POWER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

Date 14th July

Domain:HYDRO POWER
Knowledge Management System
Area:Hydropower
Keywords:Turbine governing,Hydraulic governing
Submitted by:Dr.Suparna Mukhopadhyay

ersuparna@yahoo.com,9650997786

Turbine governing

Turbinia to Turbine
In 1884, British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons
put new steel technology to use. He created a
turbine capable of using compounded steam that
turned a dynamo at 18,000 revolutions a minute. In
1890, his steam turbine and accompanying electric
generator were installed in the Forth Banks power
station. The technology soon spread through
Europe.
Parsons also applied his steam turbine technology
to naval purposes, introducing his vessel, Turbinia,
at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897.

steam technology
When water is heated to the point of vaporizing, the
vaporized water takes up more space than the liquid
water did.
the liquid contents will vaporize and eventually expand to
the point where the can will explode to release the
pressure inside.
When this pressure is used to perform a particular task - like turning a turbine or causing a kettle to whistle -steam technology is harnessing steam power.
The methods of heating, containing, channeling and
using steam have changed
A steam turbine is a device that converts the heat
energy in captured, pressurized steam, and converts
it to mechanical energy

The Components of a Steam

Turbine
A steam turbine uses steam, produced by the
heating of water or other liquids, to generate
rotational motion and energy. Most turbines have a
sort of liquid tank, or boiler, with a heat source to
heat the liquid.
All turbines must have an impeller, a fan-shaped
object that rotates in response to steam pressure.
Many today have more than one impeller. The
impeller is connected to a rotating generator, which
generates electrical power, or to some other rotating
mechanism that requires mechanical force to
operate, such as a wheel

The Heating of the Liquid and

Turning of the Impeller

The boiler of a steam turbine used to be powered solely by coal

fires. However, modern day technology has allowed other,
more efficient heat sources to be used, such as nuclear or gas
energy. Once the liquid boils and releases a vapor, the vapor
travels to the first impeller via a pipe.

This pipe increases the pressure of the steam until it is of high

enough pressure to turn the turbine. The steam continues to
travel past the impeller and into other pipes, provided the
steam turbine has more than one impeller.

These pipes direct the steam past other impellers, which the
steam also spins with kinetic energy. Each successive impeller
is easier to turn than the last, because the steam has less
energy after going through each impeller.

Generating Energy and Recycling

the Steam

The result of all these turning impellers is a rotational force,

which can be used to generate electricity if the rotating impeller
is connected to an electric generator. Usually, these electric
generators generate electricity by turning a copper circuit
inside of a magnetic field.

The turning of the copper inside the magnetic field generates

electricity, as stated by the law of induction. The steam left over
inside the turbine must be recycled so that the turbine does not
have to be constantly filled with more liquid.

To do this, the steam is allowed to condense back into a liquid

and is then pumped back into the boiler tank to be reheated
and sent back through the impellers, generating more power

Steam turbine
turbine is a rotary engine that
takes energy from steam and
transfers the mechanical
energy to a generator to
produce electricity.

Classification of Steam turbines

Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop
across turbine
Totally immersed in water
Angular & linear motion converted to
shaft power
Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan
turbines

Head Pressure
High

Low

Impulse

Pelton Crossflow
Turgo
Turgo
Crossflow
Multi-jet Multi-jet
Pelton
Pelton

Reaction

Francis
Propeller
Pump-asKaplan
Turbine

Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet
hitting buckets
No pressure drop across turbines
Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow
turbines

Medium

Turbine power
Turbine Power =( M, H, )
Where, M=flow rate of steam (Kg/s)
H=Enthalpy drop (KJ/s)
= Efficiency of Turbine

INTRODUCTION
Governing system is an important control system
in the power plant as it regulates the turbine
speed, power and participates in the grid
frequency regulation.
For starting, loading governing system is the
main operator interface. Steady state and
dynamic performance of the power system
depends on the power plant response
capabilities in which governing system plays a
key role.

What is Governing?
TO GOVERN MEANS TO CONTROL AND REGULATE
CERTAIN PARAMETERS TO ACHIEVE EXPECTED
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS .

Need for governing system

The load on a turbine generating unit does not
remain constant and can vary as per consumer
requirement.
The mismatch between load and generation
results in the speed (or frequency) variation.
When the load varies, the generation also has to
vary to match it to keep the speed constant.
This job is done by the governing system. Speed
which is an indicator of the generation load
mismatch is used to increase or decrease the
generation

Steam Turbines: Governors and

Controls

Governor systems are typically speed-sensitive control systems. The

turbine speed is con-trolled by varying the steam flow through the turbine by
positioning the governor valve. Variations in the power required by the
pump and changes in steam inlet or exhaust conditions alter the speed of
the turbine, causing the governor system to respond to correct the operating
speed.

Control systems, unlike governor systems, are not directly speed-sensitive

but respond to changes in pump or pump-system pressures and then
reposition the turbine "governor' 'valve to maintain the preset pressure.
Consequently, changes in turbine steam conditions or in the power required
by the pump result in a repositioning of the turbine governor valve or of a
separate steam valve only after the pressure being sensed by the controller
has changed.
Even when a control system is furnished, a speed governor is also normally
furnished.The speed governor is set for a speed slightly higher than the
desired operating speed in order to function as a pre-emergency governor;
that is, prevent the turbine from reaching the trip speed when the controller
causes the turbine to operate at a speed above rated speed

Speed range is the percentage below rated speed for which the
governor speed setting may be adjusted. For example, a turbine
with 4000 rpm rated speed and a governor system having a 30%
range can be operated at a minimum speed of 2800 rpm:

BYPASS GOVERNING
It is employed in small capacity turbines running
on high pressure conditions and with small
blading dimensions.
Here the loading up to appx 80% ( Economic
loading ) is met by normal control valves feeding
the First stage. For higher loading , to supply
more steam which is not possible due to small
blading dimensions ( can lead to operational
problems) the extra quantity of the steam is fed
to the intermediate section of turbine bypassing
the initial high pressure stages.

THROTTLE GOVERNING

NOZZLE GOVERNIMG

All the valves in a set opens or The Valves in a set opens or

closes simultaneously / together closes consequentially or in a
sequence
It is a Full arc Admission
Turbine

It is a Partial Arc admission

turbine except at full Load.

It is most suitable for full load or It is good for Low load or

based Load plants
variable load turbines.
No operational Problems

May have operational Problem at

partial Loads

TYPES OF GOVERNING-II
Constant Pressure Mode: Here pressure
upstream of control valves is kept constant
and change is made by changing the position
of control valves.
Variable Pressure mode:Here control valves
are in full open position and pressure
upstream of control valves varies
proportionately with the load requirement.
Response of Constant pressure Mode is
much faster than Variable pressure mode, but
Constant pressure leads to more losses.

REGULATION
Regulation % of Turbine is defined as
(No load Speed - Full Load speed) X 100 %
( Nominal Speed)
It varies from 2.5% to 8%
Normally it is 4 to 5 %
Turbine having less regulation will be more
sensitive in the grid and hence will share
more load and vice versa
Normally base load plant has high regulation
and Peak load plant has small regulation.

Turbine Protection

To Protect turbine from in admissible operating

conditions
It restricts failure to minimum
It consists of two type of protections.
1- Hydraulic Protection
2- Electrical Protection

Aux trip oil

660 MW SUPERCRITICAL UNIT

 The turbine is a tandem-compound unit consisting of

high pressure cylinder (HPC) with a loop train of the
steam path,
intermediate pressure cylinder (IPC) and 2 low pressure
cylinders (LPC).
IP and LP cylinders are double-flow. Steam reheat is
arranged between the HP and IP cylinders.
The turbine is provided with nozzle steam admission
system. H.P., I.P. and L.P. rotors are solid forged rotors.
Moving blades of the H.P., I.P. and L.P. cylinders have
the integrally milled shrouds.

Purpose and construction

Construction of governing system

The turbine governing system consists of the steam admission

elements, the control oil supply system, the hydraulic and the
electronic parts (HGS and EGS).
The full closing time of the governing valves from the position of the
rated load is about 0.3 sec, when forcing signals for closing are
applied through the electro-hydraulic converters or
electromagnetic switches. The full closing time of stop valves in
case of operation of protection is
0.3 sec.
The opening time of the governing valves from the position of noload to the position of the rated load is about 1.5 sec. The opening
time of the stop valves after the supply of governing pressure is 1.5
sec. The dead band of the speed governing system is not worse
than 0.04%.

 The speed droop is about 4%. Provision is made

for the electric part to change the droop in the
range of 2.5 to 8%.
The governing system makes it possible to
change the load and to synchronize the
generator at any emergency frequency in the
power system (47.5 to 51.5 Hz). The rotor
maximum speed does not exceed 107 to 108%
of the rated value in case of rated load rejection
with the generator disconnection from the power
grid

Control Fluid Circuit

The control fluid supply of the governing system should be in

operation from the Unit start-up to the shaft turning gear switchingon after the turbine rotor stopping after the turbine shutdown. During
the System operation one pump is on and supplies control fluid into
the governing system. The second pump is ready for switching-on
and is in reserve. Gate valves at pumps' suction side are open, gate
valve on connection pipe between first pump discharge side and
second pump suction side is closed.
One fan for control fluid vapor extraction is also in operation, the
second fan is switched off, gate valves at fan suction side are open.
One control fluid cooler is in operation, the control fluid cooler
cooling water outlet and inlet gate valves are open. The second
control fluid cooler is off - cooling water outlet and inlet gate valves
are closed. Gate valve on control fluid supply from unstabilized
pressure discharge header to fine filter is open. Control fluid transfer
pump is switched off; gate valve on control fluid supply line from
control fluid transfer pump to fine filter is closed.

Starting of Control Fluid Pumps

The operator switches the control fluid governing system in use by

switching-on of the governing pump pre-selected as a working one.
After mounting, repair or standstill the working pump starts with the
gate valve closed on the discharge side. Upon switching the pump
in use, the gate valve opens little by little on the discharge side for
filling the System piping.
During normal operation and after the downtime without discharging
of the control fluid system, the working pump starts with the gate
valve open on the discharge side. The working filter and control fluid
cooler are selected by the operator locally by means of handoperated gate valve. Following the working control fluid pump
starting, the governing system fan preselected by the operator as a
working one and the governing system control fluid temperature
regulator are switched in use.

System Stopping
The control fluid governing system is stopped by
the operator if the Turbine is shutdown - the
turbine stop valves are closed and the generator
is disconnected from the grid.
To stop the control fluid governing system it is
necessary to switched off all the working control
fluid pumps. Following the governing system
pump stopping, the governing system control
fluid temperature regulator is switched in use
and with 15 minutes time delay the governing
system fan stops.

Abnormal Situations in Control

Fluid System
Control Fluid Pressure Drop
1. control fluid pressure decrease down
control fluid standby pump starts
automatically.
2. For the period of standby pump
change-over and turn, pressure in the
system is kept by weight-loaded
accumulator

Other abnormalities
1. Level Decrease in Control Fluid Tank
control fluid should be added to the tank during turbine operation to
reach normal level through the line
2.Governing System Control Fluid Temperature Increase
the inching valve opens automatically on the control valve bypass on
cooling water line.
3.Filter Fouling
the corresponding filter or strainers should be cleaned or replaced by
the personnel during the plant operation.
4.Tripping of Governing System Fan
the standby fan inlet gate valve should be open and then the standby
fan should be switched in use
5. Fire
control fluid pump starting automatics are blocked and the working
pumps stop automatically when the turbine stop valves are closed
and the generator is disconnected from the grid

Turbine control during start-up,

load variation, and
synchronization

At the unit start-up mode the run-up and initial loading of the turbine
are realized by means of steam supply to the IP cylinder while HP
control valves and non-return valves on the cold reheat lines are
closed, and parameters of the steam are maintained by controllers
of the HP and LP bypass stations. After the load corresponding to
the moment of HPC switch-on is achieved, turbine controller gives
out signal for opening of HPC governing valves and non-return
valves on the cold reheat lines.
During start-up, synchronization and load variation, the turbine is
controlled through electromechanical converters with application
actions of turbine controller on electro-hydraulic converters,
regulating servomotors of governing and non-return valve and nonreturn valves on the cold reheat lines servomotor.
Electro-hydraulic converters (10MAX...AS001) consists of
electromechanical converter (EMC) installed at summator (S) of
mechanical-hydraulic converter

Hydraulic Protection System

The protection system of the turbine is
intended for fast closing of stop and
governing valves,
Striker
electomagnetic switchesturbine trip

Protection system performance

testing

Hydraulic Part of Governing system

 Governing system controls the steam flow to the turbine

in response to the control signals like speed error, power
error.
It can also be configured to respond to pressure error. It
is a closed loop control system in which control action
goes on till the power mismatch is reduced to zero.
As shown in the basic scheme given in Fig. 1, the inlet
steam flow is controlled by the control valve or the
governor valve. It is a regulating valve.
The stop valve shown in the figure ahead of control valve
is used for protection. It is either closed or open. In
emergencies steam flow is stopped by closing this valve
by the protective devices

 The steam flow through the control valve is proportional

to the valve opening in the operating range. So when
valve position changes, turbine steam flow changes and
turbine power output also changes proportionally.
Thus governing system changes the turbine mechanical
power output.
In no load unsynchronized condition, all the power is
used to accelerate the rotor only (after meeting rotational
losses) and hence the speed changes.
The rate of speed change is governed by the inertia of
the entire rotor system. In the grid connected condition,
only power pumped into the system changes when
governing system changes the valve opening

When the turbine generator unit is being started, governing system

controls the speed precisely by regulating the steam flow. Once the
unit is synchronized to the power system grid, same control system
is used to load the machine.
As the connected system has very large inertia (infinite bus), one
machine cannot change the frequency of the grid. But it can
participate in the power system frequency regulation as part of a
group of generators that are used for automatic load frequency
control. (ALFC).
As shown in the block diagram, the valve opening changes either by
changing the reference setting or by the change in speed (or
frequency). This is called primary regulation.
The reference setting can also be changed remotely by power
system load frequency control. This is called secondary regulation.
Only some generating units in a power system may be used for
secondary regulation

PERFORMANCE ASPECTS
Regulation or droop characteristic
Whenever there is a mismatch in power, speed changes.
As seen earlier, the governing system senses this speed
change and adjusts valve opening which in turn changes
power output.
This action stops once the power mismatch is made
zero. But the speed error remains. What should be the
change in power output for a change in speed is decided
by the regulation.
If 4 % change in speed causes 100 % change in power
output, then the regulation is said to be 4 % (or in per
unit 0.04).

Transient performance
The governing system, as noted earlier is a closed loop
control system. Stability is an important parameter in any
feedback control system.
Stability and speed of response depend on the signal
modifications done by various blocks in the loop.
The closed loop gain depends on the individual block
gains and the adjustable gains provided in the speed
controller and load controller.
The gain at the steady state and during the transient is
important in deciding the performance. If the gain is not
proper there can be hunting in the system as shown in
Fig

Lift- flow characteristic

An important characteristic that decides the loop
gain is the valve lift versus flow characteristic.
Due to the nature of design, this characteristic is
nonlinear.
Though linearization is done either in the
forward path or reverse path using mechanical
cam, the gain introduced is different at low
openings. The effective closed loop gain is less
resulting in less damping capability at low loads.

Transient speed rise

Governing system maintains the turbine speed as set by the

reference. When there are disturbances, the response should be
quick otherwise speed may continue to deviate. Transient speed rise
(TSR) is one important criterion that is used to judge the response
capability of the governing system. Load throw off or load rejection is
a major disturbance. When the TG unit is running at full load, if the
circuit breaker opens, load is cut off. The full load steam flow causes
the rotor to accelerate. The steam inflow is to be cutoff as soon as
possible. It cannot be done instantaneously as the hydro mechanical
elements take certain time to respond. Speed shoots up and then
falls gradually due to the closure of control valve, as shown in Fig. 8.
The peak value of speed is called transient speed rise (TSR).

Even when the control valves are closed steam remaining in the
steam volumes of reheater piping, turbine cylinders (entrained
steam) continue to do the work and increase the speed for few
seconds.
There is an emergency governor provided to stop the turbine if the
speed crosses its setting, usually 112 %. The standards specify that
the TSR value should be less than the emergency governor setting.
That means when there is a full load throw-off, governing system
should act fast so that turbine does not trip.
There are other devices provided in the governing system which
help in minimizing transient speed rise like load shedding relay
(LSR) which cause feed forward action to close governing valves
before speed variation is sensed by the speed transducer

Governor insensitivity or dead band

The governing system action depends on
speed sensing. There is a minimum value
of speed which cannot be picked by the
sensing mechanism and hence may
remain uncorrected. This minimum value
is called governor insensitivity or dead
band.

Mechanical hydraulic governor as

backup
As mentioned earlier mechanical hydraulic
governor comprising hydraulic speed
sensor, primary amplification devices
(called follow up pistons) are provided as
backup to the electro hydraulic governor
(EHG)

 The EHG system and MHG system will be

continuously generating command signals for
the governor valve opening. Normally both will
have the same value. There is a minimum logic
provided hydraulically (called hydraulic
minimum).
According to this whichever calls for lesser
valve opening will prevail. In this way in case
there is a failure in electronic part mechanical
governing system will take over. The turbine can
be run with MHG alone

Preparation of the governing

system for the turbine starting
Before turbine start-up the control gear (CG)
should be in the position "closed". At that all stop
and governing valves are closed. At start-up CG
should be set in the position "opened".
At that position at first oil is supplied to cock the
overspeed governor slide valves, after that head
pressure is applied to SV servomotors and
electro-hydraulic

 converter-adders. Stop valves open but

governing valves remain closed until
control action from turbine controller is
applied to electro-hydraulic converteradder

Turbine control during start-up, load variation,

and synchronization

Functional Group Control: Startup / shutdown of Governing Oil

System

The governing oil system is started into operation by operator

provided that the level in the governing oil tank is higher than
nominal value by 200 mm. In this case according to the group startup program the following sequence of operations is carried out
automatically:
control oil pump is started
The fan duty is started;
The control valve which maintains the oil temperature to control of
the turbine is switched over to automatic control mode.
The governing oil system is stopped the turbine stop valves are
closed and the generator is disconnected from the grid. Running
control oil pumps are stopped;
The control valve) which maintains the oil temperature to control of
the turbine is disconnected from controller and fully closed;
In 15 minutes after control oil pumps stopping all running fans of
governing oil system are stopped.

THANK YOU