Thermal engineering

Unit-3 [nozzles, turbine & steam power cycle]

Two mark question & answers

1 .what are the various types of nozzles and their functions?
a. Convergent nozzle: when the cross section of a nozzle
decreases continuously from entrance to exit, it is called a
convergent nozzle.
b. Divergent nozzle: when the cross section of a nozzle
increases continuously from entrance to exit, it is called a
divergent nozzle.
c. Convergent divergent nozzle: when the cross section of
the nozzle first decreases from its entrance to throat, and
then increases from its throat to exit, its called convergent
- divergent nozzle.
2 .Define nozzle efficiency?
The coefficient of nozzle or nozzle efficiency
(usually denoted by k) is defined by as the ratio of useful heat
drop to isentropic heat drop. Mathematically
K=useful heat drop/isentropic heat drop
=(h1-h3)/(h1-h2).

3. What is critical pressure ratio?

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There is only one value of the ratio, which

produces maximum discharge from the nozzle. The ratio is called
critical pressure ratio.
{Critical pressure ratio} p2/p1 =(2/n+1)^n/n-1
4. Explain super saturated flow or metastable flow through nozzle?
Thus the phenomenon of condensation does not
takes place at expected rate. As a result of this, equilibrium
between the liquid and vapour phase is delayed and the steam
continues to expand in a dry state. The steam in such a set of
conditions, is said to be metastable state.it is also called super
cooled steam, as its temperature at any pressure is less than the
saturated temperature corresponding to the pressure. The flow is
super saturated steam, through the nozzle is called super
saturated flow or metastable flow.
5. What are the effects of super saturation in a steam nozzle?
The following effects in a nozzle on steam, in which
super saturation occurs, may be summarized as follows.
a. The dryness fraction of a steam is increased.
c. Exit velocity of the steam is reduced.
d. Mass of stream discharged is increased.
6. What is steam turbine?
Steam turbine is a device is used to convert
kinematic energy of steam into mechanical energy.
7. Classify steam turbine?
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1. According to the mode of steam action

a. Impulse turbine, & b. Reaction turbine.
2. According to the direction of steam flow
a. Axial flow turbine, & b. Radial flow turbine.
3. According to the exhaust condition of steam
a. Condensing turbine, & b. Non condensing
turbine.
4. According to the pressure of steam
a. High pressure turbine, b. Medium pressure
turbine , & c. Low pressure turbine.
5. According to the number of stages
a. Single stage turbine, & b. Multi stage turbine.
8. Compare the impulse turbine & reaction turbine?
S.NO IMPLUSE TURBINE
1.
The steam flows through
the nozzle and impinges on
the moving blades.
2.

The steam impinges on the

buckets with kinetic
energy.

REACTION TURBINE
The steam flows first
through guide mechanism and
then through the moving
blades.
The steam glides over the
moving vanes with pressure
and kinetic energy.

3.

The steam may or may not

be admitted over the

The steam must be admitted

over the whole

whole circumference.

circumference.

4.

The steam pressure

The steam pressure is
remains constant during its reduced during its flow
flow through the moving
through the moving blades.
blades.

5.

The blades are

symmetrical.

The blades are not

symmetrical.

9. Define degree of reaction?

The ratio of the enthalpy or heat drop in the
moving blades to the total enthalpy or heat drop in the stage is
known as degree of reaction.
Degree of reaction = enthalpy or heat drop in the moving
blades/total enthalpy or heat drop in stage
=(h2-h3)/(h1-h3)
10. What is compounding of turbine?
Compounding is a method of absorbing the jet
velocity in stages when the steam flows over moving blades.
11. What are the different methods of compounding?
a. Velocity compounding.
b. Pressure compounding.
c. Pressure velocity compounding.
12. What is pressure compounding?
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The pressure is reduced in each stage of nozzle

rings and hence it is called pressure compounding.
13. How pressure velocity compounding is done?
This method is combination of pressure and
velocity compounding. The total pressure drop is carried out in two
stages and the velocity is obtained in each stage is also
compounding.
14. What is meant by the term governing in turbines?
The method of maintaining the speed of the
turbine is constant irrespective of variation of the load on the
turbine known as governing of turbines.
15. What are the different methods of governing steam turbines?
1. Throttle governing.
2. Nozzle control governing.
3. By pass governing.
4. Combination of throttle and nozzle governing or
throttle and by pass governing.
16. What are the effects of friction on the flow through a steam
nozzle?
1. The expansion is no more isentropic and enthalpy
drop is reduced there by resulting in lower exit velocity.

2. The final fraction of the steam is increased as

the part of the kinetic energy gets converted into heat due to
friction and absorbed by steam within increase in enthalpy.
3. The specific volume of steam is increased as the
steam becomes drier due to this frictional reheating.
17. Define dryness fraction of steam?
It is defined as the ratio of mass of actual dry
steam to the mass of same quality of wet steam , and is generally
denoted by x .mathematically ,
X = (mg)/(mg+mf) = mg/m
Where

mg = mass of actual dry steam,

mf = mass of water in suspension , and
m = mass of wet steam =mg+mf.

18. What are the factor s reducing the final velocity of steam in
nozzle flow?
1. The friction between the nozzle surface and
steam.
2. The internal fluid friction in the steam.
3. Shock losses.
19. List out some internal losses of steam turbine?
1. Losses due to friction between fluid layers causing the
change in relative velocity at entry and exit.

2. Losses due to entry and exit of flow at the turbines.

3. Losses due to rotation of fluid particles.
4. Losses due to blade surface roughness.
20. What is the need for compounding in steam turbine?
In simple turbine, the expansion of steam from
the boiler pressure to the condenser pressure takes place in a
single stage turbine. The velocity of steam at exit of turbine is
very high. hence there is considerable loss in kinetic energy .also
the speed of the rotor is very high .there are several method of
reducing this speed to lower value .compounding is a method of
absorbing the jet velocity in stages when the steam flows over
moving blades.
21. What is blading efficiency?
Blade efficiency is defined as the ratio between
work done on the blade and energy supplied to the blade.
B.E = work done on the blade/ energy supplied to the blade