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M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
R
t=0
Vm cos t
Vc
R
t=0
Vm cos t
R (C Vc0 ) + Vc = Vm cos t ,
Vc
t > 0.
(1)
R
t=0
Vm cos t
R (C Vc0 ) + Vc = Vm cos t ,
Vc
t > 0.
(h)
Vc (t)
(1)
+
(p)
Vc (t) .
R
t=0
Vm cos t
R (C Vc0 ) + Vc = Vm cos t ,
Vc
t > 0.
(h)
Vc (t)
= A exp(t/ ) , with = RC .
(h)
Vc (t)
(1)
+
(p)
Vc (t) .
(2)
R
t=0
Vm cos t
R (C Vc0 ) + Vc = Vm cos t ,
Vc
t > 0.
(h)
Vc (t)
(1)
+
(p)
Vc (t) .
(2)
from which,
= A exp(t/ ) , with = RC .
(p)
Vc (t) is a particular solution of (1). Since the forcing function is Vm cos t, we try
(p)
Vc (t) = C1 cos t + C2 sin t .
R
t=0
Vm cos t
R (C Vc0 ) + Vc = Vm cos t ,
Vc
t > 0.
(h)
Vc (t)
(1)
+
(p)
Vc (t) .
R C Vc0 + Vc = 0 ,
(h)
Vc (t)
(2)
from which,
= A exp(t/ ) , with = RC .
(p)
Vc (t) is a particular solution of (1). Since the forcing function is Vm cos t, we try
(p)
Vc (t) = C1 cos t + C2 sin t .
Substituting in (1), we get,
R C (C1 sin t + C2 cos t) + C1 cos t + C2 sin t = Vm cos t .
R
t=0
Vm cos t
R (C Vc0 ) + Vc = Vm cos t ,
Vc
t > 0.
(h)
Vc (t)
(1)
+
(p)
Vc (t) .
R C Vc0 + Vc = 0 ,
(2)
(h)
Vc (t)
from which,
= A exp(t/ ) , with = RC .
(p)
Vc (t) is a particular solution of (1). Since the forcing function is Vm cos t, we try
(p)
Vc (t) = C1 cos t + C2 sin t .
Substituting in (1), we get,
R C (C1 sin t + C2 cos t) + C1 cos t + C2 sin t = Vm cos t .
C1 and C2 can be found by equating the coefficients of sin t and cos t on the left
and right sides.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
R
t=0
2 k
C
Vm cos t
Vm = 1 V
f = 1 kHz
0.5 F
Vc
0.2
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc5.sqproj)
Vc (V)
0.2
4
6
time (ms)
10
R
t=0
2 k
C
Vm cos t
Vm = 1 V
f = 1 kHz
Vc (V)
0.2
0.5 F
Vc
0.2
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc5.sqproj)
4
6
time (ms)
10
R
t=0
2 k
C
Vm cos t
Vm = 1 V
f = 1 kHz
Vc (V)
0.2
0.5 F
Vc
0.2
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc5.sqproj)
4
6
time (ms)
10
R
t=0
2 k
C
Vm cos t
Vm = 1 V
f = 1 kHz
Vc (V)
0.2
0.5 F
Vc
0.2
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc5.sqproj)
4
6
time (ms)
10
R
t=0
2 k
C
Vm cos t
Vm = 1 V
f = 1 kHz
Vc (V)
0.2
0.5 F
Vc
0.2
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc5.sqproj)
4
6
time (ms)
10
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
x(t) = Re X e jt
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
x(t) = Re X e jt
= Re Xm e j e jt
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
x(t) = Re X e jt
= Re Xm e j e jt
= Re Xm e j(t+)
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
x(t) = Re X e jt
= Re Xm e j e jt
= Re Xm e j(t+)
= Xm cos (t + )
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
x(t) = Re X e jt
= Re Xm e j e jt
= Re Xm e j(t+)
= Xm cos (t + )
* Use of phasors substantially simplifies analysis of circuits in the sinusoidal steady
state.
* In the sinusoidal steady state, phasors can be used to represent currents and
voltages.
* A phasor is a complex number,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) ,
with the following interpretation in the time domain.
x(t) = Re X e jt
= Re Xm e j e jt
= Re Xm e j(t+)
= Xm cos (t + )
* Use of phasors substantially simplifies analysis of circuits in the sinusoidal steady
state.
* Note that a phasor can be written in the polar form or rectangular form,
X = Xm 6 = Xm exp(j) = Xm cos + j Xm sin .
The term t is always implicit.
Im (X)
X
Xm
Re (X)
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
V2 = 0.1 6 V
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
i2 (t) = 0.18 sin (t) A
V2 = 0.1 6 V
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
i2 (t) = 0.18 sin (t) A
= 0.18 cos (t /2) A
V2 = 0.1 6 V
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
V2 = 0.1 6 V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
i2 (t) = 0.18 sin (t) A
= 0.18 cos (t /2) A
I2 = 0.18 6 (/2) A
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
V2 = 0.1 6 V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
i2 (t) = 0.18 sin (t) A
I2 = 0.18 6 (/2) A
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
V2 = 0.1 6 V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
i2 (t) = 0.18 sin (t) A
I2 = 0.18 6 (/2) A
= 2 6 45 A
Phasors: examples
Time domain
Frequency domain
I = 1.5 6 (2/3) A
= 1.5 cos (t + /3 ) A
= 1.5 cos (t 2/3) A
v2 (t) = 0.1 cos (t) V
V2 = 0.1 6 V
= 0.1 cos (t + ) V
i2 (t) = 0.18 sin (t) A
I2 = 0.18 6 (/2) A
2 cos (t + 45 ) A
I3 = 1 + j 1 A
= 2 6 45 A
Addition of phasors
Addition of phasors
Addition of phasors
v (t) = Re Ve jt
Addition of phasors
v (t) = Re Ve jt
`
= Re Vm1 e j1 + Vm2 e j2 e jt
Addition of phasors
v (t) = Re Ve jt
`
= Re Vm1 e j1 + Vm2 e j2 e jt
Addition of phasors
v (t) = Re Ve jt
`
= Re Vm1 e j1 + Vm2 e j2 e jt
Addition of phasors
v (t) = Re Ve jt
`
= Re Vm1 e j1 + Vm2 e j2 e jt
Addition of phasors
Addition of phasors
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
Re Vm e j(t+) = Re R Im e j(t+) ,
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
Re Vm e j(t+) = Re R Im e j(t+) ,
i.e., Re Vm e j e jt = R Re Im e j e jt ,
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
Re Vm e j(t+) = Re R Im e j(t+) ,
i.e., Re Vm e j e jt = R Re Im e j e jt ,
corresponding to the phasor relationship,
V = R I.
V
I
Impedance of a resistor
v(t)
i(t) R
V
I
Re Vm e j(t+) = Re R Im e j(t+) ,
i.e., Re Vm e j e jt = R Re Im e j e jt ,
corresponding to the phasor relationship,
V = R I.
Thus, the impedance of a resistor, defined as, Z = V/I, is
Z=R +j0
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
(+/2).
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
(+/2).
Impedance of a capacitor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
(+/2).
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
(+/2).
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
(+/2).
Impedance of an inductor
v(t)
i(t)
V
I
(+/2).
Sources
is (t)
Is
vs (t)
Vs
Sources
is (t)
Is
vs (t)
Vs
Sources
is (t)
Is
vs (t)
Vs
Sources
is (t)
Is
vs (t)
Vs
P
P
* The time-domain
KCL and
ik (t) = 0 and
vk (t) = 0 can be
P
PKVL equations
written as
Ik = 0 and
Vk = 0 in the frequency domain.
P
P
* The time-domain
KCL and
ik (t) = 0 and
vk (t) = 0 can be
P
PKVL equations
written as
Ik = 0 and
Vk = 0 in the frequency domain.
* Resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be described by V = Z I in the frequency
domain, which is similar to V = R I in DC conditions (except that we are
dealing with complex numbers in the frequency domain).
P
P
* The time-domain
KCL and
ik (t) = 0 and
vk (t) = 0 can be
P
PKVL equations
written as
Ik = 0 and
Vk = 0 in the frequency domain.
* Resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be described by V = Z I in the frequency
domain, which is similar to V = R I in DC conditions (except that we are
dealing with complex numbers in the frequency domain).
* An independent sinusoidal source in the frequency domain behaves like a DC
source, e.g., Vs = constant (a complex number).
P
P
* The time-domain
KCL and
ik (t) = 0 and
vk (t) = 0 can be
P
PKVL equations
written as
Ik = 0 and
Vk = 0 in the frequency domain.
* Resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be described by V = Z I in the frequency
domain, which is similar to V = R I in DC conditions (except that we are
dealing with complex numbers in the frequency domain).
* An independent sinusoidal source in the frequency domain behaves like a DC
source, e.g., Vs = constant (a complex number).
* For dependent sources, the time-domain relationships such as i(t) = ic (t)
translate to I = Ic in the frequency domain.
P
P
* The time-domain
KCL and
ik (t) = 0 and
vk (t) = 0 can be
P
PKVL equations
written as
Ik = 0 and
Vk = 0 in the frequency domain.
* Resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be described by V = Z I in the frequency
domain, which is similar to V = R I in DC conditions (except that we are
dealing with complex numbers in the frequency domain).
* An independent sinusoidal source in the frequency domain behaves like a DC
source, e.g., Vs = constant (a complex number).
* For dependent sources, the time-domain relationships such as i(t) = ic (t)
translate to I = Ic in the frequency domain.
* Circuit analysis in the sinusoidal steady state using phasors is therefore very
similar to DC circuits with independent and dependent sources, and resistors.
P
P
* The time-domain
KCL and
ik (t) = 0 and
vk (t) = 0 can be
P
PKVL equations
written as
Ik = 0 and
Vk = 0 in the frequency domain.
* Resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be described by V = Z I in the frequency
domain, which is similar to V = R I in DC conditions (except that we are
dealing with complex numbers in the frequency domain).
* An independent sinusoidal source in the frequency domain behaves like a DC
source, e.g., Vs = constant (a complex number).
* For dependent sources, the time-domain relationships such as i(t) = ic (t)
translate to I = Ic in the frequency domain.
* Circuit analysis in the sinusoidal steady state using phasors is therefore very
similar to DC circuits with independent and dependent sources, and resistors.
* Series/parallel formulas for resistors, nodal analysis, mesh analysis, Thevenins
and Nortons theorems can be directly applied to circuits in the sinusoidal steady
state.
RL circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
jL
RL circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
jL
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
R 2 + 2 L2
I=
RL circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
jL
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
R 2 + 2 L2
I=
In the time domain, i(t) = Im cos (t ), which lags the source voltage since the
peak (or zero) of i(t) occurs t = / seconds after that of the source voltage.
RL circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
jL
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
R 2 + 2 L2
I=
In the time domain, i(t) = Im cos (t ), which lags the source voltage since the
peak (or zero) of i(t) occurs t = / seconds after that of the source voltage.
For R = 1 , L = 1.6 mH, f = 50 Hz, = 26.6 , tlag = 1.48 ms.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rl ac 1.sqproj)
RL circuit
vs (t) (V)
V m 6 0
jL
R = 1
L = 1.6 mH
i(t) (A)
1
0
10
20
time (ms)
30
40
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
R 2 + 2 L2
I=
In the time domain, i(t) = Im cos (t ), which lags the source voltage since the
peak (or zero) of i(t) occurs t = / seconds after that of the source voltage.
For R = 1 , L = 1.6 mH, f = 50 Hz, = 26.6 , tlag = 1.48 ms.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rl ac 1.sqproj)
RL circuit
VR
I
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
jL
VL
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
2
R + 2 L2
I=
RL circuit
VR
I
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
jL
VL
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
2
R + 2 L2
I=
VR = I R = R Im () ,
VL = I jL = Im L ( + /2) ,
RL circuit
VR
I
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
jL
VL
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
2
R + 2 L2
I=
VR = I R = R Im () ,
VL = I jL = Im L ( + /2) ,
The KVL equation, Vs = VR + VL , can be represented in the complex plane by a
phasor diagram.
RL circuit
VR
Im (V)
I
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
jL
VL
VL
Vs
Re (V)
VR
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
2
R + 2 L2
I=
VR = I R = R Im () ,
VL = I jL = Im L ( + /2) ,
The KVL equation, Vs = VR + VL , can be represented in the complex plane by a
phasor diagram.
RL circuit
VR
Im (V)
I
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
jL
VL
VL
Vs
Re (V)
VR
Vm 0
Im (),
R + jL
Vm
where Im = p
, and = tan1 (L/R).
2
R + 2 L2
I=
VR = I R = R Im () ,
VL = I jL = Im L ( + /2) ,
The KVL equation, Vs = VR + VL , can be represented in the complex plane by a
phasor diagram.
If R |jL|, 0, |VR | ' |Vs | = Vm .
If R |jL|, /2, |VL | ' |Vs | = Vm .
RC circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
1/jC
RC circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
1/jC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
where Im = p
1 + (RC )2
I=
RC circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
1/jC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
where Im = p
1 + (RC )2
I=
In the time domain, i(t) = Im cos (t + ), which leads the source voltage since the
peak (or zero) of i(t) occurs t = / seconds before that of the source voltage.
RC circuit
R
I
Vm 6 0
1/jC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
where Im = p
1 + (RC )2
I=
In the time domain, i(t) = Im cos (t + ), which leads the source voltage since the
peak (or zero) of i(t) occurs t = / seconds before that of the source voltage.
For R = 1 , L = 5.3 mF, f = 50 Hz, = 31 , tlead = 1.72 ms.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rc ac 1.sqproj)
RC circuit
vs (t) (V)
Vm 6 0
1/jC
R = 1
C = 5.3 mF
i(t) (A)
1
0
10
20
time (ms)
30
40
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
where Im = p
1 + (RC )2
I=
In the time domain, i(t) = Im cos (t + ), which leads the source voltage since the
peak (or zero) of i(t) occurs t = / seconds before that of the source voltage.
For R = 1 , L = 5.3 mF, f = 50 Hz, = 31 , tlead = 1.72 ms.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rc ac 1.sqproj)
RC circuit
VR
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
1/jC
VC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
where Im = p
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
1 + (RC )2
I=
RC circuit
VR
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
1/jC
VC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
where Im = p
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
1 + (RC )2
I=
VR = I R = R Im ,
VC = I (1/jC ) = (Im /C ) ( /2) ,
RC circuit
VR
R
Vm 6 0
Vs
1/jC
VC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
where Im = p
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
1 + (RC )2
I=
VR = I R = R Im ,
VC = I (1/jC ) = (Im /C ) ( /2) ,
The KVL equation, Vs = VR + VC , can be represented in the complex plane by a
phasor diagram.
RC circuit
VR
R
Im (V)
VR
Vm 6 0
Vs
1/jC
VC
Vs
Re (V)
VC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
where Im = p
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
1 + (RC )2
I=
VR = I R = R Im ,
VC = I (1/jC ) = (Im /C ) ( /2) ,
The KVL equation, Vs = VR + VC , can be represented in the complex plane by a
phasor diagram.
RC circuit
VR
R
Im (V)
VR
Vm 6 0
Vs
1/jC
VC
Vs
Re (V)
VC
Vm 0
Im ,
R + 1/jC
CVm
where Im = p
, and = /2 tan1 (RC ).
1 + (RC )2
I=
VR = I R = R Im ,
VC = I (1/jC ) = (Im /C ) ( /2) ,
The KVL equation, Vs = VR + VC , can be represented in the complex plane by a
phasor diagram.
If R |1/jC |, 0, |VR | ' |Vs | = Vm .
If R |1/jC |, /2, |VC | ' |Vs | = Vm .
Series/parallel connections
0.25 H
100 F
Z1
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
Series/parallel connections
0.25 H
100 F
Z1
Z = Z1 + Z2 = j 75
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
Z1 = j 100 0.25 = j 25
Z2 = j/(100 100 10-6 ) = j 100
Series/parallel connections
0.25 H
100 F
Z1
Z = Z1 + Z2 = j 75
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
0.25 H
Z1
100 F
Z
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
Z1 = j 100 0.25 = j 25
Z2 = j/(100 100 10-6 ) = j 100
Series/parallel connections
0.25 H
100 F
Z1
Z = Z1 + Z2 = j 75
Z2
Z1 = j 100 0.25 = j 25
Z2 = j/(100 100 10-6 ) = j 100
( = 100 rad/s)
0.25 H
Z1
100 F
Z
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
Z=
Z1 Z2
Z1 + Z2
(j 25) (j 100)
j 25 j 100
25 100
j 75
= j 33.3
Impedance example
10
Z1
j 10
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
Impedance example
Method 1:
Obtain Z in polar form.
A
10
Z1
Z=
j 10
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
j10
10 j10
=
10 + j10
1+j
j10
1j
1+j 1j
10 + j10
= 5 + j5
2
Impedance example
Method 1:
Obtain Z in polar form.
A
10
Z1
Z=
j 10
Z2
( = 100 rad/s)
j10
10 j10
=
10 + j10
1+j
j10
1j
1+j 1j
10 + j10
= 5 + j5
2
Method 2:
100 6 /2
10 j10
=
10 + j10
10 2 6 /4
Z=
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
2 mF
15 mH
iL
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
2 mF
15 mH
Z2
Z1
Is
IC
iL
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
2 mF
15 mH
Z2
Z1
Is
Is
IC
iL
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
2 mF
15 mH
Is
IC
iL
Vs
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z2
Z1
Is
Z3
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
Z4 = 2 50 15 103 = j 4.7
Is
IC
iL
2 mF
15 mH
Vs
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z2
Z1
Is
Z3
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
Z4 = 2 50 15 103 = j 4.7
ZEQ = Z1 + Z3 k (Z2 + Z4 )
Is
IC
iL
2 mF
15 mH
Vs
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z2
Z1
Is
Z3
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
Z2
Z1
Is
IC
iL
2 mF
15 mH
Is
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z4 = 2 50 15 103 = j 4.7
ZEQ = Z1 + Z3 k (Z2 + Z4 )
= 2 + (j 1.6) k (10 + j 4.7) = 2 +
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
Z2
Z1
Is
IC
iL
2 mF
15 mH
Is
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z4 = 2 50 15 103 = j 4.7
ZEQ = Z1 + Z3 k (Z2 + Z4 )
= 2 + (j 1.6) k (10 + j 4.7) = 2 +
=2+
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
Z2
Z1
Is
IC
iL
2 mF
15 mH
Is
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z4 = 2 50 15 103 = j 4.7
ZEQ = Z1 + Z3 k (Z2 + Z4 )
= 2 + (j 1.6) k (10 + j 4.7) = 2 +
=2+
Vs
ZEQ
Circuit example
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z3 =
Z2
Z1
Is
IC
iL
2 mF
15 mH
Is
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
1
= j 1.6
j 2 50 2 103
Z4 = 2 50 15 103 = j 4.7
ZEQ = Z1 + Z3 k (Z2 + Z4 )
= 2 + (j 1.6) k (10 + j 4.7) = 2 +
=2+
Vs
ZEQ
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
2 mF
15 mH
Z2
Z1
Is
Is
IC
iL
Vs
Z3
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Is =
2 mF
15 mH
Z2
Z1
Is
Vs
Z3
Vs
10 (0 )
=
= 3.58 (36.8 ) A
ZEQ
2.79 (36.8 )
Is
IC
iL
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
2 mF
15 mH
Z2
Z1
Is
Vs
Z3
Is =
Vs
10 (0 )
=
= 3.58 (36.8 ) A
ZEQ
2.79 (36.8 )
IC =
(Z2 + Z4 )
Is = 3.79 (44.6 ) A
Z3 + (Z2 + Z4 )
Is
IC
iL
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
is
10
iC
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
2 mF
15 mH
Z2
Z1
Is
Vs
Z3
Is =
Vs
10 (0 )
=
= 3.58 (36.8 ) A
ZEQ
2.79 (36.8 )
IC =
(Z2 + Z4 )
Is = 3.79 (44.6 ) A
Z3 + (Z2 + Z4 )
IL =
Z3
Is = 0.546 (70.6 ) A
Z3 + (Z2 + Z4 )
Is
IC
iL
IL
Z4
Vs
ZEQ
is
10
10 6 0 V
f = 50 Hz
Z2
Z1
Is
2 mF
15 mH
Is
IC
iL
iC
Vs
IL
Z3
Vs
Z4
ZEQ
10 (0 )
Vs
=
= 3.58 (36.8 ) A
ZEQ
2.79 (36.8 )
IC =
(Z2 + Z4 )
Is = 3.79 (44.6 ) A
Z3 + (Z2 + Z4 )
IL =
Z3
Is = 0.546 (70.6 ) A
Z3 + (Z2 + Z4 )
Im(I)
Is =
IC
Is
IL
Re(I)
V
I
V
I
V
I
(1)
V
I
(1)
V
I
V
I
1
Vm Im cos ( ) gives the average power absorbed by Z.
2
V
I
General formula:
V = Vm 6 , I = Im 6
1
Vm Im cos ( )
2
P=
V
I
General formula:
V = Vm 6 , I = Im 6
1
Vm Im cos ( )
2
P=
V = RI
V
I
For I = Im 6 , V = R Im 6 ,
P=
1
1
1
(R Im ) Im cos ( ) = I2m R = V2m /R
2
2
2
V
I
General formula:
V = Vm 6 , I = Im 6
1
Vm Im cos ( )
2
P=
V = RI
V
I
For I = Im 6 , V = R Im 6 ,
P=
1
1
1
(R Im ) Im cos ( ) = I2m R = V2m /R
2
2
2
V = jL I
V
I
For I = Im 6 , V = L Im 6 ( + /2) ,
P=
1
Vm Im cos [( + /2) ] = 0
2
V
I
General formula:
V = Vm 6 , I = Im 6
1
Vm Im cos ( )
2
P=
V = RI
V
I
For I = Im 6 , V = R Im 6 ,
P=
1
1
1
(R Im ) Im cos ( ) = I2m R = V2m /R
2
2
2
V = jL I
V
I
For I = Im 6 , V = L Im 6 ( + /2) ,
P=
1
Vm Im cos [( + /2) ] = 0
2
I = jC V
V
I
For V = Vm 6 , I = C Vm 6 ( + /2) ,
P=
1
Vm Im cos [ ( + /2)] = 0
2
Given: I = 2 6 45 A
Find the average power absorbed.
50
j25
Given: I = 2 6 45 A
Find the average power absorbed.
50
j25
Method 1:
V = (50 + j25) 2 45
= 55.9 26.6 2 45
= 111.8 (45 + 26.6 )
Given: I = 2 6 45 A
Find the average power absorbed.
50
j25
Method 1:
V = (50 + j25) 2 45
= 55.9 26.6 2 45
= 111.8 (45 + 26.6 )
1
P = 111.8 2 cos (26.6 ) = 100 W .
2
Given: I = 2 6 45 A
Find the average power absorbed.
50
j25
Method 1:
V = (50 + j25) 2 45
= 55.9 26.6 2 45
= 111.8 (45 + 26.6 )
1
P = 111.8 2 cos (26.6 ) = 100 W .
2
Method 2:
No average power is absorbed by the inductor.
P = PR (average power absorbed by R)
Given: I = 2 6 45 A
Find the average power absorbed.
50
j25
Method 1:
V = (50 + j25) 2 45
= 55.9 26.6 2 45
= 111.8 (45 + 26.6 )
1
P = 111.8 2 cos (26.6 ) = 100 W .
2
Method 2:
No average power is absorbed by the inductor.
P = PR (average power absorbed by R)
1
1 2
R = 22 50
= Im
2
2
= 100 W .
ZTh
VTh
I
ZL
ZTh
VTh
I
ZL
1 VTh 2
=
RL
2 ZTh + ZL
=
|VTh |2
1
RL .
2 (RTh + RL )2 + (XTh + XL )2
ZTh
VTh
I
ZL
1 VTh 2
=
RL
2 ZTh + ZL
=
|VTh |2
1
RL .
2 (RTh + RL )2 + (XTh + XL )2
ZTh
VTh
I
ZL
1 VTh 2
=
RL
2 ZTh + ZL
=
|VTh |2
1
RL .
2 (RTh + RL )2 + (XTh + XL )2
ZTh
VTh
I
ZL
1 VTh 2
=
RL
2 ZTh + ZL
=
|VTh |2
1
RL .
2 (RTh + RL )2 + (XTh + XL )2
ZTh
VTh
I
ZL
4
16 6 0 V
j3
-j6
ZL
4
16 6 0 V
ZTh
-j6
ZL
j3
VTh
ZL
4
16 6 0 V
j3
ZTh
-j6
ZL
VTh
ZL
4
16 6 0 V
j3
ZTh
-j6
ZL
VTh
ZL
4
16 6 0 V
j3
ZTh
-j6
ZL
VTh
ZL
j 6
= 19.2 (53.13 ) .
(4 + j 3) + (j 6)
4
16 6 0 V
j3
ZTh
-j6
ZL
VTh
ZL
4
16 6 0 V
j3
ZTh
-j6
ZL
VTh
ZL
1 2
1 19.2 2
1 (19.2)2
P = Im
RL =
RL =
= 8 W.
2
2 2 RL
2 4 RL
VTh = 16 0
v(t)
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
Veff
Ieff R
constant v and i
v(t)
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
Veff
Ieff R
constant v and i
v(t)
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
Veff
Ieff R
constant v and i
v(t)
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
Veff
Ieff R
constant v and i
v(t)
Veff
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
s
Ieff =
1
T
Ieff R
constant v and i
[i(t)]2 dt .
Ieff is called the root-mean-square (rms) value of i(t) because of the operations
(root, mean, and square) involved in its computation.
v(t)
Veff
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
s
Ieff =
1
T
Ieff R
constant v and i
[i(t)]2 dt .
Ieff is called the root-mean-square (rms) value of i(t) because of the operations
(root, mean, and square) involved in its computation.
If i(t) is sinusoidal, i.e., i(t) = Im cos (t + ),
s
s
Z T
Z T
1
1
1
2
Ieff =
Im
cos2 (t + ) dt = Im
[1 + cos (2t + )] dt
T 0
T 0 2
r
1 1
= Im
T = Im / 2 .
T 2
v(t)
Veff
i(t) R
time-varying v and i
s
Ieff =
1
T
Ieff R
constant v and i
[i(t)]2 dt .
Ieff is called the root-mean-square (rms) value of i(t) because of the operations
(root, mean, and square) involved in its computation.
If i(t) is sinusoidal, i.e., i(t) = Im cos (t + ),
s
s
Z T
Z T
1
1
1
2
Ieff =
Im
cos2 (t + ) dt = Im
[1 + cos (2t + )] dt
T 0
T 0 2
r
1 1
= Im
T = Im / 2 .
T 2
Similarly, Veff = Vm / 2 .
V
I
V = Vm 6
I = Im 6
V
I
V = Vm 6
I = Im 6
V
I
V = Vm 6
I = Im 6
Average power
= cos ( ).
Apparent power
V
I
V = Vm 6
I = Im 6
Average power
= cos ( ).
Apparent power
V
I
V = Vm 6
I = Im 6
Average power
= cos ( ).
Apparent power
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
R = 0.1
IL
Vs
VL
ZL
R = 0.1
IL
Vs
VL
ZL
R = 0.1
IL
Vs
VL
ZL
R = 0.1
IL
Vs
VL
ZL
R = 0.1
IL
Vs
VL
ZL
R = 0.1
IL
Vs
VL
ZL
IC
C
Is
10
2
I1
10 6 0 V
j2
I2
j5
* Find I1 , I2 , Is .
* Compute the average power absorbed by each element.
* Verify power balance.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 phasors 2.sqproj)