DISCUSSION

For Experiment 1 which is free vortex, it is needed to calculate the velocity of the water
using different orifice which was 24mm, 16mm, 12mm and 8mm that is influenced by the radius
of the water profile. For orifice with diameter 24 mm, it can be conclude that the velocity of the
water increased as the radius of water profile decreased. The gradient calculated was 9326.2
mm3 and the value of K was 13527.01. For water profile with radius 25.5 mm, the calculated
velocity was 530.47 mm/s while the velocity was 426.214 mm/s. Water profile with lowest radius
18.5 mm, the calculated velocity was 751.50 mm/s while the velocity was 656.993 mm/s. The
calculation is based on the graph plotted using the equation V= (2gH)0.5 for velocity and V=K/r
for calculated velocity.
The result recorded for the experiment using another 16mm proved that the experiment
followed the theory which was that the velocity of the water increased as the radius of water
profile decreased. The gradient calculated was 1327.4 mm3 and the value of K was 5103.29.
For 16 mm, water profile with highest radius 24 mm, the calculated velocity was 212.637 mm/s
while the velocity was 442.945 mm/s. Water profile with lowest radius 14 mm, the calculated
velocity was 364.52 mm/s while the velocity was 626.418 mm/s. The calculation is based on the
graph plotted using the equation V= (2gH)0.5 for velocity and V=K/r for calculated velocity.
For 12 mm, water profile with highest radius 20 mm, the calculated velocity was 162.41
mm/s while the velocity was 420.431 mm/s. Water profile with lowest radius 12 mm, the
calculated velocity was 270.68 mm/s while the velocity was 560.243 mm/s. The calculation is
based on the graph plotted using the equation V= (2gH)0.5 for velocity and V=K/r for calculated
velocity.
For 8 mm, water profile with highest radius 10 mm, the calculated velocity was 123.28
mm/s while the velocity was 220.678 mm/s. Water profile with lowest radius 8 mm, the
calculated velocity was 154.1 mm/s while the velocity was 310.771 mm/s. The calculation is
based on the graph plotted using the equation V= (2gH)0.5 for velocity and V=K/r for calculated
velocity.

For Experiment 2 which was forced vortex, it is needed to obtain the surface profile
and the total head distribution in a forced vortex flow and compare with the theoretical values.
The water flow into the tank from two pipes with diameter 9.0 mm. Ho (the value from top of the
measuring gauge to bridge) was recorded and measured by taking 0 mm, 30 mm, 70 mm and
110 mm diameter at the centre. Number of revolution was counted for about 60 seconds. For
first trial, ho was 0.86mm distance taken from centre 0 mm, 0.87 mm distance taken from centre
30 mm, 0.90 mm distance taken from centre 70 mm and 0.95 mm distance taken from centre
110 mm. The number of revolution is counted 29 times in 60 seconds while the angular velocity
is 0.48 rad/s. From the theory it is stated that the angular velocity remains constant even for two
different distances. This is proven by looking at the result collected. To calculate the volumetric
flow rate, this formula has been used:

Then, the calculated vortex profile was recorded by using this formula :

The h calculated value for first trial was 86 mm, 86.42 mm, 88.31 mm and 91.70 mm for 0 mm
30 mm, 70 mm and 110 mm distance from centre respectively.
For second trial, ho was 0.56mm distance taken from centre 0 mm, 0.61 mm distance
taken from centre 30 mm, 0.64 mm distance taken from centre 70 mm and 0.68 mm distance
taken from centre 110 mm. The number of revolution is counted 30 times in 60 seconds while
the angular velocity is 0.50 rad/s. The h calculated value for first trial was 56 mm, 56.45 mm,
58.46 mm and 62.10 mm for 0 mm 30 mm, 70 mm and 110 mm distance from centre
respectively.
For third trial, ho was 0.24mm distance taken from centre 0 mm, 0.28 mm distance taken
from centre 30 mm, 0.30 mm distance taken from centre 70 mm and 0.34 mm distance taken
from centre 110 mm. The number of revolution is counted 32 times in 60 seconds while the
angular velocity is 0.53 rad/s. The h calculated value for first trial was 24 mm, 24.52 mm, 26.80
mm and 30.92 mm for 0 mm 30 mm, 70 mm and 110 mm distance from centre respectively.

CONCLUSION

From Experiment A, based on the result recorded, it can be concluded that the velocity
of the water increased as the radius of water profile decreased. It can be prove by water profile
with radius 25.5 mm, the calculated velocity was 530.47 mm/s while the velocity was 426.214
mm/s. Water profile with lowest radius 18.5 mm, the calculated velocity was 751.50 mm/s while
the velocity was 656.993 mm/s. The theory also valid for orifice with diameter 16 mm, 12 mm
and 8 mm.
From Experiment B, this experiment needs to obtain the surface profile and the total
head distribution in a forced vortex flow and compare with the theoretical values. It is used to
calculate the height of vortex profile. It can be concluded that the height of vortex profile
increased as the diameter from centre increased while angular velocity in not changed. It can be
proven by the experiment for first trial, ho was 0.86mm distance taken from centre 0 mm, 0.87
mm distance taken from centre 30 mm, 0.90 mm distance taken from centre 70 mm and 0.95
mm distance taken from centre 110 mm. The number of revolution of the water is between 29 to
32 for all the three trial.

RECOMMENDATION

In future, there is some recommendation needed to improve the experiment :

1.

The water inlet should not be disturbed once the experiment is started.

2.

Properly placed the pitot tube to get the exact values.

3.

Maintain the level water that flow into the tank because it will effects the height water level
reading.

4.

Place the measuring ruler in proper ways to get exact reading.