Lect1 2-Typehierarchy

Software Engineering
Lecture 1:
Type hierarchy
2013
Outline
Type hierarchy: why & what?
Type hierarchy features
Create a type hierarchy
Subtypes with attributes
Abstract class (overview)
The meaning of subtype
Multiple implementations
Using a type hierarchy
2013
FIT330 Software Engineering
Why type hierarchy?
Similarities exist among types that require a

higher level of abstraction...
2013
Example: vehicles
P
...
Car
Bus
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Airplane
Example: vehicles (2)

P
...
Car
Bus
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Airplane

P
...
Car
Bus
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Airplane

P
?
...
Car
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Bus
Airplane
What is a type hierarchy?

A product of type abstraction
A hierarchy of types in which higher-level types
are abstractions of lower-level ones
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Benefits
Enhance ability to solve real world problems
Program modifiability:
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multiple implementations of a type
One-level TH example: vehicles

Vehicle
Bus
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Car
...
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Two-level TH: vehicles

Vehicle
Road
Vehicle
Bus
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Car
...
Airplane
Air
Vehicle
...
Space
shuttle
IronMan
...
11
Multi-level TH: exceptions

Throwable
Error
Exception
RuntimeException
(checked exceptions)
(unchecked exceptions)
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12
What about multiple super types?

A subtype can have more than one supertypes
In Java:
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only one super type is class, others must be

interfaces
class: specification and code
interface: specification only
13
Example
Interface PriorityVehicle represents
vehicles with priorities
Vehicle
PriorityVehicle
<<implements>>
Bus
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Car
14
Example: List TH
List is a sequence of elements
Two basic orders:
insertion
sorted: ascending or descending
Java interface: java.util.List

Two subtypes:
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ArrayList
LinkedList
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List TH
Includes both classes and interfaces
<<interface>>
Collection
Queue
Abstract
Collection
List
AbstractList
ArrayList
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LinkedList
Vector
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Type hierarchy features
May extend through many levels

Inheritance principle
Abstraction by specification
Subtypes typically override certain behaviour
Subtypes can extend supertype's behaviour
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Inheritance
Subtypes inherit attributes and operations of
the supertype and all ancestors (except
constructors):
benefit: code re-use
Sub-types must define constructors that they

wish to use:
but must invoke suitable supertype constructor(s)

if not the default
Objects of the subtypes must not violate

properties associated to the attributes:
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see properties rule

later
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Example: Vehicle TH with details

Vehicle
Setters/
getters
of other
attributes
are omitted
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- String name
- double width
- double height
- double length
- double weight
- int seatingCapacity
+ Vehicle(String, double, double, double, double, int)
+ getName(): String
+ setName(String)
+ calcTotalWeight(): double
+ repOK(): boolean
+ toString(): String
- validate(String, double, double, double, double, c): boolean
- validateName(String): boolean
- validateDimension(double): boolean
# validateWeight(double w): boolean
# validateSeatingCapacity(int c): boolean
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Vehicle
- name: String
- width: double
- height: double
- length: double
- weight: double
- seatingCapacity: int
+ getName(): String
+ setName(String)
+ calcTotalWeight(): double
+ repOK(): boolean
- validate(String, double, double, double, double, c): boolean
- validateName(String): boolean
- validateDimension(double): boolean
Bus
Car
+ Bus(String, double, double, double, double, int)

# validateSeatingCapacity(int c): double
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+ Car(String, double, double, double, double, int)

# validateSeatingCapacity(int c): double
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Usage
// create objects
Vehicle v1 = new Bus("b1",3.0,3.0,10.0,6000,40);
Vehicle v2 = new Car("c1",1.5,1.5,2.5,1500,4);
// use objects
System.out.println("Vehicle " + v1.getName() +
", weight: " + v1.calcTotalWeight());
Substitution principle:
super type variable can be assigned
to subtype objects
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Create a type hierarchy

Specify
Implement
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Specify supertype & subtypes

Specify a supertype with common behaviour
Specify each subtype relative to the supertype:
use extends or implement keyword
specify new or overriding behaviour
may specify new attributes
abstract properties are defined based on

supertype's:
so are AF and rep invariant
Annotate overriding operations with

@Override
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Class/interface rules
Supertype/subtype class or interface
Object is the (root) supertype of all types
Interface only has specifications
Interface can only be a subtype of another
interface
Class can be a subtype of:
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one class and/or
multiple interfaces
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Vehicle
ch7.vehicles.Vehicle
Note:
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rep invariant omitted (property statements are

easy to code directly)
constant DomainConstraint.ZERO_PLUS
two validation methods are declared protected:
validateWeight
validateSeatingCapacity
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Bus
ch7.vehicles.Bus
Note:
rep invariant omitted
constructor is redefined (not inherited)
P_Vehicle: abstract properties of Vehicle
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abstract properties = Vehicle's + two new

constraints on weight and seatingCapacity
override two protected validation methods:
validateWeight
validateSeatingCapacity
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Car
ch7.vehicles.Car
Note:
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Car is specified in a similar manner, except for the

constraints on weight and seatingCapacity
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Bus is a PriorityVehicle
Vehicle
PriorityVehicle
<<implements>>
Bus
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Car
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PriorityVehicle
ch7.vehiclesintf
.PriorityVehicle
.Bus
Note:
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Bus uses the implement keyword
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Implement a TH in Java
Keyword super refers to supertype's members
Implementation can be full or partial
abstract class is partial (later)
Representation includes protected attributes

of super
Overriding repOK must invoke super.repOK
Immutable subtypes with extra state variables
must override equals (later)
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Vehicle
ch7.vehicles.Vehicle
Note:
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repOK invokes validate
toString uses Vehicle prefix
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Bus
ch7.vehicles.Bus
Note:
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constructor invokes super constructor
toString uses Bus prefix
validation methods check against the min values
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Car
ch7.vehicles.Car
Note:
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constructor invokes super constructor
toString uses Car prefix
validation methods:
invoke super's validation methods and
check against the max values
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PriorityVehicle
ch7.vehiclesintf
.PriorityVehicle
.Bus
Note:
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Bus uses the implement keyword

comparePriorityTo invokes other methods to
get data
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Subtypes with extra attributes
Subtypes can have their own attributes

Design specification of the subtype needs to
take into account these attributes:
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class header specification: attributes, abstract

properties, abstraction function, rep invariant
constructors may need to take extra argument(s)
(depending on domain constraint(s))
new operations may be needed, e.g. getter/setter
supertype's operations may need to be overriden
(details later)
35
Example:
Vehicle TH
Vehicle
- name: String
- width: double
- height: double
- length: double
- weight: double
- seatingCapacity: int
...
+ repOK(): boolean

Bus
Car
- routes: int[]
- owner: String
+ Bus(String, double, double, double, double, int, int[])

+ getRoutes(): int[]
+ repOK(): boolean
- validateRoutes(): boolean
+ Car(String, double, double, double, double, int)

+ setOwner(String)
+ getOwner(): String
+ repOK(): boolean
- validateOwner(): boolean
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Bus
ch7.vehiclesextra.Bus
Note:
abstract properties use function length over array
constructor takes an extra argument
getRoutes: return a copy of routes
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repOK: first invoke super's then invoke

validateRoutes
validateRoutes: validate routes against
abstract properties
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Car
ch7.vehiclesextra.Car
Note:
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abstract properties use function length over

string
setOwner: validate argument by invoking
validateOwner before setting
repOK: first invoke super's then invoke
validateOwner
validateOwner: validate owner against abstract
properties
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The meaning of subtype

Based on the substitution principle:
supertype can be used in place of its subtypes
Subtype specification must satisfy three

substitution rules:
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header rule
methods rule
properties rule
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Subtype can override supertype method given

that the overriding method satisfies both:
header rule
methods rule
More details on method overriding later
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40
When to override?
When to override a method in a subtype?
To take into account:
subtype's type information
values of subtype's attributes
Example:
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ch7.vehiclesextra.Bus,Car
Point3.equals (later)
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Header rule
Overriding methods must be header
compatible
Method header includes:
signature: method name, number and types of

parameters
return type
thrown exceptions: (details next lecture)
Compatibility means:
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same signature
return type: same (Jdk < 1.4) or subtype (>= 1.5)
exceptions: (details
next lecture)
42
Example: Vehicle.toString
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Vehicle(" + name + ")";
}
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Methods rule
Pre-condition (@requires) is the same or
weaken:
Presuper Presub
Post-condition (@effects) is the same or

strengthen:
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(Presuper && Postsub) Postsuper
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Example
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Vector
IntSet
SortedIntVector
SortedIntSet
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Vector.add
/**
* @effects appends o to the end of this
*/
@Override
public boolean add(Object o)
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46
SortedIntVector.add
/**
* @effects <pre> if this is empty OR o is >= all elements
*
of this
*
super.add(o)
*
else
*
insert o at the position i in this s.t
*
xk <= o for all 0 <= k <= i-1 and
*
xj > o for all i+1 <= j < this.size
*
</pre>
*/
@Override
public boolean add(Object o)
Is this a correct overriding method

2013
?
47
IntSet.insert
/**
* @modifies <tt>this</tt>
* @effects
adds x to this, i.e.
*
</tt>this_post = this + {x}</tt>
*/
public void insert(int x)
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SortedIntSet.insert
/**
* @modifies <tt>this</tt>
* @effects
<pre>adds x to this, i.e.
*
this_post = this + {x},
*
such that x is greater than all elements
*
before and smaller than all elements
*
after it</pre>
*/
@Override
public void insert(int x)
Is this a correct overriding method

2013
?
49
Properties rule
Subtypes must preserve the supertype's
properties
Properties are explicitly stated in @overview:
rep invariant
evolution
Rep invariant: subtype methods must not

change
Evolution: immutability
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50
Overriding equals
Point2 represents points on a plane
Point3
a subtype of Point2
represents points in space
override equals to take into account the third

dimension
Two techniques:
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Inheritance preserving
Non-inheritence preserving
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Inheritance preserving
class Point2 {
private int x; // x-coordinate
private int y; // y-coordinate
p can be of
public boolean equals(Object p) {
if (p instanceof Point2) {
Point2 or
// overriden behaviour
any of
return this.equals((Point2) p);
its subtypes
} else {
// default equal behaviour (last resort)
return super.equals(p);
}
}
public boolean equals(Point2 p) {
return (p != null && x == p.x && y == p.y);
}
}
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Overriding equals
class Point3 extends Point2 {
private int z; // the z coordinate
public boolean equals (Object p) {
if (p instanceof Point3) {
// overriden behaviour
} else {
// supertype's equal behaviour
return super.equals(p);
}
}
considers the
extra z
dimension

return (p != null && super.equals(p) && z == p.z);
}
}
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Non-inheritance preserving
class Point2 {
private int x; // x-coordinate
private int y; // y-coordinate
p must be of
Point2
(subtypes not
comparable)

// equal based on same class
if (p == null || p.getClass() != this.getClass())
return false;
return equals((Point2) p);
}
return (p != null && x == p.x && y == p.y);
}
}
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Overriding equals
class Point3 extends Point2 {
private int z; // the z coordinate
p must be of
Point3
(sub/supertypes
not comparable)

// equal based on same class
if (p == null || p.getClass() != this.getClass())
return false;
}

return (p != null && super.equals(p) && z == p.z);
}
}
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Abstract class
A super-type that cannot be instantiated
though still have constructors
Provides either partial or full implementation

Partial implementation must contain abstract
methods
Typically has rep invariant but no AF
Which class in the Vehicle TH
would be made abstract
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?
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Multiple implementations
A restricted TH: subtypes have same behaviour
Subtype is an implementation of the supertype
Using code is written using supertype except for
creating objects
Subtypes are placed in the same package
Subtypes may refer to one another
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57
Example: Vehicle
Vehicle
Bus
Car
Bus and Car:
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have same behaviour

provide concrete implementations
58
What about this?

Vehicle
PriorityVehicle
<<implements>>
Bus
Is this TH a multi-implementation TH
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Car
?
59
or this?
Comparable
Vehicle
Bus
Car
Is this TH a multi-implementation TH
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?
60
Using a type hierarchy
Variable assignment rule

Dispatching
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Variable assignment rule

A variable of a supertype can be assigned to
objects of subtypes:
supertype: apparent type of the variable
subtype: actual type of the variable
Example:
Vehicle vb = new Bus(...);
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Dispatching
A run-time mechanism to find the right object to
execute a method
Each object has a pointer to a dispatch vector
Dispatch vector contains references to the
object methods
Method invocation is dispatched to the target
implementation
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Dispatching example
Stack
Heap
equals
o
r
<,abc>
Code for
String equals
<,abc>
Dispatch
vector
String t = "ab";
Object o = t + "c";
String r = "abc";
boolean b = o.equals(r);
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Summary
THs make program structure easier to
understand
THs enables shared specification for the
related types
THs supports extensibility
Subtypes obey the substitution principle
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Questions?
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66

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Software Engineering

FIT330 Software Engineering

Why type hierarchy?

Similarities exist among types that require a

FIT330 Software Engineering

FIT330 Software Engineering

Example: vehicles (2)

FIT330 Software Engineering

Example: vehicles (3)

FIT330 Software Engineering

Example: vehicles (4)

FIT330 Software Engineering

What is a type hierarchy?

FIT330 Software Engineering

multiple implementations of a type

FIT330 Software Engineering

One-level TH example: vehicles

FIT330 Software Engineering

Two-level TH: vehicles

FIT330 Software Engineering

Multi-level TH: exceptions

FIT330 Software Engineering

What about multiple super types?

only one super type is class, others must be

class: specification and code

interface: specification only

FIT330 Software Engineering

FIT330 Software Engineering

sorted: ascending or descending

Java interface: java.util.List

FIT330 Software Engineering

FIT330 Software Engineering

Type hierarchy features

May extend through many levels

FIT330 Software Engineering

benefit: code re-use

Sub-types must define constructors that they

but must invoke suitable supertype constructor(s)

Objects of the subtypes must not violate

see properties rule

Example: Vehicle TH with details

+ Bus(String, double, double, double, double, int)

+ Car(String, double, double, double, double, int)

FIT330 Software Engineering

FIT330 Software Engineering

Create a type hierarchy

FIT330 Software Engineering

Specify supertype & subtypes

use extends or implement keyword

specify new or overriding behaviour

may specify new attributes

abstract properties are defined based on

so are AF and rep invariant

Annotate overriding operations with

FIT330 Software Engineering

one class and/or

FIT330 Software Engineering

rep invariant omitted (property statements are

two validation methods are declared protected:

FIT330 Software Engineering

rep invariant omitted

constructor is redefined (not inherited)

P_Vehicle: abstract properties of Vehicle