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ANNEX

Additional
Resources
Contents
Technical and Scientific Organizations of the Welding Fabricating Industry ........................................................
Examination Method Selection Guide .........................................................................................................................

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Annex A-Addto na1 Resources

Technical and Scientific Organizations of the Welding Fabricating Industry
Abrasives Engineering Society (AES)
P.O. Box 3157
Butler, PA 16003
(724) 282-6210; fax 282-6210

American Institute of Plant Engineers (AIPE)

8 180 Corporate Park Drive
Suite 305
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513) 489-2473; fax 247-7422

Aluminum Association (AA)

900 19th Street, N.W.
Suite 300
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 682-8000; fax 682-8115

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

One E. Wacker Drive
Suite 3 1O0
Chicago, IL 6060 1-2001
(312) 670-2400; fax 670-6573

America Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)

100 Barr Harbor Drive
W. Conshohocken, PA 19428
(610) 832-9500; fax 832-9555

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISC)

1101 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036-4700
(202) 452-7100; fax 463-6573

American Association of State Highway &

Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
444 N. Capital Street, N.W.
Suite 249
Washington, I X 20001
(202) 624-5800; fax 624-5806

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

11 W. 42nd Street
13th Floor
New York, NY 10036-8002
(212) 642-4900; fax 398-0023

American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)

Two World Trade Center
106th Floor
New York, NY 1004.8
(212) 839-5000; fax 839-5130

American Nuclear Society (ANS)

555 N. Kensington Avenue
La Grange, IL 60526
(708) 579-8200; fax 579-8283

American Gas Association (AGA)

151 5 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA. 22209
(703) 841-8400; fax 841-8406

American Petroleum Institute (API)

1220 L Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20005-8029
(202) 682-8000; fax 682-8115

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and

Petroleum Engineers (AIME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5598
(212) 419-7676; fax 371-9622

American Railway Engineering Association (AREA)

50 F Street, N.W.
Suite 7702
Washington, DC 20001-2183
(202) 639-2190; fax 639-2183
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American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)

1711 Arlingate Lane
Columbus, OH 43228-0518
(614) 274-6003; fax 274-6899

Compressed Gas Association (CGA)

1725 Jefferson Davis Highway
Suite 1004
Arlington, VA 22202-4102
(703) 412-0900; fax 412-0128

American Society for Quality (ASQ)

61 1 E. Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, WI 53202
(414) 272-8575; fax 272-1734

Edison Welding Institute (EWI)

1250 Arthur E. Adams Drive
Columbus, OH 43221
(614) 486-5000; fax 688-5001

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, VA 20191-4400
(703) 295-6000; fax 295-6222

Fabricators and Manufacturers Association (FMA)

833 Featherstone Road
Rockford, IL 61 107-6302
(815) 399-8700; fax 399-7279

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990
(800) 843-2763; fax (973) 882-1717

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 1006
(212) 419-7900; fax 752-4929

American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, IL 60018-2187
(708) 692-4121; fax 296-9220

Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)

25 Technology Park
Norcross, GA 30092
(770) 449-0460; fax 263-8532

American Water Works Association (AWWA)

6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
(303) 794-77 11; fax 794-73 1O

International Oxygen Manufacturers Association

(IOMA)
P.O. Box 16248
Cleveland, OH 44 1 16-0248
(216) 228-2166; fax 228-5810

American Welding Society (AWS)

550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
(305) 443-9353; fax 443-7559

International Titanium Association (ITA)

1871 Folsom Street
Suite 200
Boulder, CO 80302-57 14
(303) 443-7515; fax 443-4406

ASM International (ASM)

9639 Kinsman Road
Materials Park, OH 44073
(440) 338-5151; fax 338-4634

Laser Institute (LI)

12424 Research Parkway
Suite 125
Orlando, FL 32826
(407) 380-1553; fax 380-5338

Association of American Railroads (AAR)

50 F Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 639-2100; fax 639-2286
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers (AISE)
Three Gateway Center
Suite 1900
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
(412) 281-6323; fax 471-4858

Material Handling Industry (MHI)

S720 Red Oak Boulevard
Suite 201
Charlotte, NC 28217-3957
(704) 522-8644; fax 676-1 199

Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

178 Rexdale Boulevard
Rexdale, Ontario
M9W 1R3 Canada
(416) 747-4000; fax 747-4149

National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)

P.O. Box 218340
Houston, TX 77218-8340
(281) 228-6200; fax 228-6300
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RESOURCES

Order and Inquiry Desk

U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
(202) 512-1800; fax 512-2250

National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Inspectors (NBBPVI)
1055 Crupper Avenue
Columbus, OH 43L29
(614) 888-8320; fax 888-0750

Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association

(RWMA)
1900 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(215) 564-3484; fax 963-9785

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

(NEMA)
1300 N. 17th Street
Suite 1847
Rosslyn, VA 22209
(703) 841-3200; fax 841-5900

Robotics Industries Association (RIA)

900 Victors Way
Ann Arbor, MI 48 106
(734) 994-6088; 994-3338

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

P.O. Box 9101
One Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
(617) 770-3000; fax 770-0700

Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)

222 Palisades Creek Drive
Richardson, TX 75083
(972) 952-9393; fax 952-9435

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

325 Broadway
Boulder, CO 80303-3328
(303) 497-3000

Society of Women Engineers (SWE)

120 Wall Street
New York, NY 10005-3902
(212) 509-9577; fax 509-0224

National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)

1420 King Street
Alexandria, VA 223 14
(703) 684-2800; fax 836-4875

Steel Tank Institute (STI)

570 Oakwood Road
Lake Zurich, IL 60047
(847) 438-8265; 438-9766

National Welding Supply Association (NWSA)

1900 Arch Street
Philadelphia.,PA 19 103
(215) 564-3444; fax 564-2175

Uniform Boiler and Pressure Vessel Laws Society

(UBPVLS)
308 N. Evergreen Road
Suite 240
Louisville, KY 40243-1010
(502) 244-6029; fax 244-6030

Naval Inventory Point Center

700 Robins Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19111
(215) 697-22,47;fax 697-5914

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RESOURCES

Examination Method Selection Guide

Equipment Needs

Applications

Advantages

Limitations

The method is economical

and expedient, and requires
relatively little training and
relatively little equipment for
many applications.

The method is limited to

external or surface conditions
only and by the visual acuity of
the observer or inspector.

Visual
~~

Magnifiers, color enhancement,

projectors, other measurement
equipment, i.e., rulers,
micrometers, optical
comparators, light source.

Weldments that have

discontinuities only on the
surface.

Penetrant
Fluorescent or dye penetrant,
developers, cleansers (solvents,
emulsifiers, etc.). Suitable
cleaning gear. Ultraviolet light
source if fluorescent dye is
used.

Weldments that have

discontinuities only on the
surface.

The equipment is portable

and relatively inexpensive.
The inspection results are
expedient. Results are easily
interpreted. Requires no
electrical energy except for
light sources.

Surface films such as coatings,

scale, smeared metal may mask
or hide discontinuities. Bleed
out from porous surfaces can
also mask indications. Parts
must be cleaned before and
after inspection.

Magnetic Particle
Prods, yokes, coils suitable for
inducing magnetism into the
weld. Power source (electrical).
Magnetic powders-some
applications require special
facilities and ultraviolet lights.

Weldments that have

discontinuities on or near the
surface.

The method is relatively

economical and expedient.
Inspection equipment is
considered portable. Unlike
dye penetrants, magnetic
particle can detect some
discontinuities slightly below
the surface.

The method is applicable only

to feromagnetic materials.
Parts must be cleaned before
and after inspection. Thick
coatings may mask rejectable
discontinuities. Some
applications require the part
to be demagnetized after
inspection. Magnetic particle
inspection requires use of
electrical energy for most
applications.

Radiography (Gamma)
Gamma ray sources, gamma
ray camera projectors, film
holders, film, lead screens, film
processing equipment, film
viewers, exposure facilities,
radiation monitoring
equipment.

Weldments that have

voluminous discontinuities
such as porosity, incomplete
joint penetration, slag, etc.
Lamellar type discontinuities
such as cracks and incomplete
fusion can be detected with a
lesser degree of reliability. It
may also be used in certain
applications to evaluate
dimensional requirements
such as fit-up, root conditions,
and wall thickness.

The method is generally not

restricted by type of material
or grain structure. The
method detects surface and
subsurface discontinuities.
Radiographic images aid in
characterizing discontinuities.
The film provides a permanent
record for future review.

Planar discontinuities must be

favorably aligned with
radiation beam to be reliably
detected. Radiation poses a
potential hazard to personnel.
Cost of radiographic
equipment, facilities, safety
programs, and related licensing
is relatively high. A relatively
long time between exposure
process and availability of
results. Accessibility to both
sides of the weld required.

Radiography (X-Rays)
X-ray sources (machines),
electrical power source, same
general equipment as used with
gamma sources (above).

Same application as above.

Same as above, except that xray radiography can use

adjustable energy levels, and
it generally produces higher
quality radiographs than
gamma sources. The process
also enjoys the same
advantages as above.

(continued)

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High initial cost of X-ray

equipment. Not generally
considered portable. Also,
same limitations as above.

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Examination Method Selection Guide (Continued)

Equipment Needs

Applications

Advantages

Limitations

The method is most sensitive

to planar type discontinuities.
The test results are known
immediately. The method is
portable, and most ultrasonic
flaw directors are battery
operated. The method has
high penetration capability.

Surface condition must be

suitable for coupling of
transducer. A liquid couplant is
required. Small, thin welds may
be difficult to inspect.
Reference standards and a
relatively skilled operator or
inspector are required.

Ultrasonic
Pulse-echo instrument capable
of exciting a piezoelectric
material and generating
ultrasonic energy within a
weld, and a suitable cathode
ray tube scope capable of
displaying the magnitudes of
received sound energy.
Calibration standards, liquid
couplant.

The method can detect most

weld discontinuities including
cracks, slag, and incomplete
fusion. It can also be used to
verify base metal thickness.

Eddy Current
An instrument capable of
inducing eletromagnetic fields
within a weld and sensing the
resulting electrical currents
(eddy) so induced with a
suitable probe or detector.
Calibration standards.

Weldments that have

discontinuities on or near the
surface. Alloy content and
heat treatment condition may
affect results.

Equipment used with surface

probes is generally
lightweight and portable,
Painted or coated welds can
be inspected. The method can
be partially or completely
automated for a high speed,
relatively inexpensive
examination.

Relatively shallow depth of

inspection. Many material and
test variables can effect the test
signai.

Leak Testing
Leak testing requires a gas or
liquid medium, a pump to
apply a differential pressure to
one side of a weldment and a
device to contain the pressure if
the weldment is not a closed
structure. A detection
instrument if the medium
penetrating the weld cannot be
detected visually may also be
required.

Weldments with through

thickness discontinuties

Relatively cheap and easy to

do if visual detection of leaks
is possible. Special mediums
such as helium require more
sofisticated equipment to
detect. However helium leak
testing is very sensitive.

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Requires a source of water or

other medium, a means of
disposing of the medium, and
the weldment may require
cleaning after testing.