroic
317
and these
tions in great
measure disappear.
be that of white
will
man
Aryan and
the Negro.
may
is
It is
eventually
case in Africa.
highly probable
it is
conditions
to
survive
and
Aryan
rule.
Aryan empire
dimensions.
During the
Burmah promises
If
of
to
become an
Indo-China
is
318
yet fully retains
Aryan
its
fall
under
control.
is
the race-characteristics of
its
civilized inhabitants.
principally Aryan.
The
The whole
probable.
is
The
conditions will
distinctive
is
little
The
latter
Aryan
Aryan
control.
There
is
we
it
own.
In these por-
tions
alone
of the
their
Aryan advance.
possible future of
man
We may
in these
two regions.
319
unchanged condition.
peninsula
fallen
everywhere around
this silent
fury upon
and
its
shores.
It
hordes to
its
no
It is to-day
of the
habits
a land defying
civilized
what
alike the
The
w^orld.
was
it
sword and
Eg3^ptian,
from
its
to. its
it
self-satisfied
the
baffled
sleep of
barbarism.
it
three
the
at the
edge of
its
deadly
wall of sand?
Hardly
so.
Modern
civilization
The
one in Algeria.
railroad
The camel,
signally failed.
interior of Arabia,
activity
to
make
it
commerce
way
it is
among
into the
to a vital
minded Arabs
the probabili-
its
tlie
their enter-
awaken the
active-
which
lies
320
to join the
lightenment of
the
Civilization
future.
must and
now holds
will
in its
march,
its
may
The strong
made
but be
Aryan
Japan has
is
is
in
Yet such a
them from
and
fully con-
one of the
servatism and
is
The
and though
civilization
may
be a slower,
it
will
be as sure a process.
It
has
If
it
air,
the stagnant
way
We
who
industries,
Japan
many
will be in a condition to
321
Aryan
As
to
Aryan
settlement, and an
may
Work and
civilization.
fail to
bring the antique realm of China into line with the modern
When
of the
are
commercial activity
Aryans
will
undoubtedly have a
the future
is
The Chinese
many
region.
rival.
In
to a
But
it
is
in every quarter of
late to
Where
Aryan has
firmly set his foot the Chinaman can never drive him out.
Nor need we look upon such a probable future activity of
the
the Chinese race as the misfortune which Chinese emigration appears to us to-day.
will
man
The Chinaman
of the future
He
of the present.
some
higher
new
habits.
degree
of
the
imaginative
and
322
far future
and to an
is
possible.
mankind.
human
Doubtless they
may
we cannot
many
respects
yet foresee
may
Yet
mankind.
special
prove in
seemingly
dominion
world.
and
At
all directions.
one.
bitter
it
Yet ever the Aryan force has triumphed over these obstacles,
it
it
It is
will hardly
still
going
come
to a
And
conditions of Nature.
progress
after the
promises
earthly
to
man and
human
domain
is
fully occupied,
and physical
is
definitely checked.
Man may
boundless one.
323
is
human
grasp.
it
to conquer.
If the general conditions displayed at the earliest discov-
Aryan
till
The
devel-
in-
from what we
find
it.
We
man
led
named
the
was
Of
in
mankind, though
We
find
was
Ameri-
China
is
Of these
324
Pop-
ular representation
government
this the
Aryans
democracy
stronghold of
the
is
and to
mankind, have
It is
its
force through
how
ment.
it.
all
the centuries
clearly
it
has
modern govern-
made
to overthrow
as a result of the
patriarchal despotism.
Yet these
efforts
have everywhere
an evident
failure,
rebellion of the
In England
ished.
people.
it
exists only
ancient
itself,
Aryan
principle
But
human development
to
from the
it
displays.
inIt
in
325
human
we
In
if it
had
principle that
ancestors, with as
grew up naturally
little
variation in
of decentralization in government as
It is the principle
final
how many
These
To
it
religious despot.
He must sway
bodies.
and
to
it
is
of government.
In
all
the
In none of them
is
the emperor
ization.
And
must
fail.
in ancient
Arya, and
if is the principle in
modern America.
326
lage had
its
people.
The
its families,
had
meddle with
the
village
two
these
first
declared
became divided
the State.
proved,
to
In
society
political
This gave
and
it
was replaced by
the territorial
democratic government
of later Attica.
erning units,
and Greek
itself,
It
civilization,
ship,
organization.
idea.
could not
the
of
it
It
Aryan
do merely
As we have
sistent.
to
It
and
At a
later
Country
life
in
city life
to await, during
two thousand
cit}^
and country
alike.
life,
and the
We
vital
Aryan
have here,
of
the
in
small
Grecian confederacy.
still
the
successively
and
all,
element.
interests
And
in
each,
or
is
in
is,
admitted principle.
ried
to
units of the
which
affect
the
all
steady process of
each
In each
the governing
is
of
self-control
It is the
ultimate,
its
city or
all
Then come
and over
327
its
internal
becoming, the
successively
the
larger
Such
is
reached bv mankind.
It is in
ft/
And
political evolution.
reached
its
ultimate.
It
this evolution
must
in the future
go on to the
great republic,
all
everywhere the
This
rule.
visionary,
Yet Nature
visionary.
is
not
in a continuous course
It
may
it
it
may
is
may
Natural law
is
reached
confederacy of mankind.
The type
yet however
that
of the
of government that
328
naturally arose
in
the
Arya must be
ancient
village of
namely,
result
must attend
this ultimate
principle of republican
government
is
of
all
parliaments.
Abundant questions
rise in
and
America which
this
made from
more
is
firmly established,
and admission of
effort
become
this principle
This
and a
is
partial
and unacknowl-
distinct
satisfactorily settled
in
a dispute
a ruinous
war
ternational questions
is
329
come when the great body of confederated natake the dragon of war by the throat and crush
life
out of
We
detestable body.
its
method of
human
human
and
terrible
and
will
life
and of the
not look
re-
When
all hostile
and
gument by
killing
will
be more likely to
in his
to as the finale of
Aryan
itself.
Aryan
principle
has similarly
Religious decentralization
declared
development.
political
and
this condition
The right
opinion has become fully
has
of private
established
be his
own
priest,
irrespective of
man
in
America
is
privileged to
will,
330
progressing.
nearly
all
and
is
it
impossible to conceive of a
At
conduct.
of moral
its
self- advantage.
interest
Nowhere
else
ward
good
is
acts.
results.
The idea is
The idea of
a practical
the
dogma
is
steadily higher
Aryan benevolence
its
yielding
loftier in
out-reach than
that of
belief
its
it is
is
of
universal
the
of
brotherhood of mankind,
results.
and
benevolence,
unselfish
acceptance of
it
Mohammedan
sectaries.
man
economy and
finance,
and
are doing
artisan.
but
it
will
to conquer
and possess
is
we need
glance
in conclusion.
tion
331
was communistic.
this as
but
the land
was
dwelling, and
still
its
common
The
munism remaining
is
in
and industry.
principle of individualism is
ligion,
dominant
earth
evolu-
that this
stream of
its
human
source.
Nor can we
and the
communism
it
or socialism.
if
can scarcely be
The wheels
of
332
Yet that individualism has attained too great a dominance through the subversion of
fraud, and the power of position,
law by force,
naturiil
may
safely be declared.
Aryan blood
will
tocracy.
The methods
made.
declare
be
will
dition of affairs
is
must and
is
This condition
lence of
right,
many
The beginning
of the em-
augurated ideas.
When
is in
But
it is
a peaceful revolution
between the
two extremes.
On
much
The final
On
possessions
existence,
human development,
exist
and
to
incompatible
It belongs,
The
inequalities of
man
in
must inevitably
find
some expression
They cannot
fail to
333
We
no more suppress
can
it
Enforced equal-
is
in-
alone absolute
communism
is
To
which there
is
no discov-
The moment
tion arise
and
in this
respect in the
period in history.
cannot
sities,
human
and
industrial diver-
human
institutions.
is
in wealth
and
Nature, since
it is
much
in excess of that
bodies, and
is
in
which exists in
of special advantages in
ment of the
principle of inheritance.
This
evil
must be
334
How, or by what medicine, it is not easy to deNo man has a natural right to a position in society
clare.
which his own powers have not enabled him to win, nor to
cured.
is
wealth than
now
exists will
in the distribution of
prevail
in
the future
can
present state of
communism
affairs.
human
and
lecture-halls, is equally
among
in libraries,
museums,
and expected.
come
mankind.
INDEX.
Aborigines
of Europe
and Asia,
61,
02.
Abraham,
patriarchal position
of,
115
^notrians, 78.
Afghans, race-type of, 8-1.
Africa, English settlements in, 298;
Aryan advance in, 301, 315; Arab
advance, 303; probable future condition, 313; race-mingling in Cenwest-coast colonies, 314;
Congo
on
of,
evil
crea-
Ahura Mazda,
222.
southward, 315.
Altniark,
land-commnnism
in the, 124.
297;
treatment of Indians, 305; decrease
of aborigines, 311; future state of
in,
races,
village
faculty
system, 125,
development,
126;
with
compared
clan-organization
Aryan, 172.
Americans, muscular energy of the
earlv, 275, 276; rudimentary art,
282.'
of,
133-35;
241.
evidences
138.
in,
tions, 223.
Alexandria,
American
Ancestor-worship,
tions, 316.
Agni, myth
races, imaginative
in, 25.
Ab3-s?inianp, 17.
314;
ing, 196.
American
tral,
in the, 284;
Arabs,
Negro
race-
European,
Egyp-
Greek,
tian,
'279;
Aristotle,
INDEX.
336
2S2.
Artliiir, Kinpr,
"Welsh
lefjjeuds of,
2G2;
opment
method
communism, 331.
of democracy. 187;
of worship, 219;
329, 330.
Aryan mythology,
development, 142;
143;
myths
heaven-deities,
Aryan
simplicity
of
17G;
organization,
military system,
177;
Aryan
family, property
ganization,
110;
how composed,
109; or111;
tic
of,
135, 139;
religious
growth
Aryan migrations,
effect of primitive,
293;
movements,
loss
of
26,
persistence,
2^)3;
rever-
territory-,
294;
migratory energy,
race, 1-5;
guilds, 177;
of
the, 233.
28; original
home,
Asiatic
divisions,
30, 37,
theorv,
argument from
lan-
primitive seat, 51, 52; early condition, 57, 58; energy, 59; original
divisions, 64; sub-races, 92; influences controlling develo|)ment, 215
non-specialization, 216; superiority
of intellect, 217.
effect of
migration on wor-
ship, 145.
Aryan
village system,
unfoldment of
the, 185.
migration, 80;
race-min-
INDEX.
record,
customs,
life,
98;
hunting
S37
mocracy,
182;
territorial
system
established, 182.
Attila,
Home
Aryan occupation
Australia,
of,
2j8.
lic't's,
barbarism,
105
land-communism,
110; village group, 117; patriarchism, 117; democracy, 118; landdivision, 118; family property, 118,
119; kinship, 139; religious history
of western division, 146, 147; lack
;
189; comparison of philosophy with other races, 229; fertility of imagination, 24G, 2GG; epic
poetry, 247; comparative powers,
273; superior mental energy, 274
affinity,
Babylonia,
ligious lyrics,
epic, 244.'
mythology,
244;
mvthological
Baltic,
Aryan-home theory
44, nute
unsuitability, 47
of the, 43,
not adapt-
communism,
science!
123.
27.
of, 195.
of,
258;
locality of
Asia, state of
advance,
301;
Aryan
character
of
of,
244;
175.
2G8.
Comparative Grammar
of,
lonians, 77;
236.
pressure,
political
reform
181;
measures, 181.
Atomistic philosoph3' of Greece, 240.
by
of,
literature,
245.
settled
F.,
of,
cinn
32
Blood-revenge, extension
Bopp,
population,
317, 318.
Attica,
method
22
INDEX.
338
Brown
characters and
type, Aryan,
Buddhism, influence
of,
on Chinese
Chieftainship,
development
of,
in
Europe, 180.
China, religions of, 133, 158; burialcustoms, 130; house and clan worship, 139; patriarchal imperial s^'stem, 157; despotism of emperor, 158;
lack of progress, 158; comparison
Cesar,
Julius,
history, 209;
spirit of
Caucasus,
home,
as
the,
opment
Arvan
Aryan devel-
primitive
in, 51.
Celtiberians, 03.
Celtic epic cycle, 255; Irish examples,
Celts,
alien influence on
Ireland, 180;
language, 212; individual migra-
179;
growth
of
authority,
Aryan
idens,
of philosophers,
234.
Christ, moral code of, 288; adopted
by
Commerce, development
effects,
297;
of,
280; mi-
variation of
centres, 299.
Communism
in
cient Arya,
chivalry, 2G2.
178,
novel, 270;
power of muscular
exertion. 274; Great Wall, 274; low
grade of intellect, 275; art rudimentary, 282; conservatism, 287; Confucian moral code, 288; character
gration
tions, 299.
in,
drama and
the, 7, 13;
219;
character of literature,
247, 209, 274; lack of philosophical
tion,
America, IGl;
331;
in an-
decline of.
148.
331,
2-32,
worship of hearth-spirit
INDEX.
Cox,
Sir
1G4;
power of sachem,
reli>;ion, 1G5.
Croats, 74.
Cro-Magnon
race, 10.
of,
265, 266.
of,
the,
Drama, development
modern,
of the
Africa, 301.
tension, 214.
ter of the, 242.
syrian,
250,
Roman,
in the,
250.
patriarchial
government
of,
Etruria, 78.
Etruscans, 62.
Europe, early,
level
of art
attained,
;
English
219.
Eleatic philosophy, ideas of the, 240.
of, 196,
in,
0; as Ar3'an
erature,
ture, 276
296.
the,
how com-
posed,
136
in ancient
Family group,
control, 313.
man
Eliot,
Babylonian, 244;
244;
labor,
at,
vonic,
2G8, 2G9.
Egypt,
excavations
Epic poetry:
2G5, 2G6
ai'chitectural
278.
among
Ellora,
290.
339
undivided.
Arya, 325.
the,
Ill,
106,
112;
107:
joint
influence
on
development, 155.
Feudalism, in Mexico, 168; in Egypt,
China, and Japan, 169; development
tribal
of, 185.
mDEX.
340
Fiction of the ancients, 267
of the
moderns, 268.
Finn, epic cycle of, 201.
Finns, atfinity to Europeans, 22, 23;
change of deities, 1-iO; richness of
agglutinative language,
poetry, 263.
Firdusi,
the
epic
199;
Shah Namah
251,
of,
255.
Flower,
by,
W.
ment
development, 326.
Greek language, inflectional richness
of the, 213.
G.
schools
of,
240-4*2;
67; traces of
in,
of
philosophy, 242
lado-
in
ment
clan
of
republic,
into
development of democratic
177;
institu-
Grimm's law,
Gatxas,
34.
17.
Ganges, Hindus
character,
Hamites,
Hamitic languages, by
G9.
whom
spoken,
of,
204; character, 204; possible Nigritian source, 204; use of suffixes, 205.
239.
deV, 294.
of syn-
Germans, the
Heaven-deitie, 143.
by Taci-
in,
123
Gothic architecture,
significance
of,
Hell,
of, 265,
206.
Hellenes,
movements and
division of
the, 76;
Hesiod, the
Highland
Hindu
Hindu
Theogony
of,
of,
240.
254.
clan, 114.
dialects, analytic
tendency of
the, 211.
280.
of,
Hindu
tion, 68.
poetry
the,
of,
244;
epic
march
the, 40; in
INDEX.
date of march, 83; race-characters,
83; lowlunders, 84; fusion with Melanochroi, 87; ancestor-worship, 137;
dominance of priesthood,
1-15;
lack
4:
Homer,
341
facial
religious sys-
Avhites,
House-communities, 112.
House-father, Aryan, authority of, in
Rome, 107, 108; with other Aryans,
109; checks to power, 111 in Kandh
the family priest,
hamlet, 113
;
status, 334.
and India,
in Greece
in,
135.
myth
144.
of,
Hindus
Indus,
in
83.
108.
Industry,
lations, 332.
36.
the, 294;
Huxley,
Professor,
classification
Inflectional languages,
of
ods, 200.
tral
Iberians, 62.
power of
196
primitive
communism
chiefs,
in,
120
commimism
of the, 161.
the, 167.
land
power of
Iliad,
worship, 137.
Ireland,
78.
two types of
races by, 5.
Iapygians,
by whom
the, 199;
Inca,
21
character,
Italians, 88.
commu-
nity, 128.
197.
India, races
of,
40; village
commu-
undivided family,
112; village system, 126; artisans,
Jackson,
127; alien class, 127; clan agriculture, 130; rise of philosophy, 220;
system of philosophv, 234-39; epic
poetry, 248-50; fiction, 267; falls
J,
the, 302.
INDEX.
342
Job, book
of. 245.
Jones, Sir William, on language affin-
32.
ities,
223.
Hebrew,
50; Persian,' 250, 251; Greek, 25154; Roman, 254, 255; German,
250-58 Anglo-Saxon, 258-60
Irish, 200, 201; Welsh, 202; French,
262; Finnish, 203; Slavonic, 204;
j\Iiddle-Age epic, 265; unfoldment
;
Kaleval \,
and story
acter
Kandh
Kapila,
of
poem,
hamlet, 113.
Sankhya philosophy
Knox,
char-
2(i3.
of epic into
238.
of,
of, 178.
modern
drama and
literature,
history, 266;
267; growth of
08.
of
the,
221.
of,
255, 207.
Lakguage, importance
189;
research,
of,
divisions
in An'an
and high
Aryan,
32
rela-
affinities
of
type,
195-97
agglutinative
198,
for, in
by, 171.
Macpherson, treatment of
ancient Aryan,
the
Irish
in,'l96.
Manchu
Tartars,
Aryan
t^-pe
among
language, 199.
munism,
Latins, 78.
word
Macedonia,
tendencies, 213.
Lion, no
92,
204.
Lonnrot,
90,
190-91;
ting
Sanscrit,
to
land-com-
125.
'
INDEX.
Medb, Queen,
Melanocliroic race, 5
12,
where found,
affinity
origin, 17; zone occupied, 18; probable derivation, 18; intellectual relations, 24, 25 examples of languages,
343
gin
development, 142;
143;
sun-worship,
143; Greek myths, 147; southern
Indian, 165; wide extension, 218;
confusion of myths, 219, 220.
141;
of,
heaven-deities,
Natchez
with Xanthochroi,
-309.
system,
16G
275.
ment
7,
Indians,
despotic govern-
of the, 165.
of,
the,
7,
8;
Migrations,
comparison
of
Arabian
primitive
condi-
54-56;
development,
57;
character of Arvan, 290; future of,
tions,
317.
the,
224, 22.5,'227.
Mind, development of
IMohammed, source
Negroes of Brazil,
Mongolia, occupation
bv Russians,
298.
Mongolian
Nomad
59.
tendency,
218;
muscular exertion,
mental scope, 274;
praccapacity for
273-75
note.
variability, 21
7,
tribes,
Nubas,
17.
Numa,
political
system
of,
183.
low
organization,
310.
Odyssey, source
253;
religious
of the, 251;
its
hero,
progress displayed,
253.
Ossian, the
Osiris, the
Mongols, conquests of
the, 294;
lose
Oppert, J., on
Music, significance
Pacific
of, 281.
36.
Ormuzd,
islnnds.
of the, 317.
fate
of
aborigines
INDEX.
344
Pictet on
Plato,
38.
241;
im-
328,
Pastoral
life,
organization,
sults, 157-60.
58,
political
59;
re-
mi-
despotisms,
157
in
guage, 211
epic poetry,
250, 251,
yan population,
history,
146
origin
of
275, 276.
Aryan
Aryan home,
of,
with
my-
Phoenicians,
commerce
of
the,
286;
Aryan, 153.
on Arvau
affinities,
33.
QuATREFAGES,
Races
probable future
relations, 316.
of,
227.
W.
Ralston,
R.
S.,
on Slavonic house-
Ramayana,
America, 329.
Rhodes, J. G., on the Aryan home, 38.
42, 46.
Philosophy, relations
C,
of races, 57;
318.
323-29.
Prichard, J.
grations, 157
255;
Aryan home,
Ritual
of,
267.
Rome, power
man
alien
creeds,
INDEX.
171; alien pressure on clansystem, 183; political reform, 183;
progress of democracy, 184; epic
poetry, 254
character of thouglit,
2:>5
no valuable drama, 207.
Russia, adaptation to agM-iculture of
lisliecl,
48,
kinship,
129;
co-operative
129;
Siberia,
298;
other regions
of
advance
in Asia,
note
their
linguistic
229;
251.
of,
208, 209.
Shamanism,
Siah Posh, an
Arvan
tribe, 84.
Russians,
345
first
of, 102.
Sachem,
Sankhya
character,
house
communities, 112, 173; family wor-
Aryan
poetry, 204.
29.
development
of,
154,
Indo-European lan-
guages, 32.
ancient,
conditions
of,
mind
orig-
the
155;
Schlegel, F., on
Science,
of.
182.
69, 70:
on
INDEX.
346
Tadjiks, the Persian Aryans, 20.
Tamahou
people, 19.
Teutonic
mythological
philosophy,
225; origin
Ymir slain, 226
of giants, 226
customs of the gods, 227; creation
character of the,
224,
of Loki,
the gods
the
228;
land-division,
note
laws of
cycle, 255
magic
power, 185; development of feudalism, 185; vowel-conjugation in language, 212; source of myths, 224;
compared with Persians, 225 irruption on Eoman empire, 293.
;
word
for, in
181.
of,
266; as
oldest
record,
henotheism, 219
source of
Hindu philosophy, 240; religious
211
lyrics, 244.
Germany, 121;
in
England, 124,
Waixamoinen,
under,
294.
Tamahou
Aryan
ancient Arvan,
42.
Topinard, P., on
of Indians
decentralization,
Tiger, no
political
Vambery,
in
325
304;
hymns, 145;
treasure, 259.
in,
to ancient
gods and
giants,
new
Umbrians, 78.
United States, analogy of,
Arya, 153, 178; treatment
human
species, 7
on
people, 19.
system
of,
183, 184.
vala, 263.
231, 232.
War,
influence
of,
167-69;
how
to
aboli-
quests, 294.
Tylor,
E.
B.,
on ancestor-worship,
Xanthocheoi,
1.38.
Ulysses, contrast
253.
of,
with Achilles,
practical
intellect,
INDEX.
Xanthochroic race, the,
5,
11
where
22,
23;
intellectual
rela-
347
Zarvan Akarana,
of Persia, 222.
244.
Zeus, conception
of, in Iliad
and Odys-
sey, 253.
Zoroaster,
sians,
276.
81
146;
influence
mythology, 221.
&
Son, Cambridge.
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