Vergel deDios, Ma. Cristina C.

Philippine Literature
Tuesday & Thursday 2:30PM-4:00PM
Dr. Edward L. Padama

November 13, 2014

PH 409
BSMT/MLS
Assignment #1

1. Definition
A. Communication is a process by which people send messages or exchange ideas
or thoughts with one another in a verbal and non-verbal manner. It originates from
the Latin term, communicare; meaning, to share, to unite, to join, or to have things
in common.
B. Comprehension is the power of the mind to understand
C. Vocabulary - A list or collection of the words of a language, a dialect, a single
work or author, a nomenclature, or the like, arranged usually in alphabetical order
and briefly defined and explained.
2. Types of Communication
Verbal Communication
This type of communication requires the use of spoken words to convey or
respond to messages. Using structures like letters, words, sentences, speakers send
messages to listeners who, in turn, react to these messages by means of language
structures. In this type of communication, both parties communicate each other orally.
Non-verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication is a wordless type of communication. are sent,
not through words, but by means of bodily actions (gestures, posture, facial expressions,
eye behavior); voice (tone, pitch, rate, quality) ; physical appearance (clothing, hairstyles,
jewelry) ; and other symbols, mark or signs.
3. Types of Verbal Communication
Written communication is the process of communication in which messages or
information is exchanged or communicated within sender and receiver through written
form.
Oral communication is the process of communication in which messages or information
is exchanged or communicated within sender and receiver through the word of mouth.

4. Types of Non-verbal Communication

Gestures - is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which
visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in
conjunction with, speech. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of
the body.
Facial Expression - The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless
emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication,
facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger,
surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
Eye Contact - Eye contact is a type of nonverbal communication that is strongly
influenced by social behavior.
Touch - We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by
the following: a weak handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a
reassuring slap on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your
arm.
Voice - Its not just what we say; its how we say it. When we speak, other people read
our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include our
timing and pace, how loud we speak, we tone and inflection, and sound that convey
understanding. Think about how someone's tone of voice, for example, can indicate
sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
5. Elements of Communication

Source idea is the process by which one formulates an idea to communicate to

another party. This process can be influenced by external stimuli such as books or
radio, or it can come about internally by thinking about a particular subject. The
source idea is the basis for the communication.
Message is what will be communicated to another party. It is based on the source
idea, but the message is crafted to meet the needs of the audience. For example, if
the message is between two friends, the message will take a different form than if
communicating with a superior.
Encoding is how the message is transmitted to another party. The message is
converted into a suitable form for transmission. The medium of transmission will
determine the form of the communication. For example, the message will take a
different form if the communication will be spoken or written.
Channel is the medium of the communication. The channel must be able to
transmit the message from one party to another without changing the content of
the message. The channel can be a piece of paper, a communications medium such
as radio, or it can be an email. The channel is the path of the communication from
sender to receiver. An email can use the Internet as a channel.
Receiver is the party receiving the communication. The party uses the channel to
get the communication from the transmitter. A receiver can be a television set, a

computer, or a piece of paper depending on the channel used for the

communication.
Decoding is the process where the message is interpreted for its content. It also
means the receiver thinks about the message's content and internalizes the
message. This step of the process is where the receiver compares the message to
prior experiences or external stimuli.
Feedback is the final step in the communications process. This step conveys to
the transmitter that the message is understood by the receiver. The receiver
formats an appropriate reply to the first communication based on the channel and
sends it to the transmitter of the original message.

6. Origin of the word Literature

literature (n.)
late 14c., from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar," originally
"writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter". Originally "book learning, the
meaning "literary production or work" is first attested 1779 in Johnson's "Lives of the
English Poets" (he didn't include this definition in his dictionary, however); that of "body
of writings from a period or people" is first recorded 1812.
Meaning "the whole of the writing on a particular subject" is from 1860; sense of "printed
matter generally" is from 1895. The Latin word also is the source of Spanish literatura,
Italian letteratura, German Literatur.
Literature Came from a Latin word litera which means letter. This is a body of
literary productions, oral, written or visual containing imaginative language that
realistically portrays thoughts, emotions and experiences of the human condition.
8. Types of Literature
Prose prosa which means straightforward. It consists written works within the
common flow of conversation presented in a straightforward manner.
Types of Prose
a. Novel - this is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events may be taken from
true-to-life stories and spans for a long period of time. There are many characters
involved.
b. Short Story - this is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one
single impression.
c. Plays - This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes.

d. Legends - These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. It provides historical
information regarding the culture and views of particular group of people or country.
e. Folk tales - A traditional narrative, usually anonymous, and handed down orally.
f. Fables (special type of folk tale) - These are also fictitious and they deal with animals
and inanimate things who speak and act like people. Their purpose is to enlighten the
minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.
g. Myths - A traditional sacred story, typically revolving around the activities of gods
and heroes, which aim to explain a natural phenomenon or cultural practice.
h. Anecdotes - These are merely products of the writers imagination and the main aim is
to bring out lessons to the reader.
i. Essay - This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular
problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.
j. Biography - This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
k. News - This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and
industry, accidents etc., happening nationally or not.
l. Oration - This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public.
It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience
Poetry - It is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning,
sound, and rhythmic language choices as to evoke emotional response.
A. Narrative Poetry: This form describes important events in life either real or
imaginary.
1. Epic - It is an extended narrative about heroic exploits under supernatural
control. It may deal with heroes and gods. The hero/heroine usually has the
following characteristics: idealism, courage, wisdom, beauty, endurance,
chivalry and justice.
Two Kinds of Epic poetry
Popular or ancient epic often without a definite author and is of slow
growth.
Modern epic with a definite author.
2. Metrical Tales - This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be
classified either as a ballad or metrical romance.

3. Ballads - This is considered as the shortest and simplest of the narrative

poems. It has a simple structure and tells of a single incident. Variations of
these are: love ballads, war ballads, sea ballads, humorous, moral, historical,
or mythical ballads.
B. Lyric Poetry: Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the
accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that
expresses emotions and feelings to the poet. They are usually short, simple and
easy to understand.
Types of Lyric Poetry
Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) - These are short poems intended to be sung. The
common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope, and sorrow.
Sonnets - This is a lyric of poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling or
an idea. There are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean.
Elegy - This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and
whose theme is death.
Ode - This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite
number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.
Psalms - This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a
philosophy of life.
Awit (Song) - These have the measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and
slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Corridos These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic)and recited to a
martial beat. The songs are often about oppressions, daily life of peasants, and
other socially important information.
C. Dramatic Poetry: This is an emotional piece of literature which includes a story
which is recited or sung. Soliloquy and dramatic monologues are the main
instruments of this form of poetry.
a. Comedy - This word comes from the Greek term Komos meaning festivity
or revelry. This form usually is light and written with a purpose of amusing,
and usually has a happy ending.
b. Melodrama - This is usually seen in musical play with the opera. Today, this
is related to tragedy just as the farce to comedy. It arouses immediate and
intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the
principal character.

c.

d.

e.

Tragedy - This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces;
he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the
protagonist in a comedy.
Farce - This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable
lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be
caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.
Social Poems - This form is either purely comic or tragic and its pictures the
life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.

7. Literary Genre

Poetry
The first main literary genre is poetry. All poetry shares specific characteristics.
For example, poems are written in lines and stanzas instead of sentences and
paragraphs. Some poems follow strict rules as to the number and length of lines and
stanzas, whereas many poems are much freer flowing.
Most poetry is abundant in figurative language. Using devices like a simile, metaphor,
hyperbole, onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme, and much more, poetry can claim an
emphasis on imagination, emotions and heartfelt ideas. Poetry is usually shorter than the
other genres, but some poems are classified as epic poetry, which is a long narrative
poem chronicling heroic deeds and serious subject matter.

Fiction
Poetry, however, is not the only genre that can utilize figurative language.
Similarly, fiction, which is any work written in prose that is not real, can also use
elaborate figurative language. However, fiction is much more structured than poetry. It
must be written in sentences and paragraphs with all the proper punctuation and
grammar, which makes it prose. Usually fiction is broken up into chapters, as well.
Since it is based on the imagination, the subject matter in fiction works can be nearly
anything. Fiction can take place in the present day, future or the past. It can incorporate
the most fantastical ideas or follow an everyday life. Some examples of works of fiction
are legends, folk tales, fairy tales, short stories and any novels.

Non-Fiction
A third broad literary genre is nonfiction. If fiction is fake, then nonfiction is the
opposite -- it comes from real life. Works of nonfiction are all based in real world
experiences. When you read the newspaper, you are reading nonfiction. Other examples
include journals, diaries, biographies, autobiographies, and essays.
Nonfiction can also use figurative language; however, it is not as abundant as in poetry
and even fiction. Figurative language in this genre generally comes through common
phrases which are well known and used on a daily basis by many.

These pieces are written in prose, like fiction, and sometimes even in chapters.
9. First Literary Piece
One of the earliest known literary works is the Sumerian/Babylonian epic
of Gilgamesh from c. 2150 bce.
One of the earliest novels was Don Quixote (1605) by the Spanish writer Miguel de
Cervantes (15471616). Around 100 years later, novels became popular when Robinson
Crusoe (1719) was published. Written by English author Daniel Defoe (16601731), it is
the story of a shipwrecked man alone on a remote island.