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21 OCTOBER 2014
Carbon Steel
Carbon steel is a type of metal alloy formed as a result of combined iron and carbon. There
are four (4) types of carbon steel each with many grades. The four (4) grades can be
explained as below:
Very High Carbon Steel - Composition of 0.96%-2.1% carbon. Its high carbon
content makes it an extremely strong material, though it is brittle and requires special
handling.
It can be seen that the higher the carbon content, the steel become stronger and harder but at
the same time it reduces the ductility and weldability of the steel.
(A) A106GrB
This is a type of carbon steel pipe where the fluid flows inside such pipe is of high
temperature and pressure. Facilities that use this grade of pipe includes boilers, power plants,
oil and gas refineries and et cetera.
Chemical and Mechanical Properties (S-Seamless Pipe):
(According to Hebei Province Gold Mysterious Pipe Co., Ltd.)
Mn
Si
Cr"
Cu"
Mo"
Ni"
V"
0.25
0.27-0.93
0.035
0.035
0.10
0.40
0.40
0.15
0.40
0.08
0.30
0.29-1.06
0.035
0.035
0.10
0.40
0.40
0.15
0.40
0.08
0.35
0.29-1.06
0.035
0.035
0.10
0.40
0.40
0.15
0.40
0.08
*The total composition for these 5 elements shall not exceed 1.00%
Mpa
Yield Point
330
205
Elongation
Delivery Condition
20
Annealed
415
240
20
Annealed
485
275
20
Annealed
*annealed- heat treatment that alters chemical and physical properties of a materials to increase its
ductility
Dimensional Tolerances:
Table 3: Dimensional tolerances for carbon steel A106GrB
Pipe Type
Pipe Sizes
Tolerances
48.3mm
0.40mm
60.3mm
1%mm
OD
Cold Drawn
WT
12.5%
(B) API5LX65
This grade of steel is of a higher strength, tough, weldable steel for applications in the oil
and gas industry especially at offshore.
- The steel pipe mentioned herein is substantially modified from the API 5L, X65 standard.
- Pipes are fully killed and fine grain steel material.
- NACE MR0175:Satisfactory
- This steel offers enhanced yield tensile ratio of 0.87 (max) and impact values verified from
as low as -30C.
- This grade is also known as L450Q in USC Units.
Chemical composition
Table 4: Chemical composition of enhanced API5LX65 carbon steel pipe with thickness (t) <= 25mm
*All values are maximum unless stated otherwise and in unit of percentage
Mechanical Properties
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present. Unprotected
carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film (the rust) is
active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide; and, because of the greater
volume of the iron oxide, this tends to flake and fall away.
Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a passive film of chromium oxide, which
prevents further surface corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and
blocks corrosion from spreading into the metal's internal structure, and, due to the similar size
of the steel and oxide ions, they bond very strongly and remain attached to the surface.
There are three (3) main types of stainless steel namely; austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic.
They can be identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase.
i.
Austenitic:
Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centered cubic crystal). These are
alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured
around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels
are not hardenable by heat treatment. The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304,
sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is an austenitic steel
containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.
ii.
Ferritic:
Ferritic steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels
contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic
steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.
iii.
Martensitic:
304L
304H
Mn
Si
Cr
Mo
Ni
min.
18.0
8.0
max.
0.08
2.0
0.75
0.045
0.030
20.0
10.5
0.10
min.
18.0
8.0
max.
0.030
2.0
0.75
0.045
0.030
20.0
12.0
0.10
min.
0.04
-0.045
18.0
8.0
max.
0.10
2.0
0.75
0.030
20.0
10.5
Mechanical Properties:
Table 7: Mechanical properties for stainless steel grade 304/304L/304H
Grade
Tensile
Strength
(MPa) min
Yield Strength
0.2% Proof
(MPa) min
Elongation (%
in 50mm) min
304
515
205
304L
485
304H
515
Hardness
Rockwell B
(HR B) max
40
92
201
170
40
92
201
205
40
92
201
Physical Properties:
Table 8: Physical properties for stainless steel grade 304/304L/304H
Grade
304/L/H
Density
(kg/m3)
8000
Elastic
Modulus
(GPa)
193
Mean Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
(m/m/C)
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m.K)
0100C
0315C
0-538C
at
100C
at
500C
17.2
17.8
18.4
16.2
21.5
Specific
Heat 0100C
(J/kg.K)
Electrical
Resistivity
(n.m)
500
720