Circuit Analysis

AC Power

v = Vmsin(t + v)

i = Imsin(t + i)

p = vi = Vmsin(t + v). Imsin(t + i)

Vm I m
Vm I m
p
cos( v i )
cos(2t v i )
2
2

Vm I m
Vm I m
p
cos( v i )
cos(2t v i )
2
2

Pave

Vm I m

cos
2

Also note that:

Vm I m Vm I m

.
Vrms I rms
2
2 2

Hence: Pave Vrms I rms cos

cos is called Power Factor (FP)

Power Factor (FP):

Pure Resistive
Pure Inductive
Pure Capacitive
For LRC

FP = cos = cos0 = 1
FP = cos = cos90 = 0
FP = cos = cos(-90) = 0
0 < FP < 1

Note:
Vm I m
Vm I m
p
cos( v i )
cos(2t v i )
2
2

Example

v = 100sin(t + 400)
i = 20sin(t + 700)

Average Power:

2000
P
cos 30
2
1000 0.886
886W

Load

Note:

Pave
FP
Vrms I rms

Because I lead V (Capacitive), the circuit is

said to have Leading Power Factor (+)
i.e.
Capacitive Circuit Leading (+) FP
Inductive Circuit Lagging (-) FP

Average or Real Power

Average Power is measured in Watts
Sometimes the Average Power is referred
to Real Power
Pave or Preal is what is consumed in
resistive load, and usually discipated as
heat.

Example
A circuit dissipates 100 W (average power) at 150 V
(effective input voltage) and 2 A (effective input current).
What is the power factor? Repeat if the power is 0 W;
300 W.
Note: P = VIcos

or

cos = P/VI

When P = 100 W:
Fp = cos = P/VI = 100 W/(150 V)(2 A) = 0.333
When P = 0 W:
Fp = cos = 0
When P = 300 W:
Fp = 300/300 = 1

Example
A circuit dissipates 100 W (average power) at 150 V
(effective input voltage) and 2 A (effective input current).
What is the power factor? Repeat if the power is 0 W;
300 W.
Note: P = VIcos

or

cos = P/VI

When P = 100 W:
Fp = cos = P/VI = 100 W/(150 V)(2 A) = 0.333
When P = 0 W:
Fp = cos = 0

Pure Reactive

When P = 300 W:
Fp = 300/300 = 1

Pure Resistive

Example
The power factor of a circuit is 0.5 lagging. The power delivered in
watts is 500. If the input voltage is 50 sin(t + 10), find the
sinusoidal expression for the input current.

Vm I m
Pave
cos
2
500 2
Im
40
50 0.5
cos 0.5

Therefore

500

60

i = 40sin(t 500)

50 I m
(0.5)
2

i 10 60 500

v = Vmsin(t + )
i = Imsint
Instaneous Power is given
p = vi = Vm Im sin(t + v) . sint

For Pure Resistive Circuit = 0

For Pure Inductive Circuit = 90
For Pure Capacitive Circuit = -90
For a Network Primarily Inductive, is Positive (v leads i)
For a Network Primarily Capacitive, is Negative (i leads v)

Load
R

p = vi = Vm Im sin(t) sin(t + ) .
If we let V and I be the RMS values of Voltage and Current, the
above can be rewritten:
p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)
= V I cos - V I coscos2t + VIsinsin2t

Pure Resistive
=0
Using the above formula, cos = cos0 = 1 and sin = sin0 = 0
p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)
= V I - V Icos2t

P = VI = I2R = V2/R
Power Dissipated as Heat

Average Power, Power Consumed

Real Power non-zeo Average Power

Energy
W = Pt Joule

v = Vmsin(t + )
i = Imsint
Instaneous Power is given
p = vi = Vm Im sin(t + v) . sint
Average (Real) Power = VIcos
Another Significant Quantity Apparent Power

S = VI

unit: Volt-Ampere (VA)

Load
Z

Apparent Power - Important as rating for equipment, circuits, etc

S = VI

unit: Volt-Ampere (VA)

S I 2Z
V2
S
Z

P VI cos

P S cos
v

P
cos FP
S

Load
Z

Example
A Power Device is Rated at 10kVA. The input power voltage is 200V. We can
calculate the Maximum Current Rating:

S IV

S 10000
I
50 A
V
200

Apparent Power (S) will give Maximum

Possible Product of Voltage x Current
(e.g. when = 0)

Load
10kVA

The Average (or Real) Power may be calculated if FP is

known

Pure Inductive Circuit

p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)

= VIsin2t

= 900

RL Circuit
p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)
Q = VIsin

For Inductor:

QL IV
QL I 2 X L
V2
QL
XL

< 900

Reactive Power VAR (Volt Amps Reactive)

Pure Inductive Circuit

p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)

FP = cos90 = 0 i.e. P = 0 (no Real Power)
S = VI = QL

= 900

Pure Capacitive Circuit

p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)

= -VIsin2t

= -900

RC Circuit
p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)
Q = VIsin

For Capacitor:

QC IV
QC I 2 X C

V2
QC
XC

> -900

Reactive Power VAR (Volt Amps Reactive)

Pure Inductive Circuit

p = V I cos(1 - cos2t) + VISin(sin2t)

FP = cos-90 = 0 i.e. P = 0 (no Real Power)
S = VI = QC

= -900

Power Triangle
Vectorially:
S=P+Q
Or
S = P + jQ

Inductive Load
S = P + jQL
LCR Load
S = P + j(QL QC)

Capacitive Load
S = P - jQC

S2 = P2 + Q2

Example
Find the total number of watts, volt-amperes
reactive, and volt-amperes, and the power factor
FP of the network (diagram) below . Draw the
power triangle and find the current in phasor form.

PT
600
FP

0.6
ST 1000

ST 1000
I

10 A
V
100

I 10 / 53.130 A