Excursion Report

Venues :
IIT KHARAGPUR
IOCL TERMINALS AT MORIGRAM AND JESSORE ROAD
Period of Training : 6th dec 2010 to 24th dec 2010
Report Submitted to
Dr. Ajay Mandal,
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering,
INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, DHANBAD
Date of Submission: 03-05-2011
Submitted by:
SK KAVILIPATI
ADM NO. 2008JE0777
VII SEM BTECH PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I pay my sincerest gratitude to IIT Kharagpur and IOCL for
providing me with a matchless opportunity to undergo
excursion program in their premium organizations.
The entire schedule starting from 06th of Dec to 9th Dec 2010
was thoroughly educative and informative one where I got
to work with real field data and it was our second insight
to how the petroleum industry works.
We owe a special debt of gratitude to our coordinators at
IIT Kharagpur and IOCL terminals at Mourigram and
Jessore road for ensuring the entire training program was
well coordinated.
We pay our sincerest to Dr. A. K. Pathak sir, (HOD);
Dr. Ajay Mandal sir and Dr. TK Naiyya sir; for organizing
this summer training program and for their continuous
supervision.

SK KAVILIPATI

Date: 02-05-2011

Introduction

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. is India's largest company by sales with a turnover of Rs.
271,074 crore and profit of Rs. 10,221 crore for the year 2009-10.
IndianOil is the highest ranked Indian company in the latest Fortune Global 500 listings,
ranked at the 125th position. IndianOil's vision is driven by a group of dynamic leaders
who have made it a name to reckon with.

History
IndianOil began operation in 1964 as Indian Oil Company Ltd. The Indian Oil
Corporation was formed in 1964, with the merger of Indian Refineries Ltd. Feroze
Gandhi was the first chairman of Indian Oil Corporation Limited.

Products
IndianOil's product range covers petrol, diesel, LPG, auto LPG, aviation turbine fuel,
lubricants, naphtha, bitumen, paraffin, kerosene etc. Xtra Premium petrol, Xtra Mile
diesel, Servo lubricants, Indane LPG, Autogas LPG, Indian Oil Aviation are some of its
prominent brands.
Recently Indian Oil has also introduced a new business line of supplying LNG (liquefied
natural gas) by cryogenic transportation. This is called "LNG at Doorstep". LNG
headquarters are located at the Scope Complex, Lodhi Road, Delhi.

Group companies and joint ventures

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IndianOil Technologies Ltd : IndianOil Technologies Ltd. is the marketing arm of IOCL
which markets the entire range of technologies developed at the IndianOil R&D Centre,
Faridabad. IndianOil Technologies Ltd. headquarters is located at the IndianOil R&D
Centre.
IndianOil (Mauritius) Ltd.
Lanka IOC PLC - Group company for retail and storage operations in Sri Lanka. It is
listed in the Colombo Stock Exchange. It was locked into a bitter subsidy payment
dispute with Sri Lanka's Government which has since been resolved.[citation needed]
IOC Middle East FZE
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
Bongaigoan Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd.
Green Gas Ltd. - a joint venture with Gas Authority of India Ltd. for city-wide gas
distribution networks.
Indo Cat Pvt. Ltd., with Intercat, USA, for manufacturing 15,000 tonnes per annum of
FCC (fluidised catalytic cracking) catalysts & additives in India.
Indian Oil - CREDA Biofuels Ltd. , a joint venture with Chattisgarh government for
production and marketing of Bio-fuels.
Numerous exploration and production ventures with Oil India Ltd., Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation

International rankings
Indian Oil is the highest ranked Indian company in the Fortune Global 500 listing, 125th
position in 2010. It is also the 18th largest petroleum company in the world and the
number one petroleum trading company among the National Oil Companies in the AsiaPacific region. IOCL was featured on the 2010 Forbes Global 2000 at position 313. It is
fifth most valued brand in India according to an annual survey conducted by Brand
Finance and The Economic Times in 2010.

IIT KHARAGPUR
Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture
Being the first of its kind in the country, the department was established in 1952. During
the nearly 50 years of its existence, the department has made significant contributions
to the development of shipbuilding and shipping industries in the country including the
Indian Navy, Indian Coastal Guard, DRDO and other allied organisations. The
department and its alumni have important and strategic links with universities round
the world and major shipyard and dock organizations in our country. Some of the
sponsored projects include Standard Hull Design for Mechanised Craft, Energy Audit of
Ships and Scheduling of Propeller Maintenance, Development of Design Rules for
Composite Ships and Boats, Computation of 3D Ship Motion and Sea Load.
Facilities

BSRA ship-hull roughness analyser

Comprehensive facilities for

making ship models and other models of wood, wax, perspex, and FRP
for making model propellers upto 300 mm diameter
vibration experiments

Equipments

Equipment to carry out

Stress analysis using INSTRON UTM

Ship model tank 150

m long, 4m wide, 25m deep, with towing carriage of maximum speed 75m/ s.
Resistance and propulsion dynamometers

Stress analysis lab with equipment for

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photoelastic Studies

Workstations and PCs

Current meter calibration

Open

water test of propeller using towing carriage and resistance dynamometer

Resistance test using towing carriage and resistance dynamometer
test using towing carriage, resistance & propulsion dynamometer
using towing carriage and resistance dynamometer
tests

Self propulsion
Steam flow test

Tensile, compression & bending

Materials Science
The Centre was established in 1971 to undertake research activities in the areas of glass
and ceramics, polymers, semiconductor, allied materials and composites. The
development of know-how and manufacturing technologies of many strategic and
advanced materials like Opto-electronic Materials and Devices, Semiconductor Lasers,
Polymer Blends etc were taken up by the centre. With state-of-the-art infrastructure the
centre conducts major sponsored research projects and has developed a range of
products today and applications, including Ferromagnetic insulator cermets for Telecom
Equipment, Alumina composites, Drag Resistant Polymers for Sprinkler Irrigation
Systems, Ceramic Components by Gel Casting, Synthesis of Nano sized Nonoxide
Ceramic Powders.
Facilities

Alfatometer

Brabender Plasticorder

Matic Thermoconductometer
Mattia Flex Tester

Crystal Growth System

Dynamic Modulus Tester

beam and D.C. Sputtering Systems

for Sintering of Ceramics
Polymeric Materials
Epitaxy (MOVPE)
Set-up
Rheotest II
Reactor

C-V Analyzer
Extrusiograph

Humidity Controlled Oven

Mixing Mill

Planetary Ball Mills

Plasma Enhanced CVD

Furnaces

Hydraulic Hot Press for

Photoluminescence
R.F. Sputtering Unit

Single screw extruder

Thermal Vacuum Coating Unit

Interferometer for Liquid and Solids

Pressure Osmometer

De

Liquid and Metallo-Organic Vapour Phase

Monsanto Rheometer

Rubber Abrasion Tester

C-

E-306 Vacuum Coating Unit with E-

Emissometer

Impact Tester

Surfometer

Capillary Rheometer

Spray CVD

Ultrasonic

Universal Optical Microscope

Vapour

Jet fuel is a colorless, combustible, straight-run petroleum distillate liquid. Its principal
uses are as jet engine fuel. The most common jet fuel worldwide is a kerosene-based

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fuel classified as JET A-1.The governing specifications in India are IS 1571: 2001 (7th
Rev).
IndianOil is India's first ISO-9002 certified oil company conforming to stringent global
quality requirements of aviation fuel storage & handling. IndianOil Aviation also caters
to the fuel requirements of the Indian Defence Services, besides refueling VVIP flights at
all the airports and remote heli-pads/heli-bases across the Indian subcontinent.
IndianOil Aviation group regularly organises International Aviation conferences that act
as a vital information facilitator with participation from leading international and all
domestic airlines, allied industries, statutory aviation authorities and government
agencies from over 35 countries.
IndianOil is the only oil company in India to market the widest possible range of fuels
used by the aviation industry in India- JP-5, Avgas 100LL, Methanol Water Mixture, Jet
A-1 and aviation lubricants, etc.

Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) is dispensed from

specially designed refuellers, which are driven up to parked airplanes and helicopters.
Major airports have hydrant refuelling systems that pump the fuel right up to the filling
outlets on the tarmac through underground pipelines for faster refuelling. Essentially,
ATF is pumped into an aircraft by two methods: Overwing and Underwing. Overwing
fuelling is used on smaller planes, helicopters, and piston-engine aircraft and is similar to
automobile fuelling - one or more fuel ports are opened and fuel is pumped in with a
conventional pump. Underwing fuelling, also called single-point is used on larger
aircraft.

Fuel Quality Challenges

PETROL
- Reduction of benzene
- Reduction of olefins
- Reduction of sulphur
- Increase in octane

DIESEL
- Sulphur reduction
- Cetane increase
- Aromatic control
- End point & density reduction
IndianOil's SERVO is the brand leader among lubricants and greases in India and has
been conferred the Consumer Superbrand status by the Superbrands Council of India.
With over 500 commercial grades and 1,500 formulations encompassing literally every
conceivable application, SERVO serves as a one-stop shop for complete lubrication
solutions in the automotive, industrial and marine segments. Recognised for cuttingedge technology and high-quality products, SERVO is backed by IndianOil's world-class
R&D and an extensive blending and distribution network. In the retailing segment,
besides IndianOil petrol stations, SERVO range of lubricants is available through a
network of SERVOXPRESS stations, bazaar outlets and thousands of auto spare parts
shops across the country.
SERVOXPRESS vehicle servicing centres are one-stop shops for quick, easy and
convenient auto care, offering a refreshing experience to motorists. Opened in
convenient locations like malls, petrol pumps or as stand-alone units, SERVOXPRESS
stations have facilities for engine oil change, tyre & battery check-ups,air-conditioner
service, vacuum cleaning, perfuming,upholstery cleaning, polishing, lamination
installation, etc., besides replacement of minor parts for two and four-wheeler vehicles.

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Lubrication is the art of reducing friction between rubbing or rolling surfaces. In the
recent past two terminologies have gained currency - Tribology, the science of Rubbing;
Rheology, the study of stream or flow. The earliest knowledge of lubrication is evident
from grease lubricated chariot wheels excavated from the ruins. The rapid development
of this science can be said to have started from the 18th century, with significant
technological progress in commercial usage in the 20th century. Most lubricants are
liquids. Water is a natural lubricant but has extremely limited application due to its very
low viscosity and very low boiling point, besides its contribution to rusting and
corrosion. Vegetable oils have excellent lubrication properties but have very poor
oxidation stability, high pour point, rapid thickening and may even let out foul odours in
time. Most of the liquid lubricants used at present all over the world are petroleumbased mineral oils.

Diesel/Gas oil
Petroleum derived diesel (called as petrodiesel) is a mixture of straight run product (150
C and 350 C) with varying amount of selected cracked distillates and is composed of
saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n , iso , and cycloparaffins), and
aromatic hydrocarbons (including napthalenes and alkylbenzenes).
Diesel is used in diesel engines, a type of internal combustion engine. Rudolf Diesel
originally designed the diesel engine to use coal dust as a fuel, but oil proved more
effective. Diesel engines are used in cars, motorcycles, boats and locomotives.
Automotive diesel fuel serves to power trains, buses, trucks, and automobiles, to run
construction, petroleum drilling and other off-road equipment and to be the prime
mover in a wide range of power generation & pumping applications. The diesel engine is
high compression, self-ignition engine. Fuel is ignited by the heat of high compression
and no spark plug is used.
The Indian Standard governing the properties of diesel fuels is IS 1460:2005 (5th Rev).
Important characteristics are ignition characteristics, handling at low temperature, flash
point.
Diesel fuel often contains higher quantities of sulphur. In India , emission standards
(equivalent to Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV) have necessitated oil refineries to dramatically
reduce the level of sulphur in diesel in view of the auto fuel policy brought in force by

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Govt of India.
BIS has brought out specification for "Diesel with 5% Biodiesel" that may be marketed in
near future.

XTRAMILE
IndianOils XTRAMILE Super Diesel, the leader in the branded diesel segment, is blended
with world-class multi-functional fuel additives. Commercial vehicle owners choose
XTRAMILE because they see a clear value benefit in terms of superior mileage, lower
maintenance costs and improved engine protection. A growing section of customers
who own diesel automobiles, both in the lifestyle and passenger category, prefer
XTRAMILE as a fuel for its added and enhanced performance. XTRAMILE has brought in a
huge savings in the high mileage commercial vehicles segment. Transport fleets that
operate a large number of trucks crisscrossing the country are using XTRAMILE to
benefit from higher mileage and reduced maintenance costs.
Viscosity Index
The viscosity index is a widely used and accepted measure of the variation in kinematic
viscosity due to changes in the temperature of a petroleum product between 40 and
100C.
A higher viscosity index indicates a smaller decrease in kinematic viscosity with
increasing temperature of the lubricant.
The viscosity index is used in practice as a single number indicating temperature
dependence of kinematic viscosity.
Viscosity Index is sometimes used to characterize base oils for purposes of establishing
engine testing requirements for engine oil performance categories.

Smoke Point
This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of
kerosines and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to
the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel
the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing
tendency.

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The smoke point (and Luminometer number with which it can be correlated) is
quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion
products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the
metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the
smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these
components.

ASTM DISTILLATION
The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by
performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry
has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM
Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler
distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a
tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on
products and processes.
The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on
their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling
range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel
during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a
hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.
The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation
gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating
temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components
in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid
combustion deposits.
Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of
many solvents, particularly those used in paints.
Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial
contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to
regulatory rules.

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Cloud Point
The cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels is an index of the lowest
temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity
can plug filters used in some fuel systems.
Petroleum blending operations require a precise measurement of the cloud point.
This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax
crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed as a cloud with a resolution of 0.1C.

Pour Point
The temperature at which a fluid ceases to pour. The pour point for oil can be
determined under protocols set forth in the ASTM D-97 pour point test, in which the
pour point is established as that temperature at which oil ceases to flow when the
sample is held at 90 degrees to the upright for five seconds. High pour points usually
occur in crude oils that have significant paraffin content. Paraffins (or waxes) will start to
precipitate as temperature decreases. At some point the precipitates accumulate to the
point where the fluid can no longer flow. This phenomenon can occur with light oils as
well as heavy oils.

Octane Number
Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock
performance under severe conditions of operation.
Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in
commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and
engines.